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CHAPTER 1: ENTER GOD THE DOMINANT APE

1. The Pew Research Center, “The Global Religious Landscape,” December 18, 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ (accessed November 10, 2014).

2. B. M. Knauft, “Violence and Sociality in Human Evolution,” Current Anthropology 32, no. 4 (1991).

3. F. de Waal, “Integration of Dominance and Social Bonding in Primates,” Quarterly Review of Biology 61 (1986) (as cited in Knauft, “Violence and Sociality in Human Evolution”).

4. F. J. White, “Social Organization of Pygmy Chimpanzees,” Understanding Chimpanzees, ed. P. G. Heltne and L. A. Marquardt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989) (as cited in Knauft, “Violence and Sociality in Human Evolution”).

5. M. N. Muller and J. C. Mitani, “Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees,” Advances in the Study of Behavior 35 (2005).

6. N. A. Chagnon, Yąnomamö: The Fierce People, 3rd ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983).

7. J. Henrich and F. J. Gil-White, “The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission,” Evolution and Human Behavior 22 (2001): 167.

8. Ibid., p. 165.

9. R. N. Bellah, Religion in Human Evolution: From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011); and W. Johnson and T. Earl, The Evolution of Human Societies, 2nd ed. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000).

10. R. Wright, The Evolution of God (New York: Little, Brown, 2009).

11. Ibid., p. 19.

12. S. Gaschet, The Klamath Indians of Southwestern Oregon (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1890) (as cited in ibid.).

13. L. Marshall, “!Kung Bushman Religious Beliefs,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 32 (1962) (as cited in Wright, Evolution of God).

14. Johnson and Earl, Evolution of Human Societies, and Wright, Evolution of God.

15. Wright, Evolution of God, p. 59.

16. S. L. Rogers, The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1982) (as cited in Wright, Evolution of God).

17. A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 26 (as cited in Wright, Evolution of God).

18. Wright, Evolution of God, p. 82.

19. Hammurabi, Code of Hammurabi (Rockville, MD: Wildside, 2009), p. 7.

20. J. Bottero, Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000) (as cited in Wright, Evolution of God).

21. Wright, Evolution of God, p. 88.

22. W. Durant, Our Oriental Heritage (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935).

23. Ibid., p. 233.

24. Wright, Evolution of God, p. 139.

25. Johnson and Earl, Evolution of Human Societies.

26. Wright, Evolution of God, p. 139.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS: ETIOLOGY

1. J. Archer, “Does Sexual Selection Explain Human Sex Differences in Aggression?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, nos. 3–4 (2009): 249–66.

2. N. A. Chagnon, Yąnomamö: The Fierce People, 3rd ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983).

3. D. M. Buss, “The Multiple Adaptive Problems Solved by Human Aggression,” Behavior and Brain Science 32, nos. 3–4 (2009): 271. This article is a commentary on Archer, “Does Sexual Selection Explain Human Sex Differences in Aggression?”

4. The deer and peacock analogies that I use came from my reading of D. M. Buss, “Multiple Adaptive Problems.”

5. R. A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930).

6. F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 25.

7. B. B. Smuts, Sex and Friendship in Baboons (New York: Aldine, 1985).

8. Ibid.; D. M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

9. J. S. Gillis and W. E. Avis, “The Male-Taller Norm in Mate Selection,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6, no. 3 (1980).

10. B. Pawlowski, R. I. M. Dunbar, and A. Lipowicz, “Tall Men Have More Reproductive Success,” Nature 403 (2000).

11. B. Pawlowski and G. Jasienska, “Women's Preferences for Sexual Dimorphism in Height Depend on Menstrual Cycle Phase and Expected Duration of Relationship,” Biological Psychology 70, no.1 (2005).

12. S. Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

13. F. A. Beach and L. Jordan, “Sexual Exhaustion and Recovery in the Male Rat,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 8, no. 3 (1956).

14. R. P. Michael and D. Zumpe, “Potency in Male Rhesus Monkeys: Effects of Continuously Receptive Females,” Science 200, no. 4340 (1978).

15. Buss, Evolution of Desire.

16. Ibid., p. 78.

17. Ibid., p. 79.

18. D. M. Buss et al., “Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology,” Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (1992); B. P. Buunk et al., “Sex Differences in Jealousy in Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective: Tests from the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States,” Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (1996); D. A. DeSteno and P. Salovey, “Evolutionary Origins of Sex Differences in Jealousy: Questioning the ‘Fitness’ of the Model,” Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (1996).

19. Buss, Evolution of Desire.

20. D. Singh and P. M. Bronstad, “Female Body Odour Is a Potential Cue to Ovulation,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (2001) (as cited in Buss, Evolution of Desire).

21. W. S. Gangestad, R. Thornhill, and E. C. Garver, “Changes in Women's Sexual Interests and Their Partners’ Mate-Retention Tactics across the Menstrual Cycle: Evidence for Shifting Conflicts of Interest,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, no. 1494 (2002) (as cited in Buss, Evolution of Desire).

22. Buss, Evolution of Desire, p. 25.

23. W. D. Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour I, II,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7, no. 1 (1964).

24. M. E. Hauber and P. W. Sherman, “Self-Referent Phenotype Matching: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence,” Trends in Neurosciences 24, no. 10 (2001).

25. R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).

26. J. Ackerman, Chance in the House of Fate: A Natural History of Heredity (New York: Mariner, 2001), p. 141.

27. L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, “Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer,” http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html (accessed May 5, 2012).

28. Ibid.

29. O. Devinsky and G. Lai, “Spirituality and Religion in Epilepsy,” Epilepsy & Behavior 12, no. 4 (2008).

30. S. Baron-Cohen, A. M. Leslie, and U. Frith, “Does the Autistic Child Have a ‘Theory of Mind?’” Cognition 21, no. 1 (1985).

31. Ibid.

32. D. Johnson and J. Bering, “Hand of God, Mind of Man: Punishment and Cognition in the Evolution of Cooperation,” Evolutionary Psychology 4 (2006).

33. P. Boyer, “Are Ghost Concepts ‘Intuitive,’ ‘Endemic,’ and ‘Innate?’” Journal of Cognition and Culture 3 (2003).

34. B. G. Purzycki and R. Sosis, “The Extended Religious Phenotype and the Adaptive Coupling of Ritual and Belief,” Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 59, no. 2 (2013).

35. S. Guthrie, Faces in the Clouds (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

36. J. Teehan, In the Name of God: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Ethics and Violence (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).

37. J. L. Barrett, Why Would Anyone Believe in God? (Lanham, MD: AltaMira, 2004).

38. B. J. Scholl and P. Tremoulet, “Perceptual Causality and Animacy,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4, no. 8 (2000).

39. P. Boyer, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2001).

40. C. F. Zink et al., “Know Your Place: Neural Processing of Social Hierarchy in Humans,” Neuron 58, no. 2 (2008).

41. A. Moors and J. de Houwer, “Automatic Processing of Dominance and Submissiveness,” Experimental Psychology 52, no. 4 (2005).

CHAPTER 3: THE PROTECTOR GOD

1. D. L. Smith, The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War (New York: St Martin's Griffin, 2007).

2. P. Shepherd, The Others: How Animals Made us Human (Washington, DC: Island/Shearwater, 1996), p. 29 (as cited in ibid.).

3. J. A. Byers, American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations & the Ghosts of Predators Past (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997) (as cited in Smith, Most Dangerous Animal).

4. C. R. Darwin, “A Biographical Sketch of an Infant,” Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy 2, no. 7 (1877): 288.

5. S. Agras, D. Sylvester, and D. Oliveau, “The Epidemiology of Common Fears and Phobias,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (1969).

6. S. B. Hrdy, The Woman that Never Evolved (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

7. E. Marais, My Friends the Baboons (London: Blond and Briggs, 1975).

8. M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa et al., “Aggression toward Large Carnivore by Wild Chimpanzees of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania,” Folia Primatologica 47, no. 1 (1986).

9. R. B. Lee, The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

10. T. N. Headland and H. W. Green, “Hunter-Gatherers and Other Primates as Prey, Predators, and Competitors of Snakes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108, no. 52 (2011).

11. G. Pinch, Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

12. Euripides, Herakles, trans. Tom Sleigh (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

13. E. Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: Free Press, 1973), p. 26.

14. M. J. Landau et al., “Deliver Us from Evil: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Reminders of 9/11 on Support for President George W. Bush,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30, no. 9 (2004).

15. H. Fineman, “The Gospel According to George,” Newsweek, April 25, 2004, http://www.newsweek.com/gospel-according-george-125363 (accessed September 20, 2011).

16. E. Becker, The Birth and Death of Meaning, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1971), p. 161.

17. “BBC Profile: Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega,” BBC, November 6, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15544315 (accessed February 20, 2012); H. Williams, “Violeta Barrios de Chamorro,” in Women in World Politics: An Introduction, by F. D'Amico, ed. P. R. Beckman (London: Bergin and Garvey, 1995).

18. A. C. Little et al., “Facial Appearance Affects Voting Decisions,” Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (2007); D. E. Re et al., “Facial Cues to Perceived Height Influence Leadership Choices in Simulated War and Peace Contexts,” Evolutionary Psychology 11, no. 1 (2013).

19. B. R. Spisak et al., “Warriors and Peacekeepers: Testing a Biosocial Implicit Leadership Hypothesis of Intergroup Relations Using Masculine and Feminine Faces,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 1 (2012).

20. A. Norenzayan and I. G. Hansen, “Belief in Supernatural Agents in the Face of Death,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32, no. 2 (2006).

21. M. Osarchuk and S. J. Tatz, “Effect of Induced Fear of Death on Belief in Afterlife,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27, no. 58 (1973): 308–318; R. Willer, “No Atheists in Foxholes: Motivated Reasoning and Religious Ideology,” in Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification, ed. J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, and H. Thorisdottir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

22. J. C. Buchan et al., “True Paternal Care in a Multi-Male Primate Society,” Nature 425, no. 6954.

23. C. Borries et al., “Males as Infant Protectors in Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) Living in Multi-Male Groups: Defence Pattern, Paternity and Sexual Behaviour,” Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 46 (1999).

24. Pope Benedict XVI, “Audience: What it means to call God ‘Father,’” Official Vatican Network: Vatican Radio, http://www.news.va/en/news/audience-what-it-means-to-call-god-father (accessed July 12, 2013).

25. L. Parr and F. de Waal, “Visual Kin Recognition in Chimpanzees,” Nature 399 (1999).

26. S. Platek et al., “How Much Paternal Resemblance is Enough? Sex Differences in Hypothetical Investment Decisions, but not in the Detection of Resemblance,” Evolution and Human Behavior 24, no. 2 (2003).

27. S. Platek et al., “Reactions towards Children's Faces: Resemblance Matters More for Males than Females,” Evolution and Human Behavior 23, no. 3 (2002).

28. A. Alvergne, C. Faurie, and M. Raymond, “Father–Offspring Resemblance Predicts Paternal Investment in Humans,” Animal Behaviour 78, no. 1 (2009).

29. M. J. E. Charpentier et al., “Message ‘Scent’: Lemurs Detect the Genetic Relatedness and Quality of Conspecifics via Olfactory Cues,” Animal Behaviour 80, no. 1 (2010).

30. T. Aquinas, Summa Theologica, vol. 1, pt. 1, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2007).

31. Ibid., p. 470.

32. F. B. M. de Waal, “The Organisation of Agonistic Relations within Two Captive Troops of Java Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis),” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 44 (1977); B. Chapais, “The Role of Alliances in Social Inheritance of Rank among Female Primates,” in Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, vols. 29–59, ed. S. A. Harcourt and F. B. M. de Waal (Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 1992); J. B. Silk, A. Samuels, and P. S. Rodman, “The Influence of Kinship, Rank, and Sex upon Affiliation and Aggression among Adult Females and Immature Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata),” Behaviour 78, no. 1/2 (1981).

33. C. P. van Schaik and J. Janson, eds., Infanticide by Males and Its Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

34. C. P. van Schaik and P. M. Kappeler, “Infanticide Risk and the Evolution of Male-Female Association in Primates,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 264 (1997).

35. M. Daly and M. Wilson, “Some Differential Attributes of Lethal Assaults on Small Children by Stepfathers versus Genetic Fathers,” Ethology and Sociobiology 15, no. 4 (1984).

36. J. Pelikan, ed., Luther's Works (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1958).

37. D. P. Watts, “Reciprocity and Interchange in the Social Relationships of Wild Male Chimpanzees,” Behaviour 139, no. 2/3 (2002).

38. D. P. Watts, “Grooming Between Male Chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park. II. Influence of Male Rank and Possible Competition for Partners,” International Journal of Primatology 21, no. 2 (2000); K. Arnold and A. Whiten, “Grooming Interactions among the Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest, Uganda: Tests of Five Explanatory Models,” Behaviour 140, no. 4 (2003).

39. D. P. Watts, “Coalitionary Mate Guarding by Male Chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 44 (1998).

40. U. Gerloff et al., “Intracommunity Relationships, Dispersal Pattern and Paternity Success in a Wild Living Community of Bonobos (Pan paniscus) determined from DNA Analysis of Faecal Samples,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 266, no. 1424 (1999); A. Widdig et al., “A Longitudinal Analysis of Reproductive Skew in Male Rhesus Macaques,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271, no. 1541 (2004); B. J. Bradley et al., “Mountain Gorilla Tug-of-War: Silverbacks have Limited Control over Reproduction in Multi–Male Groups,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 6 (2005).

41. L. L. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History (New York: Aldine, 1986).

42. W. Burkert, Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 95.

43. W. Durant and A. Durant, The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization (Christian, Islamic, and Judaic) from Constantine to Dante, AD 325–1300, vol. 4 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950).

44. P. de Rosa, Vicars of Christ: The Dark Side of the Papacy (Dublin: Poolbeg, 2000).

45. Durant and Durant, Age of Faith.

46. B. R. Lewis, A Dark History: The Popes: Vice, Murder, and Corruption in the Vatican (New York: Metro, 2009).

47. Ibid.

48. W. Durant and A. Durant, The Age of Napoleon, vol. 11 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975).

49. C. Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An International History (New York: Penguin Group, 2007), p. 185.

50. A. Kamen, “George W. Bush and the G-Word,” Washington Post, October 14, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101301688.html (accessed November 23, 2011).

51. J. Borger, “How Born-Again George Became a Man on a Mission,” The Guardian, October 6, 2005, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/usa.georgebush (accessed November 23, 2011).

CHAPTER 4: SEXUAL DOMINANCE: FROM APES TO MEN TO GODS

1. D. C. Geary, J. Vigil, and J. Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice,” The Journal of Sex Research 41, no. 1 (2004).

2. D. Fossey, Gorillas in the Mist (New York: First Mariner, 1983).

3. F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 163.

4. D. Maestripieri, Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

5. Ibid.

6. D. Maestripieri et al., “One-Male Harems and Female Social Dynamics in Guinea Baboons,” Folia Primatol 78 (2007).

7. J. J. Abegglen, On Socialization in Hamadryas Baboons (London: Associated University Presses, 1984); R. I. M. Dunbar, “The Social Ecology of Gelada Baboons,” in Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution: Birds and Mammals, ed. D. I. Rubenstein and R. Wrangham (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).

8. D. Maestripieri et al., “One-Male Harems and Female Social Dynamics in Guinea Baboons;” L. Swedell and A. Schreier, “Male Aggression towards Females in Hamadryas Baboons: Conditioning, Coercion, and Control,” in Sexual Coercion in Primates: An Evolutionary Perspective on Male Aggression against Females, ed. M. Mueller and R. Wrangham (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

9. A. F. Dixson, Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

10. T. Furuichi, “Agonistic Interactions and Matrifocal Dominance Rank of Wild Bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba,” International Journal of Primatology 18 (1997).

11. T. Kano, “Male Rank Order and Copulation Rate in a Unit-Group of Bonobos at Wamba, Zaïre,” in Great Ape Societies, ed. W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, and T. Nishida (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

12. F. de Waal, “The Brutal Elimination of a Rival among Captive Male Chimpanzees,” in Ostracism: A Social and Biological Phenomenon, ed. M. Gruter and R. D. Masters (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986).

13. C. Borries et al., “DNA Analyses Support the Hypothesis that Infanticide is Adaptive in Langur Monkeys,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 266 (1999); C. van Schaik and J. Janson, eds., Infanticide by Males and Its Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); C. Borries et al., “Males as Infant Protectors in Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) Living in Multi-Male Groups: Defence Pattern, Paternity, and Sexual Behaviour,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46 (1999).

14. S. B. Hrdy, The Woman that Never Evolved (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

15. D. Bygott, “Cannibalism among Wild Chimpanzees,” Nature 238 (1974).

16. M. B. Oliver and J. S. Hyde, “Gender Differences in Sexuality: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) (as cited in Geary, Vigil, and Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice”).

17. G. D. Wilson, “Gender Differences in Sexual Fantasy: An Evolutionary Analysis,” Personality and Individual Differences 22 (1997) (as cited in Geary, Vigil, and Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice”).

18. B. J. Ellis and D. Symons, “Sex Differences in Sexual Fantasy: An Evolutionary Psychological Approach,” The Journal of Sex Research 27 (1990) (as cited in Geary, Vigil, and Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice”).

19. R. D. Clark III and E. Hatfield, “Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers,” Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 2 (1989) (as cited in Geary, Vigil, and Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice”).

20. L. C. Miller, A. Putcha-Bhagavatula, and W. C. Pedersen, “Men's and Women's Mating Preferences: Distinct Evolutionary Mechanisms?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 (2002) (as cited in Geary, Vigil, and Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice”).

21. B. J. Sagarin et al., “Sex Differences (and Similarities) in Jealousy: The Moderating Influence of Infidelity Experience and Sexual Orientation of the Infidelity,” Evolution and Human Behavior 2 (2003) (as cited in Geary, Vigil, and Byrd-Craven, “Evolution of Human Mate Choice”).

22. D. M. Buss et al., “Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology,” Psychological Science 3 (1992); D. V. Becker et al., “When the Sexes Need Not Differ: Emotional Responses to the Sexual and Emotional Aspects of Infidelity,” Personal Relationships 11 (2004); S. M. Murphy et al., “Relationship Experience as a Predictor of Romantic Jealousy,” Personality and Individual Differences 40 (2006).

23. L. L. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History (New York: Aldine, 1986).

24. N. A. Chagnon, Yąnomamö: The Fierce People, 3rd ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983).

25. R. Hames, “Costs and Benefits of Monogamy and Polygyny for Yąnomamö Women,” Ethology and Sociobiology 17 (1996).

26. G. Simmons, “How to Sleep with Over 4,800 Women,” British GQ, March 21, 2012, http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2012-03/21/gene-simmons-women-slept-with-dating-tips (accessed October 12, 2013).

27. D. M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

28. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction.

29. G. P. Murdock and D. R. White, “Standard Cross-Cultural Sample,” Ethnology 2 (1969).

30. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction, p. 2.

31. Ibid., p. 9.

32. F. G. Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronical and Good Government (Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie HRAF Translation, 1936), p. 77 (as cited in Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction).

33. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction.

34. Ibid.

35. J. Roscoe, The Baganda: An Account of their Native Customs and Beliefs (London: Macmillan, 1911) (as cited in Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction).

36. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction, p. 81.

37. W. G. Archer, The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry (Mineola: Dover, 2004).

38. E. H. Bryant, Krishna: A Sourcebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

39. T. Gruber, What the Bible Really Says about Sex: A New Look at Sexual Ethics from a Biblical Perspective (Worthington, OH: Tom Gruber, 2001).

40. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction.

41. T. W. Doane, Bible Myths and Their Parallels in Other Religions (New York: Truth Seeker, 1882).

42. L. Mealey, “The Relationship between Social Status and Biological Success: A Case Study of the Mormon Religious Hierarchy,” Ethology and Sociobiology 6, no. 4 (1985).

43. B. Nelson, “How Does Power Affect the Powerful,” New York Times, November 9, 1982, http://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/09/science/how-does-power-affect-the-powerful.html (accessed September 2, 2014).

44. M. C. Langhorne and P. F. Secord, “Variations in Marital Needs with Age, Sex, Marital Status, and Regional Location,” The Journal of Social Psychology 4 (1955) (as cited in Buss, Evolution of Desire, p.27).

45. L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, “Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer,” http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html (accessed May 5, 2012).

46. B. Pawlowski and G. Jasienska, “Women's Preferences for Sexual Dimorphism in Height Depend on Menstrual Cycle Phase and Expected Duration of Relationship,” Biological Psychology 70 (2005).

47. A. C. Little, B. C. Jones, and R. P. Burriss, “Preferences for Masculinity in Male Bodies Change across the Menstrual Cycle,” Hormones and Behavior 51, no. 5 (2007).

48. I. S. Penton-Voak et al., “Menstrual Cycle Alters Face Preference,” Nature 399 (1999); I. S. Penton-Voak and D. I. Perrett, “Female Preference for Male Faces Changes Cyclically: Further Evidence,” Evolution & Human Behavior 21 (2000).

49. S. W. Gangestad et al., “Women's Preferences for Male Behavioral Displays Change across the Menstrual Cycle,” Psychological Science 15, no. 3 (2004).

50. J. Havlicek, C. S. Roberts, and J. Flegr, “Women's Preference for Dominant Male Odour: Effects of Menstrual Cycle and Relationship Status,” Biological Letters 1, no. 3 (2005).

51. D. A. Puts et al., “Men's Masculinity and Attractiveness Predict Their Female Partners’ Reported Orgasm Frequency and Timing,” Evolution & Human Behavior 33, no. 1 (2011).

52. R. Thornhill, S. W. Gangestad, and R. Comer, “Human Female Orgasm and Mate Fluctuating Asymmetry,” Animal Behavior 50 (1995).

53. M. Daly and M. Wilson, “Evolutionary Psychology and Marital Conflict,” in Sex, Power, Conflict: Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives, ed. D. M. Buss and N. M. Malamuth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

54. D. M. Buss, “Preferences in Human Mate Selection,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 3 (1986); D. M. Buss, “Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (1989); E. Hatfield and S. Sprecher, “Men's and Women's Preferences in Marital Partners in the United States, Russia, and Japan,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 26 (1995): 728-50; A. Feingold, “Gender Differences in Mate Selection Preferences: A Test of the Parental Investment Model,” Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992); M. B. Mulder, “Kipsigis Women's Preferences for Wealthy Men: Evidence for Female Choice in Mammals?” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 (1990).

55. J. M. Townsend and G. Levy, “Effects of Potential Partners’ Costume and Physical Attractiveness on Sexuality and Partner Selection,” Journal of Psychology 124 (1990).

56. W. G. Graziano, L. A. Jensen-Campbell, and S. G. West, “Dominance, Prosocial Orientation and Female Preferences: Do Nice Guys Really Finish Last?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995).

57. H. L. Harrod, Renewing the Word: Plains Indian Religion and Morality (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1987).

58. E. A. Peers, Trans., The Life of St. Theresa of Avila (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979), pp. 192–93.

59. J. Lafrance, My Vocation is Love: Therese of Lisieux (Paris: Mediaspaul, 1994), p. 55.

60. BBC News, “Saudi Police ‘Stopped’ Fire Rescue,” March 15, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1874471.stm (accessed October 22, 2012).

61. A. Bloom and C. Herrman, “The Road North,” http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/nigeria/thestory.html (accessed October 22, 2012); Associated Press, “Mobs in Nigeria Set Fire to Office, Churches and Bystanders, Killing 50,” Los Angeles Times, November 22, 2002, http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/22/world/fg-nigeria22 (accessed April 4, 2012).

62. Buss, Evolution of Desire.

63. Ibid.

64. J. Goodall, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe (New York: Mariner, 2010), p. 65.

65. M. Daly and M. Wilson, “Violence against Stepchildren,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 5, no. 3 (1996).

66. M. Daly and M. Wilson, “An Assessment of Some Proposed Exceptions to the Phenomenon of Nepotistic Discrimination against Stepchildren,” Annales Zoologici Fennici 38 (2001).

67. R. A. Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality and Power in Mexico, 1500–1846 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991).

68. Ibid., p. 76.

69. Ibid., p. 125.

70. Ibid., p. 123.

71. Ibid., p. 314.

72. Ibid., p. 70.

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid., p. 71.

75. Ibid., pp. 126–28.

76. Ibid., p. 131.

77. Ibid., p. 132.

78. Ibid., p. 134.

CHAPTER 5: COOPERATIVE KILLING, IN-GROUP IDENTITY, AND GOD

1. A. Souther, “Warfare Analogy to Virus Infection,” http://www.ai.sri.com~rkf/designdoc/souther-analogy.txt (accessed November 20, 2011).

2. J. K. Choi and S. Bowles, “The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War,” Science 318 (2007).

3. S. Atran, Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists (New York: Harper Collins, 2010).

4. D. Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Bay Back, 1995).

5. D. L. Smith, The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2007).

6. D. Hume, A Treatise on Human Nature (London: Penguin, 1985), p. 397 (as cited in Smith, Most Dangerous Animal).

7. Smith, Most Dangerous Animal, p. 188.

8. H. Sherwood, “The Palestinian Children—Alone and Bewildered—in Israel's Al Jalame Jail,” The Guardian, January 22, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jan/22/palestinian-children-detained-jail-israel (accessed May 23, 2012).

9. W. Durant and A. Durant, The Age of Reason Begins: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Shakespeare, Bacon, Montaigne, Rembrandt, Galileo, and Descartes: 1558–1648 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), p 554.

10. Ibid., p. 554.

11. Ibid.

12. J. Vaes, N. A. Heflick, and J. L. Goldenburg, “‘We Are People:’ Ingroup Humanization as an Existential Defense,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 5 (2010).

13. R. Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” The Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35.

14. W. Irons, “Religion as a Hard-to-Fake Sign of Commitment,” in Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, ed. R. M. Nesse (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), p. 298.

15. R. Sosis, “Religious Behaviors, Badges and Bans: Signaling Theory and the Evolution of Religion,” in Where God and Science Meet, ed. P. McNamara (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006).

16. Ibid., pp. 66–7.

17. R. M. Seyfarth and D. L. Cheney, “Grooming, Alliances, and Reciprocal Altruism in Vervet Monkeys,” Nature 308 (1984); F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); F. de Waal, “Food Sharing and Reciprocal Obligations among Chimpanzees,” Journal of Human Evolution 18 (1989).

18. de Waal, “Food Sharing and Reciprocal Obligations among Chimpanzees.”

19. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics.

20. K. R. L. Hall, “Aggression in Monkey and Ape Societies,” in The Natural History of Aggression, ed. J. Carthy and F. Ebling (London: Academic Press, 1964) (as cited in D. Cummings, “Dominance, Status, and Social Hierarchies,” in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, ed. D. M. Buss (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006).

21. R. O. Deaner and A. V. Khera, “Monkeys Pay-Per-View: Adaptive Valuation of Social Images by Rhesus Macaques,” Current Biology 15 (2005).

22. M. J. Boulton and P. K. Smith, “Affective Bias in Children's Perceptions of Dominance Relationships,” Child Development 61 (1990) (as cited in Cummings, “Dominance, Status, and Social Hierarchies”); A. E. Russon and B. E. Waite, “Patterns of Dominance and Imitation in an Infant Peer Group,” Ethology & Sociobiology 2 (1991) (as cited in Cummings, “Dominance, Status, and Social Hierarchies”).

23. D. L. Cheney and R. M. Seyfarth, How Monkeys See the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); D. Maestripieri, Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

24. T. Nishida, “Alpha Status and Agonistic Alliances in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii),” Primates 24 (1983); J. Goodall, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

25. Cummings, “Dominance, Status, and Social Hierarchies.”

26. F. de Waal, “Exploitative and Familiarity-Dependent Support Strategies in a Colony of Semi-Free Living Chimpanzees,” Behavior 66 (1978).

27. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1998).

28. D. Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Bay Back, 1995).

29. S. Junger, War (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2010).

30. M. Miller and K. Taube, An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993).

31. M. Leon-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963).

32. Ibid., p. 163.

33. Miller and Taube, Illustrated Dictionary.

34. J. Teehan, In the Name of God: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Ethics and Violence (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).

35. Ibid., p. 149.

36. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

37. C. J. Ferguson, “Genetic Contributions to Antisocial Personality and Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review from an Evolutionary Perspective,” The Journal of Social Psychology 150, no. 2 (2010).

38. L. Mealey, “The Sociobiology of Sociopathy,” in The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychology, ed. S. Baron-Cohen (East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, 1997): 169.

39. I. Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955).

40. V. Bugliosi and C. Gentry, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, 25th anniversary edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994).

41. Smith, Most Dangerous Animal, p. 100.

42. S. Wells, Drunk with Blood: God's Killings in the Bible (SAB Books, 2010).

43. W. Durant and A. Durant, The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization—Christian, Islamic, and Judaic—From Constantine to Dante: A. D. 325–1300, vol. 4 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950), p. 592.

44. C. W. Dugger, “Religious Riots Loom over Indian Politics,” New York Times, July 27, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/27/world/religious-riots-loom-over-indian-politics.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm (accessed October 20, 2011).

45. Wells, Drunk with Blood.

46. Ibid.

CHAPTER 6: WHAT IT MEANS TO KNEEL

1. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London: John Murray, 1871).

2. C. D. Watkins et al., “Taller Men are Less Sensitive to Cues of Dominance in Other Men,” Behavioral Ecology 21, no. 5 (2010).

3. C. F. Zink et al., “Know Your Place: Neural Processing of Social Hierarchy in Humans,” Neuron 58, no. 2 (2008).

4. A. Moors and J. De Houwer, “Automatic Processing of Dominance and Submissiveness,” Experimental Psychology 52, no. 4 (2005).

5. J. L. Isaac, “Potential Causes and Life-History Consequences of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Mammals,” Mammal Review 35 (2005); N. Owen-Smith, “Comparative Mortality Rates of Male and Female Kudu: The Costs of Sexual Size Dimorphism,” Journal of Animal Ecology 62 (1993).

6. S. Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

7. A. Case and C. Paxson, “Stature and Status: Height, Ability, and Labor Market Outcomes,” Journal of Political Economy 116, no. 3 (2008).

8. M. Vaz, S. Hunsberger, and B. Diffey, “Prediction Equations for Handgrip Strength in Healthy Indian Male and Female Subjects Encompassing a Wide Age Range,” Annals of Human Biology 29 (2002).

9. C. von Rueden, M. Guvren, and H. Kaplan, “The Multiple Dimensions of Male Social Status in an Amazonian Society,” Evolution and Human Behavior 29 (2008).

10. W. E. Hensley, “Height as a Measure of Success in Academe,” Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior 30, no. 1 (1993).

11. B. Pawlowski, R. I. M. Dunbar, and A. Lipowicz, “Tall Men Have More Reproductive Success,” Nature 403 (2000).

12. R. D. Guthrie, Body Hot Spots: The Anatomy of Human Social Origins and Behavior (New York: Litton Educational, 1976).

13. B. J. Dixson and P. L. Vasey, “Beards Augment Perceptions of Men's Age, Social Status, and Aggressiveness, but not Attractiveness,” Behavioral Ecology 23, no. 3 (2012); N. Neave and K. Shields, The Effects of Facial Hair Manipulation on Female Perceptions of Attractiveness, Masculinity, and Dominance in Male Faces,” Personality and Individual Differences 45 (2008).

14. Dixson and Vasey, “Beards Augment Perceptions.”

15. K. B. Starzyk and V. L. Quinsey, “The Relationship between Testosterone and Aggression: A Meta-Analysis,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 6, no. 6 (2001).

16. P. Schaff and A. C. Coxe, eds., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 3, St. Augustine: Expositions on the Psalms (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2007), p. 623.

17. A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, and A. C. Coxe, eds., Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1885); A. Roberts et al., Eds., Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Fathers Down to AD 325, Volume 2 (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1894), p. 286.

18. Ibid., p. 275.

19. E. Eckholm and D. Lovering, “Amish Renegades Are Accused in Bizarre Attacks on Their Peers,” New York Times, October 17, 2011, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/us/hair-cutting-attacks-stir-fear-in-amish-ohio.html (accessed April 24, 2012).

20. L. L. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History (New York: Aldine, 1986).

21. F. Patrick, The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated (Baltimore, MD: Nabu, 1857).

22. W. Burkert, Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).

23. F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 78.

24. D. Morris, The Naked Ape: A Zoologist Study of the Human Animal (New York: Dell Publishing, 1967), p 146.

25. N. J. Emery, “The Eyes Have It: The Neuroethology, Function, and Evolution of Social Gaze,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24 (2000).

26. D. I. Perrett et al., “Social Signals Analyzed at the Single Cell Level: Someone's Looking at Me, Something Touched Me, Something Moved!” Journal of Comparative Psychology (1990); D. I. Perrett et al., “Visual Cells in the Temporal Cortex Sensitive to Face View and Gaze Direction,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B (1985).

27. R. Kawashima et al., “The Human Amygdala Plays an Important Role in Gaze Monitoring: A PET Study,” Brain 122 (1999).

28. J. C. Gomez, “Ostensive Behavior in Great Apes: The Role of Eye Contact,” in Reaching into Thought: The Mind of Great Apes, ed. A. E. Russon, K. A. Bard, and S. T. Parker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

29. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction, p. 31.

30. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction.

31. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics.

32. Homer, The Odyssey, trans. R. Fagles (New York: Penguin, 1997).

33. C. I. F. International Association, “Kissing of Hands and Feet of Awliya Allah, Shuyooks and Parents, http://www.cifiaonline.com/kissingofhandsfeet.htm (accessed October 21, 2012).

34. Ibid.

35. N. P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils: From Nicea I to Vatican II (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990).

36. H. Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila: The Occult and the Charismatic in the Early Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).

37. J. M. Anderson, Daily Life during the Spanish Inquisition (New Haven, CT: Greenwood, 2002).

38. H. J. D. Denzinger, Enchiridion Symbolorum: The Sources of Catholic Dogma, 30th ed., trans. R. J. DeFerrari (St. Louis, MO: B. Herder, 1957).

CHAPTER 7: MALADAPTIVE SUBMISSION TO THE GODHEAD

1. J. Price et al., “The Social Competition Hypothesis of Depression,” British Journal of Psychiatry 164 (1994).

2. R. C. Kessler et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R),” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (2005).

3. K. Hodgson and P. McGuffin, “The Genetic Basis of Depression,” Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience 1 (2013).

4. D. R. Wilson, “Evolutionary Epidemiology: Darwinian Theory in the Service of Medicine and Psychiatry,” in Maladapted Mind: Classical Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology, ed. S. Baron-Cohen (East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, 1997), p. 43.

5. T. Schjelderup-Ebbe, “Social Behavior of Birds,” in A Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. C. A. Murchinson (Worchester, MA: Clark University Press, 1935), p. 966.

6. J. Price, “The Dominance Hierarchy and the Evolution of Mental Illness,” Lancet 290, no. 7509 (1967).

7. Price et al., “Social Competition Hypothesis of Depression,” p. 309–310.

8. O. P. Almeida et al., “Low Free Testosterone Concentration as a Potentially Treatable Cause of Depressive Symptoms in Older Men,” Archives of General Psychiatry 63, no. 3 (2008).

9. A. Mazur and T. Lamb, “Testosterone, Status, and Mood in Human Males,” Hormones and Behavior 14 (1980).

10. P. H. Mehta and R. A. Josephs, “Testosterone Change after Losing Predicts the Decision to Compete Again,” Hormones and Behavior 50 (2006).

11. R. O'Carroll and J. Bancroft, “Testosterone Therapy for Low Sexual Interest and Erectile Dysfunction in Men: A Controlled Study,” British Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1984).

12. Almeida et al., “Low Free Testosterone Concentration.”

13. Mehta and Josephs, “Testosterone Change after Losing.”

14. O'Carroll and Bancroft, “Testosterone Therapy.”

15. M. McGuire et al., “Dysthymic Disorder, Regulation-Dysregulation Theory, CNS Blood Flow, and CNS Metabolism,” in Subordination and Defeat: An Evolutionary Approach to Mood Disorders and Their Therapy, ed. L. Sloman and P. Gilbert (New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000).

16. L. A. Kirkpatrick and B. J. Ellis, “The Adaptive Functions of Self-Evaluative Psychological Mechanisms,” in Self-Esteem Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives, ed. M. H. Kernis (New York: Psychology Press; 2006), p. 335.

17. G. A. Parker, “Assessment Strategy and the Evolution of Fighting Behaviour,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 47, no.1 (1974).

18. P. Gilbert, J. Price, and S. Allan, “Social Comparison, Social Attractiveness, and Evolution: How Might They Be Related?” New Ideas in Psychology 13 (1995).

19. J. R. Krebs, N. B. Davies, An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993) (as cited in Gilbert, Price, and Allan, “Social Comparison”).

20. P. Gilbert and S. Allan, “Assertiveness, Submissive Behaviour and Social Comparison,” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 33 (1994).

21. C. McFarland and D. T. Miller, “The Framing of Relative Performance Feedback: Seeing the Glass Half Empty or Half Full,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66, no. 6 (1994).

22. S. Allan and P. Gilbert, “A Social Comparison Scale: Psychometric Properties and Relationship to Psychopathology,” Personality and Individual Differences 19, no. 3 (1995).

23. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), p. 161.

24. J. Price, “Subordination, Self-Esteem, and Depression,” in Subordination and Defeat: An Evolutionary Approach to Mood Disorders and their Therapy, ed. L. Sloman and P. Gilbert (Mawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000), p. 172.

25. “Asceticism-Western Asceticism-the Middle Ages,” Science Encyclopedia, http://science.jrank.org/pages/8388/Asceticism-Western-Asceticism-Middle-Ages.html (accessed May 21, 2012).

26. C. W. Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), p. 85.

27. Ibid.

28. K. Dervic et al., “Religious Affiliation and Suicide Attempt,” American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 12 (2004).

29. K. Knight, ed., “The Donatists,” Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05121a.htm (accessed December 16, 2012).

30. G. D. Chryssides, ed., Heaven's Gate: Post Modernity and Popular Culture in a Suicide Group (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011).

31. J. M. Koolhaas et al., “Single Social Defeat in Male Rats Induces a Gradual but Long-Lasting Behavioral Change: A Model of Depression,” Neuroscience Research Communications 7 (1990).

32. P. Gilbert and M. T. McGuire, “Shame, Status and Social Roles: Psychobiology and Evolution,” in Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture, ed. P. Gilbert and B. Andrews (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

33. I. S. Bernstein, “Dominance: A Theoretical Perspective for Ethologists,” in Dominance Relations: An Ethological View of Human Conflict and Social Interaction, ed. D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, and D. G. Freedman (New York: Garland, 1980).

34. P. Gilbert, J. Pehl, and S. Allan, “The Phenomenology of Shame and Guilt: An Empirical Investigation,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 67, no. 1 (2011).

35. Gilbert and McGuire, “Shame, Status and Social Roles.”

36. Ibid.

37. W. D. Ray and B. Brown, “Sex and Secularism: The Report,” http://ipcpress.com/index.php?id=42 (accessed December 16, 2012).

38. Ibid.

39. C. G. Wilson, “Male Genital Mutilation: An Adaptation to Sexual Conflict,” Evolution and Human Behavior 29 (2008): 151.

40. R. Wright, The Evolution of God (New York: Little, Brown, 2009).

41. M. Miller and K. Taube, An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993).

42. Ibid.

43. P. Schaff and H. Wallace, eds., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, vol. 14 (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2007).

44. L. Engelstein, “From Heresy to Harm: Self-Castrators in the Civic Discourse of Late Tsarist Russia,” http://src-hokudai-ac.jp/sympo/94summer/chapter1.pdf (accessed November 22, 2012).

45. W. E. A. van Beek et al., “Dogon Restudied: A Field Evaluation of the Work of Marcel Griaule,” Current Anthropology 32, no. 2 (1991).

46. “Female Genital Mutilation,” World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/index.html (accessed November 23, 2012).

47. A. Hough, “Extramarital Sex ‘Causes More Earthquakes’, Iranian Cleric Claims,” The Telegraph, April 19, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/7606145/Extramarital-sex-causes-more-earthquakes-Iranian-cleric-claims.html (accessed November 20, 2012).

48. M. N. Muller and J. C. Mitani, “Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees,” Advances in the Study of Behavior 35 (2005).

49. J. C. Mitani and D. Watts, “Demographic Influences on the Hunting Behavior of Chimpanzees,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109 (1999).

50. J. L. Gonzáles, The Story of Christianity, vol. 1, The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation (New York: Harper Collins, 2010).

51. Bynum, Holy Feast, Holy Fast, p. 36.

52. “Asceticism-Western Asceticism-the Middle Ages,” Science Encyclopedia, http://science.jrank.org/pages/8388/Asceticism-Western-Asceticism-Middle-Ages.html (accessed December 16, 2012).

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid.

56. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, p. 161.

57. S. Lemelin and P. Baruch, “Clinical Psychomotor Retardation and Attention in Depression,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 32, no. 2 (1998): 81–8.

58. T. Yu et al., “Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Depression-Like Behaviour in Socially Defeated Mice: An Animal Model of Depression with Cognitive Dysfunction,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 14, no. 3 (2011).

59. P. J. Watson and P. W. Andrews, “Toward a Revised Evolutionary Adaptationist Analysis of Depression: The Social Navigation Hypothesis,” Journal of Affective Disorders 72 (2002).

60. J. Milton, Paradise Lost (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1869), p. 202.

61. J. Maritain, The Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1970), p. 33.

62. “US Religious Knowledge Survey,” The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Belief_and_Practices/religious-knowledge-full-report.pdf (accessed December 16, 2012).

63. “Gunman Kills Dutch Film Director,” BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3974179.stm (accessed April 27, 2012).

64. J. Perlez & P. Z. Shaw. “Embassy Attack in Pakistan Kills at Least Six” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/world/asia/03pakistan.html (accessed April 27, 2014); L. Polygreen, “Nigeria Counts 100 Deaths Over Danish Caricatures,” New York Times, February 24, 2006, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E5DF1F3EF937A15751C0A9609C8B63 (accessed April 27, 2014).

65. “10 Most Censored Countries,” Committee to Protect Journalists, http://cpj.org/reports/2012/05/10-most-censored-countries.php (accessed June 23, 2012).

66. J. al-Khalili, The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance (New York: Penguin, 2010).

67. S. Atran, “Genesis of Suicide Terrorism,” Science 299, no. 5612 (2003).

68. “Arab Human Development Report,” United Nations Human Development Programme (New York: United Nations, 2002) (as cited in S. Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004)).

69. Harris, End of Faith, p. 133.

70. W. Durant and A. Durant, The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization–Christian, Islamic, and Judaic–from Constantine to Dante: AD 325-1300, vol. 4 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950), p. 765.

71. Ibid., p.766.

72. Ibid.

CHAPTER 8: THE FEARSOME REPUTATIONS OF APES, MEN, AND GODS

1. J. Goodall, In the Shadow of Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985).

2. D. Peterson and R. Wrangham, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), p. 191.

3. F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).

4. D. Maestripieri, Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 72.

5. Ibid.

6. S. Pinker, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (New York: Harper Collins, 1994).

7. D. L. Smith, The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2007).

8. “North Korea: Kim Jong-Il's Legacy of Mass Atrocity,” Human Rights Watch, December 19, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/19/north-korea-kim-jong-il-s-legacy-mass-atrocity (accessed December 12, 2012).

9. D. Gavlak, “Jordan: 8 Activists Charged for Slandering King,” Associated Press, September 9, 2012, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jordan-8-activists-charged-slandering-king (accessed December 12, 2012).

10. L. L. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History (New York: Aldine, 1986).

11. M. Daly and M. Wilson, Homicide (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2006), p. 128.

12. D. Cohen et al., “Insult, Aggression, and the Southern Culture of Honor: An ‘Experimental Ethnography,’” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70, no. 5 (1996); R. E. Nisbett and D. Cohen, Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996).

13. S. Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

14. A. V. Papachristos, “Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide,” American Journal of Sociology 115, no. 1 (2009): 104.

15. Ibid., p. 80.

16. H. W. C. Davis, The Political Thought of Heinrich von Treitschke (London: Constable, 1914) (as cited by B. Wyatt-Brown, “The Changing Faces of Honor in National Crises: Civil War, Vietnam, Iraq, and the Southern Factor,” The Johns Hopkins History Seminar, Fall 2005, p. 1–2, http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/WyattBrownFacesHonor.pdf (accessed March 1, 2012)).

17. H. Kissinger, White House Years (New York: Simon and Schuster; 1979), p. 288.

18. H. Sidey, A Very Personal Presidency: Lyndon Johnson in the White House (New York: Atheneum, 1968) (as cited in Wyatt-Brown, “Changing Faces of Honor”).

19. B. Gertz and R. Scarborough, “Shaming Effect on Arab World,” Washington Times, April 29, 2003 (as cited in Wyatt-Brown, “Changing Faces of Honor,” p. 27).

20. Wyatt-Brown, “Changing Faces of Honor.”

21. Ibid., p. 30.

22. “Terror in America (30) Retrospective: A Bin Laden Special on Al-Jazeera Two Months before September 11 Bin Laden—The Arab Despair and American Fear,” Middle East Media Research Institute, December 21, 2001 (as cited by Wyatt-Brown, “Changing Faces of Honor”).

23. “Transcript of Osama Bin Laden's October 2001 Interview with Al-Jazeera,” Al-Jazeera, http://www.againstbush.org/articles/article-161251099125987.html (accessed October 30, 2012) (as cited in Wyatt-Brown, “Changing Faces of Honor” p. 35).

24. “Full Text of Bin Laden's ‘Letter to America,’” Observer, November 24, 2002, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver (as cited in Wyatt-Brown, “Changing Faces of Honor,” p. 35).

25. R. Dawkins, The God Delusion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), p. 20.

26. T. Aquinas, Summa Theologica, vol. 1, pt. 1, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2007).

27. N. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, vol. 4 (London: Macmillan, 1906).

28. M. F. Graham, Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead: Boundaries of Belief on the Eve of the Enlightenment (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008).

29. “A Teddy Bear Nightmare in Sudan,” BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8010407.stm (accessed March 12, 2012).

30. T. Shah and R. Nordland, “Protests Over Koran Burning Reach Kandahar,” New York Times, April 2, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/world/asia/03afghanistan.html (accessed March 20, 2012).

31. A. J. Rubin and G. Bowley, “Koran Burning in Afghanistan Prompts 3 Parallel Inquiries,” New York Times, February 29, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/01/world/asia/koran-burning-in-afghanistan-prompts-3-parallel-inquiries.html (accessed March 20, 2012).

32. S. Rahimi and A. J. Rubin, “Koran Burning in NATO Error Incites Afghans,” New York Times, February 21, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/22/world/asia/nato-commander-apologizes-for-koran-disposal-in-afghanistan.html (accessed March 20, 2012).

33. R. Nordland, “In Reactions to Two Incidents, a US-Afghan Disconnect,” New York Times, March 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/world/asia/disconnect-clear-in-us-bafflement-over-2-afghan-responses.html?pagewanted=all (accessed March 30, 2012).

34. A. Coulter, “This Is War: We Should Invade Their Countries,” National Review, September 13, 2001. http://old.nationalreview.com/coulter/coulter.shtml (accessed March 15, 2012).

35. F. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics.

CHAPTER 9: GOD'S TERRITORY

1. B. Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1956).

2. B. Macintyre, “The Dignified Reply to the War-Grave Vandals,” Times, March 6, 2012, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/benmacintyre/article3341203.ece (accessed December 1, 2012).

3. “Ansar Dine Destroy more Shrines in Mali,” Al Jazeera, July 10, 2012, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/07/201271012301347496.html (accessed August 20, 2013).

4. I. Singleton and C. P. van Schaik, “The Social Organization of a Population of Sumatran Orangutans,” Folia Primatol 73 (2002).

5. B. Galdikas, “Orangutan Reproduction in the Wild,” in Reproductive Biology of the Great Apes, ed. C. E. Graham (New York: Academic Press, 1981), p. 288.

6. J. C. Mitani, “Mating Behaviour of Male Orangutans in the Kutai Game Reserve, Indonesia,” Animal Behaviour 33 (1985).

7. J. C. Mitani, D. P. Watts, and S. J. Amsler, “Lethal Intergroup Aggression Leads to Territorial Expansion in Wild Chimpanzees,” Current Biology 20, no. 12 (2010); M. N. Muller and J. C. Mitani, “Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees,” Advances in the Study of Behavior 35 (2005).

8. J. M. Williams, Female Strategies and the Reasons for Territoriality in Chimpanzees: Lessons from Three Decades of Research at Gombe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1999) (as cited in D. Watts and J. C. Mitani, “Boundary Patrols and Intergroup Encounters in Wild Chimpanzees,” Behaviour 138 [2001]).

9. T. Nishida, M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, and Y. Takahata, “Group Extinction and Female Transfer in Wild Chimpanzees in the Mahale National Park, Tanzania,” Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 67 (1985).

10. K. Wolf and S. R. Schulman, “Male Response to ‘Stranger’ Females as a Function of Female Reproductive Value,” American Naturalist 123 (1984).

11. M. L. Wilson and R. W. Wrangham, “Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees,” Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003).

12. J. Goodall et al., “Inter-Community Interactions in the Chimpanzee Populations of the Gombe National Park,” in The Great Apes, ed. D. Hamburg and E. McCown (Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1979); J. Goodall, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

13. J. Williams, G. Oehlert, and A. Pusey, “Why do Male Chimpanzees Defend a Group Range?” Animal Behaviour 68 (2004).

14. Watts and Mitani, “Boundary Patrols and Intergroup Encounters.”

15. Ibid.

16. W. Rodzinski, A History of China (Oxford: Pergamon, 1979), p. 165 (as cited in D. L. Smith, The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War (New York: St Martin's Griffin, 2007)).

17. P. Schrijvers, The GI War against Japan: American Soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II (New York: New York University Press, 2002).

18. I. Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York: Penguin, 1997).

19. A. Beevor, The Fall of Berlin 1945 (New York: Penguin, 2003).

20. J. Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005) (as cited in Smith, Most Dangerous Animal).

21. P. A. Weitsman, “The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: A Review of Bosnia and Rwanda,” Human Rights Quarterly (2008).

22. W. Durant and A. Durant, The Age of Reason Begins: A History of European Civilization in the Period of Shakespeare, Bacon, Montaigne, Rembrandt, Galileo, and Descartes: 1558–1648 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), p. 527.

23. Smith, Most Dangerous Animal.

24. A. Grossman, “Single Islamic State Militant ‘has Killed 150 Women and Girls’ because They Refused to Marry Members of the Terrorist Group,” Daily Mail, December 18, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2878693/Single-Islamic-State-militant-killed-150-women-girls-refused-marry-members-terrorist-group.html (accessed December 20, 2014).

25. I. Watson, “Treated like Cattle: Yazidi Women Sold, Raped, Enslaved by ISIS,” CNN, November 7, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/30/world/meast/isis-female-slaves/ (accessed December 20, 2014).

26. “Boko Haram Insurgents Kill 100 People as They Take Control of Nigerian Town,” Guardian, July 19, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/19/boko-haram-kill-100-people-take-control-nigerian-town (accessed December 20, 2014).

27. D. Suzuki, The Legacy: An Elder's Vision for Our Sustainable Future (Vancouver, BC: Greystone, 2010), p. 23.

28. T. Malthus, An Essay on the Principles of Population (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

29. Science Summit on World Population, “A Joint Statement by the 58 of the World's Scientific Academies,” Population and Development Review 20 (1994) (as cited in Suzuki, Legacy, p. 20).

30. Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, p. 61.

31. D. M. Buss, “Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (1989).

32. V. Griskevicius et al., “The Financial Consequences of Too Many Men: Sex Ratio Effects on Saving, Borrowing, and Spending,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 1 (2012).

33. Ibid.

34. B. W. Husted, “Culture and Ecology: A Cross-National Study of the Determinants of Environmental Sustainability,” Management International Review 45, no. 3 (2005).

35. Ibid.

36. G. Hofstede, Culture and Organization: Software of the Mind (New York: McGraw Hill, 1997), p. 28 (as cited by Husted, “Culture and Ecology”).

37. G. Hofstede, “Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context,” Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Unit 2 (2011).

38. Hofstede, “Dimensionalizing Cultures.”

39. Husted, “Culture and Ecology.”

40. H. Park, C. Russell, and J. Lee, “National Culture and Environmental Sustainability: A Cross-National Analysis,” Journal of Economics and Finance 31, no. 1 (2007).

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., pp. 113–14.

43. E. F. Kittay, “Woman as Metaphor,” Hypatia 3, no. 4 (1988): 1.

44. P. Horgan, Conquistadors in North American History (El Paso: Texas Western, 1982), pp. 225–26.

45. S. Brooks-Thistlethwaite, “Women's Religious Freedom Violated: Photo of All Male Birth Control Witnesses Tells the Viral Truth,” Washington Post, February 16, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/womens-religious-freedom-violated-photo-of-all-male-birth-control-witnesses-tells-the-viral-truth/2012/02/16/gIQAeyykIR_blog.html (accessed March 12, 2012); L. Bassett and A. Terkel, “House Democrats Walk Out of One-Sided Hearing on Contraception, Calling It an ‘Autocratic Regime,’” Huffington Post, February 16, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/16/contraception-hearing-house-democrats-walk-out_n_1281730.html (accessed March 12, 2012).

46. D. Suzuki, “The Legacy of David Suzuki,” PRI's Environmental News Magazine, December 17, 2010, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=10-P13-00051&segmentID=6 (accessed April 23, 2013).

CHAPTER 10: RIGHTING OURSELVES

1. L. Sherr, Failure Is Impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words (New York: Times Books, 1995), p. 255.

2. J. Goodall, “Gombe Chimpanzee Politics,” Primate Politics, ed. G. A. Schubert and R. D. Masters (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991), p. 137.

3. Plato, The Republic, trans. Robin Waterfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

4. R. Sosis, “Religion and Intragroup Cooperation: Preliminary Results of a Comparative Analysis of Utopian Communities,” Cross-Cultural Research 34, no. 1 (2000).

5. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1998).

6. R. Wright, The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology (New York: Vintage, 1995), p. 375.

7. P. Norris and R. Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

8. L. Mealey, “The Sociobiology of Sociopathy,” in The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychology, ed. S. Baron-Cohen (East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press, 1997).

9. R. Wright, “Why Can't We All Just Get Along? The Uncertain Biological Basis of Morality,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/why-we-fightand-can-we-stop/309525/ (accessed December 3, 2012).

10. P. Demieville, “Buddhism and War,” in Buddhist Warfare, ed. M. Jerryson and M. Juergensmeyer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., p. 42.

15. S. Jenkins, “Making Merit through Warfare and Torture According to the Ārya-Bodhisattva-gocara-upāyaviṣaya-vikurvaṇa-nirdeśa Sūtra,” in Buddhist Warfare, ed. M. Jerryson and M. Juergensmeyer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 68.

16. B. Faure, “Afterthoughts,” in Buddhist Warfare, ed. M. Jerryson and M. Juergensmeyer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

17. Dalai Lama, “Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1989,” Nobelprize.org, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama-lecture.html (accessed June 23, 2014).

18. The Buddha, The Dhammapada, trans. G. Fronsdal (Boston: Shambhala, 2006), p. 35.

19. Ibid., p. 36.

20. S. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation (New York: Random House, 2006), p. 21.

21. It is uncertain whether these are the words spoken by the Buddha, but they, like many other proverbs, have become central tenets of Buddhism.

22. T. Jefferson, The Jefferson Bible: What Thomas Jefferson Selected as the Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (Thousand Oaks, CA: Lakewood, 2011), p. 9.

23. Wright, “Why Can't We All Just Get Along?”

24. J. Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin, 2013).

25. N. Guetin, Religious Ideology in American Politics: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009).

26. C. H. Moehlman, The American Constitutions and Religion. Religious References in the Thirteen Colonies and the Constitutions of the Forty-Eight States: A Sourcebook of Church and State in the United States (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2007), p. 38.

27. R. Dawkins, The God Delusion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006).

28. R. Ahdar and I. Leigh, Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 70.

29. Dawkins, God Delusion, p. 62.

30. Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular.

31. “Lobbying for the Faithful,” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewforum.org/2011/11/21/lobbying-for-the-faithful-exec/#expenditures (accessed November 20, 2013).

32. T. Riley, “Messing with Texas Textbooks,” Moyers & Company, http://billmoyers.com/content/messing-with-texas-textbooks/ (accessed November 18, 2013).

33. J. Calvin, “A Harmony of the Gospels Matthew, Mark and Luke Volume III, and the Epistles of James and Jude,” in Calvin's Commentaries, trans. A. W. Morrison, ed. D. W. Torrance and T. F. Torrance (Grand Rapids, MI: The Saint Andrews Press, 1972), p. 245.

34. Riley, Messing with Texas Textbooks.

35. S. Harris, The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values (New York: Free Press, 2010).

36. Plato, Apology, trans. B. Jowett, ed. J. Manis, An Electronic Classics Series Publication, Pennsylvania State University, Hazelton, PA, http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/plato/apology.pdf (accessed December 20, 2013).

37. P. Zuckerman, Society Without God (New York: New York University Press, 2008) (as cited in Harris, Moral Landscape, p. 146).

38. Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular; G. Paul, “The Chronic Dependence of Popular Religiosity upon Dysfunctional Psycholosociological Conditions,” Evolutionary Psychology 73, no. 3 (2009).

39. M. Daly, M. Wilson, and S. Vasdev, “Income Inequality and Homicide Rates in Canada and the United States,” Canadian Journal of Criminology 43, no. 2 (2001).

40. Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular.

41. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation.

42. D. L. Hall, D. C. Matz, and W. Wood, “Why Don't We Practice What We Preach? A Meta-Analytic Review of Religious Racism,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 14, no. 10 (2010).

43. Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular.

44. Paul, “Chronic Dependence of Popular Religiosity,” p. 25.

45. Ibid.

46. F.-A. Aulard, The French Revolution: A Political History, 1789-1804 (New York: Scribner, 1917), p. 205.

47. D. M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 69.