PREFACE
1. Moses Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed (Friedlander translation, 1903), chapter 31, accessible at sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/.
2. Joel L. Fleishman, The Foundation: A Great American Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007); paperback edition 2009.
3. Peter M. Ascoli, “Julius Rosenwald’s Crusade: One Donor’s Plea to Give While You Live,” Philanthropy, May/June 2006, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/julius_rosenwalds_crusade.
4. Christopher G. Oechsli, “30 Years of Giving While Living: Our Final Chapter” (July 10, 2012), http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/news/30-years-giving-while-living-our-final-chapter; and The Atlantic Philanthropies, “Giving While Living,” http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/giving-while-living.
INTRODUCTION
1. Edwin Rekosh, “Impact Investing Might Help Nonprofits Overseas Asphyxiated by Their Governments,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 22, 2016, https://philanthropy.com/article/Opinion-Impact-Investing/235392.
2. Jennifer Ablan, “Russia Bans George Soros Foundation as State Security ‘Threat,’” November 30, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/30/russia-soros-idUSL1N13P22Y20151130?elq=315797deafc04b5babe6f03f9bce61ef&elqCampaignId=1958&elqaid=7061&elqat=1&elqTrackId=23043a84d1ed4a0d9b47f4602bf12cca#Z2i3fs7iBQFrSyqL.97.
3. See Kendra DuPuy, James Ron, and Aseem Prakash, “Foreign Disentanglement,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2015, http://ssir.org/articles/entry/foreign_disentanglement#sthash.0ULqpEeM.dpuf.
4. Edward Wong, “U.S. Denounces Chinese Law Restricting Foreign Organizations,” New York Times, April 29, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/world/asia/china-foreign-ngo-law.html.
5. Kendra DuPuy, James Ron, and Aseem Prakash, “Foreign Disentanglement,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2015, http://ssir.org/articles/entry/foreign_disentanglement#sthash.0ULqpEeM.dpuf; see also Julie Makinen, “China’s Move Toward Restricting Foreign NGOs Spurs Anxiety in Many Organizations,” Los Angeles Times, July 5, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-ngos-20150705-story.html; Christopher Marquis, Yanhua Zhou, and Zoe Yang, “The Emergence of Subversive Charities in China,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Winter 2016, http://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_emergence_of_subversive_charities_in_china?utm_source=Enews&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=SSIR_Now&utm_content=Title; Andrew Jacobs, “Foreign Groups Fear China Oversight Plan,” New York Times, June17, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/world/foreign-groups-fear-china-oversight-plan.html?_r=0; Charles Digges, “New Crackdown on ‘Undesirable’ Foreign Organizations Becomes Law with Putin’s Signature,” May 26, 2015, http://bellona.org/news/russian-human-rights-issues/russian-ngo-law/2015-05-new-crackdown-undesirable-foreign-organizations-becomes-law-putins-signature; and Ruth McCambridge, “Proposed Draconian Law on Associations in Egypt Further Threatens Civil Society,” Nonprofit Quarterly, July 15, 2014, http://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/07/15/proposed-draconian-law-on-associations-in-egypt-further-threatens-civil-society/.
6. John Gardner, “Giving Back the Future: Philanthropy in the Twenty-First Century,” Community Foundations of the San Francisco Bay Area, Oakland, CA, September 28, 1998.
7. Ibid.
8. National Center on Charitable Statistics, “Quick Facts About Nonprofits,” Business Master File, May 20, 2015, http://nccs.urban.org/statistics/quickfacts.cfm. The figures for religious congregations are as of August 2015.
9. National Center on Charitable Statistics, NCCS Core File 2013, http://nccs.urban.org/statistics/quickfacts.cfm.
10. Eugene Steuerle, Alan Abramson, et al., “Meeting Social Needs through Charitable and Government Resources,” in Nonprofits and Government, ed. Elizabeth Boris and C. Eugene Steuerle, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2015), 94.
11. Ibid.
12. Giving USA, Giving USA 2016: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2015 (Chicago: Giving USA Foundation, 2016), 46.
13. Slightly different figures, published by the Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, are available for all countries at http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/02/Comparative-data-Tables_2004_FORMATTED_2.2013.pdf, Table I.1, but they confirm that the United States continues to have the significantly highest percentage among all countries.
14. Giving USA, Giving USA 2016, 244.
15. Ibid., 45.
16. Ibid., 48; see also http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/pi/2016/txt/pi0516.txt, Table 2.
18. Giving USA, Giving USA 2016, 39.
19. Ibid., 48.
17. Ibid. 27.
20. Ibid., 40.
21. “Angel” is the term for start-up investors; mezzanine investors provide funding close in time afterwards.
22. See Congressional Research Service, “CRC Reports on Tax Issues Relating to Charitable Contributions and Organizations,” January 24, 2013, http://www.pgdc.com/pgdc/crs-reports-tax-issues-relating-charitable-contributions-and-organizations, 1.
23. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the total cost to the Treasury in 2015 of all individual charitable contributions is about $46 billion. See “Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Fiscal Years 2015–2019,” December 7, 2015, JCX-141R-15, 36, 38.
24. As my Duke colleague Kristin Goss pointed out in an e-mail message to me on October 30, 2015, “The best new research suggests that elected officials do not represent majority will, except when it is aligned with the preferences of elites.” See, for example, the frequently cited work of Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page in “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf.
25. See Brian Galle, “Pay It Forward? Law and the Problem of Restricted-Spending Philanthropy,” Washington University Law Review 92, no. 5 (2016), http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol93/iss5/5.
26. See Wikipedia entry on “intergenerational equity,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity.
27. James Tobin, “What Is Permanent Endowment Income?” The American Economic Review 64, no. 2 (May 1974), http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816077.
CHAPTER 1
1. The Kresge Foundation, Annual Report 2014: A Bold Urban Future Is Unfolding in America’s Cities (Troy, MI: The Kresge Foundation, 2015), 4–5.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 11–13.
4. Julia Stasch, “Time for Change,” August 2015, https://www.macfound.org/annual-report/2014/essay/.
5. Michael Bailin, “Re-Engineering Philanthropy: Field Notes from the Trenches,” http://www.emcf.org/fileadmin/media/PDFs/history/Bailin_ReengineerinPhilanthropy.pdf.
6. See Neil F. Carlson, “Making Evaluation Work,” http://www.emcf.org/fileadmin/media/PDFs/history/EMCF_MakingEvaluationWork.pdf.
7. For an excellent summary of the way the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation makes its decisions, see the video of President Nancy Roob’s presentation at Duke University on September 30, 2015, “A Decade of Capital Aggregation,” http://cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/learning-resources/video-archive/decade-capital-aggregation.
8. See William P. Ryan and Barbara E. Taylor, An Experiment in Scaling Impact: Assessing the Growth Capital Aggregation Pilot (New York: The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, December 2012), http://www.emcf.org/fileadmin/media/PDFs/GCAPReport_Final.pdf.
9. In the interest of full disclosure, The Bridgespan Group’s initial major funding was provided by Atlantic Philanthropies, where I was then president of its US Program Staff. I have served as a consultant and advisor to The Bridgespan Group since I resigned from Atlantic Philanthropies in 2003.
10. Sangwon Yoon, “From Ackman to Musk, Charity Giving Takes on Stock-Picking Feel,” December 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-23/from-ackman-to-musk-charity-giving-takes-on-stock-picking-feel.
11. Ibid.
12. “Doing Good by Doing Well: Lessons from Business for Charities,” The Economist, May 23, 2015, http://www.economist.com/node/21651815/print.
13. (New York: HarperCollins, 1990).
14. For a superb account of the “pay-for-success” experiments, as well as an analysis of their future and this particular benefit, see V. Kasturi Rangan and Lisa A. Chase, “The Payoff of Pay-for Success,” Stanford Social Innovation Review 13, no. 4 (Fall 2015), 28–39.
15. Alex Daniels, “The $1.6 Billion Barr Foundation Expands Its Reach,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 5, 2016, https://philanthropy.com/article/Barr-Fund-Expands-Its-Grant/235199.
16. See https://centers.fuqua.duke.edu/case/knowledge_items/the-meaning-of-social-entrepreneurship/.
17. Harvard Business Review (March-April 1997), https://hbr.org/1997/03/virtuous-capital-what-foundations-can-learn-from-venture-capitalists.
18. Devin Thorpe, “Heron Foundation Leads Foundations Toward 100 Percent Impact Investment,” Forbes, July 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2015/07/01/fb-heron-foundation-leads-foundations-toward-100-percent-impact-investment/.
19. Valerie Bauerlein, “Activist Foundations Impact Investing Pays Off, Sometimes After Court Fights,” Wall Street Journal, October 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/activist-foundations-impact-investing-pays-off-sometimes-after-court-fights-1444901401?cb=logged0.9912678744332917; see also Ben Gose, “Impact Investing Requires Foundations to Think and Act in New Ways,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, November 17, 2013, https://philanthropy.com/article/Impact-Investing-Requires/154051; and Steven Godeke and William Burckart, “Impact Investing Can Help Foundations Avoid Obsolescence,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 18, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Opinion-Impact-Investing-Can/228569.
20. See www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/ford-foundation-commits-1-billion-from-endowment-to-mission-related-investments/.
21. Ben Gose, “Foundations Are Cautious on Impact Investing,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 1, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Foundations-Are-Cautious-on/234356.
22. Drew Lindsay, “Foundation Puts Emphasis on No-Strings-Attached Grants,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, July 6, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Foundation-Puts-Emphasis-on/231317.
23. Darren Walker, “Moving the Ford Foundation Forward,” Ford Foundation, November 8, 2015, https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/moving-the-ford-foundation-forward/.
24. Ibid.
25. Suzanne Perry, “2 Nonprofits Get Surprise $1-Million Grants,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, October 14, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/2-Nonprofits-Get-Surprise/233699?cid=pt&utm_source=pt&utm_medium=en&elq=b725602df0594a63a5ee964e2bf461c7&elqCampaignId=1616&elqaid=6579&elqat=1&elqTrackId=433591a916e942c5a87fd0ad470e2e53.
CHAPTER 2
1. Rebecca Koenig, “Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Pledges $3 Billion for Science Research,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, September 21, 2016, https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Chan-Zuckerberg-Initiative/237865.
2. See Megan O’Neil, “Wringing the Most Good Out of a Facebook Fortune,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 1, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Wringing-the-Most-Good-Out-of/234366.
3. See Benjamin Soskis, “Time for the Public to Weigh Good and Bad of the Zuckerberg-Chan Gift,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 11, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Opinion-Time-for-the-Public/234584?cid=pt&utm_source=pt&utm_medium=en&elq=691bf6c34ac743ef9ed3f94ad6df0bd4&elqCampaignId=2051&elqaid=7208&elqat=1&elqTrackId=eb8b342490334d0c887db5b11a1a6167.
4. Bradford K. Smith, “Version 2.0. The Giving Pledge Globalizes,” Philantopic Blog, March 1, 2013, http://pndblog.typepad.com/pndblog/2013/03/version-20-the-giving-pledge-globalizes.html#more.
5. See https://www.omidyar.com/.
6. Quoted from Participant Media website, http://www.participantmedia.com/.
7. Joel L. Fleishman, The Foundation: A Great American Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 82–83.
8. For a more exhaustive report on this “grand bargain,” see Nathan Bomey, John Gallagher, and Mark Stryker, “How Detroit Was Reborn,” November 2014, http://www.freep.com/longform/news/local/detroit-bankruptcy/2014/11/09/detroit-bankruptcy-rosen-orr-snyder/18724267/.
9. See http://www.ef.org/.
10. See http://www.ef.org/programs/energy-foundation-china/.
11. See https://www.livingcities.org/about/members.
12. See http://www.climateworks.org/.
13. Michael Anft, “Seeking $1 Billion for Research That Takes Time,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy (July 2015): 23a; http://www.sciencephilanthropyalliance.org/who-we-are/members/.
14. See http://hewlett.org/programs/special-projects/madison-initiative.
15. See https://philanthropy.com/article/2-Nonprofits-Get-Surprise/233699?cid=pt&utm_source=pt&utm_medium=en&elq=b725602df0594a63a5ee964e2bf461c7&elqCampaignId=1616&elqaid=6579&elqat=1&elqTrackId=433591a916e942c5a87fd0ad470e2e53.
16. Staff, “Freedom Fund Website,” as accessed December 2016 http://freedomfund.org/about/our-vision-and-mission/.
17. See http://www.mbkalliance.org/about.
18. See http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/global-ocean-legacy.
19. Ibid.
20. See http://www.emcf.org/capital-aggregation/.
21. See http://www.emcf.org/our-strategies/blue-meridian-partners.
22. See http://www.emcf/org/our-next-chapter/.
23. See www.hewlett.org/fund-for-shared-insight.
24. Paul Sullivan, “Kevin Spacey and Cal Ripken Jr. to Team Up for Fund-Raising Gala,” New York Times, September 4, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/05/your-money/kevin-spacey-and-cal-ripken-jr-to-team-up-for-fund-raising-gala.html.
25. See Michael Lipsky, “Statehouse Scrutiny,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2016, http://ssir.org/articles/entry/statehouse_scrutiny#sthash.vQ4zDjQ7.dpuf.
26. See http://www.nationalservice.gov/programs/social-innovation-fund/about-sif.
27. Tony Proscio, “Common Effort, Uncommon Wealth: Lessons from Living Cities on the Challenges and Opportunities of Collaboration in Philanthropy,” Living Cities, April 2010, https://livingcities.s3.amazonaws.com/resource/79/download.pdf.
28. See Megan E. Tompkins-Stange, Policy Patrons (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2016).
29. See Naomi Rothwell, “Bold Advocacy: How Atlantic Philanthropies Funded a Movement,” June 18, 2013, http://www.grantcraft.org/blog/bold-advocacy-how-atlantic-philanthropies-funded-a-movement.
30. See Sylvia Yee, “Equal Effort: How Intentionality and Collaboration Have Helped Gay Rights Progress,” Perspectives, August 21, 2014, http://www.haasjr.org/perspectives/equal-effort; Joanne Weiss, “Competing Principles,” Stanford Social Innovation Review 13, no. 6 (Fall 2015): 57–60; and The Proteus Fund, “Hearts and Minds: The Untold Story of How Philanthropy and the Civil Marriage Collaborative Helped America Embrace Civil Marriage Equality,” http://www.proteusfund.org/sites/default/files/upload/inline/29/files/heartsandmindsnov5.pdf.
31. See Staff, “Bloomberg to Launch $50 Million Gun Control Initiative,” Philanthropy News Digest, April 17, 2014, http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/bloomberg-to-launch-50-million-gun-control-initiative; Catherine Ho, “Inside the Bloomberg Backed Gun Control Group’s Effort to Defeat the NRA,” Washington Post, June 20, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/06/20/everytowns-survivors-network-stands-on-the-front-lines-of-the-gun-control-battle/?tid=ss_mail.
32. See http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/news/ending-well-maximizing-lasting-impact.
33. See Tompkins-Stange, Policy Patrons.
34. See http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/education/oakland-district-at-heart-of-drive-to-transform-urban-schools.html?_r=0.
35. Tony Proscio, e-mail message to the author, June 22, 2016.
36. Megan O’Neil, “For Calif. Nonprofits, Advocacy Work on $15 Minimum Wage Pays Off,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 31, 2016, https://philanthropy.com/article/For-Calif-Nonprofits/235934.
37. Stephen Greenhouse, “How the $15 Minimum Wage Went from Laughable to Viable,” New York Times, April 1, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/03/opinion/sunday/how-the-15-minimum-wage-went-from-laughable-to-viable.html.
38. For a full list, see http://flackpedia.org/National_Employment_Law_Project#Foundation_Funding.
39. See Motoko Rich, “Teacher Tenure Is Challenged Again in a Minnesota Lawsuit,” New York Times, April 13, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/us/teacher-tenure-is-challenged-again-in-a-minnesota-lawsuit.html.
40. Valerie Reitman, “Benefactor’s Final Gift Shakes a Foundation,” Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2006, http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/30/local/mebequest30.
41. Staff, “Texas Cinema Magnate’s Foundation Bequest Tops $600 Million,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 15, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Tex-Cinema-Magnates/234614.
42. Paul Grogan, “The Boston Foundation in the City of Ideas,” presentation to the Foundation Impact Research Group, Center for Strategic Philanthropy and Civil Society, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, September 9, 2015, http://cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/learning-resources/video-archive/boston-foundation-city-ideas.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. See Thriving People, Vibrant Places: A Five-Year Progress Report from the Boston Foundation, which is available by writing the foundation at The Boston Foundation, 75 Arlington Street, 10th floor, Boston, MA 02116.
46. Kelvin Taketa, e-mail message to the author, January 6, 2016.
47. Lucy Bernholz, Katherine Fulton, and Gabriel Kasper, “On the Brink of New Promise: The Future of U.S. Community Foundations,” Blueprint Research & Design, Inc. and the Monitor Institute, 2005, http://www.monitorinstitute.com/downloads/what-we-think/new-promise/On_the_Brink_of_New_Promise.pdf, 35.
48. See http://www.cfleads.org/about/about.php.
49. James Covert, “Star-Studded Robin Hood Foundation Galas Raise $101M,” New York Post, May 13, 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/05/13/star-studded-robin-hood-foundation-galas-raise-101m/.
50. Daniel Lurie, e-mail message to the author, December 17, 2015.
51. See “Super Bowl 50 Redefined,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWO2Dcboq6U; and Alex Davidson, “Super Bowl Fund to Launch on Giving Tuesday,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 1, 2014, https://philanthropy.com/article/Super-Bowl-Fund-to-Launch-on/152163; see also “Superbowl 50 Sets Records Across the Board,” February 10, 2016, http://www.sfbaysuperbowl.com/super-bowl-50-sets-records-across-the-board#xCzvekivsyGItbqj.97.
52. See http://www.vppartners.org/.
53. See http://www.ptech.org/ and http://www.aspeninstitute.org/policy-work/economic-opportunities/skills-americas-future/models-success/ibm.
54. IBM, “2015 Corporate Social Responsibility Report,” http://ibm.com/responsibility/2015.
55. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/womenomics-pdf.pdf.
56. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/women-half-sky-pdf.pdf.
57. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/10000women/news-and-events/10kwprogressreport.html.
58. Ibid.
59. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/10000women/news-and-events/10000women-ifc.html.
60. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/public-policy/gmi-folder/gmi-report-pdf.pdf.
61. See https://www.opic.gov/press-releases/2015/opic-announces-plans-join-goldman-sachs-10000-women-and-ifc-women-entrepreneurs-opportunity-facility-committ.
62. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/10000-small-businesses/US/about-the-program/index.html.
63. See http://www.goldmansachs.com/citizenship/10000-small-businesses/US/program-impact/report.pdf.
CHAPTER 3
1. See http://www.fidelitycharitable.org/about-us.shtml.
2. See Ray Madoff, “5 Myths About Pay Out Rules for Donor-Advised Funds,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, January 13, 2014, https://philanthropy.com/article/5-Myths-About-Payout-Rules-for/153809; and Alex Daniels, “Role of Donor-Advised Funds Prompts Heated Debate,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, October 23, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Role-of-Donor-Advised-Funds/233916.
3. See Alex Daniels, “Donor-Advised Funds Navigate a Deluge of Year-End Gifts and Grants,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 10, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Donor-Advised-Funds-Navigate-a/234567.
4. Sacha Pfeiffer, “Fidelity Charitable Fund Donations Reach Record $3.1b,” The Boston Globe, January 28, 2016, https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/01/28/fidelity-charitable-savings-arm-makes-record-donations/ccXkEiCB4yteR56I8CeHIP/story.html.
5. See http://www.fidelitycharitable.org/2014-annual-report/growth-in-grantmaking.shtml; and http://www.nptrust.org/daf-report/market-overview.html.
6. See http://www.nptrust.org/daf-report/giving-vehicle-comparison.html.
7. See http://www.nptrust.org/daf-report/projections-and-observations.html.
8. See Roger Colinvaux, “Congress Needs to Send a Message That Commercial Advised Funds Are About Giving, Not Saving,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 29, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Opinion-Congress-Needs-to/234712.
9. See Alex Daniels, “Role of Donor-Advised Funds Prompts Heated Debate,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, October 23, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Role-of-Donor-Advised-Funds/233916/.
10. See National Philanthropic Trust 2015 Donor-Advised Fund Report, http://www.nptrust.org/daf-report/sponsor-type-comparison.html#community-foundations.
11. See http://www.newprofit.org/about-us/our-story/.
12. See http://foundationcenter.org/media/news/20150924.html.
13. See http://foundationcenter.org/about/.
14. See http://www.fidelitycharitable.org/private-donor-group/advisors/philanthropic-initiative.shtml.
15. Ibid.
16. See http://www.mckinsey.com/about-us/social-impact/generation.
17. See http://www.generationinitiative.org/.
18. See http://www.rockpa.org/donzelina-barroso-named-director-global-philanthropy-rockefeller-philanthropy-advisors/.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. See “Facebook Hints at Powerful New Tools for Fundraising and Crisis Response,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, October 21, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Facebook-Hints-at-Powerful-New/233848.
22. Megan O’Neill, “Facebook New Donate Button Helps Charities Build Donor Lists,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, August 25, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Facebooks-New-Donate-Button/232595.
23. Giving USA, Giving USA 2016: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2015 (Chicago, IL: Giving USA Foundation), 77.
24. See http://www.networkforgood.org/digitalgivingindex, accessed August 29, 2015.
25. See http://nonprofitquarterly.org/2015/04/23/in-2015-m-r-benchmarks-study-online-and-monthly-giving-are-up.
26. See https://www.blackbaudhq.com/corpmar/cgr/how-nonprofit-fundraising-performed-in-2014.pdf.
27. Giving USA, Giving USA 2016, 26.
28. Corporation for National and Community Service. See http://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov/national and http://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov/research.cfm.
29. Ibid.
30. Eden Stiffman, “Indiegogo Launches Free Crowdfunding Site for Nonprofits,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, October 21, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Indiegogo-Launches-Free/233839.
31. Ibid.
32. See www.fastcompany.com/3064808/future-of-philanthropy/gofundme-just-hit-3-billion-in-total-donations.
33. See http://www.universalgiving.org/.
34. Roger Martin and Sally Osberg, Getting Beyond Better: How Social Entrepreneurship Works (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 130.
35. See http://www.givedirectly.org/.
36. See http://www.givingtuesday.org/.
37. Eden Stiffman, “Donors Give $116.7 Million on Giving Tuesday,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 2, 2016, https://philanthropy.com/article/Donors-Give-1167-Million-on/234443.
38. Meredith Myers, Eden Stillman, and Ariana Giorgi, “Online Giving Trends,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, accessed March 1, 2017, https://philanthropy.com/interactives/online-giving-dashboard.
39. Sara Reardon, “Pete Frates: Ice-Bucket Challenger,” in “365 Days: Nature’s 10: Ten People Who Mattered This Year,” Nature, December 18, 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/365-days-nature-s-10-1.16562; see also “Nancy Frates: How Did a Simple Challenge Become a Worldwide Phenomenon?,” TED Radio Hour, August 14, 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/08/14/431543256/how-did-a-simple-challenge-become-a-worldwide-phenomenon.
40. See http://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/news/a15448/celebrities-ice-bucket-challenge/; see also http://www.alsa.org/about-us/ice-bucket-challenge-faq.html for the fuller history, under the heading “Who Started the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge?” The site explains that the challenge already “existed in the sporting world and had been used with other causes in the past. It started with a professional golfer named Chris Kennedy, who challenged his sister, Jeanette Senerchia in Pelham, New York. Jeanette’s husband Anthony has ALS. Through Facebook, one of her friends was connected to Pat Quinn in Yonkers, New York, who was connected to Pete Frates in Boston, Massachusetts. Pat and Pete are both young men battling the disease and their social networks blasted the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge out of the Northeast to places across the country and even the globe.”
41. James Surowiecki, “Philanthropic Fads,” The New Yorker, July 25, 2016, 19, http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=2016-07-25#folio=18.
42. See http://bikefls.nationalmssociety.org/site/PageServer?pagename=BIKE_FLS_history.
43. See http://www.bikingbis.com/charity-bicycle-rides/ for some of the countless such charity bike rides, which could not possibly be organized and orchestrated without social media.
44. See, for example, Suzanne Perry, “Red Cross Report Gets Strong Critique from Dan Pallotta’s New Venture,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, August 11, 2015, https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Red-Cross-Report-Gets-Strong/232305.
45. See http://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/Blog/ID/222/Peter-Singers-Best-Charities-for-2016.
46. See http://www.curealz.org/.
47. See http://www.fastercures.org/about/.
CHAPTER 4
1. Patricia L. Rosenfield, A World of Giving: Carnegie Corporation of New York—A Century of International Philanthropy (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014), 21.
2. See a brief summary of the principal writers on that subject in Jesse Brundage Sears, “Philanthropy in the History of American Higher Education,” in Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Bulletin, 1922, No. 26 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922), 1–8.
3. Ibid., 2.
4. Ibid., 4.
5. Sir Arthur Hobhouse, The Dead Hand: Addresses on the Subject of Endowments and Settlements of Property (London: Chatto & Windus, 1880).
6. John Stuart Mill, Dissertations and Discussions (London: Savill and Edwards, 1859), 2:28–67.
7. Ibid., 2:60–62.
8. Ibid., 2:7–11.
9. Reprinted in Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays (New York: The Century Co., 1900).
10. Ron Chernow, Titan, The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 313.
11. Many philanthropically knowledgeable individuals have recollections that Carnegie actually wrote this, as this author does, but no one, including professional archivists familiar with Carnegie’s writings, has been able as of this writing to verify its authenticity.
12. See North American Review 148, no. 391 (December 1889): 682–699, later republished as Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth.
13. Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth.
14. Joel L. Fleishman, J. Scott Kohler, and Steven Schindler, Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 17.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Rosenfield, A World of Giving, 8–9.
18. Ibid., 28–29.
19. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald.
20. Sears Archives, “What Is the Julius Rosenwald Foundation?” http://www.searsarchives.com/people/juliusrosenwald.html.
21. Peter M. Ascoli, Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2006).
22. See Steven Schindler, “Carnegie Public Libraries for America’s Communities,” in Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 14–18; and Steven Schindler, “Building Schools for Rural African Americans,” ibid., 27–30.
23. Ibid., 29.
24. See trailer for the film at http://www.rosenwaldfilm.org/.
25. Julius Rosenwald, “The Principles of Public Giving,” Atlantic Monthly (May 1929): 605.
26. See The Saturday Evening Post, January 5, 1929.
27. Ascoli, Julius Rosenwald, 320.
28. Julius Rosenwald, “The Burden of Wealth,” The Saturday Evening Post, January 5, 1929, 12.
29. Ascoli, Julius Rosenwald, 406.
CHAPTER 5
1. Verne S. Atwater and Evelyn C. Walsh, The Ford Foundation: The Early Years—1936–1968—An Insider View of the Impact of Wealth and Good Intentions (New York: The Ford Foundation, 2011), 18.
2. Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program (Detroit, MI: Ford Foundation, November 1949), 9–10.
3. Ibid., 10–12.
4. Atwater and Walsh, Ford Foundation, 26.
5. Warren Weaver and George Wells Beadle, U.S. Philanthropic Foundations: Their History, Structure, Management, and Record (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 86.
6. Atwater and Walsh, Ford Foundation, 26–27.
7. Ibid., 52–53.
8. Ibid., 173–174.
9. Ibid., 173–174.
10. Ibid., 183.
11. Ibid., 5.
12. Ibid., 20.
13. See Letter of Resignation by Henry Ford II at http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/henry_ford_2_letter_of_resignation.
14. Ibid.
15. William E. Simon, A Time for Truth (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 230–231.
16. Letter of December 11, 1976, to Mr. Alexander Heard, chairman of the board, Ford Foundation, from the Ford Foundation Archives.
17. Interview by Charles T. Morrissey with Henry Ford II for the Ford Foundation Oral History Project, Dearborn, MI, August 1, 1973.
18. Julie Cantwell Armstrong and Michelle Krebs, “The Worst Mistake: Henry Ford II’s Ceding of Ford Foundation Control Has Cost Detroit Area,” Crain’s Detroit Business 19, no. 22 (Summer 2003 supplement): 76, http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/10073141/worst-mistake-henry-ford-iis-ceding-ford-foundation-control-has-cost-detroit-area.
19. See Adam Meyerson, “When Philanthropy Goes Wrong,” Wall Street Journal, March 9, 2012, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203370604577263820686621862; see also Adam Meyerson, foreword to Protecting Donor Intent: How to Define and Safeguard Your Philanthropic Principles, by Jeffrey J. Cain (Washington, DC: Philanthropy Roundtable, 2012), vii–ix.
20. See http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/the_ford_foundation_and_donor_intent.
21. For a dramatic, blow-by-blow description of the events of that weekend, see George Lowery, “A Campus Takeover That Symbolized an Era of Change,” Cornell Chronicle, April 16, 2009, http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2009/04/campus-takeover-symbolized-era-change.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. See James Piereson, “Switching Off the Lights at the Olin Foundation,” Philanthropy, March/April 2002, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/site/print/the_insiders_guide_to_spend_down.
25. Ibid.
26. Steven Schindler, “Conservative Legal Advocacy,” in Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret—How Private Wealth Is Changing the World, ed. Joel L. Fleishman, J. Scott Kohler, and Steven Schindler (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 135.
27. Piereson, “Switching Off the Lights,” 2.
28. Ibid.
29. Fleishman et al., Casebook, 148–151.
30. Schindler, “Conservative,” 136–137.
31. Deanne Stone, Alternatives to Perpetuity: A Conversation Every Foundation Should Have (Washington, DC: National Center for Family Philanthropy, 2005).
32. See https://www.nccivitas.org/2015/z-smith-reynolds-foundation-roots-radicalism/.
33. Adam Meyerson, “When Philanthropy Goes Wrong,” Philanthropy Roundtable, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/when_philanthropy_goes_wrong.
34. See http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/site/print/the_contested_legacy_of_j._howard_pew.
35. The debate continued, with a response to Rimel’s letter written by Evan Sparks, the editor of Philanthropy, the Roundtable’s magazine, ibid.
36. See Adam Meyerson, “Why Donors Must Protect Their Philanthropic Principles,” http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/why_donors_must_protect_their_philanthropic_principles.
37. Evan Sparks, “Back to Bill: How the Daniels Fund Lost Sight of Bill Daniels, Clawed Its Way Back—and Is Preserving Donor Intent into the Far Future,” Philanthropy, Fall 2011, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/back_to_bill; Mark O’Keefe, “The Daniels Fund: A Rocky Mountain Commitment to Donor Intent,” Philanthropy, May/June 2006, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/the_daniels_fund.
38. See Evan Sparks, “Duke of Carolina: Was James B. Duke More Successful than Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller?,” Philanthropy, Winter 2011, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/duke_of_carolina.
CHAPTER 6
1. For more extensive descriptions of these foundations, as well as of foundations that ended their existence prior to 2016, see http://cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/time-limited-philanthropy/time-limited-foundations.
2. See https://hbr.org/1997/03/virtuous-capital-what-foundations-can-learn-from-venture-capitalists.
3. Ibid., 10–11.
4. Patricia Rosenfield, A World of Giving: Carnegie Corporation of New York (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014), 19.
5. For those interested in the litigation over The Buck Trust, see Robert R. Augsburger, Victoria Chang, and William F. Meehan III, “The San Francisco Foundation: The Dilemma of the Buck Trust,” Harvard Business Review, January 1, 1998, https://hbr.org/product/the-san-francisco-foundation-the-dilemma-of-the-buck-trust-a/an/SI106A-PDF-ENG; and John G. Simon, “American Philanthropy and the Buck Trust,” Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, January 1, 1987, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2998&context=fss_papers.
6. In my interview of David Rockefeller Jr. for this book, he confirmed that his father made that statement and the younger Rockefeller continues to regard his father’s sentiment as accurate. It is nonetheless a fact that other descendants of John D. Rockefeller Sr., including his son John D. Jr. and his great-grandchildren Peggy Delany and Senator Jay Rockefeller, did serve on The Rockefeller Foundation’s board. Moreover, his great-grandson David Jr. agreed to join the foundation’s board, was subsequently elected to serve as its chairman, and presided in that role during The Rockefeller Foundation’s Centennial celebration in 2013. He completed his 5-year term as chairman and 10-year term as trustee in mid-2016.
7. (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013, the revised paperback edition).
8. Interview with John and Ginger Sall, Cary, NC, March 20, 2015.
9. Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/sean-parker-philanthropy-for-hackers-1435345787.
10. (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007).
11. Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/sean-parker-philanthropy-for-hackers-1435345787.
12. Julius Rosenwald, “The Burden of Wealth,” The Saturday Evening Post, January 5, 1929, 12.
13. Ibid., 13.
14. Ibid., 12.
15. Alice Buhl, “Irwin Sweeney Miller Foundation: A Study in Spend-Down,” PASSAGES Issue Brief, November 2013, https://cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/sites/default/files/2013-Passages-ISMF-Spend-Down-Web%20(2).pdf.
16. Ibid., 18.
17. See http://www.bridgespan.org/Philanthropy-Advice/Philanthropist-Spotlights/Stories/Donors/Bernie-Marcus/RecentVideos/Bernie-Marcus-explains-why-he-gives-while-he-lives.aspx#.VtJnCE0UVD8.
18. James Schulman, e-mail to the author, December 9, 2016.
19. Geraldine Fabrikant, “Yale Endowment Earned 3.4% in a Year When Many Peers Lost,” New York Times, September 23, 2016, B2, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/24/business/yale-university-endowment.html.
20. Ibid.
21. Speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned about Vietnam at Riverside Church in New York City.
22. Rosenwald, “Burden of Wealth,” 14.
23. See http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/our-story.
24. Attributed to Maimonides, probably by derivation from his “greatest level of giving” in Mishneh Torah Laws of Charity 10:7–14, which states that “the greatest level of charity is finding employment for a poor person.”
25. Attributed to Andrew Carnegie.
26. Kenneth Prewitt, Social Sciences and Private Philanthropy: The Quest for Social Relevance (Indianapolis: Indiana University Center on Philanthropy, 1995), 13.
27. For more on the Aaron Diamond Foundation, see Mitch Nauffts’s interview with foundation CEO Vincent McGee, “Vincent McGee, Aaron Diamond Foundation: Spending Out as a Philanthropic Strategy,” Philanthropy News Digest, January 10, 2007, http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/newsmakers/vincent-mcgee-aaron-diamond-foundation-spending-out-as-a-philanthropic-strategy. For more on the “AIDS cocktail,” see “Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: The Turning Point in the AIDS Pandemic,” at the website of The Rockefeller University Hospital, where the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center is now housed: http://centennial.rucares.org/index.php?page=Combination_Antiretroviral_Thera.
28. Charles F. Feeney, letter to Bill Gates, February 22, 2011, http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/news/atlantics-founding-chairman-chuck-feeney-joins-giving-pledge.
29. Michael Klausner, “When Time Isn’t Money: Foundation Payouts and the Time Value of Money,” Stanford Social Innovation Review 1, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 56.
30. See http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/our-story.
31. Interview with David Rubenstein, cofounder of The Carlyle Group, February 4, 2015.
32. Interview with Michael Steinhardt on March 27, 2014, in New York City.
33. Stephen Greenhouse, “How the $15 Minimum Wage Went from Laughable to Viable,” New York Times, April 1, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/03/opinion/sunday/how-the-15-minimum-wage-went-from-laughable-to-viable.html.
34. Tony Proscio, e-mail to the author, November 1, 2016.
35. Willa Seldon and Meera Chary, “Why Success Sometimes Eludes Community Efforts to Fight Social Problems,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, September 4, 2015, https://philanthropy.com/article/Opinion-Why-Success-Sometimes/232223.
36. Ibid.
37. See David Kroll, “What ‘60 Minutes’ Got Right and Wrong on Duke’s Polio Virus Trial Against Glioblastoma,” Forbes, March 30, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2015/03/30/60-minutes-covers-dukes-polio-virus-clinical-trial-against-glioblastoma/.
38. See http://fortune.com/2016/04/13/parker-institute-launch-cancer-immunotherapy/.
CHAPTER 7
1. (New York: Crown, 1991).
2. See http://clearwaymn.org/about/annual-reports/2013-annual-report/.
3. See http://www.newsday.com/long-island/hagedorn-foundation-to-wind-down-operations-by-2018-1.7626632.
4. See http://gillfoundation.org/priorities/family-recognition/.
5. Karl Zinsmeister, “Julius Rosenwald,” http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/julius_rosenwald; Steven Schindler, “Building Schools for Rural African Americans: Julius Rosenwald Fund, 1920,” in Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret, ed. Joel L. Fleishman, J. Scott Kohler, and Steven Schindler (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 27–30.
6. Scott Kohler, “The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center,” in ibid., 183–187; “Vincent McGee, Aaron Diamond Foundation: Spending Out as a Philanthropic Strategy,” Philanthropy News Digest, January 10, 2007, http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/newsmakers/vincent-mcgee-aaron-diamond-foundation-spending-out-as-a-philanthropic-strategy.
7. See http://clearwaymn.org/quitting/quitplan-services/.
8. See John J. Miller, “John Olin,” http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/john_m._olin; see also Steven Schindler, “Conservative Legal Advocacy: John M. Olin Foundation, 1975,” in Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret, ed. Joel L. Fleishman, J. Scott Kohler, and Steven Schindler (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 135–137; and Steven Schindler, “Revolutionizing Legal Discourse: Law and Economics, John M. Olin Foundation 1978,” ibid., 148–151.
9. Nancy Roob, Edna McConnell Clark Foundation CEO, e-mail message to the author on the subject of “Our Next Chapter,” December 13, 2016.
10. See June 11, 2014, letter from Charles Bronfman and Jeffrey Solomon on the ACBP website, “Spend Down / Strategy: June 2011 Letter from Charles Bronfman and Jeffrey Solomon Announcing ACBP Spend-down,” http://www.acbp.net/strategy.php.
11. See Francie Ostrower, “Foundation Sunset: A Decision-Making Guide,” http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/DecisionGuide2.pdf.
12. See president and CEO Christopher Oechsli’s public letter about both of these post-sundown initiatives at http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/news/ending-well-maximizing-lasting-impact.
13. See http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/racial-equity-us.
14. See http://www.beldon.org/about-beldon.html.
15. See Ben Gose, “Small Grant Maker, Closing Down in 4 Years, Is a Force in Immigration,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, May 9, 2013, http://hagedornfoundation.org/downloads/Chronicle.pdf.
16. See https://www.jmfund.org/program-areas/clean-energy/.
17. See Staff, “The John Merck Fund to Spend Out, Refocus Programs,” The John Merck Fund, October 2011, http://www.jmfund.org/news/the-john-merck-fund-to-spend-out-refocus-programs; and an interview with Olivia H. Farr and George W. Hatch, “Changing a Mindset,” Faith & Leadership, July 28, 2014, https://www.faithandleadership.com/qa/olivia-h-farr-and-george-w-hatch-changing-mindset.
18. See http://www.brainerd.org/about/successes.php.
19. See http://clearwaymn.org/2014-annual-report/.
20. See http://www.theeleosfoundation.com/who_we_are.html; see also http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/eleos-foundation-to-spend-down-and-use-assets-for-impact-investing-interview-with-john-duffy/.
21. See http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Foundation-Factsheet.
22. See http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/26/as-his-foundation-has-grown-gates-has-slowed-his-donations/?_r=0.
23. Deanne Stone, Alternatives to Perpetuity: A Conversation Every Foundation Should Have (Washington, DC: National Center for Family Philanthropy, 2005), 5.
CHAPTER 8
1. For an excellent, readable summary of the history of Birthright Israel, see Leonard Saxe, “Taglit-Birthright Israel: A New Paradigm for Engaging American Jews with Israel,” available from the author; other research reports are accessible at http://www.brandeis.edu/cmjs/researchprojects/taglit/index.html.
2. See Leonard Saxe, “Reflections on the Science of the Social Scientific Study of Jewry: Marshall Sklare Award Lecture,” Contemporary Jewry 34, no. 1 (2014): 3–14; and Leonard Saxe et al., (2011). Intermarriage: The Impact and Lessons of Taglit-Birthright Israel,” Contemporary Jewry 31, no. 2 (2011): 151–172.
3. Joel L. Fleishman, J. Scott Kohler, and Steven Schindler, Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007).
4. George Soros, “My Philanthropy,” in Chuck Sudetic, The Philanthropy of George Soros: Building Open Societies (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), 41.
5. Interview with Chris Stone, January 29, 2015, Durham, NC.
6. Caroline Preston, “With an Expected $9-Billion Windfall, the Cargill Philanthropies Could Become America’s Third Largest Grant Maker,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, January 21, 2011, https://philanthropy.com/article/A-9-Billion-Philanthropic/159185.
7. Staff, “The Legacy of Margaret A. Cargill,” The Borgen Project Blog, October 18, 2013, https://borgenproject.org/legacy-margaret-cargill/.
CHAPTER 9
1. Quotation courtesy of Virginia Esposito, Director, National Center for Family Philanthropy.
2. See http://www.surdna.org/about-the-foundation/mission-and-history.html?id=683.
3. See http://www.florafamily.org/about.html.
4. See http://www.hewlett.org/about-us/board-members-and-officers.
5. Interview with John and Ginger Sall, Cary, NC, March 20, 2015.
6. Interview with Lester Crown, February 20, 2014, in Chicago, IL.
7. See https://www.schusterman.org/mission-and-values.
8. Interview with Lord Rothschild, September 3, 2014, in London.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Interview with John and Ginger Sall, Cary, NC, March 20, 2015.
CHAPTER 10
1. See http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/topics/religion.
2. See http://www.lillyendowment.org/religion.html.
3. See http://hewlett.org/programs/special-projects/madison-initiative.
4. See Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right (New York: Doubleday, 2016).
5. Jack Anderson, “W. McNeil Lowry Is Dead,” New York Times, June 7, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/07/obituaries/w-mcneil-lowry-is-dead-patron-of-the-arts-was-80.html.
6. Miles A. Smith, Associated Press, “Ford Foundation Grants Provide Boosts for American Symphony Orchestras,” The Register Guard, February 6, 1966, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19660206&id=VKxVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6117,1199313&hl=en.
7. See http://hewlett.org/programs/performing-arts.
8. See https://www.packard.org/what-we-fund/local-grantmaking/.
9. See http://www.surdna.org.
10. See http://www.ddcf.org.
CHAPTER 11
1. See http://www.hhmi.org/about.
2. See http://med.stanford.edu/allergyandasthma/about-us/sean-parker-gift.html.
3. See https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/11/249846/new-sean-n-parker-autoimmune-research-laboratory-launched-ucsf.
4. See http://fortune.com/2016/04/13/parker-institute-launch-cancer-immunotherapy/.
5. Ibid.
6. See Scott Kohler, “The Prostate Cancer Foundation,” in Casebook for The Foundation: A Great American Secret, ed. Joel L. Fleishman, J. Scott Kohler, and Steven Schindler (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), 234–236.
7. Ibid.
8. Arthur Koestler, The Act of Creation (New York: Penguin Arkana, 1996), 230.
9. For more details on the Sandler initiatives, see William E. Seaman, Richard M. Locksley, and Michael J. Welsh, “New Blood: Creative Funding of Disease-Specific Research,” Science Translational Medicine, May 20, 2015, http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/288/288ed5.
10. For a description of the origin of 911, see Scott Kohler, “The Emergency Medical Services Program,” in Fleishman et al., Casebook for The Foundation, 119–125.
11. Tom Wheeler, “The 911 System Isn’t Ready for the iPhone Era,” New York Times, November 23, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/opinion/the-911-system-isnt-ready-for-the-iphone-era.html.
12. See William Foster et al., “Making Big Bets for Social Change,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Winter 2016, http://ssir.org/articles/entry/making_big_bets_for_social_change#bio-footer.
13. Interview with Cari Tuna, March 9, 2015, San Francisco, CA.
14. Interview with Cari Tuna, March 15, 2016, San Francisco, CA.
15. Andrew Carnegie, “Deed of Gift to the Carnegie Corporation of New York,” quoted in Patricia Rosenfield, A World of Giving: Carnegie Corporation of New York (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014), 19.
16. Adam Meyerson, “When Philanthropy Goes Wrong,” Philanthropy Roundtable, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/donor_intent/when_philanthropy_goes_wrong.
17. Ibid.
1. Maimonides is the most quoted and least well-documented source of ethical behavior. According to Quote Investigator, this quote is an 1826 translation by “The Religious Intelligences” of Maimonides highest degree of charity. Accessible at www.quoteinvestigator.com/tag/Maimonides.
2. Bradach and his coauthor, Abe Grindle, elaborated on that point in “Transformative Scale: The Future of Growing What Works,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2014 supplement, http://ssir.org/articles/entry/transformative_scale_the_future_of_growing_what_works.
3. See http://www.results4america.org/.
4. (New York: Doubleday, 2016).
APPENDIX A
1. Prepared by Vincent McGee, executive director from 1985 to 1996.
2. Sasha Abramsky, “Give It Away,” The Nation, September 6, 2011, http://www.thenation.com/article/give-it-away/.
3. See “Aaron Diamond Foundation,” http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Aaron_Diamond_Foundation.
4. See “Vincent McGee, Aaron Diamond Foundation: Spending Out as a Philanthropic Strategy,” Philanthropy News Digest, January 10, 2007, http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/newsmakers/vincent-mcgee-aaron-diamond-foundation-spending-out-as-a-philanthropic-strategy.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. The following is the executive summary of this foundation’s five-year-after “Final Impact Assessment,” written by Dan Cramer and Keiki Kehoe of Grassroots Solutions, which was commissioned by the foundation and published in 2014. Accessible at http://www.beldon.org/final-impact.html.
8. Prepared by Jane Nicholson, research assistant, from various sources cited below.
9. Miles J. Gibbons Jr., “Going for Broke: Why It Often Makes Sense to Consider a Sunset Clause,” Philanthropy, May/June 2001, http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/going_for_broke.
10. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenwald_Fund.
11. Sears Archives, “What Is the Julius Rosenwald Foundation?,” http://www.searsarchives.com/people/questions/rosenwaldfoundation.htm.
12. See Karl Zinsmeister, “Julius Rosenwald,” http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/julius_rosenwald.
13. Prepared by Jane Nicholson.
14. See “The Olin Foundation and Support for Law and Economics Research,” The Record, Fall 2011, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/alumni/magazine/fall11/olin.
15. “From 1980 to its close in 2005, Mr. Piereson estimates that the Olin Foundation spent about $400 million.” See the proceedings of the Open Society Institute, September 21, 2006, https://opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/how-strategic-funding-conservative-ideas-20060921_0.pdf.
16. See John J. Miller, “John Olin,” http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/john_m._olin.
17. Prepared by Jane Nicholson, from sources cited below.
18. Miles J. Gibbons Jr., “Going for Broke.”
19. See “IIE/Program History,” http://www.whitaker.org/about-us/iie-program-history.
20. Miles J. Gibbons Jr., “Going for Broke.”
21. Prepared by Jane Nicholson and edited by Jeff Solomon, president and CEO of the foundation.
22. Charles Bronfman and Jeffrey Solomon, “Spend Down / Strategy: June 2011 Letter from Charles Bronfman and Jeffrey Solomon Announcing ACBP Spend-down,” http://www.acbp.net/strategy.php.
23. See http://www.acbp.net/strategic-philanthropy.php.
24. Ibid.
25. Bronfman and Solomon, “Spend Down / Strategy.”
26. Charles Bronfman and Jeffrey Solomon, The Art of Doing Good: Where Passion Meets Action (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2012).
27. Prepared by the foundation.
28. See http://www.gatesfoundation.org.
29. Prepared by David J. Morse, Chief Communications Officer.
30. See http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org.
31. Prepared by Barbara Kibbe, Director of Organizational Effectiveness.
32. Prepared by Yossi Prager, Eli Silver, and David Rozenson of the AVI CHAI Foundation, http://avichai.org/.
33. Interview with Arthur Fried.
34. See http://avichai.org/about-us/mission/.
35. See http://www.talam.org/.
36. See http://neta.cet.ac.il/.
37. See http://avichai.org/program-listings/building-loan-program-day-schools-2/.
38. See http://www.bac.org.il/trailers.
39. See http://www.mechinot.org.il/english/about.
40. See http://www.tzohar.org.il/English/.
41. See http://www.knizhniki.ru.
42. Prepared by Jane Nicholson, from the foundation website.
43. See http://gillfoundation.org/.
44. Financial data available from “2013 Annual Report,” http://annualreports.gillfoundation.org/annual-reports/year-2013/2013-grants/2013-gill-foundation-grants/.
45. See http://annualreports.gillfoundation.org/annual-reports/year-2013/.
46. See http://gillfoundation.org/priorities/a-prosperous-colorado/.
47. Prepared by Jane Nicholson, from the foundation website.
48. Paul Brainerd, “Foundation Sunset: A Message from Paul Brainerd,” March 1, 2008, http://www.brainerd.org/about/sunset.php.
49. See http://www.brainerd.org/funding/default.php.
50. Ibid.
51. Financial data obtained from “2014 Financial Statement,” http://www.brainerd.org/about/default.php.
52. See http://www.brainerd.org/about/successes.php.
53. Prepared by Frank Barry, Bloomberg Newsroom.
54. Adapted from Kevin Laskowski, “Perpetuity Is a Long Time,” National Center for Family Philanthropy, May 15, 2008, https://www.ncfp.org/blog/2008/may-perpetuity-is-a-long-time.html.
55. Ibid.
56. Prepared by Gregg S. Behr, executive director, The Grable Foundation.
57. Prepared by Julie Sandorf, president, The Charles H. Revson Foundation.
58. See http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/meadows_foundation.
59. Prepared by Thomas W. Lambeth, former executive director, The Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation.
60. See Staff, “From Tobacco to Politics: The Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation Works to Turn North Carolina into a Bastion of Liberalism,” Capital Research Center, June 1, 2013, https://capitalresearch.org/2013/06/from-tobacco-to-politics/.
61. Robert Korstad and James Leloudis, To Right These Wrongs: The North Carolina Fund and the Battle to End Poverty and Inequality in 1960s America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010).
62. Russell Hardin, “Unabashedly Responsive Philanthropy: The Woodruff and Whitehead Foundations,” Center for Strategic Philanthropy and Civil Society, www.cspcs.sanford.duke.edu/learning-resources/video-archive.
63. Ibid.
64. Website of Virginia G. Piper Charitable Trust, www.pipertrust.org. In addition, information in this paragraph came from discussions between the author and the Board of Trustees in Phoenix, Arizona, on August 13, 2013.