INTRODUCTION
1. William Wilson, A Little Earnest Book upon a Great Old Subject (London: Darton, 1851).
2. The philosopher and theologian William Whewell formally proposed the word “scientist” in 1840 in his work The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. “We need very much a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should incline to call him a Scientist.” Whewell was really into nouns. William Whewell, The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (London: John W. Parker, 1840), p. 113.
3. Arthur C. Clarke, Report on Planet Three and Other Speculations (New York: Harper & Row, 1972).
4. Arthur C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible (New York: Popular Library, 1973).
CHAPTER 1: ONCE UPON A SPACETIME
1. Venture 49 (September 1957).
2. Albert Einstein, trans. Robert W. Lawson, Relativity: The Special and General Theory (New York: Henry Holt, 1920).
3. David Nield, “Physics Explained: Here's Why the Speed of Light Is the Speed of Light,” Science Alert, April 13, 2017, https://www.sciencealert.com/why-is-the-speed-of-light-the-speed-of-light (accessed June 19, 2017).
4. Joe Haldeman, Forever War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1974).
5. Orson Scott Card, Ender's Game (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 1991).
6. John Archibald Wheeler and Kenneth Ford, Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), p. 235.
7. Neil Ashby, “Relativity and the Global Positioning System,” Physics Today, May 2002.
8. U.I. Uggerhøj, R.E. Mikkelsen, and J. Faye, “The Young Centre of the Earth,” European Journal of Physics 37, no. 3 (April 8, 2016).
9. Tom Siegfried, “Einstein's Genius Changed Science's Perception of Gravity,” Science News, October 4, 2015, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/einsteins-genius-changed-sciences-perception-gravity (accessed 6/30/2017).
10. A. Einstein and N. Rosen, “The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity,” Physical Review 48, no. 1 (July 1, 1935): 73–77.
11. Paige Daniels, “The Outpost,” in Brave New Girls: Tales of Girls and Gadgets, eds. Paige Daniels and Mary Fan (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015).
12. Madeleine L'Engle, A Wrinkle in Time (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1962).
13. S. W. Hawking, Black Holes from Cosmic Strings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 5. Published in Physics Letters, B231 (1989): 237.
14. Star Trek: The Next Generation, “The Loss,” first broadcast December 29, 1990, directed by Chip Chalmers and written by Hilary Bader.
15. US Energy Information Administration, “Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2006–December 2016,” Electric Power Monthly, February 24, 2017.
CHAPTER 2: IF YOU ARE UNCERTAIN, CALL A QUANTUM MECHANIC FOR A FIX
1. W. Z. Heisenberg, “Über den Anschaulichen Inhalt der Quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik,” Zeitschrift für Physik 43 (1927): 172–98.
2. Erwin Schrödinger, “An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules,” Physical Review 28, no. 6 (1926): 1049–70.
3. Erwin Schrödinger, “Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik,” Naturwissenschaften 23, no. 48 (November 1935): 807–12.
4. Coherence, directed by James Ward Byrkit, Oscilloscope Laboratories, 2013.
5. Hugh Everett III, “Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics,” Reviews of Modern Physics 29 (1957): 454–62.
6. Tom Siegfried, “Einstein Was Wrong about Spooky Quantum Entanglement,” Science News, February 19, 2014, https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/einstein-was-wrong-about-spooky-quantum-entanglement (accessed 6/30/2017).
7. René Barjavel, Le Voyageur Imprudent (Éditions Denoël, 1944).
8. Zeeya Merali, “Solving Biology's Mysteries Using Quantum Mechanics,” Discover, December 29, 2014, http://discovermagazine.com/2014/dec/17-this-quantum-life (accessed June 30, 2017).
9. Richard Hildner et al., “Quantum Coherent Energy Transfer over Varying Pathways in Single Light-Harvesting Complexes,” Science 340, no. 6139 (2013): 1448–51.
FIRST INTERLUDE: A TOUCH OF ATOMIC THEORY
1. CERN, “The Early Universe,” https://home.cern/about/physics/early-universe (accessed June 22, 2017).
2. P. A. M. Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 117, no. 778 (February 1, 1928): pp. 610–24.
3. Carl D. Anderson, “The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives,” Science 76, no. 1967 (September 9, 1932): pp. 238–39.
4. Richard Van Noorden, “Antimatter Cancer Treatment,” Chemistry World 3, November 2006, https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/antimatter-cancer-treatment/3000368.article (accessed April 29, 2017).
5. Matt Strassler, “The Strengths of the Known Forces,” Of Particular Significance, May 31, 2013, https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-known-forces-of-nature/the-strength-of-the-known-forces (accessed June 18, 2017).
6. Jim Lucas, “What is the Weak Force?” Live Science, December 24, 2014, https://www.livescience.com/49254-weak-force.html (accessed June 18, 2017).
CHAPTER 3: STRUMMING OUR WAY INTO EXISTENCE
1. Doctor Who, “Blink,” season 3, episode 10, first broadcast June 9, 2007, directed by Hettie Macdonald and written by Steven Moffat.
2. Barton Zwiebach, A First Course in String Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
3. Liu Cixin, The Three-body Problem (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2014).
4. China Miéville, The City & the City (New York: Macmillan, 2009).
5. Jeffrey A. Carver, Sunborn (New York: Macmillan, 2010).
6. A. Barrau et al., “Probing Loop Quantum Gravity with Evaporating Black Holes,” Physical Review Letters 107, no. 251301 (December 16, 2011).
7. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. “Zeno's Paradoxes,” by Nick Huggett, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/ (accessed June 18, 2017).
CHAPTER 4: OUR UNIVERSE (AS OPPOSED TO THOSE OTHERS)
1. “How Fast Is the Universe Expanding?” NASA, https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html (accessed June 16, 2017).
2. Star Wars: A New Hope, directed by George Lucas, 20th Century Fox, 1977.
3. I. Ribas et al., “First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy,” Astrophysical Journal Letters 635 (2005): L37–L40.
4. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American Astronomer,” https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henrietta-Swan-Leavitt (accessed June 16, 2017).
5. Third Programme, first broadcast March 28, 1949, by BBC radio.
6. Liza Gross, “Edwin Hubble: The Great Synthesizer Revealing the Breadth and Birth of the Universe,” Exploratorium, http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/hubble/people/edwin.html (accessed June 22, 2017).
7. “Tests of Big Bang: The CMB,” NASA, https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.html (accessed June 16, 2017).
8. C. Patrignani et al., “Big-Bang nucleosynthesis,” Chinese Physics C 40 (2016), http://pdg.lbl.gov/2016/reviews/rpp2016-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis.pdf (accessed June 16, 2017).
9. Lucy Hawking and Stephen Hawking, George and the Big Bang (New York: Doubleday Children's Books, 2011).
10. George Musser and J. R. Minkel (2002-02-11), “A Recycled Universe: Crashing Branes and Cosmic Acceleration May Power an Infinite Cycle in Which Our Universe Is but a Phase,” Scientific American (February 2, 2002).
11. Alan H. Guth, “Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems,” Physical Review D 23, no. 347 (January 15, 1981).
12. Donald Goldsmith, “The Fingerprint of Creation,” Discover Magazine, October 1, 1992, http://discovermagazine.com/1992/oct/thefingerprintof136 (accessed June 16, 2017).
13. Richard B. Larson and Voker Bromm, “The First Stars in the Universe,” Scientific American, January 19, 2009, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-stars-in-the-un/ (accessed June 16, 2017).
14. “Gravitational Waves Detected 100 Years after Einstein's Prediction,” LIGO, February 11, 2016, https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211 (accessed June 16, 2017).
15. Christopher Crockett, “Cosmic Census of Galaxies Updated to 2 Trillion,” Science News, October 12, 2016, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cosmic-census-galaxies-updated-2-trillion (accessed June 16, 2017).
16. Wikipedia, s.v. “Solar Mass,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass (accessed June 16, 2017).
17. Robert Krulwich, “Which Is Greater, the Number of Sand Grains on Earth or Stars in the Sky?” National Public Radio (NPR), September 17, 2012, http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/09/17/161096233/which-is-greater-the-number-of-sand-grains-on-earth-or-stars-in-the-sky (accessed April 27, 2017).
18. Wikipedia, s.v. “Milky Way,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way (accessed June 16, 2017).
19. A. M. Ghez et al., “The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth,” Astrophysical Journal 586, no.2 (March 12, 2003): L127–L131.
20. ”Where is the Ice on Ceres? New NASA Dawn Findings,” NASA, December 15, 2016, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6703 (accessed June 16, 2017).
21. “Sun: In Depth,” NASA, https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/sun/indepth (accessed June 16, 2017).
22. Fraser Cain, “How Long Does Sunlight Take to Reach Earth?” Universe Today, October 16, 2016, https://www.universetoday.com/15021/how-long-does-it-take-sunlight-to-reach-the-earth/ (accessed June 16, 2017).
23. “Kuiper Belt: In Depth” NASA, https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/kbos/indepth (accessed June 16, 2017).
24. F. Nimmo et al., “Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia Implies a Subsurface Ocean on Pluto,” Nature 540 (December 1, 2016): 94–96.
25. Harold F. Levison and Luke Donnes, “Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics,” in ed. Lucy Ann Adams McFadden et al. Encyclopedia of the Solar System (Boston: Academic Press, 2007), pp. 575–88.
26. Christopher Crockett, “The sun Isn't the Only Light Source behind That Summer Tan,” Science News, September 20, 2016, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sun-isn%E2%80%99t-only-light-source-behind-summer-tan (accessed June 16, 2017).
CHAPTER 5: PARALLEL WORLDS
1. Star Trek, “Mirror, Mirror,” first broadcast October 6, 1967, on NBC, directed by Marc Daniels.
2. Charles Stross, The Family Trade (New York: Tor Books, 2004).
3. Peter Woit, Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law (New York: Basic Books, 2006).
4. David Gerrold, The Man Who Folded Himself (Orbit Books, 2014).
5. David Brin, The Practice Effect (New York: Bantam Books, 1984).
CHAPTER 6: POWERING UP OUR CIVILIZATIONS
1. Nickolai Kardashev, “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations,” Soviet Astronomy 8 (1964): 217.
2. Freeman Dyson, “Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation,” Science 131, no. 3414 (1960): pp. 1667–68.
3. Olaf Stapledon, Star Maker (London: Methuen, 1937).
4. Marc Kaufman, “The Ever More Puzzling and Intriguing, ‘Tabby's Star,’” Many Worlds, August 8, 2016, http://www.manyworlds.space/index.php/2016/08/08/the-ever-more-puzzling-and-intriguing-tabbys-star/ (accessed June 17, 2017).
5. David Darling Encyclopedia, s.v. “The Milky Way Galaxy,” http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Galaxy.html (accessed June 17, 2017).
6. “The Virgo Supercluster,” Futursim, https://futurism.com/the-virgo-supercluster-2/ (accessed June 17, 2017).
7. Jose Luis Cordeiro, “The ‘Energularity,’” Lifeboat Foundation, https://lifeboat.com/ex/the.energularity (accessed June 17, 2017).
8. M. E. Peskin and D. V. Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory (Westview Press, 1995).
9. Arnold Neumaier, “The Physics of Virtual Particles,” Physics Forums Insights, March 28, 2016, https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/physics-virtual-particles/ (accessed June 17, 2017).
10. D. W. Sciama, “The Physical Significance of the Vacuum State of a Quantum Field,” in Simon Saunders and Harvey R. Brown, eds., The Philosophy of Vacuum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
11. H. B. G. Casimir, “On the Attraction between Two Perfectly Conducting Plates,” Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 51 (1948): 793–95.
12. S. K. Lamoreaux, “Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6 to 6 μm Range,” Physical Review Letters 78, no. 1 (January 6, 1997): 1–4.
13. John Barrow, Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
14. John Barrow, Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 133.
15. Megan C. Guilford et al., “A New Long Term Assessment of Energy Return on Investment (EROI) for US Oil and Gas Discovery and Production,” Sustainability 211, no. 3(10) (October 14, 2011): 1866–87.
16. Fraunhofer ISE, “New World Record for Solar Cell Efficiency at 46% French-German Cooperation Confirms Competitive Advantage of European Photovoltaic Industry,” December 1, 2014.
17. Ben Zientara, “How Much Electricity Does a Solar Panel Produce?” Solar Power Rocks, https://solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/ (accessed 6/17/2017).
CHAPTER 7: BLACK HOLES SUCK
1. A. M. Ghez et al., “The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth,” Astrophysical Journal 586, no. 2 (March 12, 2003): L127–L131.
2. Jean Tate, “Chandrasekhar Limit,” Universe Today, December 24, 2015, https://www.universetoday.com/40852/chandrasekhar-limit/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
3. Fraser Cain, “Schwarzschild Radius,” Universe Today, April 26, 2016, https://www.universetoday.com/39861/schwarzschild-radius/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
4. “Jupiter Fact Sheet,” NASA, https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
5. Sean M. Carroll, Spacetime and Geometry (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2004).
6. S. W. Hawking, “Black Hole Explosions,” Nature 248 (1974): 30–31.
7. Adam Brown, “Can We Mine A Black Hole?” Scientific American, February 2015.
8. Ron Cowen, “The Quantum Source of Space-Time,” Nature, November 16, 2015, http://www.nature.com/news/the-quantum-source-of-space-time-1.18797 (accessed on June 23, 2017).
9. Tony Phillips, “In Search of Gravitomagnetism,” NASA, https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/19apr_gravitomagnetism.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
10. Andrew Grant, “General Relativity Caught in Action around Black Hole,” Science News, December 17, 2015.
11. “The Most Beautiful Theory,” Economist, November 28, 2015, http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21679172-century-ago-albert-einstein-changed-way-humans-saw-universe-his-work (accessed June 19, 2017).
12. “Behemoth Black Hole Found in an Unlikely Place,” NASA, April 6, 2016, https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/behemoth-black-hole-found-in-an-unlikely-place (accessed June 19, 2017).
CHAPTER 8: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH
1. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: Joseph Johnson, 1798).
2. Kurt Vonnegut, Galápagos (New York: Dell Publishing, 1985).
3. Brendan Epstein et al., “Rapid Evolutionary Response to a Transmissible Cancer in Tasmanian Devils,” Nature Communications 7, August 30, 2016.
4. “Age of the Earth,” US Geological Survey, July 9, 2007, https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html (accessed June 21, 2017).
5. National Geographic News, “What Was ‘Lucy’? Fast Facts on an Early Human Ancestor,” National Geographic, September 20, 2006, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html.
6. 10,000 BC, directed by Roland Emmerich (Warner Brothers Pictures, 2008).
7. “‘Pompeii-Like’ Excavations Tell Us More about Toba Super-Eruption,” ScienceDaily, March 3, 2010, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100227170841.htm (accessed June 21, 2017).
8. Charles Q. Choi, “DNA from Mysterious ‘Denisovans’ Helped Modern Humans Survive,” Live Science, March 17, 2016, https://www.livescience.com/54084-denisovan-dna-helped-modern-humans-survive.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
9. Blake Crouch, Pines (Las Vegas: Thomas & Mercer, 2012).
10. Leslie Mullen, “Defining Life: Q&A with Scientist Gerald Joyce,” Space.com, August 1, 2013, https://www.space.com/22210-life-definition-gerald-joyce-interview.html (accessed on June 23, 2017).
11. Alberto Patiño Douce, Thermodynamics of the Earth and Planets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 111.
12. Bruce Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition (New York: Garland Science, 2002).
13. Alison Abbott, “Scientists Bust Myth That Our Bodies Have More Bacteria than Human Cells,” Nature, January 8, 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/scientists-bust-myth-that-our-bodies-have-more-bacteria-than-human-cells-1.19136 (accessed April 29, 2017).
14. “The Cambrian Explosion,” PBS.org, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_02.html (accessed June 21, 2017).
15. Leander Stewart et al., “Differentiating between Monozygotic Twins through DNA Methylation-Specific High-Resolution Melt Curve Analysis,” Analytical Biochemistry 476, no. 1 (May 2015): 36–39.
16. Star Trek: The Next Generation, first broadcast April 26, 1993, directed by Jonathan Frakes and written by Joe Menosky.
CHAPTER 9: BADASS BIOLOGY
1. Heidi Ledford, “CRISPER: Gene Editing Is Just the Beginning,” Nature, March 7, 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-is-just-the-beginning-1.19510 (accessed June 20, 2017).
2. Nancy Kress, Beggars in Spain (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991).
3. Kristen Fortney et al., “Genome-Wide Scan Informed by Age-Related Disease Identifies Loci for Exceptional Human Longevity,” PLOS Genetics (December 17, 2015).
4. Linda Marsa, “What It Takes to Reach 100,” Discover, September 1, 2016, http://discovermagazine.com/2016/oct/what-it-takes-to-reach-100 (accessed June 21, 2017).
5. Nicola Davis, “400-Year-Old Greenland Shark Is Oldest Vertebrate Animal,” Guardian, August 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/11/400-year-old-greenland-shark-is-the-oldest-vertebrate-animal (accessed June 19, 2017).
6. Jerry W. Shay and Woodring E. Wright, “Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Ageing,” Nature (October 2000): 72–76.
7. Chanhee Kang et al., “The DNA Damage Response Induces Inflammation and Senescence by Inhibiting Autophagy of GATA4,” Science (September 2015).
8. Madeline A. Lancaster et al., “Cerebral Organoids Model Human Brain Development and Microcephaly,” Nature 501 (September 19, 2013): 373–79.
9. Moon, directed by Duncan Jones (Sony Pictures Classics, 2009).
10. Oblivion, directed by Joseph Kosinski (Universal Pictures, 2013).
11. Joseph Castro, “Zombie Fungus Enslaves Only Its Favorite Ant Brains,” Live Science, September 9, 2014, https://www.livescience.com/47751-zombie-fungus-picky-about-ant-brains.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
12. Juliana Agudelo et al., “Ages at a Crime Scene: Simultaneous Estimation of the Time Since Deposition and Age of Its Originator,” Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 12 (2016): 6479–6484.
13. Youna Hu et al., “GWAS of 89,283 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Self-Reporting of Being a Morning Person,” Nature Communications February 2, 2016.
CHAPTER 10: WELCOME TO TECH U
1. Amy Ellis Nutt, “In a Medical First, Brain Implant Allows Paralyzed Man to Feel Again,” Washington Post, October 13, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/10/13/in-a-medical-first-brain-implant-allows-paralyzed-man-to-feel-again/?utm_term=.f39a3cf2e04b (accessed April 29, 2017).
2. Lara Lewington, “Cybathlon: Battle of the Bionic Athletes,” BBC News, October 10, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37605984 (accessed June 19, 2017).
3. Dheeraj S. Roy et al., “Memory Retrieval by Activating Engram Cells in Mouse Models of Early Alzheimer's Disease,” Nature 531, March 24, 2016.
4. Arthur C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible (New York: Popular Library, 1973).
5. P. Kothamasu et al., “Nanocapsules: The Weapons for Novel Drug Delivery Systems,” BioImpacts 2, no. 2 (2012): 71–81.
6. Víctor García-López et al., “Unimolecular Submersible Nanomachines. Synthesis, Actuation, and Monitoring,” Nano Letters 15, no. 12 (2015): 8229–8239.
7. Doctor Who, “The Empty Child,” season 1, episode 9, first broadcast May 21, 2005, directed by James Hawkes and written by Steven Moffat; Doctor Who, “The Doctor Dances,” season 1, episode 10, first broadcast May 28, 2005, directed by James Hawkes and written by Steven Moffat.
8. Charles Stross, Glasshouse (New York: Ace, 2006).
9. Dan Simmons, Ilium (New York: HarperTorch, 2005); Dan Simmons, Olympos (New York: Harper Voyager, 2006).
10. John Scalzi, Lock In: A Novel of the Near Future (New York: Tor Books, 2014).
11. Star Trek, “Where No Man Has Gone Before,” first broadcast September 22, 1966 on NBC, directed by James Goldstone and written by Samuel A. Peeples; Star Trek, “Charlie X,” first broadcast September 15, 1966, on NBC, directed by Lawrence Dobkin and written by D. C. Fontana; Star Trek, “The Squire of Gothos,” first broadcast January 12, 1967, on NBC, directed by Don McDougall and written by Paul Schneider.
12. Adi Robertson, “The Classics: ‘Burning Chrome,’” Verge, November 3, 2012, https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/3/3594618/the-classics-burning-chrome (accessed June 19, 2017).
13. Guillermo Fuertes et al., “Intelligent Packaging Systems: Sensors and Nanosensors to Monitor Food Quality and Safety,” Journal of Sensors (2016), article ID 4046061.
CHAPTER 11: MAN AND NATURE
1. “Carbon & Tree Facts,” Abor Environmental Alliance, http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.asp (accessed on June 23, 2017).
2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Carbon Dioxide Levels Rose at Record Pace for 2nd Straight Year,” March 10, 2017, http://www.noaa.gov/news/carbon-dioxide-levels-rose-at-record-pace-for-2nd-straight-year (accessed June 19, 2017).
3. “World of Change: Global Temperatures,” NASA, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/decadaltemp.php (accessed June 19, 2017).
4. National Centers for Environmental Information, “Global Climate Report—January 2017,” https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201701 (accessed June 19, 2017).
5. Michael Slezak, “Revealed: First Mammal Species Wiped Out by Human-Induced Climate Change,” Guardian, June 13, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/14/first-case-emerges-of-mammal-species-wiped-out-by-human-induced-climate-change (accessed June 19, 2017).
6. CNN Wire Staff, “Report 75% of Coral Reefs Threatened,” CNN.com, March 23, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/02/25/world.coral.reefs/index.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
7. Amanda Mascarelli, “Climate-Change Adaptation: Designer Reefs,” Nature, April 23, 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/climate-change-adaptation-designer-reefs-1.15073 (accessed June 19, 2017).
8. Hugh Hunt, “A Radical Proposal on Climate Change: Block out the Sun,” CNN.com, June 30, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/19/world/blocking-the-sun/index.html (accessed June 18, 2017).
9. Gaia Vince, “Sucking CO2 From the Skies,” BBC Future, October 4, 2012, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20121004-fake-trees-to-clean-the-skies (accessed June 21, 2017).
10. Emily Matchar, “Will Buildings of the Future Be Cloaked In Algae?” Smithsonian.com, May 26, 2015, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/will-buildings-future-be-cloaked-algae-180955396/ (accessed June 21, 2017).
11. . Wl Al Sadat, “The O2-Assisted Al/CO2 Electrochemical Cell: A System for CO2 Capture/Conversion and Electric Power Generation,” Science Advances 2, no. 7, July 20, 2016.
12. Juerg M. Matter et al., “Rapid Carbon Mineralization for Permanent Disposal of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions,” Science 352, no. 6291 (June 10, 2016): 1312–14.
13. David Rotman, “A Cheap and Easy Plan to Stop Global Warming,” MIT Technology Review, February 8, 2013, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/511016/a-cheap-and-easy-plan-to-stop-global-warming/ (accessed June 21, 2017).
14. Jessica Salter, “Wrapping Greenland in Reflective Blankets,” Telegraph, February 18, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/climatechange/4689667/Wrapping-Greenland-in-reflective-blankets.html (accessed June 21, 2017).
15. Bill Christensen, “Space-Based Sun-Shade Concept a Bright Idea,” , November 11, 2006, https://www.space.com/3100-space-based-sun-shade-concept-bright-idea.html (accessed June 21, 2017).
16. Tobias Buckell, Arctic Rising (New York: St. Martins Press-3pl, 2012).
17. Paolo Bacigalupi, The Water Knife (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2016).
18. Wesley Chu, The Lives of Tao (Nottingham, UK: Angry Robot, 2013).
19. Liu Cixin, The Three-body Problem (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2014).
20. Michel Faber, The Book of Strange New Things: A Novel (New York: Hogarth, 2014).
21. Holger Schmithüsen et al., “How Increasing CO2 Leads to an Increased Negative Greenhouse Effect in Antarctica,” Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 23 (December 2015): 10,422–28.
22. “Ozone Destruction,” Ozone Hole, http://www.theozonehole.com/ozonedestruction.htm (accessed June 19, 2017).
23. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010,” https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2010/executivesummary/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
CHAPTER 12: TIME TO MOVE (PLAN B)
1. Jack Williamson, “Collision Orbit,” Astounding Science Fiction, July 6 1942.
2. Nola Taylor Redd, “What Is Solar Wind?” Space.com, August 1, 2013, https://www.space.com/22215-solar-wind.html.
3. Futurama, “Mars University,” first broadcast October 3, 1999, by Fox, directed by Bret Haaland and Gregg Vanzo and written by J. Stewart Burns.
4. Nola Taylor Redd, “How Far Away Is Venus?” Space.com, November 16, 2012, https://www.space.com/18529-distance-to-venus.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
5. Matt Williams, “How Do We Terraform Venus?” Universe Today, June 21, 2016, https://www.universetoday.com/113412/how-do-we-terraform-venus/ (accessed June 21, 2017).
6. Tim Sharp, “How Far Away Is Mars?” Space.com, August 2, 2012, https://www.space.com/16875-how-far-away-is-mars.html (accessed June 18, 2017).
7. Fiona MacDonald, “It's Official: NASA Announces Mars’ Atmosphere Was Stripped Away by Solar Winds,” Science Alert, November 5, 2015, https://www.sciencealert.com/live-updates-nasa-is-announcing-what-happened-to-mars-atmosphere-right-now (accessed June 19, 2017).
8. Jay Bennett, “NASA Considers Magnetic Shield to Help Mars Grow Its Atmosphere: NASA Planetary Science Division Director, Jim Green, Says Launching a Magnetic Shield Could Help Warm Mars and Possibly Allow It to Become Habitable,” Popular Mechanics, March 1, 2017, http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a25493/magnetic-shield-mars-atmosphere (accessed April 29, 2017).
9. Robert M. Zubrin and Christopher P. McKay, “Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars,” 1993, http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/zubrin.htm (accessed June 21, 2017).
10. Shannon Stirone, “Your Guide to the Most Habitable Exoplanets,” Astronomy Magazine, April 7, 2017, http://www.astronomy.com/news/2017/04/exoplanet-guide (accessed June 21, 2017).
11. Ian Sample, “Exoplanet Discovery: Seven Earth-Sized Planets Found Orbiting Nearby Star,” Guardian, February 23, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/feb/22/thrilling-discovery-of-seven-earth-sized-planets-discovered-orbiting-trappist-1-star (accessed June 19, 2017).
12. Nadia Drake, “Potentially Habitable Planet Found Orbiting Star Closest to Sun,” National Geographic, August 24, 2016, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/earth-mass-planet-proxima-centauri-habitable-space-science/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
13. Nicola Davis, “Apollo Deep Space Astronauts Five Times More Likely to Die from Heart Disease,” Guardian, July 28, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/28/apollo-deep-space-astronauts-five-times-more-likely-to-die-from-heart-disease (accessed June 19, 2017).
14. Takuma Hashimoto et al., “Extremotolerant Tardigrade Genome and Improved Radiotolerance of Human Cultured Cells by Tardigrade-Unique Protein,” Nature Communications 7 (2016).
CHAPTER 13: INTELLIGENCE COMES IN ORGANIC AND ARTIFICIAL FLAVORS
1. F-C Yeh, “Quantifying Differences and Similarities in Whole-Brain White Matter Architecture Using Local Connectome Fingerprints,” PLoS Computational Biology 12, no. 11, November 15, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005203 (accessed April 29, 2017).
2. Isaac Asimov, The Foundation Trilogy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010).
3. Elizabeth Howell, “Henrietta Swan Leavitt: Discovered How to Measure Stellar Distance,” Space.com, November 11, 2016, https://www.space.com/34708-henrietta-swan-leavitt-biography.html (accessed June 22, 2017).
4. Sara Chodosh, “The Incredible Evolution of Supercomputers’ Powers, From 1946 To Today,” Popular Science, April 22, 2017, http://www.popsci.com/supercomputers-then-and-now (accessed June 22, 2017).
5. Adrian Cho, “‘Huge Leap Forward’: Computer That Mimics Human Brain Beats Professional at Game of Go,” Science, January 27, 2016, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/huge-leap-forward-computer-mimics-human-brain-beats-professional-game-go (accessed June 22, 2017).
6. Bruce Weber, “Swift and Slashing, Computer Topples Kasparov,” New York Times, May 12, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/12/nyregion/swift-and-slashing-computer-topples-kasparov.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
7. Sean O'Neill, “Forget Turing—I Want to Test Computer Creativity,” New Scientist, December 10, 2014, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429992-900-forget-turing-i-want-to-test-computer-creativity/ (accessed June 27, 2017).
8. Vernor Vinge, “The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era,” in Vision-21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace, ed. G.A. Landis, NASA Publication CP-10129 (Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993), pp. 11–22.
9. Andy Greenberg, “Now Anyone Can Deploy Google's Troll-Fighting AI,” Wired, February 23, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-troll-fighting-ai-now-belongs-world/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
10. Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976).
11. Lee Bell, “What Is Moore's Law? Wired Explains the Theory That Defined the Tech Industry,” Wired, August 28, 2016, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/wired-explains-moores-law (accessed June 19, 2017).
12. Tomoki W. Suzuki, Jun Kunimatsu, and Masaki Tanaka, “Correlation between Pupil Size and Subjective Passage of Time in Non-Human Primates,” Journal of Neuroscience 2, no. 36 (November 2016): 11331–37.
13. Kim Zetter, “An Unprecedented Look at Stuxnet, the World's First Digital Weapon,” Wired, November 3, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/11/countdown-to-zero-day-stuxnet/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
CHAPTER 14: THE RISE OF THE ROBOTS
1. “Jan. 25, 1921: The Robot Cometh,” Wired, January 25, 2007, https://www.wired.com/2007/01/jan-25-1921-the-robot-cometh/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
2. Isaac Asimov, “Liar,” Astounding Science Fiction, 1941; Alan Brown, “The Man Who Coined the Term ‘Robotics,’” From the Editors Desk (blog), April 18, 2012, https://memagazineblog.org/2012/04/18/the-man-who-coined-the-term-robotics/ (accessed 7/1/2017).
3. Daven Hiskey, “The First Robot Was a Steam-Powered Pigeon,” Mental Floss, http://mentalfloss.com/article/13083/first-robot-created-400-bce-was-steam-powered-pigeon (accessed June 19, 2017).
4. Ibn al-Razzaz al–Jazari, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya, trans. Donald R. Hill (Springer Science & Business Media, 1973).
5. Nicholas Jackson, “Elektro the Moto-Man, One of the World's First Celebrity Robots,” Atlantic, February 21, 2011, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/02/elektro-the-moto-man-one-of-the-worlds-first-celebrity-robots/71505/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
6. Hank Campbell, “Early 20th Century Robots: Sparko, the Robotic Scottish Terrier,” Science 2.0, March 31, 2011, http://www.science20.com/science_20/early_20th_century_robots_spar...-77664 (accessed June 22, 2017).
7. Guinness World Records, “First Human to be Killed by a Robot,” http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-human-to-be-killed-by-a-robot (accessed June 19, 2017).
8. Kris Osborn, “Pentagon Plans for Cuts to Drone Budgets,” DOD Buzz, January 2, 2014, https://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/01/02/pentagon-plans-for-cuts-to-drone-budgets/ (accessed June 22, 2017).
9. Isaac Asimov, “Runaround,” Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942.
10. Isaac Asimov, Foundation and Earth (New York: Doubleday, 1986).
11. “Robot Rules, OK? An Examination of Asimov's ‘Laws of Robotics’ Fiction,” Computer (two parts: 26, no. 12 [December 1993] and 27, no. 1 [January 1994]).
12. Gordon Briggs and Matthias Scheutz, “Sorry, I Can't Do That: Developing Mechanisms to Appropriately Reject Directives in Human-Robot Interactions,” (paper presented at the AAAI Fall Symposium Series, Human Robot Interaction Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 2015).
13. Fred Hapgood, “Chaotic Robotics,” Wired 2, no. 9, September 1994, https://www.wired.com/1994/09/tilden/ (accessed April, 29, 2017).
14. Cecilia Kang, “Cars Talking to One Another? They Could Under Proposed Safety Rules,” New York Times, December 13, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/technology/cars-talking-to-one-another-they-could-under-proposed-safety-rules.html?_r=0 (accessed June 19, 2017).
15. Alex Davies, “Here's What It's Like to Ride in Uber's Self-Driving Car,” Wired, September 16, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/09/heres-like-ride-ubers-self-driving-car/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
16. Paul A. Eisenstein, “Now You Can Ride in a Google Self-Driving Car,” NBC News, April 25, 2017, http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/now-you-can-ride-google-self-driving-car-n750646 (accessed June 19, 2017).
17. Knvul Sheikh, “New Robot Helps Babies with Cerebral Palsy Learn to Crawl,” Scientific American, October 1, 2016.
18. “ECCEROBOT,” Technische Universität München, http://www6.in.tum.de/Main/ResearchEccerobot (accessed June 22, 2017).
19. SoftBank, “SoftBank Increases Its Interest in Aldebaran to 95%” https://www.ald.softbankrobotics.com/en/press/press-releases/softbank-increases-its-interest (accessed June 19, 2017).
20. Danielle Egan, “Here for Your Heart Surgery? Come Meet Dr. Snake-Bot,” Discover, January 29, 2011, http://discovermagazine.com/2010/nov/29-ready-for-heart-surgery-meet-dr-snake-bot (accessed June 19, 2017).
21. Bridget Borgobello, “Knightscope Reveals Robotic Security Guard,” New Atlas, December 5, 2013, http://newatlas.com/knightscope-k5-k10-robot-security-guard/30024/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
CHAPTER 15: ARE WE ALONE? EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Harry Bates, “Farewell to the Master,” Astounding Science Fiction, 1940.
2. “The Post-Detection SETI Protocol,” North American Astrophysical Observatory, http://www.naapo.org/SETIprotocol.htm (accessed June 30, 2017).
3. “How Many Solar Systems Are in Our Galaxy”? NASA, https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/dr-marc-space/solar-systems-in-galaxy.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
4. “The Nobel Prize in Physics,” Nobel Prizes and Laureates, https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
5. “Stars and Habitable Planets,” Sol, http://www.solstation.com/habitable.htm (accessed June 19, 2017).
6. Charles Q. Choi, “Double Sunsets May be Common, but Twin-Star Setups Still Mysterious,” Space.com, January 18, 2010, https://www.space.com/7792-double-sunsets-common-twin-star-setups-mysterious.html (accessed June 22, 2017).
7. Star Trek, “The Devil in the Dark,” first broadcast March 9, 1967, by NBC, directed by Joseph Pevney and written by Gene L. Coon.
8. Josef Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry (Chicago: H. Regnery Company, 1972).
9. Nell Greenfieldboyce, “NASA Spots What May Be Plumes of Water on Jupiter's Moon Europa,” NPR the Two-Way, September 26, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/26/495512651/nasa-spots-what-may-be-plumes-of-water-on-jupiters-moon-europa (accessed June 22, 2017).
10. “Post-Detection SETI.”
CHAPTER 16: A REALLY LONG-DISTANCE CALL: INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION
1. Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, s.v. “Ansible.”
2. “Taming Photons, Electrons Paves Way for Quantum Internet,” China Technology News, September 20, 2016, http://www.technologynewschina.com/2016/09/taming-photons-electrons-paves-way-for.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
3. Ling Xin, “China Launches World's First Quantum Science Satellite,” IOP Physics World, August 16, 2016, http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2016/aug/16/china-launches-world-s-first-quantum-science-satellite (accessed April 29, 2017).
CHAPTER 17: AD ASTRA PER ASPERA: A ROUGH ROAD LEADS TO THE STARS
1. Serenity, directed by Joss Whedon, Universal Pictures, 2005.
2. Jacob Astor IV, A Journey in Other Worlds: A Romance of the Future (D Appleton, 1894).
3. Frank K. Kelly, “Star Ship Invincible,” Astounding Stories (1935).
4. H. G. Wells, The First Men in the Moon (Marblehead, Massachusetts: Trajectory, 2014).
5. “Escape Velocity: Fun and Games,” NASA, https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/k-4/features/F_Escape_Velocity.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
6. New World Encyclopedia, s.v. “Space Elevator,” http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Space_elevator (accessed June 30, 2017).
7. Arthur C. Clarke, The Fountains of Paradise (New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979).
8. Stuart Fox, “How Do Solar Sails Work?” Live Science, May 17, 2010, https://www.livescience.com/32593-how-do-solar-sails-work-.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
9. “Space ‘Spiderwebs’ Could Propel Future Probes,” New Scientist, April 25, 2008, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13776-space-spiderwebs-could-propel-future-probes/ (accessed July 2, 2017).
10. Dan Simmons, Ilium (New York: HarperTorch, 2005); Dan Simmons, Olympos (New York: Harper Voyager, 2006).
11. Gerald P. Jackson and Steven D. Howe, “Antimatter Driven Sail for Deep Space Missions,” (Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Portland, OR, May 12–16, 2003).
12. New World Encyclopedia, s.v. “Antimatter,” http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Antimatter (accessed June 23, 2017).
13. Natalie Wolchover, “Will Antimatter Destroy the World?” Live Science, June 16, 2011, https://www.livescience.com/33348-antimatter-destroy-world.html (accessed June 24, 2017).
14. Matt Williams, “What Is the Alcubierre ‘Warp’ Drive,” Universe Today, Jan. 22, 2017, https://www.universetoday.com/89074/what-is-the-alcubierre-warp-drive (accessed June 24, 2017).
15. “Eugene Podkletnov's Gravity Impulse Generator,” American Antigravity, September 21, 2012, http://www.americanantigravity.com/news/space/eugene-podkletnovs-gravity-impulse-generator.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
16. Breakthrough Initiatives, “Internet Investor and Science Philanthropist Yuri Milner & Physicist Stephen Hawking Announce Breakthrough Starshot Project to Develop 100 Million Mile per Hour Mission to the Stars within a Generation,” https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/News/4 (accessed June 23, 2017).
THIRD INTERLUDE: A MATTER OF SUBSTANCE
1. Brian Greene, “How the Higgs Boson Was Found,” Smithsonian Magazine, July 2013, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-the-higgs-boson-was-found-4723520/ (accessed June 23, 2017).
2. Clara Moskowitz, “What's 96 Percent of the Universe Made Of? Astronomers Don't Know,” Space.com, May 12, 2011, https://www.space.com/11642-dark-matter-dark-energy-4-percent-universe-panek.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
3. William J. Cromie, “Physicists Slow Speed of Light,” Harvard Gazette, February 18, 1999, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/1999/02/physicists-slow-speed-of-light/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
4. Julian Léonard et al., “Supersolid Formation in a Quantum Gas Breaking a Continuous Translational Symmetry,” Nature 543 (March 2, 2017): 87–90.
5. Jun-Ru Li et al., “A Stripe Phase with Supersolid Properties in Spin–Orbit-Coupled Bose–Einstein Condensates,” Nature 543 (March 2, 2017): 91–94.
CHAPTER 18: WHY ARE WE SO MATERIALISTIC?
1. Richard Gray, “No More Smashed Phones! Super-Hard Metallic Glass Is 600 Times Stronger than Steel and Will BOUNCE If It's Dropped,” Daily Mail, April 5, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3524128/No-smashed-phones-Super-hard-metallic-glass-500-times-stronger-steel-BOUNCE-dropped.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
2. “Digital Contact Lenses Can Transform Diabetes Care,” Medical Futurist, http://medicalfuturist.com/googles-amazing-digital-contact-lens-can-transform-diabetes-care/ (accessed June 23, 2017).
3. Melissa Healy, “Hot? You Can Cool Down by Suiting Up in This High-Tech Fabric,” Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-cool-shirt-20160901-snap-story.html (accessed April 29, 2017).
4. Jennifer Chu, “Beaver-Inspired Wetsuits in the Works,” MIT News, October 5, 2016, http://news.mit.edu/2016/beaver-inspired-wetsuits-surfers-1005 (accessed April 29, 2017).
5. Jyllian Kemsley, “Names for Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 Finalized by IUPAC,” Chemical & Engineering News, December 5, 2016, http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i48/Names-elements-113-115-117.html (accessed 6/24/ 2017).
6. Bob Yirka, “Linking Superatoms to Make Molecules to Use as Building Blocks for New Materials,” Phys.org, July 27, 2016, https://phys.org/news/2016-07-linking-superatoms-molecules-blocks-materials.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
7. Sarah Zielinski, “Absolute Zero: Why Is A Negative Number Called Absolute Zero?” Smithsonian Magazine, January 1, 2008, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/absolute-zero-13930448 (accessed June 24, 2017).
8. Emily Conover, “The Pressure Is on to Make Metallic Hydrogen,” Science News 190, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 18, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pressure-make-metallic-hydrogen (accessed April 29, 2017).
9. Colin Barras, “Warmest Ever Superconductor Works at Antarctic Temperatures,” New Scientist, August 17, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28058-warmest-ever-superconductor-works-at-antarctic-temperatures/ (accessed June 23, 2017).
10. “The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010,” Nobelprize.org, https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/ (accessed June 23, 2017).
11. Prachi Patel, “Silkworms Spin Super-Silk after Eating Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene,” Scientific American, October 9, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/silkworms-spin-super-silk-after-eating-carbon-nanotubes-and-graphene/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
12. Lynda Delacey, “Q-Carbon: A New Phase of Carbon So Hard It Forms Diamonds When Melted,” New Atlas, December 6, 2015, http://newatlas.com/q-carbon-new-phase-of-carbon/40668/ (accessed June 23, 2017).
13. Alexandra Goho, “Infrared Vision: New Material Might Enhance Plastic Solar Cells,” Science News, January 22, 2005.
14. Stefan Lovgren, “Spray-On Solar-Power Cells Are True Breakthrough,” National Geographic News, January 14, 2005, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/01/0114_050114_solarplastic.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
15. Goho, “Infrared Vision.”
16. Seth Borenstein, “Now You See It, Now You Don't: Time Cloak Created,” US News, January 4, 2012, https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2012/01/04/now-you-see-it-now-you-dont-time-cloak-created (accessed April 29, 2017).
CHAPTER 19: TECHNOLOGY (COOL TOYS)
1. Anh-Vu Do et al., “3D Printing of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration Applications,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 4, no. 12 (2015): 1742–62.
2. William Herkewitz, “Incredible 3D Printer Can Make Bone, Cartilage, and Muscle. Hello, Future,” Popular Mechanics, February 15, 2016, http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a19443/3d-printer-bone-cartilidge-and-muscle/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
3. Steven Leckart, “How 3-D Printing Body Parts Will Revolutionize Medicine,” Popular Science, August 6, 2013, http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-07/how-3-d-printing-body-parts-will-revolutionize-medicine (accessed June 23, 2017).
4. Marissa Fessenden, “3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life: A Flexible, Absorbable Tube Helps a Baby Boy Breathe, and Heralds a Future of Body Parts Printed on Command,” Scientific American, May 24, 2013, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/3-d-printed-windpipe/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
5. Alexandria Le Tellier, “Does the Bluetooth Dress Signal the Future of Fashion?” All the Rage, June 18, 2009, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2009/06/does-the-bluetooth-dress-signal-the-future-of-fashion.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
6. Richard Gray for MailOnline, “The Electronic Skin Fitted with ‘Disco Lights’: Sticky Film Could Lead to Wearable Screens That Track Your Health and Even Show FILMS,” DailyMail, April 15, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3542072/The-electronic-skin-fitted-disco-lights-Sticky-film-lead-wearable-screens-track-health-FILMS.html (accessed April 29, 2017).
7. Meghan Rosen, “Tracking Health Is No Sweat with New Device: Wearable Electronic Analyzes Chemicals in Perspiration,” Science News, January 27, 2016, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tracking-health-no-sweat-new-device?mode=magazine&context=543 (accessed April 29, 2017).
8. Jacob Aron, “Laser Camera Can Track Hidden Moving Objects around Corners,” New Scientist, December 7, 2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28628-laser-camera-can-track-hidden-moving-objects-around-corners/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
9. Emily Conover, “Wi-Fi Can Help House Distinguish between Members: Smart Homes Will Cater to Individuals’ Needs,” Science News, September 27, 2016, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/wi-fi-can-help-house-distinguish-between-members?mode=topic&context=96 (accessed April 29, 2017).
10. Dr. Elizabeth Strychalski, “Neural Engineering System Design (NESD),” DARPRA, http://www.darpa.mil/program/neural-engineering-system-design (accessed April 29, 2017).
CHAPTER 20: WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO EXIST?
1. Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design (New York: Bantam Books, 2010).
2. Doctor Who, “Under the Lake,” season 9, episode 3, first broadcast October 3, 2015, directed by Daniel O'Hara and written by Toby Whithouse.
3. “The First Flight Simulator (1929),” HistoryofInformation.com, http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=2520 (accessed June 23, 2017).
4. “History of Virtual Reality,” Virtual Reality Society, https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
5. Ibid.
6. R. Gonçalves et al., “Efficacy of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of PTSD: A Systematic Review,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (2012).
7. Repstein, “Perspective; Chapter 1: The Party,” Expanded Theater, September 29, 2015, https://courses.ideate.cmu.edu/54-498/f2015/perspective-chapter-1-the-party-by-morris-may-and-rose-troche-2015/ (accessed June 23, 2017); Angela Watercutter, “VR Films Are Going to Be All over Sundance in 2015,” Wired, December 4, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/12/oculus-rift-sundance-film-festival/ (accessed June 23, 2017).
8. Kathryn Y. Segovia and Jeremy N. Bailenson, “Virtually True: Children's Acquisition of False Memories in Virtual Reality,” Media Psychology 12 (2009): 371–393.
9. Jerry Adler, “Erasing Painful Memories,” Scientific American, May 2012.
10. “Holographic Universe,” Science Daily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/holographic_principle.htm (accessed June 23, 2017).
11. Star Trek: The Next Generation, “Relics,” first broadcast October 12, 1992, directed by Alexander Singer and written by Ronald D. Moore.
CHAPTER 21: THE END OF EVERYTHING
1. Peter Holley, “Stephen Hawking Just Gave Humanity a Due Date for Finding another Planet,” Washington Post, November 17, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/11/17/stephen-hawking-just-gave-humanity-a-due-date-for-finding-another-planet/?utm_term=.9258c8943376 (accessed June 23, 2017).
2. Martin Rees, Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning—How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future in This Century—On Earth and Beyond (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
3. “Roundtable: A Modern Mass Extinction?” Evolution, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/extinction/massext/statement_03.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
4. Wikipedia, s.v. “Extinction Event,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event (accessed June 24, 2017).
5. Gerardo Ceballos et al., “Accelerated Modern Human-Induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction,” Science Advances 1 (June 19, 2015).
6. Adrienne Lafrance, “The Chilling Regularity of Mass Extinctions: Scientists Say New Evidence Supports a 26-Million-Year Cycle Linking Comet Showers and Global Die-Offs,” Atlantic, November 3, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/11/the-next-mass-extinction/413884/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
7. Konstantin Batygin and Michael E. Brown, “Evidence for a Distant Giant Planet in the Solar System,” Astronomical Journal 20 (2016).
8. Leslie Mullen, “Getting Wise about Nemesis,” Astrobiology, March 11, 2010, http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/getting-wise-about-nemesis/ (accessed April 29, 2017).
9. Sarah Scoles, “Target Earth: The Next Extinction from Space,” Discover, July 28, 2016, http://discovermagazine.com/2016/sept/9-death-from-above (accessed April 29, 2017).
10. D. C. Agle et al., “Catalog of Known Near-Earth Asteroids Tops 15,000,” (announcement by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, October 27, 2016), https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6664 (accessed April 29, 2017).
11. “What Killed the Dinosaurs?” Evolution, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/extinction/dinosaurs/asteroid.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
12. Andrey Kuzmin, “Meteorite Explodes over Russia, More Than 1,000 Injured,” Reuters, February 15, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-meteorite-idUSBRE91E05Z20130215 (accessed June 23, 2017).
13. Deborah Byrd, “Night Sky as Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies Merge,” EarthSky, March 24, 2014, http://earthsky.org/space/video-of-earths-night-sky-between-now-and-7-billion-years (accessed June 23, 2017).
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