Notes

1. We use the terms BrainMind and MindBrain interchangeably, depending on the intended emphasis. They are capitalized without a space to convey a monistic view of the brain (based on Spinoza’s dual-aspect monism) as a unified experience-generating organ, in contrast to the mind-body dualism associated with René Descartes that has traditionally hindered scientific thinking. We also sometimes use brain-mind.

2. Some scholars believe that many of the patients that Kraepelin diagnosed actually had developed brain damage as a result of the flu pandemic; although the pandemic killed many individuals, many survivors had a permanent form of dementia, which was eventually named postencephalitic lethargica.

3. Modern genetic theory had not yet been established, and like Darwin, McDougall still accepted the Lamarckian theory of biological evolution. Lamarckian transmission held that needed characteristics acquired by individuals through effort and practice could be passed on to their offspring. For example, giraffes acquired long necks by continually stretching to reach leaves high in the trees. The kernel of truth in this statement is currently being cashed out in the newly emergent (and powerful) field of epigenetics (see Chapter 15).

4. Colin DeYoung did not report an honesty-humility aspect when he subdivided Conscientiousness, in contrast to Michael Ashton’s factor analytic work reviewed in Chapter 8. Such differences continue to highlight the difficulties of identifying personality universals when working from a factor-analytic top-down perspective.

5. Indeed, Scott was instrumental in attracting Jaak Panksepp to BGSU in the hope of adding a neurobiological dimension to the ongoing research, and Ken Davis was one of Scott’s graduate students who eventually finished his dissertation with Panksepp after Scott retired in 1980. Panksepp was hired in part to eventually take over the canine research lab, to integrate the dog work with cross-species emotional perspectives. As fate would have it, the National Institutes of Health had internally decided to cease funding the lab upon Scott’s retirement, and Panksepp’s many attempts to obtain funding for social-brain-behavioral studies in dogs and other animals at BGSU never succeeded. The resistance was also due partly to the fact that Panksepp’s research aimed to understand human emotional feelings by studying evolutionarily homologous processes in animal models, as a model for primal human emotional feelings—science politics in the United States, because of behavioristic “never-mind” traditions, has often been biased against the study of emotions in animals.

6. In 2011, IBM’s Watson computer developed by by an IBM research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci competed on the television game show Jeopardy winning the first place prize of $1 million.

7. Although the original target for this Walt Kelly humor was human pollution, it seems applicable to the human condition in general and the surprising conditions we often create for ourselves.

8. In this quote Cloninger cited Comings et al. (2000) and Gillespie, Cloninger, Heath, and Martin (2003); in the next one he cites Cloniger (2004) and Gillespie et al. (2003).

9. The study was initially begun at Northeast Ohio Medical University at Akron before being interrupted by powerful anti-opioid interests fearing the potential of buprenorphine abuse. Fortunately, new backers of the study were obtained in Israel where the work was finally completed.