INDEX

Abbas, Mahmoud

Abdul Hamid II

Abdulaziz, Abdullah ibn

Abdulaziz, Faisal ibn

Abdulaziz, Nayef bin

Abdullah, as-Sayyid

Abdullah, Crown Prince

Abdullah, King

Abdullah II, King

Abraham Lincoln, USS

Adenauer, Konrad

Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of

Aflaq, Michel

Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (Clarke)

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud

al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem

al-Askariya Mosque bombing

Albright, Madeleine

Algeria

Ali, Ahmad Ismail

Allies

Allon, Yigael

al Qaeda; bin Laden, Osama and; Bush, George W. and; Clinton, Bill and; Saudi Arabia and; Syria and; as threat; Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- and

Amer, Abdel Hakim

America. See United States

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

American Israel Public Affairs Committee

Angleton, James Jesus

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

anti-Semitism

Arab-Israeli conflict. See Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Arab League

Arab Legion

Arab nationalism

Arab Revolt (1936)

Arab Socialist Party

Arabic Political Memoirs (Kedourie)

Arafat: The Man and the Myth (Kiernan)

Arafat, Yasser; Assad, Hafez and; Camp David II peace conference and; Fatah organization and; Hussein, Saddam and; Husseini, Haj Amin al- and; Israeli-Arab wars and; Lebanonwar in and; Oslo Peace Accords and; PLO and; Saudi Arabia and

Aramco

Armenians

Arnett, Peter

Assad, Bashar

Assad, Hafez; Arafat, Yasser and; death of; Hussein, Saddam and; Israel and; Lebanon and; Palestine and; Rabin, Yitzhak and

Assad, Rifaat

The Assassins’ Gate (Packer)

Assyrians

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal; Gallipoli campaign and; World War I and; Young Turks and

Auschwitz

Australia

Axis

The Ba’ath (Jundi)

Ba’ath Party: creation of; Hussein, Saddam and; in Iraq; socialist roots of

Babylonian Empire

Babylonian Exile

Baghdad, Iraq

Baker, James A.

Bakr, Ahmed Hassan al-

Balfour Declaration (1917)

Balkans

Barak, Ehud

Bar-Lev, Chaim

Bar-Lev Line

Battle of the Somme

Begin, Menachem: Egypt-Israeli peace and; Israel, creation of and; Sinai II disengagement agreement (1975) and; Six-Day War and; Yom Kippur War and

Beirut and Belfast Rules

Bell, Gertrude

Ben-Gurion, David; Churchill, Winston and; Ho Chi Minh and; Israel and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Ottoman Empire and; war of 1947–1948 and; Wilson, Woodrow and

Berger, Sandy

Berlin, Sir Isaac

Bezeq

Bible; Israeli-Arab wars and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and

Big Three summit (1943)

bin Laden, Osama; al Qaeda and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; radical Islam and; Saudi Arabia and; September 11 and

biological warfare

Bismarck, Otto von

Bitar, Salah ad-Din al-

Black September

Blair, Tony

Bolshevik Revolution

border control

Bosch, Carl

Bradley, Omar

Breakdown: How America’s Intelligence Failures Led to 9/11 (Gertz)

Bremer, L. Paul

Brezhnev, Leonid

Britain: Arab nationalism and; Balfour Declaration (1917) and; Cairo Conference (1921) and; democracy and; Gallipoli campaign and; Iran and; Iraq and; Israel, creation of and; Israel, withdrawal from of; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Kut, defeat at and; law and government in; Middle East rule of; naval power of; Ottoman Empire and; Ottoman Empire, fall of and; Palestinian Mandate of; Shiite revolt (1920) and; Suez crisis and; Triple Entente and; war of 1947–1948 and; World War I and; World War II and; Zionist movement in

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

British Colonial Office

British Petroleum (BP)

Burnett, Deena

Burnett, Tom

Bush, George H. W.

Bush, George W.; al Qaeda and; Iran nuclear program and; Iraq war (2003) and; political correctness and; post-Saddam Iraq and; September 11 and; Zarqawi, Abu Musab aland

Cairo Conference (1921)

caliphate: abolition of; Ottoman Empire and

Camp David peace conference (1978)

Camp David II peace conference

Carter, Jimmy; CIA and; human rights and; Iran and; Iranian hostage crisis and; Islamic Revolution and; Middle East record of; Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza and

The Case for Democracy (Sharansky)

Casey, William

CBS Radio News

Center for Strategic and International Studies

CENTO

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): al Qaeda and; Arafat, Yasser and; Chalabi, Ahmed and; Mosaddeq, Mohammed and; Mossad and; post-Saddam Iraq and

Ceylon

Chalabi, Ahmed

Chamberlain, Neville

Chandrasekaran, Rajiv

The Chatham House Version and other Middle Eastern Studies (Kedourie)

Cheney, Dick; Iraq war (2003) and; Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- and

Chiang Kai-shek

China

Christopher, Warren

Churchill, Winston: Abdullah, as-Sayyid and; Ben-Gurion, David and; Big Three summit and; Britain’s Royal Navy and; Cairo Conference (1921) and; democracy and; Gallipoli campaign and; Iran, oil industry of and; Iraq and; Israel, creation of and; Kennedy, Joseph and; Lawrence, T. E. and; Middle East, map of and; Nazi Germany and; Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza and; Saud, Abdulaziz ibn and; Six-Day War and; Turkey and; Wingate, Orde and; World War I and; World War II and

Clarke, Richard

Clausewitz, Carl von

Cleveland, William L.

Clinton, Bill; al Qaeda and; Assad, Hafez and; Iran nuclear program and; Middle East record of; Oslo Peace Accords and; September 11 and

CNN

Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA)

Cohn, Norman

Cole, USS bombing

Collins, Larry

Committee of Union and Progress

communism

Constantinople

Constitution, U.S.

Cordesman, Anthony

Crane, Charles

Crossroads to Israel (Sykes)

Crusades

Czechoslovakia

da Gama, Vasco

Dardanelles

Darius the Great

Dayan, Moshe; Golan Heights, Israel’s conquest of and; Israel, military in and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Six-Day War and; Yom Kippur War and

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon)

de Gaulle, Charles

de Mello, Sergio Vieira

democracy: England and; global; human rights and; Iraq and; Israel and; Japan and; Judeo-Christian foundations of; Middle East and; Ottoman Empire and; peace and; Turkey and; United States and

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Dostoevsky, Fyodor

Dowbiggin, Herbert

Dulles, John Foster

East Africa embassy bombings (1998)

Eban, Abba

Egypt; British rule over; Israeli-Arab wars and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Israeli peace treaty with; Nasser, Gamal Abdel and; peace in; Sinai II disengagement agreement (1975) and; Suez crisis and; War of Attrition and

Eichmann, Adolf

Eisenhower, Dwight D.; Iran and; Israel and; Middle East record of; Mosaddeq, Mohammed and

Elazar, David

Elkins, Michael

The Emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924 (Sachar)

Enver Pasha; Germany and; Nasser, Gamal Abdel vs.; World War I and; Young Turks and

Erhard, Ludwig

Eshkol, Levi

European Union (EU)

Europe Leaves the Middle East, 1936–1954 (Sachar)

Exodus

Fahd, King

Fahrenheit 9/11

Faisal, Prince Turki al- and

Faisal I, King

Faisal II, King

Farouq, King

Fatah

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Fighters for the Freedom of Israel (Lehi)

Final Solution

First Intifada

Fisher, Lord John “Jackie,”

Ford, Gerald; Middle East record of

Foxbats over Dimona

France: Algerian war of independence and; Arab nationalism and; dominion over Middle East of; Israel and; Israeli-Arab wars and; Middle East rule of; naval power of; Ottoman Empire, fall of and; Suez crisis (1956) and

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke

Franz Joseph, Emperor

Friedman, Thomas

Fromkin, David

Gallipoli campaign

Gaza Strip

Genesis 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War (Kurzman)

Geneva Convention

George, David Lloyd

Georges-Picot, François

Germany: containment of; democracy in; Enver Pasha and; Nazi; Triple Entente and; Young Turks alliance with

Gertz, Bill

Gibbon, Edward

Gillon, Philip

Glass, Charles

Glubb, John

Goebbels, Joseph

Golan Heights

Golden Mosque bombing

The Great Divide: How Westerners and Muslims View Each Other (Pew Global Attitudes Project)

Greece

Guderian, Heinz

Gulf States

Gur, Mordechai

Haber, Fritz

Haber-Bosch process

Habsburg Empire

Hakim, Mohamed Baqir al-

Hamas

Hamilton, Sir Ian

Harding, Warren G.

Hashemites

Heath, Edward

Herod the Great

Herodotus

Herut Party

Hezbollah

Himmler, Heinrich

Hitler, Adolf; Husseini, Haj Amin al- and; Iraq and; Ottoman Empire vs.; The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and; Russia, invasion of by; Third Reich of; underestimating of

Hobbes, Thomas

Ho Chi Minh

Holocaust

Hoover, Herbert

human rights: democracy and; in Iran

Humphrey, Hubert H.

Hussein, King of Jordan

Hussein, Saddam; Arafat, Yasser and; Assad, Hafez and; Ba’ath Party and; execution of; Iran and; Iran-Iraq War and; Iraq and; Kuwait and; Persian Gulf War (1991) and; September 11 and

Hussein, Sherif; Cairo Conference (1921) and; McMahon-Hussein letters and; radical Islam and; Saud, Abdulaziz ibn and

Husseini, Abd al-Qadir al-

Husseini, Haj Amin al-; Holocaust and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Palestinian Arabs and; World War II and

Indian Army

Innocents Abroad (Twain)

Inonu, Ismet

Inside the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth (Kedourie)

Iran; Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud and; Carter, Jimmy and; CENTO and; Churchill, Winston and; human rights in; Hussein, Saddam and; Iran-Iraq War and; Islamic Republic in; Islamic Revolution in, ; Khatami, Mohammad and; Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhullah and; nuclear program of; oil in; Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza and; Persian Empire and; post-revolution; Saudi Arabia and; Syria and; U.S. vs. Britain and; World War II and

Iran-Iraq War

Iranian hostage crisis; Carter, Jimmy and; radical Islam and

Iraq; al-Askariya Mosque bombing in; Anglo-Jewish reconquest of; Arab League and; Axis and; Ba’ath Party in; British rule over; Cairo Conference (1921) and; CENTO and; Chalabi, Ahmed and; Churchill, Winston and; civil war in; democracy in; elections in; Iran-Iraq War and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; military coup of 1958 in; moderation in; Nazi Germany and; post-Saddam; Saudi Arabia and; Second Ba’ath Republic in; Shiite revolt (1920) in; Sunni insurgency in; Sunni control of; Syria and; war of 1947–1948 and; World War II and

Iraqi National Congress (INC)

Iraq war (2003); Bush, George W. and; democracy and; PC myths about; Sunni insurgency and

Ireland

Irgun Zvai Leumi (National Military Organization)

Irish Republican Army

Islam: divorce and; Ottoman Empire and; as religion; Shia; Wahhabi. See also radical Islam

Islam in the Modern World (Kedourie)

Islamic Resistance Movement. See Hamas

Islamic Revolution

Israel: Assad, Hafez and; Ben-Gurion, David and; creation of; democracy and; destruction of; Egypt peace treaty with; Iraq, Nazi takeover of and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Jewish population of; Lebanon war in and; Nasser, Gamal Abdel and; Rabin, Yitzhak and; Sadat, Anwar and; Sinai II disengagement agreement (1975) and; Soviet Union and; Syria and; United States and; U.S. arms deal with; war of 1947–1948 and. See also Israeli-Arab wars; Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Israel Defense Forces

Israeli-Arab wars: Arab nationalism and; Arafat, Yasser and; Egypt and; Fatah and; as national conflicts; Nixon, Richard and; Palestinian, meaning of and; PC myths about; PLO; Sinai Campaign; Six-Day War; Soviet Union and; war of 1947–1948; War of Attrition; Yom Kippur War

Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Abdullah, as-Sayyid and; al Qaeda and; anti-Semitism and; Ben-Gurion, David and; Bible and; bin Laden, Osama and; British imperialist weakness and; Cairo Conference (1921) and; Dowbiggin, Herbert and; Husseini, Haj Amin aland; Iran-Iraq War and; Iraq and; Israel, creation of and; Kissinger, Henry and; McMahon-Hussein letters and; media and; origins of; Arab Revolt (1936) and; PC myths about; radical Islam and; solving; Sykes-Picot Agreement and; UN and; United States and; war of 1947–1948 and

Italy

Japan

Jerusalem; 1929 riots in; Israel’s conquest of; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Jewish mysticism in; Meiji Restoration of 1869 and; war of 1947–1948 and

Jewish Agency

Johnson, Lyndon B.

Jordan

Jundi, Sami al-

Kedourie, Elie

Kennedy, John F.

Kennedy, Joseph

Khaled, King

Khan, Genghis

Khatami, Mohammad

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhullah; Hussein, Saddam and; Iran and; Islamic Revolution and; U.S. meddling in Iranian politics and

Khuzestan

Kiernan, Thomas

The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Saud (Lacey)

Kissinger, Henry; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Middle East oil and; realpolitik of; Sinai II disengagement agreement (1975) and

Kitchener, Lord

Kollek, Teddy

Korean War

Krauthammer, Charles

Kurzman, Dan

Kuwait

Lacey, Ronald

Lapierre, Dominique

Latin America

Lawrence, T. E.

Lebanon

Lehi (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel)

Lenin, Vladimir

Libya

Lollobrigida, Gina

London suicide bombings (2005)

The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to September 11 (Wright)

Machiavelli, Niccolo

Madison, James

Maginot Line

Mahdi Army

Maliki, Nouri al-

Marcus, Mickey

Marshall, George

Marx, Karl

McMahon, Sir Henry

McMahon-Hussein letters

media: Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Middle East and; religious fundamentalists and

Meiji Restoration of 1869

Meir, Golda; Israeli-Arab wars and; Nixon, Richard and; Yom Kippur War and

Middle East: Arab nationalism in; birth rates in; British rule over; capitalism and; democracy and; European rule over; French rule over; Iran and; Islam in; Israeli-Arab wars in; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; mortality rates in; Ottoman Empire and; PC myths about; peace and stability in; political instability in; population in; poverty in; radical Islam and; religion, freedom of in; tribal culture in; World War I and; World War II and

Milestones (Qutb)

Montgomery, Bernard

Moore, Michael

Mosaddeq, Mohammed

Mossad

Mubarak, Hosni

Muhammad

mujahedin

Muslim Brotherhood

Napoleon

Nashashibis

Nasser, Gamal Abdel; biological warfare and; death of; Enver Pasha vs.; Israel, war against and; Israeli-Arab wars and; military buildup and; Qutb, Sayyid, execution of and; religion, state suppression of and; Six-Day War and; Soviet Union and; Suez crisis and

National Liberation Front (Algeria)

National Military Organization (Irgun Zvai Leumi)

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Nazi Germany; Churchill, Winston and; Iraq and; Middle East oil wealth and; Soviet Union, invasion of by

New Zealand

“Night Stalkers,”

Nixon Doctrine

Nixon, Richard; Assad, Hafez and; Ford, Gerald pardon of; Israel and; Israeli-Arab wars and; Meir, Golda and; Middle East record of; Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza and; Rabin, Yitzhak and; Watergate and

Noel, Cleo

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

North Korea

nuclear weapons

Obaid, Nawaf

Occupied Enemy Territories Administration (OETA)

oil: alternatives to; China and; Iran and; in Middle East; OPEC and; Saudi Arabia and; world’s food supply and

O Jerusalem (Collins and Lapierre)

O’Neill, John

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Nickel Grass

Oren, Michael B.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Oslo Peace Accords

O’Toole, Peter

Ottoman Empire: as alien conquerors; Arab nationalism and; caliphate and; democracy and; downfall of; fall of; Islam and; locals and; Middle East and; Middle East, peace and stability in and; ruthlessness of; success of; World War I and; Young Turk Revolution of 1908 and

Pacepa, Ion Mihai

Packer, George

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza

Palestine; Arab immigration into; Assad, Hafez and; British evacuation from; British Mandate in; Cairo Conference (1921) and; Jewish communities in

Palestine Liberation Army

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); Arafat, Yasser and; Saudi Arabia and

Palestinian Arabs: Husseini, Haj Amin al- and; identity of

Palestinian Authority

Palestinian Mandate

Patton, George S.

A Peace to End All Peace (Fromkin)

Peres, Shimon

Persian Empire

Persian Gulf War (1991)

The Histories (Herodotus)

Petain, Philippe

Petraeus, David

Pew Global Attitudes Project

Philby, Harry St. John

Pitt, William, the Younger

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

Powell, Colin

Princip, Gavrilo

Protestant Reformation

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Putin, Vladimir

Qasim, Abd al-Karim

Qutb, Sayyid

Rabin, Yitzhak; Assad, Hafez and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Nixon, Richard and; Oslo Peace Accords and; Sinai II disengagement agreement (1975) and; Six-Day War and; U.S.-Israeli arms deal and; war of 1947–1948 and

radical Islam: Arab history and; bin Laden, Osama and; cult psychology and; Faisal, Prince Turki aland; Iranian hostage crisis and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Saudi Arabia and; terrorism and; threat posed by; truth about; war on terrorism and. See also Islam

Reagan, Ronald; Israel and; Middle East record of

realpolitik

Red Army

Red Horizons (Pacepa)

religion: freedom of; Islamic extremism and; terrorism and

Rice, Condoleezza

Richmond, Sir Ernest

Rommel, Erwin

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Ross, Dennis

Royal Institute for International Affairs

Rumsfeld, Donald; al Qaeda and; Iraq war (2003) and; post-Saddam Iraq and; September 11 and; Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- and

Russia; Bolshevik Revolution in; Hitler, Adolf invasion of; Israel, creation of and; Jewish immigration from; Triple Entente and; World War I and. See also Soviet Union

Russian Revolution

Sachar, Howard M.

Sadat, Anwar; Abdulaziz, Faisal ibn and; Arafat, Yasser and; Israel and; Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty and

Sadr, Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Sadiq al-

Sadr, Moqtada al-

Safavid dynasty

Salamé, Ghassan

Samuel, Sir Herbert

Saud, Abdulaziz ibn; Arab Revolt (1936) and; Hussein, Sherif and; Lawrence, T. E. and; oil and Iran and; Saudi Arabia and; World War I and

Saudi Arabia: Abdulaziz, Faisal ibn and; al Qaeda and; Arafat, Yasser and; bin Laden, Osama and; communism and; Iran and; Iran-Iraq War and; Iraq and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Middle East, peace and stability in and; Moore, Michael and; mujahedin and; Nasser, Gamal Abdel and; oil and; peace in; PLO and; radical Islam and; Saud, Abdulaziz ibn and; September 11 and; terrorism and; threats to; understanding; Wahhabism in; wealthy middle class of; World War I and

Schlesinger, James

Scholem, Gershom

Schwarzkopf, Norman

Scimitar Hill, battle of

Scowcroft, Brent

Second Ba’ath Republic

Second Intifada (2000)

Sephardic Jews

September 11: bin Laden, Osama and; Bush, George W. and; Clinton, Bill and; heroes of; history of; Hussein, Saddam and; Saudi Arabia and

Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence)

Shah, Reza

Shamir, Yitzhak

Sharansky, Natan

sharia (Islamic law)

Sharon, Ariel; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; security fence of

Shazli, Saad al-

Shiite revolt (1920)

Shultz, George

Sidqi, Bakr

Sinai Campaign

Sinai Peninsula

Sinai II disengagement agreement (1975)

Sistani, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-

Six-Day War

Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oren)

Smathers, John

Somme, Battle of the

Soviet Union; Afghanistan, invasion of by; collapse of; Nasser, Gamal Abdel and; Nazi invasion of; Six-Day War and; Suez crisis and. See also Russia

Special Night Squads (SNS)

Sri Lanka

Stalin, Josef

Standard Oil of California

State Department, U.S.

Storrs, Sir Ronald

Strait of Messina

Suez crisis

Suvla Bay, battle of

Sykes, Christopher

Sykes, Sir Mark

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Syria; al Qaeda and; Ba’ath Party in; Iran and; Iraq and; Israel and; Lebanonwar in and; Nasser, Gamal Abdel and; Six-Day War and

The Tanks of Tammuz (Teveth)

Tegart, Sir Charles

Tenet, George

Teresa, Mother

terrorism: radical Islam and; religion and; causes of; Saudi Arabia and

Teveth, Shabtai

Tiberius

Time magazine

Tlass, Mustafa

Townshend, Sir Charles

Transjordan

Trotsky, Leon

Troubridge, Ernest

Truman, Harry S

Turkey: CENTO and; Churchill, Winston and; democracy and; military state of

Twain, Mark

United Arab Republic

United Nations (UN); Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Six-Day War and

United Nations Relief and Works Agency

United Press International

United States: as bad; democracy and; Iran and; Israel, creation of and; Israeli-Arab wars and; Israeli arms deal with; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Middle East, peace and stability in and; Nasser, Gamal Abdel and; Saudi Arabia as ally of; Vietnam War and; Yom Kippur War and

U.S. National Archives

U.S. Special Operations Command

USA PATRIOT Act

van Creveld, Martin

Venezuela

Versailles Peace Conference

Vietnam

Vietnam War

von Sanders, Otto Liman

Wahhabism

War of Attrition

Washington Times

Watergate

weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Weizman, Ezer

Weizmann, Chaim

West Bank

Wilhelm II, Kaiser

Wilson, Harold

Wilson, Woodrow; Ben-Gurion, David and; Israel, creation of and; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and; Zionist movement and

Wingate, Orde

Wisliceny, Dieter

Wolfowitz, Paul

The World Crisis: 1911–1918 (Churchill)

World War I: Britain and; Churchill, Winston and; Gallipoli campaign and; Indian Army and; Middle East and; Ottoman Empire and; Russia and; Saudi Arabia and; Scimitar Hill, battle of and; Suvla Bay, battle of and; Young Turks and

World War II, ; Britain and; Churchill, Winston and; Husseini, Haj Amin al- and; Iran and; Iraq and; Middle East and

Wright, Lawrence

Wurmser, David

Xerxes

Yadin, Yigael

Yemen

Yom Kippur War

Young Turk Revolution of 1908,

Young Turks; Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal and; German alliance with; World War I and

Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-: al-Askariya Mosque bombing and; death of; Sunni insurgency and

Zionist movement, Zionism; Bolshevik Revolution and; Britain and; Wilson, Woodrow and