abortion 21; men on pro-abortion demonstration 108
academia, and feminism 139–53, 211–19
Adams, R. N. 102
adolescents 50, 56; see also youth; age divisions
age divisions 26, 37, 69, 95; and consumption 45–54
agriculture, sectors within 81–2; see also farm
alcohol, status and consumption of 46–7, 51
Allauzen, M. 85
anger, importance of 9, 150–3
anti-feminism 157, 162, 180, 183; in men 106–28, 118–19, 206–10; in women 118–19
appropriation of labour 168; see also ‘exploitation’
L’Arc 211
Archer, M. Scotford and S. Giner 28
authoritarianism, men’s as cause of women’s oppression 112–14
authority, argument from 155, 157, 201
Bachofen, J. 138
Barker, D. Leonard and S. Allen 93
Barrett, M. and M. Mcintosh 9, 154–81
Barron, R. and G. Norris 97
Beauvoir, S. de 55–6, 199, 210
Becouran, M.-C. 85
Bettleheim, B. 192
biologism: in Firestone 9, 143; in Leclerc 183–209; in marxism 169–70; in psychology 217; in radical and socialist feminist thought 144
biology 23, 142; women’s biology as handicap 204
Bird, C. 207
Blacks, seen as primarily men 132; Black Power movement 110–12; see also race
Bland, L. et al. 141
Bloch, M. 101
Bloode, R. O. 104
bodies, need to revalue women’s 194–7
Boigeol, A. et al. 99
Bottomore, T. B. 29
Bourgeois, F. et al. 143
bourgeois women 12, 72, 119–32, 135; and WLM 12, 119
breast-feeding 202–3
Breton, A. 208
Brittain, V. 153
budget, family 96; food purchase 65–6
Bujra, J. 169
Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie 40
capitalism 11, 74–6, 131–2, 134, 140–3, 154, 158–62, 173–5, 180; family as functional to capitalism 59, 69, 134; use of housework to capitalism 79; women as capitalists in their own right 72, 130
capitalist mode of production: and domestic mode of production, relationship and differences 20, 38, 70, 74–6; and family inheritance 19–20; and women’s oppression 58
cars (different access to transport between the sexes) 53–4, 69
casde 71
Cazaurang, J.-J. 46–50
Cesaire, A. 186
Chester, R. 93
childbearing, as explaining women’s oppression 8, 170, 194, 202–3; see also pregnancy
childrearing, as labour 21, 59, 95–6, 100–4, 169–70; after divorce 99–100
children 102–4, 168; see also custody; youth
chimères, les 208
Le Choix du conjoint 34
civil rights movement in USA 110–12
Cixous, H. 10
class: and inheritance 19; as concept 21, 25–7, 30, 57, 132, 158–9, 176–7, 180; class position of families (as units, of siblings, of husbands v. wives) 28, 31–9; class position of wives 28–39, 57, 71–3, 128–32, 134–6; class relations and women’s oppression 11, 71–6, 122–4, 128–30, 160–1; coexistence of several class systems 147–8; knowledge as class positioned 150, 156, 215–19; sex class as concept 25–7, 59, 132–6
Cleaver, E. 121
Code Civil Français 96
commercialization: and establishment of value 83; of agriculture 81–2; of domestic work 65–8
‘complementarity’, of sexes 208
consciousness: Consciousness Raising 147; gaining 112–13, 118–19, 129–30, 146–9, 153, 162–3, 176–7, 191, 217–18; see also false consciousness
consumption 15, 18, 40–56, 63–7, 76, 85–6; as constitutive of family status 43; as distinctive feature of domestic mode of production 18, 54–5, 64–5; scientific data on 45, 55, 56
counter-ideology 189–97, 209–10
couple see heterosexuality; marriage
CREDOC 56
criticism, importance of feminism 9, 154, 161–5; see also polemic
custody, as staged battle 99–100, 104–5
Dalla Costa, M.-R. 88
Davis, E. Gould 200
dependence 38–9, 71, 96, 135, 207–8; and exploitation 126, 167; can women escape to an extent? 102–5; personal dependence and impersonal dependence 186
devaluation, of women 184–9, 192–4, 201, 206; see also revaluation
devotion, as only proved by suffering 187–8
Dezalay, Y. 96
‘difference’/‘otherness’ 208, 210; see also neo-femininity
disciplines (academic) and feminism 211–16
division of labour between the sexes 183, 201–2
division of tasks between the sexes 48–9, 61–2; as explained by Blood and Wolfe 104; relationship to sex hierarchy 61, 144–5, 184–9
divorce 7, 71, 93–105, 168; and children 101–4; and women’s employment 98
domestic labour debate 161, 167, 169, 174, 178
domestic mode of production 16–21, 26, 38, 59–76, 78–91, 94–6, 166–70, 197–9
domestic technology/appliances 66, 73, 76
domestic work 16, 60–74, 78–91, 166–70, 175, 177–9, 184–5, 197–9; as distinct from housework 90–2; effects on labour market of men’s exemption from 97–8; explanations for its low valuation 206; see also unpaid labour
dominance 203–5, 207; and the production of knowledge 213–19
Douglas, C.-A. 13, 137
dowry 96
dual standard 32
Duchen, C. 12
Duvall, E. M. 41
economic independence and women 36, 68, 96
economics, recognition of housework 78; see also economy
economism 175
economy, defined as public sphere/market 8, 15–16, 174–5; areas of work outside classical domain 38–9; economic dimension as a concept 22, 166–71, 174–5, 177
Edholm, F. et al. 169
education, low investment in women’s 8
Eisenstein, Z. 13
Elles Voient Rouge 179
employment, and stratification theory 30; see also labour market
Engels, F. 9, 55, 102, 124, 139, 192, 200
exchange, as opposed to gift 60, 67; exchange economies 66, 80; exchange-value 16, 60, 63–8, 76, 86; exchange within households 90; see also market; value
exploitation 26, 158–9, 170, 174, 177–8, 184–5, 187; as distinct from oppression 15, 124; as quantitative and applying only to some women 125–6; of immigrant labour 114–15; of women in the family 59–74, 94–6, 99–104, 167, 170; of women in the labour market 72; societies supposedly without 138–9; women’s as serving to increase that of proletariat 134, 180
Fabian Women’s Group 153
false consciousness 76, 119, 132, 146
family 7, 8, 72, 102, 213; area within family not covered by Delphy’s analysis 8, 75; as egalitarian base of Golden Age 139; as unit in studies of inequality 28, 167; as ‘unit’ of consumption 40–56; as ‘unit’ of production 61–72; family relations as not constituting whole of gender classification 26; marxist theories of 59, 133, 178
Fanon, F. 186
farms: difference between ‘occupational work’ and ‘housework’ on farms 85–7, 90–1; family farms 61–4, 69, 80–4, 90, 166–7; self-sufficiency as definition of peasant 80
farm workers 42–3
fascism 219
femininity, theories of 191
feminism origins of second wave in France 15, 108; and academic life/intellectuals 139–53, 211–19; and criticism 161–5; and marxism 158–65, 174–81; and men 106–10; and neo-femininity 211–19; see also WLM
Féministes Revolutionnaires 21
Feminist Issues 7, 12, 211
La Femme potiche et la femme bonniche 117
Ferichou, S. 51
Feyerabend 22
Finch, J. 12
Firestone, S. 9, 143
Flaubert, G. 186
FMA (Féminisme, Marxisme, Action) 59, 76
food: as percentage of family budget 65–6; differential consumption of 40–56; prohibitions, how respect for these obtained 46–7, 50–2
French Socialist Party 77
functionalism 212; functions of housework for capitalism 79, 178; functions of the family 8, 59, 69, 133–4, 178; see also domestic labour debate
Gardiner, J. 174
Gemeinshaft/Gesellschaft dichotomy 138
gender 8, 10, 24–7, 142–5, 172–3, 183–4, 217; and class 160–1; and consumption 45, 50–6; as outweighing class 122–4, 128–32, 134–6; as power relation 10
gender identity 172–3
Gilliott, P. 208
Girard, A. 30, 34, 35, 67, 78, 85
GNP (Gross National Product) 80; see also production
GNR (Gross National Revenue) 80
Goode, W. J. 93
gossip, as social control 50
Gregoire, M. 191
Gribouille 209–10
guilt 114, 119, 123; as basis of left feminist analysis 128–32
Hanmer, J. 21
Harris, C. C. 40
Hartmann, H. 13
hatred, of women 127–8
Hayes, H. R. 192
‘heavy’ and ‘light’ work 48–9
Hennequin, C. et al. 21
heterosexuality 116, 180–1, 193–4; as enforcing childbearing 21; heterosexual women in WLM 12; pressures towards 8, 116; suggestion oppression can be avoided in heterosexual couples 113, 115–17
hierarchy: as originating in economic exploitation 26, 61, 144–5, 184–9; as originating in natural differences 23, 144–5, 183, 199–206; as originating in values 199; as unthinkable among the poor or in subsistence economies 55–6; family hierarchy as natural 139
Himmelweit, S. 167
historical explanations 17, 159, 199, 212, 215–16; as distinct from prehistorical explanations 199–200, 204
historical materialism 11, 57, 159, 215–18
homogamy 33–5
honour/shame 50
household: as site of class relations 42; as units in economic studies of consumption and national accounting 41–55, 90; budgets 68–9; definition (as distinct from ‘business’) 85–7; farm as contrasted with urban 81
housewife as occupational group excluded from accounts of class structure 29–39, 68
housework: academic ‘schools’ of writing on 78–9, 152; as distinct from occupational work 85–7, 90–1; as maintaining capitalism 8, 79; see also domestic labour debate; as production 84–5; as women’s work 68, 78–91; as unpaid work 7, 16, 78–92, 125, 174, 176, 187, 202; definition 7, 68, 78–92; reasons for low value placed on 197–9
housing, as part of household budget 69
Hugo, V. 138
‘human nature’, use as explanation 142, 212–13
hunter-gatherer societies 203; see also pre-capitalist societies; ‘subsistence economies’
husbands and wives, differential duties in marriage contract 96; see also marriage
idealism/idealist explanations of oppression 110, 113, 117, 173, 178, 183–9, 192, 205, 212, 216
identification, of women with ‘their’ men 129–30
ideology: definition 9, 171, 173, 176; demonstration of ideological nature of specific explanations of oppression 22, 58–60, 142, 171–4, 180–1, 189–97, 199, 209–10, 215, 218; importance, but limitations of producing counter-ideology 189–97, 209–10; individualist 117; left ideologies on women 129, 170–4; materiality of ideology 171–3, 175; patriarchal 8, 141, 189–97; produced by intellectuals to support their own position 151–3; suggestion that women’s oppression is primarily ideological 170–4, 178, 183–209
individualism 9, 117
industrial revolution 10, 67; and oppression of women 17–18; use of family labour prior to 62, 67–8
inferiority of women 184, 190, 206
inheritance 8, 15–16, 74; see also transmission
INSEE (French National Institute for Social and Economic Studies) 31, 41, 43
intellectuals: and marxism 154–7, 159; and political movements 9; and WLM 106–10, 117, 128, 145–53
interpersonal relations, as matter of ‘choice’ 115
Jackson, J. 37
Jews 188
job, as distinct from tasks 202, 205–6
Jousselin, B. 42
Kandel, L. 13, 137
Kennedy, Jackie 120
knowledge on political 9, 156–7, 212–19; see also ideology
Kooy, G. 93
Kristeva, J. 10
labour market: as of less importance than patriarchal relations in determining women’s standard of living 135; as less than freely contracting agents 8, 74, 95–7; discrimination experienced in labour market and inheritance as incentive to marry 20, 96–7, 116; divorce and women’s employment 98–9; employers preference for men (as freely contracting agents) 8; invisibility in accounts of 160–1; men’s advantages in labour market as giving advantages in marriage 115–17; occasions of withdrawal from 97; women’s entry on to 68–70, 72
labour power, extent to which women control their own 67–70, 96, 102
Lakeland, M.-J. and Wolf S. Ellis 211
law, as controlling women’s access to paid employment 74, 96; role of, as only apparent at ending of a marriage 99
left: accounts of women’s oppression 74–7, 117, 132–4, 173; see also domestic labour debate; and intellectuals 145–53; and the proletarian struggle 137; hatred of ‘bourgeois’ women 120–8; left groups and the WLM 57–9, 72–6, 146, 154, 174–81; see also marxist feminism; socialist feminism
Lenin, V. I. 73–4
Leninist orthodoxy on women’s oppression 174–5
Lewis, J. 13
liberation struggles 112–14, 129–37, 159, 211; and intellectuals 145–53; and marxism 159; assertion of primacy of anti-capitalist struggle 174–81; attempts to reconcile class struggle and women’s struggle 131, 177; distinction between analysis and political struggle 143–4
London, J. 186
love, reasons for greater significance in women’s lives 116
The Main Enemy (pamphlet) 7, 56, 182; review 158
Mainardi, P. 92
maintenance received by dependants 18, 38, 60, 68, 70–1, 94–6, 105, 126; after divorce 99–102, 104–5; see also unpaid labour
Malraux 190
Mandel, E. 76
Marceau, J. 104
Marczewski, J. 83
market: housework as non-market work 84–5, 95; production for in families 81–3; women’s exclusion from and marriage 60, 68, 95–6
marriage: as affecting women’s labour market situation 96–8; as determining women’s class membership 29–39; as labour contract 7, 60–3, 70–1, 88, 90–1, 94–7, 134–6, 167; as more important to women than men 7, 96–7, 116, 168–9; as potentially egalitarian 12, 104, 115–17, 167; as self-perpetuating state 97–9; laws relating to 74, 96; reproduction and childcare within 99–104, 169–70; some women as escaping from marriage 168–9
Marx 11, 122, 138, 154–8, 160, 162, 165, 218
marxism: and intellectuals 9, 148–9; as necessary to analyse oppression 159–61; as necessary to disclose oppression 149, 154–6; Delphy’s use of m. concepts 11, 161; m. analyses which explain women’s oppression as ‘due to values’ 110, 117; see also ideology; superstructure
marxist feminism 11, 161, 163–5, 174, 179
marxist theory 8, 29, 72, 154–61, 163–5, 200, 216–19; and WLM 57–9, 141, 160, 174–81; of primitive society 138–9, 200
Marxologists 155
materialism 143, 150, 154, 156, 161, 177–9, 215–19
materialist analysis, attempts to produce one for women 59, 164, 166, 195–6; as abandoned by marxist when discussing women 117; as opposed to explanation in terms of values or psychology 110, 173, 184–9
materialist feminism 174–81, 210–19
materialist psychology 217
matriarchy 138
McAffee, K. and Wood, M. 57
McDonough, R. and Harrison, G. 142
meat, differential consumption of 46–8, 51–2
mechanical/organic solidarity dichotomy 138
mechanization of domestic labour see domestic technology
Meillassoux, C. 169
men: advantages of marriage for 97–8, 101–3, 184–9; and custody of children 99–102; as constituting ‘the working class’ and ‘Blacks’ 132, 160–1; as dividing women against each other 117–28; as exonerated from benefiting from women’s oppression in marxist feminist theory 11, 117, 154, 170, 174–81; as feminists 12, 106–28, 162; collective as distinct from individual appropriation of women’s labour 104, 187, 192; structurally agents and beneficiaries of women’s subordination 12, 115–17, 140–2, 168; women’s exploitation as explained by its furthering men’s 134, 167, 180
menstruation 194–7
methodology 21–6, 45, 56, 136, 176, 189, 193, 211–19
Michelet 61
Milhau, J. and Montague, R. 80, 82
Ministere de la Justice 98, 102
MLF (Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes) 76
Le Mode de vie des families bourgeoises 55
mode of production 21, 59, 69–71, 78, 90–1, 186
MODEF (Mouvement de Defense des Exploitations Familiales) 63, 76
Molineux, M. 13
Le Monde 108
Montague, A. 207
Morgan, G. H. 138
motherhood 168–70, 195, 202, 208; some women as escaping 21
Murdock, G. 102
‘natural’ division of labour and dominance 200, 204–5
‘natural facts’ 8, 169, 183–5, 204–6
‘natural values’ 199
naturalism 12, 18, 23–4, 61, 169–70, 182, 188, 211–12
nature: intrinsic nature of goods as determining value 59–60; nature to social as transition 204; of housework as determining value 197–9; patriarchy as condition of passage from nature to culture 142; see also human nature
Naville, P. 30
‘need’ 8; differential, for food 48–9, 55
neo-femininity 180, 197, 208–10
The New French Feminism 10
non-capitalist economies 158; see also primitive societies; pre-capitalist societies
non-industrial societies 27
Nouase, K. 62
Nouvelles Questions Féministes 10, 138
objectivity 150, 156–7, 161, 172
occupation, wife’s, treatment in stratification studies 28–39
‘occupational work’ as distinct from housework 85–7, 90–1
oppression 12, 15, 17, 27, 136, 139–45, 149, 155, 157–61, 183–4, 192, 197–9, 207; as distinct from exploitation 15, 124; as originating in nature 23, 200; bourgeois women as escaping certain aspects 127; class as concept necessary to explaining oppression 25–7; difficulties in recognizing existence 9, 111–14; general theories of 21–2, 57–9 (as economic) 166–70 (as ideological) 170–4, 193; homework as central to women’s 7; internalization of 111–12; marxist theories 11, 159–61, 189; of immigrant workers 114; of women and of working class 11, 57–8, 131–4, 174–81; of women as constituting a system 17, 210; of women as different from that of other groups 107, 113, 184–9
Origins of Humanity, as explanation of present sexual hierarchy 8, 61, 142, 192, 199–206; as not genuine history 18; Golden Age of equality 138–9
Parole de femme 182–210
paternalism: men’s towards women 107–8, 128; whites towards Blacks 110
patriarchy/patriarchal 9, 11, 15, 17–18, 38, 69, 114, 138–45, 153, 168, 177–9, 181; relationship to capitalism 74–6, 178–81; relationship with domestic mode of production 20, 27, 160
patriarchal class 135–6
PCF (Parti Communiste Français) 72–4, 76–7, 179
peasants 10, 80; food consumption 44–52; see also farms
penis envy, parallels in men 192
periods see menstruation
Perrot, M. 55
‘personal is political’ 117, 215
personality, family as producing submissive 133
Pisan, A. de and Tristau, A. 76
Plaza, M. 163
Poe, E. Allen 55
polemic 161–5
pollution, as caused by male values 207
Pompidou, Madame 120
poor families, inequalities within 44–6, 52, 55–6
precapitalist societies, origins of sexual hierarchy in 199–200, 202–3
prejudice 114
primitive societies, as classless 138
Price, L. 106
prisoners in labour camps, as exploited labour 158
procreation see reproduction
production 15, 18, 54, 57, 59, 85–7, 89, 159, 174; as opposed to reproduction 142–5; distinction from continuum with consumption 40–1, 64, 85–7; family as unit of 63–72, 81–7; GNP, exclusions from 65, 82–5, 87, 90; housework and childcare as production 59–61, 78, 84–5, 87
Programme Commun 77
proletariat, relationship of left intellectuals to 148–50
prostitutes, wives compared to 126–7
pseudo-feminism 207
Psychanalyse et Politique 10, 13, 131, 137, 208–10
psychoanalysis 9–10, 142, 161, 172, 188, 196, 207, 210, 213, 215–17
Psychoanalysis and Feminism 142
psychologism 9, 187–8, 192, 216
psychology 171–2; psychological differences between the sexes 191; patriarchy/sexism as psychological traits 113–14, 141; women’s oppression as primarily psychological 184–91
public and private spheres 8, 141
Questions Féministes 10, 12, 106
race 23, 128, 206; Black men’s attacks on white women 121–2; exploitation of immigrant workers 114–15; intellectuals and anti-racist struggles 107, 186; origins of non-mixed organizations in the USA 110–12; WLM and anti-racist struggles 12
radical lesbianism 12
rape 21
Red Rag 175
relations of production 29–30, 38–9, 57, 90, 158, 197–9, 206; difference between men’s and women’s 59–72, 167, 201–2
remuneration: outside family 95; unremunerated, as distinct from unpaid work 88–90
reproduction 8, 59, 169–70, 184, 188, 193, 202; distinction of reproduction and production 74, 142–5; theories of reproduction 8, 169–70
respect, men’s need for, as cause of women’s oppression 184–91
revaluation, of women’s bodies 194–7
revolution: need for feminist 75; origins of revolutionary impetus 150
revolutionary feminists 143
Rich, A. 116
Righini, M. 208
Roberts, H. 28
Roberts, L. ap 57
Rubin, G. 25
rural crisis/dis accord 54, 61, 63; families, use as examples 10–11, 45; sociology 10; women 9–11
Sahlins, M. 203
St Augustine 191
St Paul 191
Sartre, J.-P. 190
science 150–3, 213–14; feminist science 159, 212; marxism as Science 155–7
second marriage, economic pressures towards 98; see also divorce
self-consumption, production for 63–7, 80–90; evaluation of self-consumption 63, 80
self-hatred, struggle against 9, 112–13, 118–19, 132; and Black struggle 111–12; and left-feminism 132
serfdom 59, 101–2, 105, 158, 186
servants 42–3, 121, 125, 158, 186
sex, relationship to gender 144; see also gender
sexism 114, 121, 127, 151, 172–3; inverse sexism 9, 110
sexist ideology 189–94
sexual divisions 158–61, 190–3, 200–6; relationship to gender identity 172–3
sexual harassment 122–3
sexual repression 133
sexuality 213, 216–19; as but one aspect of gender 25; as not covered in economic analysis 8, 20–1, 74–5, 166
share-cropping as exploited labour 158
siblings, work done within family production 62, 69, 95; comparative social class of 31–3
Silveira, J. 179
single women 69, 88, 97; occupational classification of 28–34, 169; single mothers 102
‘skill’ 8
slavery, as mode of production 77, 101, 158, 186
social constructionism 9–10, 24, 26, 195
social control, agents of 50, 96
socialist feminists 140–3, 162–3, 179–80; see also marxist feminists
social mobility 35
social stratification, women and 28–39
social structure: as determined by values 193; as framework constraining us all 114, 188, 204
socio-economic status, of families 28–39
sociological theory 8, 10, 161, 186, 211–14; absence of work on consumption 39–44; approach to divorce 93; as not studying bourgeois families 125; of pre/post industrial society 138; recognition of housework 78–80; stratification theory 29–39
soldiers 43
standard of living, of women (unmarried, married, after divorce) 97–100
state 88
status 28, 96, 202; consumption as indicator of 45, 52–3
Stoetzel, J. 78
strength, sex differences 202–3
Sturgeon, T. 202
subjectivity 171–2, 213–17; subjective interest of tasks 199, 206
subsistence economies 66
‘superstructure’, women’s oppression as due to 174, 177, 188; see also ideology
tasks, as opposed to work done within particular social relations 16, 79–80, 87–8, 90–1, 167, 169, 183–4, 188, 197–9, 200–6; intrinsic utility of 200–1
technical division of labour see tasks
Tendence lutte des classes 11, 142
Terray, E. 56
theory: as opposed to polemic 162; relationship to political struggles 144, 149–53; relationship to theorist’s position 156–7, 211–19
time-budgets 61, 67, 78–9, 85–7
Tönnies, F. 138
transmission (hereditary) 15, 19, 20; see also inheritance
universities see academia
unpaid labour 16, 19, 59, 65–9, 78–80, 84–5, 94–6, 158, 167, 174, 179, 202, 206; what is ‘unpaid’? 87–90; see also domestic work; housework; maintenance
upkeep see maintenance
uppity women 128
value 60, 63, 65, 199, 205–7; determination when products not marketed 82–3; differential value placed on men and women 184–9, 197–9; housework as unpaid because not value producing 84–5, 88–9; male and female values as natural and hierarchical 190–2, 199, 205; relationship to possibility of exchange 71, 95; see also exchange; sexual divisions as explained by antagonism of male and female values 183, 189, 193; use-value v. exchange-value 167
Veblen, T. 56
virility, and the image of the proletariat 132–3
wages/waged mode 18, 38, 158, 160, 169; as different from maintenance/the domestic mode 63, 70, 94–6, 126; husband’s wage as not covering whole of household consumption 67; lowering of male wages by unpaid domestic work 167; use made of women’s wages 74, 95–6; women’s access to wages and wage-levels 68, 96, 169, 174; see also labour market
wives see women-wives
WLM (women’s liberation movement) 7, 56, 140–1; and men 106–28; blacklash to 208–9; for all women and only for women 11, 106, 118–19, 123; need for autonomy 9, 11, 58–9, 106, 112–13; politics and strategy 8–9, 58–60, 74–6, 106–10, 136, 139–53, 157, 176–81, 208–10; relationship to academia and women’s studies 139–53, 211–19; relationship with left and socialism 11, 15, 57–9, 74–6, 117, 128–34, 155–6; see also feminism
Wolfelsperger, A. 66
women-wives 69, 76–7, 79, 92, 94, 104, 135, 146, 169; common position of all wives 134–6, 167, 202; distinction of ‘women’ and ‘wives’ 168–70; wives of heads of state and bourgeois men 72, 119–32, 135; wives of independent producers 61–7, 85–90; wives of proletarian men 131–2
women’s diet, deficiencies in 48, 55–6
women’s studies 147, 151–2, 214
Woolf, V. 153
work: divorce and incidence of women’s employment 98; ‘heavy’ and ‘light’ 48–9; see also skill; housework as work 78, 80, 87–90; reasons for low valuation of women’s work 197–9; variability of wives’ work 70, 96, 167, 186–7; when unpaid and when remunerated 87–91; wives’ work in labour market 72, 95–7; wives’ work incorporated in family production 67–9, 90, 95; wives’ work incorporated in husbands’ job 12, 95
working class: seen as made up of men 160–1; women, reasons for left’s focus upon 146
WRRC (Women’s Research and Resources Centre) 7, 82
WRRC publications 7, 56–7, 182
youth: consumption and hunger 46–50; exclusion from stratification studies 37
Zelditch, M. 102
Zetkin, C. 74