Index

Abantes, on Euboea, 162;

kinsmen of Io, 212–13; 356, 380

Acco, 21, 47, 91

Acragas, 200, 202

Adana, called Danuna, 79;

and Mopsus, 225;

and ‘Awarikus’, 229

Adonis, 240–54, 255;

and Cypriot

Aous, 310;

not in Homer, 351;

and Hipposthenes, 378

aetiology, 371–6

Afqa, and Adonis, 249–50

Agatha, cuts off breasts and halts lava, 306

Aghia Paraskevi, and Pallene Giants, 327, 329

Agrios, among Etruscans, 183

Ahta, perhaps Al Mina, 106, 377

Aidna, as Etna in Hesiod, 366

Ain Dara, 101

Al Mina, 104–20, 139, 259, 265, 365

Alcyoneus, a Giant captain, 320, 324

Aleppo, 98, 100–101

Alexander, avoiding smell of dead, 9;

route into Syria, 84;

and Mallos, 83, 87–8, 237;

locating myths in East, 185–92;

and Dionysus, 188–91;

and war-elephants, 194–5;

in Cilicia, 236–8, 308, 311;

no foreign languages, 355

Alexandria, and cult of Adonis, 243

Almops, a Giant in Macedon, 328

alphabet, invention and use, 33–4; 71–2

Amanus, ‘Mountains of Box-trees’, 17, 80, 89, 99, 100, 109, 256, 266

Amarynthos, on Euboea, 170

Amathus, pottery imports, 53, 61, 88, 377;

and winds, 69;

and alphabet, perhaps, 71;

site and history, 73;

and Sardinia, 126;

and Hipposthenes, 377

Amazons, and Alexander’s army, 191

amber, and resins, 346–7

Ammianus, describes Jebel Aqra, 256

Amos, and partying, 92

Amphidamas, on Euboea, 364–5, 379

Amphilochus, travelling hero, 83, 85, 165;

and Calchas, 226, 236

Amrith, and Heracles’ iconography, 206

Amyclaion, probably Kommos on Crete, 341

Anas, mates with Hipposthenes, 337–80

Anavarza, ancient Anazarbus, 79, 256

Anemones, and Adonis, 241;

discovered at Eryx, 252

Antaeus, his ‘corpse’, 193

Antioch, 89, 91;

and Io, 213

Aous, Cilician river, 310-n;

its ‘divine music’, 314;

‘voiceless’, 314

Aphrodite, and Adonis, 241–2;

birth of, 278, 3 59–72;in Homer, 353–4;

reaching Cyprus, 292–4;

in Hesiod, 359, 372·

Apollo, at Delphi, 35, 361–2, 366, 368–9

Apollodorus, pseudonym of author on myths, 302–3

Apollonius of Tyana, at Aigai, 253

Arachosia, the Kandahar site, 16

Aramaeans, 100–101, 114, 307

Argos, and Amphilochus, 83, 85, 165;

and orientalizing heroes, 184;

and Io, 211–12;

and Hera, 212;

and Cilician cities, 237–8

Argoura, and Io on Euboea, 217

‘Arima–Arimoi’, in Homer, 41, 114, and in Hesiod, 304;

in Lydia, 306;

in Syria, 307;

in Cilicia, 308–9, 313;

on Ischia, 316–17, 335; 368, 371

Arimmatta, Hittite place name, 308, 313–14, 371

Aristophanes, and Adonis, 243–4;

and Giants, 321

Armenians, and Jason, 186–7

Arnold, Matthew, and ‘grave Tyrian trader’, 150–51

Arpad, 18, 100;

and Al Mina, 109–10

Arundell, William, on Turkish volcanoes, 305

Arwad, 21, 47, 91, 95

Arybas, in Homer’s Sidon, 345

Ascalon, 69, 91, 93;

and ‘Moxos’, 233

Ascra, 358

Ashdod, and Yamani, perhaps a Greek, 31

‘Asian Meadow’, in Homer, 40–41, 336

Aspendos, and Mopsus, 232, 235;

and Alexander, 237

Assyrian kings, and Medes, 17;

and Urartu, 17;

and Unqi, 100–102

Atalia, queen with Sargon, 28

Athenians, female burials and Lefkandi, 63;

pots at Salamis on Cyprus, 75;

and Daedalus, 197

Augustine, pupil of, 262;

and Giants’ teeth, 330

Auza, in Libya, 22, 25, 147, 342

Avesta, ‘beautiful’

places, 16

Azitawattas, at Karatepe, 231–2;

linked to Aspendos, 232

 

Baal, on Jebel Aqra, 258;

at Memphis, 265–6;

in Israel, 267;

in Nile Delta, 268–9

Babel, 373

Bahrain, 17

Baios, supposedly founds Baiae, 183

Baken–Renef, Pharaoh (‘Bocchoris’), 32;

scarab at Ischia, 32, 155, 343

Balkh–Bactra, a ‘beautiful’

place, 16

Bardawil, Lake and Zeus Kasios, 268–9;

shrine at, 270;

and Typhon, 304

Barlaam, stormtrooper on Jebel Aqra, 263

Bell, Gertrude, on ‘Mount Cassius’

and its shore, 120;

at Corycian Cave, 311

Bent, Theodore, on crocuses and Corycian Cave, 309

Berkeley, Bishop, concerning Ischia, 151

Berossus, Babylonian historian, 86

Bethlehem, and Adonis, 254

Betyllion, or Ras Shamra, 96–7, 258–9

Beylan Pass, 80

Bikni, Mount, 16

‘black-on-red’, pottery from Cyprus, 52

Boardman, Sir John, on Euboean pottery at Al Mina, 105

‘Bocchoris’, Greek name for Baken–Renef, 32;

seal on Ischia, 32, 152, 155; 343

Boraston, MacLair, and ‘crashing’

birds, 336

Briareus, and Euboeans, 195, 319–20

Byblos, and Tammuz–Adonis, 246–7, 378

 

Cadiz, and Phoenicians, 24;

and Heracles, 207–9

Cadmus, searching for Europa, 210

Cailloubella, and Giants, 3 28

Callimachus, poetry on Mopsus, 23 2;

on sickle of Cronos, 284–5

Callisthenes, historical adviser with Alexander, 192;

and Mopsus, 232, 236;

and Arima, 308;

and Corycian Cave, 311;

no foreign languages, 355

Calycadnus, and nearby cave, 308–9

Carthage, 22, 23;

and Greek residents, 94;

and the Dido story, 144;

its foundation, 145

Cassiope, on Corcyra, dedications at, 271–2

Castor, son of, invented by Homer’s Odysseus, 338–9

Catania, saved by mastectomy, 306

Celenderis, 82

Cerveteri, pottery showing ‘Taitale’, 200

Chalcidic Peninsula, and Lefkandi, 61

Chalcis, 53, 75, 168–9;

dominates in West by 730 BC, 154;

and homosexuality, 168;

and sickle of Cronos, 291–2;

and Hesiod, 364–6; 369;

and Hipposthenes, 379

Chalos river, or Afrin, 101

Chares, and Persian legend, 185–6

Chimaira, and Bellerophon, 220;

in Lycia, 220–21

Chios, and Euboea, 63–4, 70–71, 356, 376

chronology, of ‘dark ages’, 50–51, 129–30

Cilicia, 77–88;

its shores, 78, 99, 113;

roses, 82–3;

eponym ‘Cilix’, 216;

and Perseus with Pegasus, 219

Cinyras, in Homer, 75, 357;

and King Philip, 241

Circeii, and ‘Circe’, 183–4

Claros, oracle and Mospus, 225–6;

and Colophon, 235

Colophon, and Claros, 234;

and Calchas, 235

Constantine, attacking pagan cult-sites, 253–4

Corcyra, 130, 154, 175;

and Zeus Kasios, 270–72;

and sickles of gods, 291–2;

and Odyssey, 372; 378

Cordelia, in eighth century BC, 24

Corinth, goods in Corcyra and South-east Italy, 130–31;

on Ischia, 151–4;

annexing myths and heroes, 184

Cornwall, alleged links with Phoenicians, 24

Corycian Cave, in Cilicia, 308–12

Crete, and King David, 70;

bronze shields, 116, 363–4, and Phoenicians, 166–7;

and Ida Cave, 167, 363–4;

‘orientalizing’, 166–8;

and Minos, 201;

and Homer, 338–43;

and Delphi, 360–62, 372;

and Cyprus, 362–3

Cronos, castrates Heaven, 277–8;

his stories expand, 279–80, 296–7, 362–4;

eats children, 296;

and Homer, 350–51;

and stone, 368

crusaders, and sea-winds, 69

Cumae, in west Italy, 148–50, 152;

Euboean burial, 160;

and Daedalus, 198;

temples, 202; 379

Cumae, on Euboea, 67, 142

Cyprus, ‘seven kings’

and Sargon, 30;

pottery in eleventh and tenth centuries BC, 51–2;

and Lefkandi, 55, 57;

and Sardinia, 126–7;

and west Italy, 132;

and Heracles, 206;

and Adonis, 249–51, 254

Cythera, and Aphrodite, 282–3

 

Daedalus, 197–203

Daniel, and golden image, 19;

and ages of metal, 367

‘Dark Ages’, dissipated by travelling pottery, 50–51

David, King, and bodyguards, 70

Delphi, oracle at, 35;

and Cretans, 201, 361–2;

akin to Sidon, 217; 379

Delphyne, Typhon’s helper, 303

Demavend, Mount, 16

Demetrius, son of Antigonus, and Egypt, 269

dinosaurs, bones and myths, 194, 322–30

Dionysus, eastern travels and origins, 188–91

Dioscorides, and topless Adonis-worshippers, 243

Dodona, oracle at, 35, 172

Doliche, 295

Domuztepe, 80–81

Dor, tenth century BC Greek cup, 53

Drepanon, place name, 284;

on Sea of Marmara, 288;

on Gulf of Corinth, 288;

on Sicily, 292–3

Dumuzi, 244–6

Dur Sarrukin, ‘Sargon’s Citadel’, 27–8

 

Echidna, Typhon’s mate, 304;

her name, 306

Egypt, in eighth century BC, 20–21, 31, 47–8;

and Greeks, 32;

and Lefkandi, 58;

and Phoenician ships, 93;

and Ischia, 155–6;

in Homer, 338–9, 342–4

elephants, in north Syria, 99, 120;

in Morocco, 194;

bones on Samos, 194–5

Eleutherna, and Phoenician grave-markers, 166

Emporio, and Homer, 356, 377

Epeios, travelling carpenter, 160

Ephorus, on Europa, 215

Eretria, and Lefkandi, 53;

scents, 66;

on Ischia, 138–9;

expelled from West, 154;

and Milesians, 164;

contacts, east and west, 169–70;

only sex and horses, 171;

founds Methone, 171;

claims to sickle of Cronos, 291–2;

illicit archer, 380

‘Erimma’, Hittite place-name, 308

Eryx, and perhaps Adonis, 252

Eryx, and the Great Castrator, 293

Eskimoes, and darkness, 294

Essex, and the Great Castrator, 286

Etruscans, and Phoenicians, 23, 24, 159;

and Greek sanctuaries, 134;

and Elba, 134;

and metals, 134;

and Greek imports, 135–6, 159–60;

big settlements, 135;

‘orientalizing’ imports, 159;

and Euboean craftsmen, 159–60;

and Greek sex, 160

Euboea and Euboeans, Gulf of, 53–4;

numbers abroad, 168;

and Chalcidic north, 62–3, 168, 321–32;

and Chios, 63–4, 70–71; 356, 376;

as sailors, 175–80;

scale of trading, 70;

pottery abroad, 53–70, 74–7, 83, 95–8, 129–34, 138–60, 153;

at Posideion, 85;

and Philistines, 91;

at Al Mina, 105, 108–10, in, 113–14, 120, 139, 259, 265;

and horses, 113, 150, 159–60, 380;

horse-harness, 115, 118, 377;

perhaps at Oricos, 130;

in Sicily and west Italy, 129–34;

at Rome, 133;

on Ischia, 138–60, 3 55) 379;

on Tunisian coast, 145–7;

at Cumae, 148–50, 159–61, 379;

in Homeric ‘neverland’, 183–4;

and myths, 195–6;

and Heracles, 209–10;

and Io, 214;

perhaps locating Mopsus, 233, 236;

perhaps locating Zeus Kasios, 271–2;

and Great Castrator, 285–92;

and foreign gods, 296;

and Typhon, 314, 316, 366;

and Giants, 327, 329–32;

and Odyssey, 355;

and Delphi, 368–9

Eumaeus, in Odyssey, on poetry, 37;

on experts from afar, 222–3;

with Odysseus, 338;

on early life, 345–7

Eumelus, on Europa, 215

Eupaphis, inscribed verses at Corycian Cave, 310

Europa, travelling heroine, 210;

mounted by Zeus, 211;

and Cadmus, 215–16

Eurybates, and dark skin, 127, 147

Eurycleia, slave, but not concubine, of Laertes, 177

Eusebius, gives ‘date’

for Mopsus, 227–8

Evans, Sir Arthur, and Homer on Crete, 341–2

Exodus, route by Nile Delta, 267, 269

Ezekiel, and Tyre’s imports, 26, 66, 68;

and Cilician horses, 99

Ezra, Fourth Book of, on shrinking babies, 331

 

Ficana, and Euboean pottery, 132–3

Fourka, near Mende, and Giants, 327

Frazer, Sir James, 245, 252

 

Gabii, early inscription, 136–7

Ganymede, in Eretria and at Chalcis, 160, 375

Gaza, and Assyrian images, 18;

as ‘lone’, 214

Geryon, his cattle and Heracles, 207

Giants, 320–32, 349, 369, 374

Gilgamesh, and Homer, 353

Golgoi, and Adonis, 249–50

Gordios, father of Midas, skull, 29

Gorgon, sighted in desert, 194;

killed by Perseus, 219

Gortyn, scene of Zeus’s sex with Europa, 211;

bones of Europa, 215;

and Homer, 340–41

Graia, 171–2

Gravisca, and Adonis, 251–2

‘Greatest Altar’, in Rome, 205, 210

Gygaea, Lake, home of Echidna, 306; 351–2

 

Hadad, Storm God in Syria, 117

Hadrian, on Jebel Aqra, 263;

at Pelusium, 270

Hamath, 18, 100

Hamilton, Sir William, and the Solfatara, 323

Hazael, of Damascus, and horse-harness, 116–17

Hazzi, Mount, the Jebel Aqra, 258–9, 273–5, 203, 286;

and Hedammu, 301;

and Typhon, 303, 364

‘Heaven and Hell’, ravines in Cilicia, 309

Hecataeus, of Miletus, his Circuit of the Earth and north Africa, 145;

and Heracles, 207–8

Hector, and Homeric burials, 56, 82

Hedammu, Hittite serpent, 301

Helbon, and Syrian wine, 67

Helen, and drugs, 8;

elopes to Sidon, 47, in Egypt, 347–8

Hellenes, and Delphi, 172

Hera, on Euboea and perhaps Ischia, 178;

and Euboeans’ travels, 195;

Homeric breast-straps, 353–4

Heracles, and Antaeus, 193;

as travelling hero, 203–10;

on Euboea, 203–4;

on Sicily, 208;

his pillars in the West, 208–9

Hermes, fights Typhon, 310, 312

Hermopolis, captured by Piye, 20

Hermus, river in Lydia, 351

hero-cults, at old mounds, 35

Herodotus, and Posideion, 84;

and Kasion in Egypt, 268;

and aetiology, 375

Heropythos, genealogy, 70, 356

Hesiod, sexist grumbling, 9;

date of, 36;

Theogony ends before lines on Circe’s children, 182–3;

stories of Cronos, 271–81, 359;

birth of Aphrodite, 278–9, 282;

and Typhon, 298, 359, 365–6;

poems’ sources, 358–69;

and Hecate, 359–60;

his Theogony and the Muses, 360;

and Delphi, 361–4;

and his prize, 379–80

Hezekiah, king of Judah, 20

Hilakku, ‘rough Cilicia’, 79

Himera, and the cult of Cronos, 285

Hippocles, at Cumae, 149

hippopotamus, in north Syria, 99, 323

Hipposthenes, living life to the full, 376–80

Hiram, king of Tyre, 26, 58

Histiaea, and wine, 67

‘Hiyawa’, not Achaeans, 231

Hogarth, D. G., and Lycian fire, 220

Holdich, Sir Thomas, tracking Dionysus, 189–91

Homer, psychology of heroes, 3–4;

and slavery, 6;

and wounds, 7;

pain relief, 8;

(probable) date, 36–7 and appendix (possible) performance-context, 37–8;

and his ‘Garden of Alcinous’, 38–9;

similes for Greeks’ advance, 40–41;

place-names and travel-tales, 46–7, 77, 338–44, 351–2;

objects’ travels and archaeology, 48;

and Cilicians, 78, 351;

and Carian or Lydian women, 119;

and West, 121–4, 131, 335–6;

and Ischia, 158;

and Heracles, 203;

and Typhoeus–Typhon, 298–9, 335;

and Giants, 320, 349;

and Odysseus’ lying tales, 338–44;

and Eumaeus, 344–7;

and ‘Near East’, 352–5;

and Crete, 340–42, 356–7;

and Cyprus, 73, 357;

and Chios, 356–8;

and absence of aetiologies, 372

Homeridai, on Chios, 355–6

horses, in eighth century BC art and society, 10;

origin of drawing, 10;

and Piye in Egypt, 20;

buried at Lefkandi, Cyprus, Crete, 57–8;

winged, at Carchemish, 219;

and Hipposthenes, 379–80

Hoshea, king of Israel, 19

Huelva, and Phoenicians, 25–6;

and Euboean goods, 26;

and Odyssey, 124

Ia‘, Assyrian name for Ionians, 30

Ialysos, and Phoenicians, 166

Iamani, perhaps Greek, usurping power at Ashdod, 31

Iatnana, Assyrian name for Cyprus, 30

Ibn Jubayr, on winds, 69

Ida, cave, 167–8, 363–4

Illubru, 85

Imm, in north Syria, 118

Immanuel, 20

Inanna, loves Dumuzi, 244

Inarime, 355–6

Ingira, also Anchiale, 82, 86

Io, as a cow, 210;

her travels, 210–14

Ion, of Chios, 356

Ionians, raiders and Sargon, 30–31

‘Iopolis’, in north Syria, 213

Iphition, from Gygaean Lake, 351

Isaiah, prophecies, 20;

lips and coal, 29

Ischia, San Montano cemeteries, 6, 140, 153;

and Euboeans, 138–60;

and gold items, 143–4;

‘multicultural’, within limits, 151–5;

eruption on, 336–7

Iskenderun, in Cilicia, 85, 87, 89;

and Zeus Kasios, 261

Israel, kingdom of, 19

Ithaca, caves and Odysseus, 181–2

J, Jahwist in Genesis, 373

Jacob, and aetiology, 373

Jason, and travelling myths, 184, 187

Jebel Aqra 91, 99;

and metals, 112;

and Io, 213;

and gods, 255–72;

and songs, 274–5, 297, 301

John Malalas, on Io in Syria, 213–14;

on Giants in Syria, 322–3

Joseph, and aetiology, 373

Joshua, and his knives, 374

Julian, on Jebel Aqra, 263

Julius Caesar, and locals’ stories, 187–8

 

Kanli Divane, ravine, 312

Karabur, Assyrian rock carvings, 18

Karatepe, 80–81;

and ‘lyre-player’

seals, 115;

and ‘Muksas’, 227, 229;

and Azitawattas, 231–2

Kassiopeia, and sea-monster, 262

Kassios-names, 261–2

Kella, priest at Hittite Nerik, 299

Keramos, and Zeus Kasios, 262

Kerethites, and King David, 70

Khaldeh, 93

Kinalua, or Tell Tayinat, 100–101, 109, in, 265, 376–7

Kinet Hüyük, perhaps Issus, 83

Kinyras, 73, 357

Kirua, a rebel, 85

Kition, as Qart Hadasht, 22;

Sargon’s stele, 30;

and Euboean pots, 59, 77;

site and history 73–4

Kizzuwatna, 80

Knossos, Phoenician letters on a bowl, 166, 342;

and Daedalus, 198–9;

and Delphi, 361–2;

and Ida, 364

Kokalos, 197, 200

Kommos, traders’ stopover, 166;

and Homer, 341–3, 358

Kothar, 199

Koukos, and Euboeans, 62

Koumi, and Euboean wine, 67–8; 142

Kourion, ‘Cesnola’

krater, 75, 170;

and Perseus, 181

Kumarbi, god, 275;

eats children, 277, 299;

and harvest, 280;

matches Greek Cronos, 280–82;

and stone, 296–7;

and Hedammu, 301, 368

Kundu, name for Cyinda, 79

Lamos, river, 79, 308

Latinos, among Etruscans, 183

Lear, king in eighth century BC, 24

Lefkandi, cemeteries and dead, 6;

Toumba and building, 55–9;

and Homer, 56–7;

and Athens, 63;

not Phoenician, 63;

and Chios, 64;

after 820 BC, 74, 157, 168

Lelantine War, on Euboea, 169

Leto, Pomponio, and old bones, 324–5

Leuca, 326

Leuternians, 326

Libya, and Homer, 122–3;

and Phoenicians, 344

life-expectancy, ancient, 6

Lindos, Chronicle of, 200

Lisbon, and Phoenicians, 24;

and Homer, 124

Lotan, Leviathan, 297

Loutra, and Macedonian prehistoric animals, 328

Lucan, poetry on Corycian Cave, 309

Lucian, on Adonis, 247–8

Luoyang, 13

Luwian, language, 80, 100–101, 220, 227, 353, 371

Lycians, in Homer, 353

Lyktos–Lyttos, on Crete, 363

lyre-player seals, 114–15, 139;

on Ischia, 155–6, 316

 

Macedonians, in north Syria, 119–20;

and Giants, 328

Magarsos, coins, site and temple, 87–8;

tombs, including Mopsus’, 239

Malatya, and snake-monster, 300

Mallos, 83, 85, 87–8;

and Amphilochus, 226, 236;

and Alexander, 237

Mamre, and angels, 253

Marius, and a Gorgon, 194

Masefield, John, and Phoenicians, 151

Massilia, near Heracles’s ‘boulders’, 207–8

Mayor, Adrienne, her study of fossils and Giants, 322, 329

Medea, ‘Metaia’

in Etruria, 200

Medes, and towns, 16;

and horses, 16–17

Megiddo, 91

Melqart, as Tyre’s ‘Heracles’, 206–7

Mende, and Euboeans, 62, 168, 329, 369, 376

Menelaus, in Libya, 122–3;

off Crete, 340–42;

in Egypt, 347–8

Messapians, hostile to foreign settlers, 131

metals, on Cyprus, Sardinia and in Africa and South Spain, 25;

in south Cilicia, 82;

ages of metals in Hesiod, 367–8

Methone, and Euboeans, 171

migrant seers or charismatics, 224–6, 238

Miletus and Milesians, receiving horse-harness, 118, 164

Milia, and a mammoth in Macedon, 328

Minos, 197, 201–2;

and Minoa, 202; 361

Mita, the Greeks’ king Midas, 29;

and alphabetic script, 3 3

Miteloudis, G., a finder of Giants’ teeth, 327

Mitrou, and Euboea, 62

monkeys, and Ischia, 141, 316;

and Tunisia, 146–7

Mopsouhestia, 225;

name’s origin, 230, 313

Mopsoukrene, ‘Mopsus’

spring’, 225, 231, 236

Mopsus, his travels, 224–39;

not m

Homer, 351

Mount Batten, and metal-trading, 24

Muksas, ‘house of, 79, 81, 313–14, 315, 371

Muksus, in Hittite letter, 226–7

muthoi, as ‘myths’

and their diffusion, 34–6, 179–85, 222, 255–6

Myres, J. L., sees Aphrodite, 292

Myriandros, 84

Myrrha, spice-girl, and Adonis, 241;

and king Philip II, 241

mythical heroes, their travels, 180–85

 

nakedness, in eighth century BC art, 11;

in early athletics, 11

Nanou, peak of Jebel Aqra range, 259

Naples, and Giants, 3 24

Nemea, and inscribed list of ‘Argive’

kin, 238

‘Nestor’s Cup’, on Ischia, 157–8, 357

Nineveh, 28, no Ninurta, parallels with Heracles’s exploits, 204

Niobe, ‘all tears’, 337

Noah, virtuous, no sodomite, 331

Nonnus, Christian poet, on Typhon, 302–3, 319;

and Statala, 305–6

Nora, and Phoenician inscribed stone, 128

Notion, and Claros and Mopsus, 234–5;

‘kills’ Calchas, 235

 

Odysseus, love for Penelope, 10;

seamanship of, 176;

caves on Ithaca, 181–2;

lying tales, 338–45;

and Eumaeus, 338, 344–7

Oechalia, in Euboea, 204

Og, king, 331, 374

Olympic Games, and nudity, n;

dating, 13

opium, ancients’ use of, 8–9

Oppian, poet, on Typhon, 302, 310, 312

orientalizing, and Phoenicians, 27;

and Greeks, 240–41, 370–71

Orion, and Euboeans, 195; 327

Orontes, river, 91, 99, 101–2;

and Al Mina, 103, 106, 109;

and Hazael, 117;

and Macedonians, 119–20;

its serpentine bed, 307;

and Giants, 321

Oropos, and Eretria, 62, 171;

and purple-dye, 66;

in Graia, 171–2

Orsippus, a Megarian nude runner, 11

ostrich eggs, 27, 346

Otranto, and Giants, 325–6

Oxylithos, Mount, on Euboea, and volcanic soil, 67

 

Pagras, 89, 330;

a Giant, 321

Pahri, perhaps modern Misis, 79, 225

Pallene, peninsula, 327, 376

Paltos, and Euboean pottery, 95

Pamphylia, and Mopsus, 233, 235

Pan, fights Typhon, 310, 312

Panaima, and bones on Samos, 194–5

Pandora, 5;

releases troubles for men, 374

Panyassis, poetry on Adonis, 240–41

Paphos, on Cyprus, and birth of Aphrodite, 282–3;

and arrival of Aphrodite, 292; 294

Patroclus, Homeric funeral, 56

Pausanias, allegorizes Cronos-stories, 293;

on Giants in Arcadia, 328–9

Peary, Captain, and Greenland, 294

Pegasus, 218–19;

and Cilician ‘namesake’, 220;

and aetiology, 372

Peloros, a Giant on Straits of Sicily, 321

Perge, ‘Parha’ in Hittite, 232;

and the ‘Magnificent Seven’ statues, 232

Perseus, at Kourion, 181;

and Gorgon, 193;

as travelling hero, 218–21

Phalaris, of Acragas, 200–201

Phaselis, later linked with Mopsus, 23 5

Philistines, and King David, 70;

and Greek pottery, 91

Philo, of Byblos, 273–4;

and castration-story, 282–3

Phlegra, and volcanic sites, 315, 323, 329, 330;

on Chalcidic peninsula, 326–8; 329

Phoenicians, name 21;

territories, 21;

luxuries, 21;

and stars, 176;

literacy of, 21–2, 71;

on Cyprus, 22, 60, 292;

and Greeks, 33;

on Crete, 22, 47, 166–8, 341–2;

on Sardinia, 22, 128;

in west Italy, 23, 127–9, 131–7, 156, 159;

at Rome, possibly, 23;

on Malta, 23;

on Motya, 148;

in Spain, at Malaga, 23;

on south coast, 23;

and metals, 25, 26, 60, 80–81, 134–5, 159;

and Europa, 216;

and dedications at Greek sites, 32–3;

poems and myths, 36–7, 246–51, 267, 273–4, 2.82–3;

in Homer, 47–78, 339–44, 345–8;

and Egypt, 27, 93, 267–8, 342;

on Rhodes at Ialysos, 60, 166;

Melos, Thera and Cythera, 60;

ships and cargoes, 93, 143, 345–8;

and Ischia, 153, 156;

and sickles, 293;

and Kommos, 341–2

Pieria, in north Syria, 119, 258;

in Macedon, 119

Pindar, and Pillars in west, 208;

on Cilician cave and ‘Arima’, 307–8;

on Typhon in west, 315;

his effusions on Etna, 316–18

Pithekoussai, off Italy, 140–44, 176–7;

in Tunisia, 146–7;

and Daedalus, 198–9;

and volcanic features, 315, 336;

and Typhon, 315–17

Piye, king in Egypt, 20, 29

Plato, on gods and Giants, 321

Pliny the Elder, and dwindling seed, 330

Pomponius Mela, accurate about Corycian Cave, 309–10

Pontecagnano, 132, 141

Poseidonius, and Arimoi, 307

Posideion, 84, 88, 330;

a second, later one at Ras el-Bassit, 97–8, 258

Potamoi Karon, probably Al Mina, 106–7, 139–40

pottery, absence of figurative art, 48;

historical value, 48–50, 163;

networks in Aegean, 51–2;

use and carriers in Levant, 59–61, 68, 79, 91, 95–8;

as gifts, 65, 75, 159, 170;

trading, 65–6, 75, 91–2, 93–4;

important finds at Al Mina, 104–6, 108, 109–11;

early renewed contact with Italy and West, 126–33, 135;

alphabetic inscriptions on, 137–8, 157, 170;

important finds on Ischia, 141–3, 151–5;

at Cumae, 148–50;

at Carthage, 145;

on Rhodes, 166;

sex and horses on pottery, 170

Prometheus, his myths’ locations, 186–7

Ptolemy I, ravages Al Mina, 107

Purulli festival, 300; 313–14

Puteoli, and Giants, 324–5

Pydna, 6

Pyramus, river in Cilicia, 80, 98, 225, 239

Python, at Delphi, 366

 

Que, Assyrian name for Cilicia, and Greek raids, 30–31;

boundaries, 80; 85, 99

 

Ras el-Bassit, and Greek pottery, 52;

as ‘Cape of the Rocks’, 97;

as a later Posideion, 97–8, 106, 259

Ras ibn Hani, and the ‘White Harbour’, 96

Ras Kasroun, lake and Zeus Kasios, 267–9

Ras Shamra, or Ugarit, 96–7

Remus, 23;

at school, 137

Rhodes, and Phoenicians, 60;

and roses, 82, 155;

and sea-routes, 69;

Pottery abroad, 79, 82, 152, 155, 157–8;

and Argos, 85;

perhaps at Posideion, 85;

in c. 850–700 BC, 165–6;

and Soloi, 155, 230

Rio Tinto, and Odyssey, 124

Rome, and Phoenicians, 23;

‘Origins’ of, 23;

and Euboean pots, 133;

and salt-flats, 133

Romulus, 23;

at school, 137

Runza, or Hittite Runt, 312

 

Sabouni, near Al Mina, 104, 264, 274

saffron crocus, 113, 309

Salamis, Cyprus, royal burials, 74;

pottery in tombs, 74–5

Samaria, and Assyrians, 19;

and Greek pottery, 91–2, 98

Samaritans, worshipping Yahweh, 19

Samos, sanctuary of Hera and Eastern dedications, 32;

pottery abroad, 82;

and at Al Mina, 108;

and horse-harness, 118, 164;

and Chalcis, 164;

and bones at Panaima, 194–5

Samson, similar to Heracles, 204

Sandon, god in Cilicia, 80

Sant’ Imbenia, on Sardinia, 128–9, 132

Saphon, the Jebel Aqra, 264–5;

in Israel, 267;

in Egypt, 270;

and Typhon Sappho, and Adonis, 243, 251

Sapuna, the Jebel Aqra, 257–8

Sardara, and Cypriot bronzes, 125–6

Sardinia, and Phoenicians, 22, 127–9;

exports in West, 126–7;

and Cyprus, 127

Sargon, king and garden, 27–8, 85

Sariseki, 83

Saturn, eats children, 296

Saurias, of Samos, ‘inventor’ of drawing, 10

scent, ancient uses, 9, 82, 155

Scyros, and Euboeans, 67–8, 171

Seleuceia, in north Syria, 98;

and martyred Jews, 256;

founding of, 260

Seleucus, his capital, 98; 260;

and Giants, 322

Semiramis, in Makran desert, 187

Sennacherib, king, 86–7, and his monuments, 192–3;

destruction of Babylon, 352–3; 376

‘Serbonian Bog’, 270, 304

Sertorius, finds a Giant, 193–4

Shalmaneser III, conquers north Syria, 102

Sicels, and Laertes in Homer, 121–2, 131

Sicily, and Daedalus, 200–202;

and Heracles, 208;

and Adonis, 252;

and Typhon, 317, 366, 372

Sidon, and Kition, 22;

rivalry with Tyre, 22;

only Phoenician city in Homer, 47, 346–7;

pottery-kilns, 93;

claims to Cadmus, 217;

and Delphi, 217

Sindos, near Thessalonica, and Euboean goods, 62

Sipylus, and Niobe, 337

Sodom, and aetiology, 374–5

Solfatara, crater of, 323–4

Solinus, on Giants, 326

Soloi, and metals, 82;

and Argos, 238

Spain, and Phoenicians, 23–6, 127

Statala, and Typhon, 305–6

Suksu, Tell Sukas, 95–6

Sulcis, on Sardinia, 147–8;

and Euboean potery, 153

Symeon the Younger, pillar-saint, 263–4

Syrian Gates, 84

 

Tammuz, in Jerusalem, 246;

in Byblos, 246;

at Afqa, 248;

on Cyprus, 249;

as ‘Adon’, 251, 255

Tarentum, in 706 BC, 164

Tarhunta, storm god, 273, 276–7, 368

Tarshish, at Huelva, 26

Tarsus, called Tarzu, 79, 192;

and Pegasus, 221;

and Perseus, 221

Tel Rehov, and Greek pottery, 59, 91

Tell abu Ha warn, 91, 98

Tell Afis, find of Greek pottery fragments, 52

Tell Defenneh, papyrus-letter at, 266–7

Tell Hadar, find of Greek pottery fragments, 52

Tell Sukas, 95–6; 323

Tell Tayinat, and land routes, n 2–13

Tethys, in Homer, 350

Thasos, island and Phoenicians, 32, 165

Thebes, in Egypt and Homer, 347–8

Theocritus, and Adonis, 242

Theopompus, and Mopsus, 237

Thesprotia, and Odysseus, 344

Thon, Egyptian in Homer, 343

Thucydides, and athletic nudity, n;

and Euboean settlement, 162;

and Zancle, 285–6

Tiglath Pileser III, king 17–18;

at Gaza, 19;

pressure on Phoenicians, 24, 26;

conquers in Syria, 117

Timaeus, 201;

and sickle of Cronos, 291

Timnath Serah, and Joshua, 374

Titans, 200, 319–20, 349–50, 359;

aetiology, 372

Titans, in Homer, 349–50

Di Toledo, Pietro, and Giants, 325

Torone, and Euboeans, 62

Torre Galli, in Calabria, 128, 156

Toscanos, in Spain, and Euboean pottery, 148

‘Town of Iauna’, probably Al Mina, 107

Trajan, in Syria, 97, 260–61;

and Zeus

Kasios, 260–63

Trapani, and Cronos’ sickle, 292–3

‘Travelling heroes’, returning in legend

from Troy, 38, 180–81;

in real life, tenth to eighth century BC, 40

Triptolemus, travelling hero, 213, 376

Tunisia, and Euboeans, 145–7

Tutammu, king of Kinalua in 740 BC, no, 113

Typhon, in Lake Bardawil, 268;

fighting Zeus, 298–318;

in West, 317, 330, 335, 366, 372;

in Hesiod, 365–6;

and Hipposthenes, 379

Tyre, and colonies;

and Greek pottery, 68–9, 93, 94–5;

winds at sea, 69–70;

imports of horses, 99;

and Cadmus, 217;

and Baal Saphon, 266

 

Unqi, in north Syria, 17, 18, 101–2, 321, 323, 330, 372

Utica, and Phoenicians, 145;

and a Giant, 330

Vedas, and Indian society, 16

Virgil, and Daedalus, 198;

and Heracles in Rome, 205;

and Turnus with Io, 212

Volterra, founds Populonia, 134

 

Warikas, ruler near Adana, 229;

and ‘Hiyawa’, 231;

not a Euboean ‘Euarchos’, 234

Woolley, Leonard, digs at Al Mina, 103–4, 110;

on warrior-traders, 112

Xanthus, of Lydia, on travelling ‘Moxos’, 233;

on ‘Arimous’

and Typhon, 305

Xenophon, in Cilician Plain, 78;

route into Syria, 83–4;

gods in his narrative, 340;

and aetiology, 375

Xi’an, old capital of Zhou, 16

 

Yaba, wife of Tiglath Pileser III, her burial, 28

Yahweh, and Baal, 267;

and ‘dragon of the sea’, 298;

punishes gross sodomy, 374–5

Zancle, and sickles, 284–7, 379

Zariadres–Zarir, and Persian legends, 185–6

Zeus, and Cronos, 278–9, 362;

on Crete, 363–5;

and Typhon, 298–317, 365

Zeus Betylos, probably Zeus Kasios, 261

Zeus Kasios, 260–72;

in Egypt and western Mediterranean, 270–71; 295

‘Zeus of Victory’, in south Cilicia, 310–11

Zhou, ruling in China before 771 BC, 13

Zincirli, languages at, 101

Zoroastrians, and ages of metals, 367