air war/bombing missions
Allies bombing German atomic research facilities, 310, 311
atomic bomb/Japan, 317
blitz, 10, 26–27, 308
Herøya aluminum plant/fertilizer plant (August 1943), 250
high altitude temperatures/oxygen and, 261, 263
“Lucky Bastards Club,” 262–63, 268
nitrate plant, Rjukan/results (November 1943), 267–69, 273
Peenemünde (August 1943), 255
plane name examples, 263–64, 265, 267
Vemork/results (November 1943), 261–62, 263–69, 273
Akers, Wallace, 28, 56, 59
Albrecht, Dr., 251–52
Allen, Alexander, 110, 116, 117, 119
Allier, Jacques
background/description, 3
heavy water/atomic bomb and, 3–5, 14–16, 58
Anderson, Sir John
German atomic program and, 95, 222, 258, 259, 260
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 248, 284
atomic bomb/program
explosion description, 56–57
fission and, 9–10, 11
historians on, 319–20
moderators and, 8–9, 13, 58–59
See also specific components; specific individuals; specific organizations
atomic bomb/program, Germany
Allies bombing German facilities, 310, 311
Allies’ early “intelligence” and, 57–58
Army Ordnance and, 10, 11, 14, 27, 63, 65–66, 67, 103, 154, 241, 276, 277, 319
conferences on, 64–66, 344n
heavy water production (May 1943), 243–44
Kummersdorf testing facility, 133–35
leaders boasting on, 56, 187, 274, 311
moderator choice and, 13, 64, 332n
personnel change, 276
Reich Research Council and, 66, 67, 134–35, 184
research/methods, 10, 11–14, 64–65, 183–84, 243–44, 275–77
rumors and, 57–58, 242, 279
situation (May 1943), 242–44
situation (1944–1945), 310–12
Uranium Club meetings/activities and, 10, 11–14, 64, 183, 242–44, 310–12
Uranium Club scientists after Germany’s defeat, 317, 318, 319
See also specific components; specific groups; specific individuals; Vemork plant/heavy water
atomic bomb/program, U.S.
beginnings, 68–69
bombing Japan, 317
first self-sustaining reactor, 135
heavy water/Canada and, 244
information on Germany’s program and, 244–45
Roosevelt and, 68–69, 245
See also Manhattan Project
atomic particles
early research, 8
See also specific scientists
Aubert, Axel, 5, 14–15, 62, 277
Bagge, Erich, 276
Baptism of Fire (film), 19
Bennett, John, 263, 264, 265
Berg, John, 301–2, 307
Binyon, Laurence, 320
Birkeland, Kristian, 45
Blackburn, James, 132
Bohr, Niels
background/atomic physics, 8, 9, 223, 248
Germany’s atomic program information, 57–58, 60, 248–49
Bonner, Frank, 132
Bothe, Walther, 64, 332n
Boyle, A. R., 254
Bräuer, Curt, 18–19
Bray, Bill
background/description, 93, 110
burial/headstone, 320
execution of, 120–21
Freshman and, 93, 109, 110, 120–21
See also Operation Freshman
British
Combined Operations, 77, 78, 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, 102–3, 109, 111, 119
goals in Norway, 42
London Blitz, 26
MI (Military Intelligence) unit, 40
See also specific individuals; specific operations; specific organizations
British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
Norway’s resistance and, 23–24
SOE vs. SIS communication lines, 60
spy message methods, 64
Tronstad and, 26–27
Brun, Jomar
Berg/Gran (resistance members) and, 91–92
Berlin meetings, 63
escape with wife/in London, 91–92, 103, 205, 274, 312
French/heavy water and, 14–15
Germans/heavy water and, 22–23, 24, 59, 62–63
Norsk Hydro/heavy water and, 6–7, 14–15, 22–23, 24
reaction to Allies bombing Vemork (November 1943), 274
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 296
SIS and SOE communication lines, 60
slowing heavy water production, 62–63, 319
spying on Nazis/Vemork plant, 59, 60, 63–64, 91–92, 95, 96, 103–4, 249
Tomy (wife) and, 91, 92, 103
Tronstad and, 6, 22–23, 59, 91, 296, 312
Welsh and, 27
Bush, Vannevar, 68, 245
Cairncross, James, 122–23
Carl, Prince of Denmark, 32
See also Haakon VII, King
Cherwell, Lord, 57
Churchill, Winston
atomic bomb and, 57, 67–69, 317–18
atomic bomb/meeting with Roosevelt (1942), 67–69
attacks against Vemork and, 95, 108, 119, 222, 248
background/description, 10, 40, 68
victory declaration over Germany, 314
World War II and, 10, 40, 57, 67–69, 309, 314
Clusius, Klaus, 243
commandos
activities comparisons, 40
cyanide pills and, xix, 146, 189, 236
description, 30–31
drop timing/light and, 75–76
operation names/overview, 104
praise/honors and, 248, 249, 309, 320–21
proudest achievements, 320–21
training/daily routine (England/early 1940s), 30–32
training (Scotland/early 1940s), 38–40
See also specific individuals; specific operations
Cooper, Tom, and Freshman, 93–94, 108–9, 110, 114, 115, 116
Curie, Pierre/Marie, 8
D/F Hydro ferry sinking. See operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Dalton, Hugh, 40
Dautry, Raoul, 3, 4
Diebner, Kurt
after war, 317, 318
atomic program and, 10, 11–14, 64, 65–66, 67, 103, 133–35, 183–84, 243–44, 275–77, 310, 311, 320
background/description, 10–11, 63
Heisenberg relationship, 12, 64, 67, 243–44
“Uranium Club” meetings/activities and, 10, 11–14, 64, 66, 243–44
See also atomic bomb/program, Germany
Dill, John, 244–45
Diseth, Ditlev
background/description, 137
celebrations honoring, 315–16
resistance/arrest, 137, 144, 289
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 288, 289, 292–93, 297
Döpel, Robert, 65, 134
Eaker, Ira, 259
Einstein, Albert, 8, 12, 68
Eisenhower, Dwight, 254, 337n
England. See British; specific individuals; specific operations
Eriksen, Bjarne
Allier and, 4, 252
arguments against restarting plant/arrest and, 251–52, 277
Norway patriotism and, 62, 252
positions at Norsk Hydro/strategies, 4, 62, 154, 241
request to Fehlis on workers’ release, 154, 155
Esau, Abraham
background/description, 65, 277
Germany’s atomic program and, 65, 66, 183, 184, 241, 243–44, 276
Esser, Wilhelm, 132–33
Eyde, Sam, 45
Falkenhorst, Nikolaus von
after Norway’s victory, 315
background/description, 80
investigating Vemork attacks/manhunt and, 213–14, 221, 229
Nazi invasion of Norway and, 80
in Norway, 35, 80, 82, 122
security at Vemork and, 80–81, 154–55, 299
Farrell, Paul, 122–23
Fasting, Andreas, 47, 48–50
Fehlis, Heinrich
activities/Norway, 37, 154–55, 235, 295, 296
after Norway’s victory, 315
background/description, 121
Eriksen’s request and, 154–55
Freshman/survivors and, 121, 122, 123, 132–33, 155, 160
manhunt after Vemork saboteurs’ attack and, 214, 227–29, 237–39
position in Norway, 35, 81, 121–22, 252
Fehmer, Siegfried, 37, 51–52, 121, 315
Fehn, Karl, 288
Fermi, Enrico, 8, 10, 135
fertilizer production, 5, 45
fission
discovery/description, 9, 168
German spies and, 11
purposes and, 9–10
See also uranium
Five, Trond, 245–46
Fladmoe, Arvid, 293, 303, 305
Fox, Sergeant, 55
Fredriksen, chief engineer, Vemork, 266
Frisch, Otto, 56–57, 58
Galtesund hijacking, 48–50
George VI, King, 249
Gerlach, Walther, 276–77, 310, 311, 317
Germany. See Nazi Germany
Glaase, Sergeant Major, 211–12, 213–14
Goebbels, Josef, 60, 66, 187
Goldschmidt, Victor, 223
Göring, Hermann, 184, 276, 310
Goudsmit, Samuel, 311
Grieg, Edvard, 27
Griffin (Rosbaud, Paul), 27, 58, 168
Grini concentration camp, 132, 137, 155
Groves, Leslie
description, 244
U.S. atomic program and, 244–45, 258–59
Vemork plant and, 258–59
Gubbins, Colin, 42, 119
Gulbrandsen, Eva, 305
Gurie, Sigrid, 32
See also Haukelid, Sigrid (mother of Knut)
Haakon VII, King
background/establishment as king, 5, 32
description, 19
German invasion/war and, 19–20, 34, 252, 256
return to Norway/Norway’s victory and, 315
Tronstad and, 21
Hahn, Otto
atomic bomb/after war and, 317, 318
atomic physics research and, 9, 10, 12, 27, 66, 168
Hamaren, Birgit, 234
Hamaren family/farm, 155, 253, 280, 281, 282, 283, 290, 306, 315–16
Hamaren, Jon, 234, 238, 239, 282, 283, 290
Hampton, C. S., 129
Hansteen, Wilhelm, 51, 119, 254, 274, 284, 312
Harteck, Paul
after war, 317, 318
background, 11
heavy water/production and, 24, 62, 103, 183, 243
“Uranium Club”/activities and, 11–12, 310
Hassel, Aase, 235, 236
Haugland, Knut
after war, 321
background/description, 76, 77, 84, 98–99
father/brother Ottar and, 84
Grouse/radio communications, 76, 77, 83–85, 88, 96–97, 98, 99–100, 101, 105, 128
Kon-Tiki expedition and, 321
Nazi manhunt and, 238–39
Norway’s invasion by Nazis and, 99
radio communications importance, 320
resistance after Gunnerside and, 227, 240
Skinnarland/training and, 227, 238–40
Swallow/Gunnerside and radio communication, 145, 146, 148, 153, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 171, 179, 181, 193–94, 217, 218
See also Operation Grouse/Swallow
Haukelid, Bjørgulf
arrest/torture, 278, 287
career, 32, 33
Knut’s resistance work and, 246, 278, 321
in U.S./Norway, 32, 33
wife/family, 32–33
Haukelid, Bodil (wife of Knut)
background, 34
Knut and, 34, 35, 37, 246, 287, 289, 308, 321
letter to Knut/divorce and, 287, 289, 308
marrying Knut, 37
Nazis questioning, 37
reconciliation with Knut, 321
resistance and, 246
Sweden and, 246
Haukelid, Knut
birth/childhood, 32–33, 226
descriptions, 18, 30, 31–32, 131, 132, 278
early moves/work and education, 33–34
honoring father, 321
“Kirvil” name for daughter and, 247, 321
Skinnarland and, 247
teddy bear and, 32
See also Haukelid, Bodil
Haukelid, Knut, struggle against Nazis
after ferry sabotage, 303–4, 307–8
arrival in London/Welsh and, 37–38
Bamse (elkhound) and, 247, 258, 278
celebrations honoring, 315–16
checking ferry (D/F Hydro), 293–94
commando training for Sørlie, 287
commando training/reports on (England), 30–32, 38
commando training/reports on (Scotland) and, 38–43
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 203–4, 217, 218, 226–27, 230–31, 239
fighting/spying before commando training, 34–36, 132, 200–201
Grouse/accident and, 76, 79–80, 107, 128, 333n
Gunnerside and, 129, 131, 132, 137–38, 143–44, 163–64, 169–70, 174, 175, 176–78, 179, 183, 187–88
Gunnerside/as second in command, 129, 131, 132, 137
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 194, 195, 196, 200, 203–4
holidays (1943–1944), 278
Nazi invasion of Norway and, 18, 34
nickname, 42
resistance/activities after Gunnerside and, 138, 149, 180–81, 221, 226, 240, 245–47, 256–58, 266, 278–79, 282–83
resistance base, 246–47
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 283, 285–86, 287–90, 291–92, 293–95, 296, 297–98, 299–303, 309
sacrifices summary, 246, 287
Haukelid, Knut, struggle against Nazis (cont.)
Skinnarland relationship, 258, 265–66, 278–79, 285, 287
Sunshine and, 313, 314
Tronstad and, 137–38
See also Haukelid, Bodil; Operation Gunnerside; operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Haukelid, Sigrid (mother of Knut)
background, 32
marriage/children and, 32, 35
Nazis questioning/promise and, 32, 37
Haukelid, Sigrid (sister of Knut)
birth/childhood, 32–33
Paris/Hollywood, 30, 33, 34
heavy water
amounts needed (atomic bomb), 59
discovery/in nature, 6
as moderator in fission, 13, 14, 23, 58–59
producing, 6–7
transporting to France, 14–16
See also specific individuals; specific locations
heavy water/Norway
Notodden power station, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
Såheim power station, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
See also specific individuals; Vemork plant/heavy water
Heisenberg, Werner
after war, 317, 318
background/positions, 12, 13–14, 27, 66
description, 66
Diebner relationship, 12, 64, 67, 243–44
Germany’s atomic program and, 12–13, 14, 57–58, 64, 65, 66–67, 134, 184, 243–44, 310–12
“Uranium Club”/activities, 12–13, 14, 57–58, 243–44
See also atomic bomb/program, Germany
Helberg, Claus
background/description, 75, 76
celebrations honoring, 315–16
escape from Nazis/bus to Grini, 237
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 204, 205, 209, 210, 232–35
false reports of death and, 239, 246
family and, 144
Grouse and, 76, 88, 98, 100, 101, 105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 128
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 204
intelligence on Vemork security/approach, 180, 181, 183, 184–85, 190
Nazi soldier pursuing, 232–33, 238
Oslo hotel/Nazis and, 234–37
Poulsson and, 75, 76, 231–32
recognition/awards, 249
ski accident/injury, 233–34
Sunshine and, 312
Swallow and, 140, 144, 145–46, 153, 161, 163, 165, 177, 180, 181–83, 184–85, 187
See also Operation Gunnerside; Operation Gunnerside/Swallow; Operation Sunshine
Henniker, Mark
description, 92
Freshman and, 92–93, 95–96, 105, 107–9, 110, 111, 117, 118
See also Operation Freshman
Himmler, Heinrich, 121, 296
Hitler, Adolf
anti-Nazi commando attacks and, 82, 120
boasting on atomic bomb, 56, 274, 311
death, 315
as führer of Germany, 11
inner circle, 168
invasion/occupation of Norway and, 80
Nazism/posters and, 22
World War II and, 56, 65
See also Nazi Germany
Hole, Njål, 168, 255, 274
Hovden family/farm, 253, 315–16
Hovden, Jon, 247, 290
Hovland, Trond/Theodor, 116–17, 120
Hurum, Gerd Vold, 102, 312, 316
Idland, Kasper
background/description, 131, 186
escape to Sweden and, 224, 225, 239
Gunnerside and, 131, 175–76, 179, 186
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 192–93, 196, 198–199, 201, 202–3
recognition/awards, 249
See also Operation Gunnerside
IG Farben, 14, 184, 276, 310
Ingebretsen, Olav, 202, 206, 212
Ingstad, Helge, 148
Jackson, Wallis
background/description, 93
Freshman and, 93, 109, 110, 160–61
interrogation/execution of, 132, 160–61
letters to his mother, 93, 110
See also Operation Freshman
Jahren, Øystein
arrest/imprisonment, 139, 145, 154, 155
Einar Skinnarland and, 139, 156
resistance and, 139, 155, 156, 159
Johansen, Gustav, 199, 200, 201–2, 212
Joliot-Curie, Frédéric
background/research and, 3, 64
on German atomic program, 311
heavy water and, 3–4, 15, 58
Joliot-Curie, Irène, 3
Jones, R. V., 319
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 14, 21, 57, 63, 64–65, 66, 277, 310
Kayser, Fredrik
after Vemork, 239
background, 130–31
description/skills, 130–31
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 130, 179, 189, 196, 197, 198–99, 200, 202–3
recognition/awards, 249
See also Operation Gunnerside
Kidd, John “Jack,” 261, 262
Kjelstrup, Arne
background/description, 76
celebrations honoring, 315–16
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 217, 218, 226–27, 230–31, 239
Grouse and, 76, 88, 97–98, 100, 101, 106, 111, 113, 114, 128–29
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 191, 195–96, 198–200
health problems/return to Britain, 258
resistance/activities after Gunnerside, 221, 226, 240, 246–47, 256–57
resistance base, 246–47
Sunshine and, 312, 313
Swallow and, 140, 145–46, 149, 153, 161, 163, 165, 177, 178
See also Operation Grouse/Swallow; Operation Gunnerside; Operation Sunshine
Knall-Demars, Jehan, 16
Kompani Linge
celebration following victory/disbanding, 316
name significance, 43
reunions, 321
war summary, 316
See also specific individuals
Kon-Tiki expedition, 321
Kreyberg, Leiv, 141
Kristiansen, Kristian
saboteurs/hostage and, 174–76, 177
talking about saboteurs/interrogation and, 228
Landsverk, Jon, 313, 314
Larsen, Alf
after sabotage, 303–4, 307, 308
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 285, 287, 291–92, 298, 299–300
Vemork position/work, 205, 206, 211, 212, 213
See also operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Larsen, Hans, 21
Leeb, Emil, 64
Lier-Hansen, Knut
after ferry sabotage, 303, 304, 307
background/description, 294–95
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 294–95, 299–303
See also operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Linge, Martin
background/description, 38
commandos and, 38, 48, 85, 129, 131
death/memorial service, 41, 43
Lofoten debacle, 41
Longnvik, Johans, 314
Longnvik, Torgeir, 313–14
Manhattan Project
beginnings, 68–69
description, 244–45, 319
See also atomic bomb/program, U.S.
Manus, Max, 35
Mardonius mission, 223
Marshall, General, 68
Marshall, George, 68, 244–45, 259
Marstrander, Ernst, 157, 186
Masters, Trevor, 122–23
MAUD (Military Application of Uranium Detonation) Committee, 27, 57
See also Tube Alloys Directorate/Committee
Mehtven, David, 110
Meitner, Lise, 168, 255
Midtskau, Sverre, 35, 37
Milch, Erhard, 64
Milorg
British goals and, 42
description, 28, 222
See also specific individuals
Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare, 40
Mix, Tom (nickname), 30–31
Mosse, Fernand, 15, 16
Mountbatten, Louis
Combined Operations and, 77
Freshman and, 95, 119
targeting Vemork and, 78, 95, 118, 119
Muggenthaler, SS Second Lieutenant
after ferry sabotage, 307
heavy water production move and, 296, 303–4, 307
saboteurs’ Vemork attack/aftermath and, 211–13
Vemork bombing and, 269
Vemork security and, 242
Nazi Germany
Austria/Czechoslovakia and, 10
Britain/France declaring war, 10
Jews and, 63, 81
Poland invasion, 10, 18
Treaty of Versailles and, 22
war situation (May 1943), 242
See also atomic bomb/program, Germany; Norway’s invasion/occupation by Nazis; specific actions; specific groups; specific individuals
Neset, Aslak, 288
Nestler, Captain, 213
Neville, Robert, 77, 78
Nielsen, Kjell
celebrations honoring, 315–16
resistance and, 266
sabotage alibi, 299, 307
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 281–82, 289, 291–92
Nilssen, Bjarne, 206, 211–12, 213, 298, 307
Norsk Hydro
formation, 45
staff disparity in housing sites, 74
See also Vemork plant/heavy water
Norway
break from Sweden/government creation, 32
celebrations for resistance/operation members, 315–16
freedom/victory over Germany, 315
neutral status and, 14, 18
Norwegian branch of SIS, 27
See also specific individuals; specific locations; Vemork plant/heavy water
Norway’s invasion/occupation by Nazis
Allied targets/selection and, 254–55, 256, 273–74
arrests/executions, 79, 81–82, 132, 137, 144
deprivation/martial law and, 36–37, 51
invasion description, 17–21, 87
investigations following Gunnerside/Vemork attacks, 211–14
manhunt following Freshman, 133, 136–37, 138, 144, 145
manhunt following Gunnerside, 223, 226–29, 230–35, 237–39
Nazis after defeat, 315
Norwegian mobilization to fight/resistance and, 281, 282, 283
Oslo hotel takeover/guests and, 235–36
resistance and, 20, 23–25, 79, 82, 99, 133, 136–37, 138, 144, 145, 228–29, 266
teachers’ strike/concentration camp and, 79
Telavåg atrocity, 60
torture and, 24, 25, 51, 82, 123, 155, 158, 159–60, 162, 220–21, 254, 278, 287
See also specific individuals; specific operations
Norwegian Independent Company. See Kompani Linge
Notodden power station and heavy water, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
Nygaardsvold, Johan, 19
Nyhus, Georg, 64
Operation Bittern, 104
Operation Carhampton/disaster
description, 104, 157, 158, 186–87, 214, 222
Tromøsund/sinking and, 157, 214, 222
Operation Clairvoyant, 28, 52, 73, 77, 78
Operation Fieldfare, 85, 87, 129, 320
Operation Freshman
British sappers and, 94
Combined Operations (British) and, 92, 93, 94, 95, 111, 119
crashes, 113–16
flying to target, 110–11, 113–14
honoring members, 320
intelligence on Vemork and, 96
manhunt following, 133, 136–37, 138, 144, 145
maps/false escape routes and, 110
Operation Grouse/Swallow and, 95, 96, 101, 104–5, 108–9, 111–12, 113–14
plane-towed gliders and, 93–94, 95, 107–8, 110–11, 113–14
planning/plan for, 92–96, 104–5
preparation for flight, 110
search for survivors, 117–18
survivors interrogated/results, 123, 132–33, 155, 160–61
survivors killed/executed, 119–23, 339n
survivors surrender and, 116–17, 119
team members, 93
team training/conditioning, 93, 109–10
test run, 107–8
weather reports and, 108–9
See also specific individuals
Operation Granard, 222–23
Operation Grouse/Swallow (Grouse)
Combined Operations and, 102–3
delays before launch, 75–76, 79–80
difficulties skiing to planned drop site, 96–101
drop/landings, 87, 88
drop plans, 77, 84
following Operation Freshman disaster and, 118, 119, 127–29
mission change/secrecy and, 83–85, 88
Nazi raid/manhunt and, 144, 145
operating instructions, 77
Operation Freshman and, 95, 96, 101, 104–5, 108–9, 111–12, 113–14
original mission, 73, 138
plan/activities, 95, 96, 101, 103
radio communications, 101, 102–3, 104–5, 106–7, 108–9
radio difficulties, 98, 99–100, 101
retreat to Vidda/difficulties and, 127–29
searching for/collecting gear, 88, 89
sheep’s-head stew/incident, 105–6
supplies/mistakes, 76–77, 89
team members, 75, 76
time before Operation Freshman beginnings, 105–7
See also specific individuals
Operation Grouse/Swallow (Swallow)
base/activities and difficulties, 147–48, 149–54, 156, 161–63, 165–66, 171–72
hunger/malnutrition and, 144–46, 147–48, 149, 163–64, 226–27
Operation Gunnerside/Vemork attack mission and, 140, 143, 145, 148, 153, 165, 167, 171–72
radio communications, 138–39
reindeer/food and, 152–54
Swallow codename and, 138
See also Operation Gunnerside/Swallow
Operation Gunnerside
delays with mission, 148–49, 163
drop site, 145
drop site problems/storm, 169–74
escape plan, 130, 141
escape to Sweden/cover story, 225–26
escape to Sweden/difficulties and, 218–19, 223–26, 239
flight to drop site/antiaircraft fire, 163–65
hunter and, 174–76, 177
preparing to leave for mission, 146
rations/sleeping bags, 141–42
Scotland break, 167
team members, 129, 130–32
training/preparation, xviii–xix, 140–44, 158, 164, 167
Vemork mission, xviii–xix, 130, 137–38, 158
weapons/instruction and, 140–41, 143–44
See also specific individuals
Operation Gunnerside/Swallow
covering team, 164, 179, 189–90, 191, 195, 196, 198, 201
demolition teams, 164, 179, 190, 195, 196–97, 200, 201, 203
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 203–5, 209–11
finalizing approach/intelligence on Vemork security, 179–83, 184–85
finalizing escape plan, 185
finding/celebrating with Swallow members, 177–78
manhunt following Vemork attacks, 223, 226–29, 230–35, 237–39, 348n
praise/recognition, 248, 249
snow shovel incident and, 187–88
travel/difficulties getting to Vemork plant, xvii–xviii, xix, 189–93, 194–97
Vemork attack/damage done, 198–203, 205, 206, 214, 221–22
operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
back-up plans, 296–97
beginnings, 283
“council of war”/plan options, 285–86, 289
explosion plans/timing, 294, 297
explosives placement on ferry, 299–303
ferry description, 293
ferry night watchman and, 301–2
ferry sinking/people on board and, 304–6
intelligence gathering on, 280, 281–82, 284
members/experience and, 287–88, 292, 295
Nazi decision on moving, 270, 277, 280
Nazi interrogations after ferry sinking, 307
Nazi plan/route, 283, 285, 303–4
Nazi security/defense and, 289, 296, 298, 301, 303, 304
Olav (driver) and, 299–300, 303
plan/activities after operation, 292, 303–4, 306–8
sinking ferry decision, 286–87, 291
sinking ferry/options plan, 291–93
See also specific individuals
Operation Sunshine
activities, 312–15
mission, 312
team/recruits, 312, 313
Tronstad and, 312–14
Operation Swallow. See Operation Grouse/Swallow
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 10
Parkinson, Arthur, 110, 116
Pash, Boris, 311
Paus, Finn, 144
Payne, Joseph “Bubbles,” 265
Peel, Robert, 267
Peierls, Rudolf, 56–57, 58
Perrin, Michael, 245, 256, 284
Peterson, Otto, 120, 122, 123
Petterssen, Sverre, 109, 337n
Physical Review, 58
Planck, Max, 8
plutonium
discovery, 58
fission/explosions and, 58–59, 65
Portal, Sir Charles, 259
Poulsson, Jens-Anton
background/description, 42, 73, 74–75
childhood, 74–75
father/ancestors, 74
global travels, 42, 73, 75
grandfather’s hunting rules and, 149–50
Poulsson, Jens-Anton, struggle against Nazis
celebrations honoring, 316
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 203–4, 209, 210, 211, 214–17
Grouse and, 75, 79, 83–85, 87, 88, 89, 97–98, 100, 101, 105–6, 111, 113, 114, 127, 128–29, 145
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 196, 203–4
Helberg and, 75, 76, 231–32
at inn after Vemork attacks, 216–17
plans for bombing Vemork and, 52–53
recognition/awards, 249
reindeer/food and, 149–54
spy training/report on, 73–74
Sunshine and, 312, 313, 314, 320
Swallow and, 145, 147–48, 156, 161, 163, 165, 166, 171, 172, 177, 178, 182, 187, 288
in Sweden (after Vemork), 239
See also Operation Grouse; Operation Grouse/Swallow; Operation Gunnerside; Operation Sunshine
Probst, Colonel, 120
Quisling, Vidkun, 19–20, 35, 216, 281, 315
radio operators
casualties/executions and, 193–94
See also specific individuals
radioactive attack fears, 245
Rheam, George
commando training, 96, 140, 142–43, 146, 199–200, 312
industrial sabotage background, 96, 142
RMS Titanic, 33
Roane, Owen
childhood/background, 262–63
Mo (adopted donkey), 263
nickname, 262
Vemork bombing mission/results, 261–62, 263–65, 266–69
Rønneberg, Joachim
after war, 321–22
ancestors/family, 85
background/description, 85–86, 129–30, 131–32
on freedom, 322
Rønneberg, Joachim struggle against Nazis
celebrations honoring, 316
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 204–5, 210
escape to Sweden/difficulties and, 218–19, 223–24, 225, 239
expertise, 86–87
Fieldfare and, 85, 87, 129, 320
Gunnerside and, 129, 130, 140–42, 146, 158, 164, 168–69, 170, 171, 172, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185–86, 188
Gunnerside member selection, 129, 130–31
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196–97, 198–200, 201–3
joining Norwegian company/instructing and, 86–87, 129–30
recognition/awards, 249
See also Operation Gunnerside; Operation Gunnerside/Swallow
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
atomic bomb program and, 68–69, 245
Churchill meetings (1942) and, 67–69
Rosbaud, Paul (Griffin), 27, 58, 168
Rutherford, Ernest, 8, 10, 22, 23
saboteurs. See commandos; see also specific individuals; specific operations
Såheim power station and heavy water, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
Schöpke, Erhard, 62
Schrottberger, Walther, 120
Schumann, Erich, 65
Seeling, Fritz, 122–23
Selås, Harald, 181
Selborne, Lord, 249
Shetland Bus, 42
SIS. See British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
Skindalen family, 155, 253, 282
Skindalen, Olav, 282, 288
Skinnarland, Einar
after war, 321
ancestors/land, 45
birth/childhood, 45–46
dental problems and, 247
description, 44, 278, 282
Gudveig and, 47, 61–62, 253
Haukelid and, 247
“Kirvil” as name for daughter and, 247, 321
niece’s death, 247
parents/siblings and, 46
skiing and, 46
Skinnarland, Einar, struggle against Nazis
celebrations honoring, 315–16
during Vemork attack, 193, 194
family/father’s death and, 253–54
German invasion of Norway and, 46–47
Grouse/Swallow and, 77, 90–91, 92, 100, 101, 102, 106, 146, 156
Haugland training, 227, 238–40
Haukelid/relationship and, 258, 265–66, 278–79, 285, 287
hiding from Nazis, 155–56
hijacking steamer to England, 48–50
holidays (1943–1944), 278
injury/surgery and, 44–45, 47, 48
Kompani Linge and, 53
mountain farmers and, 253
Nazi manhunt (after Vemork attacks), 238–39
Nazis looking for/escape, 139–40, 145
Norsk Hydro position and, 47, 52
resistance activities, 47–48, 227, 330n
resistance/activities after Vemork saboteurs’ attack, 239–40, 252–54, 257, 258, 259, 265–66, 279, 280, 281
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 283, 284, 285–86, 288, 289–90, 292, 296, 306–7, 309
SIS and SOE communication lines, 60
spying risks, 90, 118, 137, 139, 177
Sunshine and, 312, 313–14
Swallow/team and mission, 146, 156, 163, 165, 166, 171, 177, 179, 217, 218
training before drop/drop and, 53–55, 61
Vemork plant and, 52, 59, 61–62, 63–64, 90, 95, 96, 156, 248, 249, 279, 280, 330–31n
See also specific operations
Skinnarland, Hans, 247, 253–54
Skinnarland, Hans/Elen, 46, 137, 139
Skinnarland hotel, 46, 47, 238, 315
Skinnarland, Olav
arrest/imprisonment, 238, 254
fighting/Norwegian Army and, 46
Ingeleiv (wife) and, 238
release from prison, 278
Skinnarland, Torstein
arrest/imprisonment, 137, 139, 154, 194, 247, 254, 278
brother (Einar) and, 61, 316
daughter’s death and, 247
fighting/Norwegian Army and, 46
Grouse/Swallow and, 100, 101
resistance and, 100, 101, 154
skiing skills, 46, 77
Skogen, Olav
arrest, imprisonment, torture, 155, 156, 158, 159–60, 162, 194, 220–21, 254, 316
background/description, 47, 61, 137
Dachau and, 316
resistance/Milorg and, 47, 61, 127, 137, 139, 144, 155, 158, 316
Skylark A (Norwegian resistance, Oslo), 35
Skylark B (Norwegian resistance, Trondheim), 24–25, 27, 28, 35, 37
Smith, Eric, 122–23
SOE. See Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Sørensen, Erling, 304–5
Sørlie, Rolf
after sabotage, 306–7
celebrations honoring, 315–16
commando training and, 287
description/physical disability, 136–37, 280
Germany mobilizing Norwegians as soldiers and, 281, 282
Helberg and, 144, 232, 280
intelligence on Vemork, 181–82, 190, 279–80, 281–82
resistance and, 144, 181–82, 190, 279–80, 281–82, 287
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 285–86, 287–90, 291–92, 297–98, 299–303
See also operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Special Operations Executive (SOE)
description/directive, 40, 50
Ministry of Economic Warfare and, 51
Norwegian industries supplying Nazis and, 51
SIS vs. SOE communication lines, 60
spy message methods, 64
See also specific individuals/agents; specific operations
Speer, Albert
atomic program and, 64, 66, 67, 134, 168, 276, 318, 319, 344n
Nazi position, 64
Starheim, Odd
background, 47
Carhampton/death and, 157, 186–87, 214, 222
hijacking steamer to England, 48–50
operation plans, 104
resistance and, 47–48, 52
Stephansen, Nicolai, 168
Storhaug, Hans “Chicken”
background/description, 131
Gunnerside and, 131, 170, 189, 224, 225
recognition/awards, 249
Sweden (after Vemork) and, 239
See also Operation Gunnerside
Strassmann, Fritz, 9
Strømsheim, Birger
background/description, 130
Fieldfare and, 85, 87, 320
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 130, 179, 189, 196, 198–99, 201, 202–3
recognition/awards, 249
Sweden (after Vemork) and, 239
wife and, 130
See also Operation Gunnerside
Suess, Hans, 103
Sykes, Eric, 143–44
Syverstad, Gunnar
after ferry sabotage, 307, 312
death/remains, 314
resistance, 61, 139, 247, 253
sabotage alibi, 303
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 285, 287, 289, 291–92, 299
Sunshine and, 312, 313, 314
Vemork/sabotage and, 61, 139, 247, 252, 281–82, 287
See also operation sabotaging D/F Hydro; Operation Sunshine
Syverstad, Lillian
celebrations honoring, 315–16
description, 61
intelligence work, 61, 247, 253
Tangstad, Kåre, 187–88
Terboven, Josef
after Norway’s victory, 315
background/description, 36
Nazi administration/atrocities in Norway and, 35, 36–37, 60, 79, 81–82, 154, 229, 235, 236, 251–52
Tizard, Sir Henry, 56, 57
TNT production, 41
Torp, Oscar, 42, 43, 51
Tronstad, Bassa
after war, 316
German officers and, 20
husband/during war and, 26
husband’s farewell letter to, 312, 316
Nazi deprivations and, 51
Nazi interrogation/intimidation of, 51–52, 79
See also Tronstad, Leif/Bassa
Tronstad, Josefine/Hans Larsen, 21
Tronstad, Leif
description/status, 18
parents/background, 21
science/academia and, 6, 18, 21, 22, 186, 187
Tronstad, Leif/Bassa
Berlin/work, 21–22
as childhood sweethearts, 21
correspondence, 104, 157, 275
Nazis/family moves, 19, 25
wedding, 21
Tronstad, Leif, Jr.
birth, 22
description, 104
during invasion/occupation, 19, 25, 104, 157, 255, 275
father’s farewell letter and, 316
Tronstad, Leif, struggle against Nazis
alias, 59
Allied targets in Norway and, 254–55, 256
Brun and, 6, 22–23, 59, 91, 296, 312
Carhampton and, 157, 186, 214, 222
correspondence with Sidsel, 157–58, 255–56
cover story for disappearance, 25, 26
death/remains, 314, 316
early London activities/meetings, 27–29
farewell letter to Bassa, 312, 316
Freshman and, 94, 96, 104–5, 109
Freshman disaster/new Vemork attack plans, 118–19, 127
Grouse/Swallow and, xix, 77, 96, 127, 138–39, 162, 165, 167
Gunnerside and, xix, 137–38, 143, 146, 164, 165, 167, 168–69, 180, 195, 198, 199–200, 214, 221–22, 248
Gunnerside/Swallow members recognition and, 249
Haukelid’s request and, 138, 149, 221
military/German invasion and, 18, 19, 20
Norsk Hydro/heavy water and, 6–7, 22–23, 27, 59–60
Norwegian Independent Company role and, 42–43
Operation Sunshine and, 312–14
other attacks on Nazi interests and, 222–23
other intelligence work and, 26–28, 50–51, 52, 53, 59–60, 77, 78–79, 81, 91, 96, 102–5, 245, 320
postwar hopes/plans, 309
preparation/request for ground mission and, 78–79
reaction to Allies bombing Vemork (November 1943), 273–75
resistance and, 23–27, 28, 222, 282
return to Norway, 312–13
reward for ferry-sinking team and, 309
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 282, 283, 284–85, 287, 296–97, 308–9
SIS and, 26–27, 59–60
taking commando training, 312
views on Vemork plant/heavy water, 78, 105, 248–49, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259–60
Tronstad, Sidsel
birth, 22
description, 104
during invasion/occupation, 19, 25, 104, 157–58, 255–56, 275
father’s farewell letter and, 316
Tube Alloys Directorate/Committee (British)
description, 68, 77
formation/purpose, 27, 57
heavy water/Vemork and, 58, 104, 256, 274
meeting (1942), 56–59
people involved with, 27, 28, 95, 245
uranium
fission and, 9, 56–57, 58
properties, 8
U-235 amount and, 13
U-235 vs. U-238 types, 12, 13
Urey, Harold
heavy water discovery, 6, 28
U.S. atomic program and, 28
Vemork plant/Allies bombing mission and results (November 1943)
Brun’s reaction, 274
description, 261–62, 263–69
Vemork plant/Allies bombing mission and results (November 1943) (cont.)
heavy water production after, 273
Tronstad’s reaction, 273–75
Vemork plant/heavy water
early demand and, 7–8
early German interest, 4, 14, 52
IG Farben orders, 14
increased production/orders and, 22–23, 24, 27, 62–63, 103
location description, 14, 179–80
plans following Freshman disaster, 119
potential (British) action to stop production, 78
production/uses, 4, 5–7
repair after Gunnerside/Swallow attacks, 241–42, 248
resistance/sabotage and, 39, 61, 62–63, 139, 156, 247, 252, 266, 279–80, 281–82, 287–88, 319
security/defense increase and, 80–81, 91–92, 95, 138, 154–55, 167–68, 213–14, 241–42
as target, 28, 52, 59, 69, 78, 254, 258–60, 262, 330n
Tronstad views on, 28, 105, 248–49, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259–60
water/river description and, 5, 45
See also specific individuals; specific operations
Viten, Thor, 279, 280, 281
Wagner, Richard, 19
Walsh, John, 132
Wells, H. G., 50
Welsh, Eric
background/contacts, 27
Haukelid and, 37–38
intelligence and, 27, 37–38, 58, 59, 60, 103, 104, 168, 222, 223, 259, 284
position/description, 27, 58
Tronstad and, 27, 28
wife, 27
Wergeland, Harald, 59–60, 168
White, William, 132
Wilkinson, Freshman Squad Leader, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115
Wilson, John
after Norway’s victory, 315, 316
description, 42
Freshman and, 94, 104
Freshman disaster/new plans, 118–19
Grouse/Swallow and, 77, 83–84, 85, 102–3, 138–39
SOE Norwegian section/intelligence work and, 42, 51, 52, 73, 77, 149, 167, 186, 221, 248, 254, 259, 282, 284, 296–97, 312
Wirtz, Lieutenant, 242
Witzell, Karl, 64
Woolrych, Major, 74
World Set Free, The (Wells), 50