INDEX

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Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (Pennsylvania)

Adams, Abigail

Adams, John; advice of; “Atlas of Independence” and; centrality of property as a natural right; “Constitution of our Minds and Bodies;” criticism of; defense at Boston Massacre trial; “Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law;” dissertation in response to Stamp Act; gentlemanly revolution launched by; grounding of law of nature by; importance of human reason and the moral laws of nature; invocation of “revolution-principles;” Novanglus letters; opposition to slavery; quote; “real American Revolution” termed by; reference to “constitution of the human mind;” research agenda; response to Stamp Act; retirement of; “revolution principles” of; spirit of liberty of; true American Revolution as described by; ultimate meaning of the Prohibitory Act

Adams, John Quincy

Adams, Samuel; opposition to slavery; pseudonym

Administration of Justice Act

Advice to the Privileged Orders, in the Several States of Europe, Resulting from the Necessity and Propriety of a General Revolution in the Principle of Government

Age of Enlightenment. See also Enlightenment

Age of Reason: Enlightenment as; view of the world in

Allen, Ethan; Green Mountain Boys; grounding of law of nature by; Reason the Only Oracle of Man

Allen, John

Allen, Joseph

The American Crisis (Paine)

American mind; central component of; Common Sense and; common sentiments of; Declaration of Independence as expression of; definition of; equality principle as central component of; forging of; Locke and; losing of; moral ideas that changed; movement toward intellectual revolution; philosophy associated with; in practice; principle of consent and; process of being revolutionized and constitutionalized; Stamp Act and; state of (1765); theory of consent and

American Revolution: great achievement of; guidance of; harbinger of; importance of; moral philosophy of; “real American Revolution;” root cause of; spokesmen of; ultimate goal of (Jefferson)

American society, great paradox of

America’s Appeal to the Impartial World (Moses Mather)

Ames, Nathaniel III

Anglo-American Tories

architectonic principle

Aristotle

“Atlas of Independence”

“axioms of morals” (Reid)

Bacon, Francis; Enlightenment ideas of; scientific method

Baldwin, Ebenezer

Barbeyrac, Jean

Barlow, Joel

Benezet, Anthony

A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (Jefferson)

Blackstone, William

Bland, Richard; An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies

Bledsoe, Albert Taylor

Book of Genesis

Boone, Daniel

Boston Gazette

Boston Massacre

Boston Port Act

Boucher, Jonathan

British Tories

Bulkley, John

Burke, Edmund

Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques

Calhoun, John C.

Calvin’s Case

“Camillus”

capitalism, critique of

Carr, Peter

Carter, Landon

Cartwright, John

Case, Stephen

Cato’s Letters (Trenchard and Gordon)

“Centinel”

Charles I

Charter of Liberties and Privileges (New York, 1683)

chattel slavery, philosophy that called for the end of

Chiappe, Francisco

Chipman, Nathaniel

Church, Benjamin

Cicero

civil government (Locke)

Clark, Jonas

Coercive Acts; American resistance to; Americans’ meaning of; battles fought with Tories over; hope for reconciliation with Great Britain with passage of; use of principle of natural rights to evaluate

Coke, Edward

Common Sense (Paine)

Commonwealth v. Jennison

Comte, Auguste

conceptually self-evident truths

Concord, battle at

consent of the governed; in practice; in theory

consequences of ideas

Constitutional Gazette

Continental Congress

Continental Journal

Conway, Henry

Cook, Amos

Cooke, Samuel

Cooper, David

Cooper, Samuel

Cosway, Maria

Crockett, Davy

Croly, Herbert

Cumberland, Richard

Cushing, William

Dalton, Tristram

Dawes, Thomas

Declaration of Independence; absolute rights and; approval of; challenge to chattel slavery; concepts of truth and self-evident in; Dewey’s critique of; discrete acts of writing, signing, and public readings of; as expression of the American mind; exuberance generated by; first paragraph; imperial crisis; as instance of law; interpretation of meaning of self-evident truths in context of; Jefferson’s description of; Jefferson’s letter establishing significance of; moral law of nature; morally demonstrative argument of truths; nobility of; proslavery critique of; right to revolution; self-evident truths; “unalienable rights” of; underlying philosophic structure; universe of ideas

Declaration of Independence, Enlightenment and; Age of Reason, Enlightenment as; American mind, Locke and; Enlightenment ethics

A Declaration of the People’s Nattural Right to Share in the Legislature (Sharp)

Declaratory Act: Americans’ awareness with passage of; Americans’ meaning of; battles fought with Tories over; challenge of; comparison to “absolute slavery;” passage of, American Whigs and; purpose of; theoretical and practical problems raised by; threat to freedom in form of; use of principle of natural rights to evaluate; view of equality following passage of

Democracy in America (Tocqueville)

Dewey, John

Dickinson, John; alarm against Townshend Acts; American position on its welfare; gentlemanly revolution launched by; imperial crisis, rights and; Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania; meaning of equality; “Olive Branch Petition;” pre-1776 charter rights; Samuel Adams and; warning by

Douglas, Stephen

Douglass, Frederick

Downer, Silas

Dragonetti, Giacinto

Drayton, William Henry

Dr. Bonham’s Case (Otis)

Duane, James

Dulany, Daniel

Dulany, Daniel, Sr.

Duncan, William

Dwight, Theodore

Edenic state of nature

elective despotism

Elements of Logick (Duncan)

Ellsworth, Oliver

Ely, Richard T.

Emancipation Proclamation (Lincoln)

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

Emmons, Nathanael

“The Empire of Laws”

English Real Whigs

English Tories

Enlightenment: as Age of Reason; great thinkers of; ideas; new science; philosophy; self-evident truths and; state of nature; theory of natural rights, radicalized

Enlightenment, Declaration of Independence and; Age of Reason, Enlightenment as; American mind, Locke and; Enlightenment ethics

equality; imperial crisis; in practice; revolutionary equality; in theory. See also slavery, equality and

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke)

Essay on Man (Pope)

Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Reid)

The Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants (Elisha Williams)

ethics: demonstrative science of; Enlightenment

Exclusion Crisis (1679–81)

“false philosophy of the age”

The Farmer Refuted (Hamilton)

Federalist No. 10 (Madison)

Federalist No. 23 (Hamilton)

Federalist No. 31 (Hamilton)

Federalist No. 48 (Madison)

Federalist No. 51 (Madison)

A Few Political Reflections (Wells)

Filmer, Robert

Findley, William

Fitzhugh, George

Flower, George

Foster, Dan; essay on civil government; moral logic of core principle; moral self-ownership assumed by; question of what rights are; recognition of moral right; A Short Essay on Civil Government; social transaction

Foster, Michael

Franklin, Benjamin; belief in attainment of happiness; first principles; relationship between the scientific and moral laws of nature

Frost, Robert

A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress (Hamilton)

Gage, Thomas

Galloway, Joseph

Garrison, William Lloyd

Gates, Horatio

George III, king: American legislation vetoed by; charges brought against; colonies’ state of rebellion declared by; despotism of; failure of; fury of war unleashed by (Drayton); goal of American provincials made clear to; Henry’s doubt of; indictment of wrongs committed by; lack of tyranny under; list of grievances against; Paine’s accusation of; renouncing of allegiance to; unjust laws supported by

Gerry, Elbridge

Gill, Moses

Glorious Revolution

God’s law

Golden Rule

Goodrich, Elizur

Gordon, Thomas

government, consent and just powers of

Gradual Abolition Act (Connecticut)

Great Britain, intellectual battle with

Green, Jacob

Green Mountain Boys

Grégoire, Henri

Grenville, George

Grotius, Hugo

habit of thinking

Hamilton, Alexander; advice of; The Farmer Refuted; Federalist No. 23; Federalist No. 31; A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress; opposition to slavery; sacred rights of mankind; validity of laws; view of purpose and power of national government

Hammond, James Henry

Hancock, John

happiness: distinction between real and imaginary (Locke); public (Locke)

Harding, David

Harper, William

Harrington, James

Harrison, Jesse Burton

Hart, Levi

Hat Act

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Henry, Patrick; at first Continental Congress; pledge of; response to Stamp Act sparked by; slaves owned by; treason of; views on slavery

Hessians

Historical Law Tracts (Lord Kames)

“historic relativity”

Hitchcock, Enos

Hitchcock, Gad

Hobbes, Thomas; Hobbesian liberty; state of nature

Hopkins, Samuel

Hopkins, Stephen

House of Burgesses

Howard, Martin

Howard, Simeon

Howe, William

Hume, David

Hurt, John

Hutchinson, Thomas

“if-given-then” conditional imperative

imperial crisis; consent of the governed; Declaration of Independence; doctrine of consent during; equality; New World provincials and; rights and

imperial debates

individuation, principle of (Foster)

Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies (Bland)

intellectual revolution

Intolerable Acts. See also Coercive Acts

intuitive knowledge

Iron Act

James, William

Jay, John

Jefferson, Thomas; Adams’s letter to; advice of; ambiguity regarding “Nature’s God;” American mind of; argument for America’s foreign policy; A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom; declaration of; declaration on elective despotism; description of Declaration offered by; description of self-government and political government; equality as natural liberty; equality principle, first public statement on slavery; gentlemanly revolution launched by; grounding of law of nature by; hopes for American experiment in self-government; importance of reason among revolutionary generation; lament of misgovernment; “laws of our being;” letter establishing significance of Declaration of Independence; letter to Henry Lee; Lincoln’s testimonial for; man’s “divided empire” termed by; moral agent; “moral law” of man’s nature; “natural aristocracy” promoted by; Notes on the State of Virginia; outlook on happiness and its sources; requirement of freedom; response to criticism; response to Intolerable Acts; revolutionary equality; rights as fences described by; Second Inaugural Address; slaves owned by; spirit of liberty and; Summary View of the Rights of British-America; unobstructed action of rightful liberty; views of equality, doubt about; views on slavery

Johnson, Samuel

Johnson, Stephen

Kames, Lord

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kant, Immanuel

Kennedy, Archibald

Kercheval, Samuel

King, Miles

Knox, Henry

Kosciusko, Thaddeus

laissez-faire capitalism

Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, II

law of opinion or reputation (Locke)

Laws, Concessions, and Agreements for the province of West New Jersey

Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648)

laws of nature (moral): as deductions from the rights of nature; discovery of; human nature and; as “if-given-then” conditional imperative; knowledge of through reason; motivation to follow; problem with; purpose of; reason and; relationship between coercive laws of government and; relationship between scientific laws of nature and; rewards and punishments of; source of; ultimate goal of

laws of nature (scientific): demonstration of; necessity of; relationship between moral laws of nature and; way of knowing

Lectures on Law (Wilson)

Lectures on Moral Philosophy (Witherspoon)

Lee, Arthur

Lee, Charles

Lee, Henry

Lee, Richard Henry

Leggett, William

Leonard, Daniel

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson)

Leviathan (Hobbes)

Lexington, battle at

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; right to liberty; right to life; right to property; right to pursuit of happiness

Lincoln, Abraham: on America’s central idea of equality; on the Declaration as “electric cord;” on the Declaration’s principles; Emancipation Proclamation; imploring of citizens to reject Pettit’s claim of “self-evident lies;” letter honoring Jefferson and “abstract truth” of the Declaration

Lind, John

Livingston, Philip

Locke, John; absolute rights and; American mind and; civil government; claim about the English people; Adams’s comparison to Columbus; concept of rights; consent theory; demonstrative knowledge; discovery of rules of moral action; distinction between real and imaginary happiness; Enlightenment ideas of; Essay Concerning Human Understanding; God’s law; happiness, self-interest and; “historical, plain method” of; intuition; law of opinion or reputation; men born tabula rasa; moral laws, toothless; moral principles; moral right to revolution; moral theory; natural rewards and punishments; new ethic of; On the Reasonableness of Christianity; perfect freedom; philosophic treatises; philosophic understanding of equality; political power; quote; reference to “dictator[s] of principles;” “right method” process of; social law of opinion and reputation; species equality and; theory of consent; view of human nature; virtue and public happiness

Locke, John, Second Treatise of Government; civil government; equality in theory; formation of governments; fundamental law of nature; identification of laws of nature; principle of self-ownership; property and consent; property rights; revolution; theory of consent developed in

Lockwood, Samuel

machinations of power

Mackenzie, John

Madison, James; assessment of America’s revolutionary leaders; description of complex or compound republics by; Federalist No. 10; Federalist No. 45; Federalist No. 51; moral logic borrowed by; property defined by; as proponent of new American-style republicanism; slaves owned by; spirit of liberty and; uncertainty about abolishing slavery

Magaw, Robert

Magna Carta

Marx, Karl

Mason, George

Massachusetts Government Act

Massachusetts Spy

Mather, Moses

Mauduit, Jasper

Mayhew, Jonathan

McCleod, Alexander

McClintock, Samuel

metaphysical law

Miles, James Warley

Milton, John

Molesworth, Robert

Molyneux, William

Montague, John

Montesquieu

moral laws of nature: as deductions from the rights of nature; discovery of; human nature and; as “if-given-then” conditional imperative; knowledge of through reason; motivation to follow; problem with; purpose of; reason and; relationship between coercive laws of government and; relationship between scientific laws of nature and; rewards and punishments of; source of; ultimate goal of

moral logic

moral relativism

moral theory: of Locke; of Paine; of the Revolution

nature: Baconian-Newtonian conception of; Declaration’s moral law of; fundamental law of (Locke); law of, violation of; relationship between scientific and moral laws of; state of. See also laws of nature

Navigation Acts

Newton, Isaac; Dewey’s reference to; Hammond’s reference to; in Jefferson’s aphorism; physical laws of nature as discovered by

New World: adventurers, quasi-Lockean moment of; Barlow’s claim about; common law in; economic opportunity and wealth creation in; importing of Locke’s idea into; provincials, Acts challenging; provincials, imperial crisis and; realm of freedom created in; settlers, spirit of liberty of; Solons and Lycurguses; traditional rights and liberties institutionalized in

Nietzsche, Friedrich

“night-watchman” state

Niles, Nathaniel

Nisbet, Charles

“no taxation without representation”

Notes on the State oof Virginia (Jefferson)

“Novanglus”

Novum Organum (Bacon)

Old World: common law in; forces holding it together; freest nation in; hereditary privilege and legal restrictions; inequalities that defined life in; Charles Nisbet; social barriers and hierarchies

On the Reasonableness of Christianity (Locke)

opinions of mankind

O’Sullivan, John L.

Otis, James; declaration of statutory law that violated “natural equity;” gentlemanly revolution launched by; as harbinger of American Revolution; law of nature according to; moral laws of nature characterized by; Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved; views on slavery

Paine, Thomas; The American Crisis; call for beginning of a new world; Common Sense; description of republic by; moral theory of; objective criteria justifying revolution; opposition to slavery; pseudonym; rejection of ideas; revolution; Rights of Man

Palmer, Elihu

Parsons, Theophilus

Payson, Phillips

Peale, Charles Willson

Penn, William

Pennsylvania Gazette

Pennsylvania Resolves

Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery

perceptually self-evident truths

Perkins, John

Pettit, John

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton)

Pierce, William

plantation socialism

The Political Economy of Slavery (Ruffin)

political liberty, definition of

political power (Locke)

Pope, Alexander

“Poplicola”

Post Office Act

“post-truth”

power: American sovereignty of; Parliament’s arbitrary power in America; political (Locke)

Prohibitory Act; battles fought with Tories over; denial of king’s protection through; justification for revolution response to; purpose of; ultimate meaning of

proslavery intellectuals

proslavery Southerners

Providence Gazette

Pufendorf, Samuel von

Quakers (Philadelphia), world’s first antislavery society organized by

Quartering Act

Quebec Act

Quincy, Josiah

Ramsay, David

Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, —

Raynal, Abbé

real American Revolution

Reason the Only Oracle of Man (Ethan Allen)

rebels;

The Regulations Lately Made (Whatley)

Reid, Thomas; “axioms of morals;” Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man

republican government: building of; just powers of

revolution; history of the conspiracy; justification; Paine’s revolution; problem of power; prudence and revolution; in theory; unanimity in collective belief

revolutionary equality, —

rights, nature of; elements; in practice; in theory

The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (Otis)

Rights of Man (Paine)

Roane, Spencer

Rokeby, Lord

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Ruffin, Edmund

Rush, Benjamin

Rutledge, John

Saxon constitution

science of liberty

scientific laws of nature: demonstration of; necessity of; relationship between moral laws of nature and; way of knowing

Scots Magazine

Second Continental Congress

Second Treatise of Government (Locke); civil government; equality in theory; formation of governments; fundamental law of nature; identification of laws of nature; principle of self-ownership; property and consent; property rights; revolution; theory of consent developed in

Selden, John

self-evident truths; axiom; Declaration, in context of; Enlightenment conception as perceptually true; intuitive knowledge; meaning of truth

self-government, natural right of

self-interest: American acceptance of (Tocqueville); corrupt understanding of; end result of (Locke); “enlightened;” as fundamental law of nature; long-term; moral agent (Jefferson); obedience to laws of government and; proslavery writers and; pursuit of

self-ownership: Foster; Locke

Seven Years’ War

Sharp, Granville

Shirley, William

A Short Essay on Civil Government (Foster)

Shute, Daniel

Sidney, Algernon

Sketches of the Principles of Government (Chipman)

slavery, equality and; American revolutionaries and slavery; challenge of slavery; Declaration and freedom; freedom and; Jefferson’s first public statement on; paradox of American freedom; philosophy that called for the end of slavery; revolution to end slavery

Smith, Adam

social contract and consent

socialism

Southern intellectuals

Southern Review

“Spartanus”

spirit of liberty; activation of; George Washington’s; in Pennsylvania; principles and; seen in attitude of John Adams; of settlers in the New World; Washington’s encouragement of in troops; way of life associated with

Stamp Act; Adams’s response to; American reaction to (Wells); American resistance to; Americans’ meaning of; as assault on private property; battle cry associated with; battles fought with Tories over; challenge of; Congress declaration; constitutionality of; crisis, beginning of; Declaration’s indictment of; deep-seated moralism triggered by; justification for revolution response to; Massachusetts Assembly response to; moral and psychological effects first triggered by the passage of; moral right at heart of resistance to; Otis’s response to; pressure of events first precipitated by; response to (Henry); series of resolutions in response to; use of principle of natural rights to evaluate; view of equality following passage of; as violation of law of nature

state of nature and consent; conflict and; Edenic state of nature; fatal flaw; motives for escaping; prepolitical state known as; problems of; reversion to; unsustainability of

Stiles, Ezra

Suffolk Resolves

Sugar Act: battles fought with Tories over; challenge of; Otis’s response to; taxation through; use of principle of natural rights to evaluate; view of equality following passage of

A Summary View of the Rights of British-America (Jefferson)

syllogism (self-evident truths)

Taney, Roger

Taylor, John

Tea Act: American resistance to; battles fought with Tories over; justification for revolution response to; meaning of for Americans; use of principle of natural rights to evaluate; view of equality following passage of, Wells’s inspiration by

Thacher, James

Tocqueville, Alexis de: American mind in practice noted by; American society as encountered by; associations noted by; Democracy in America; doctrine of self-interest, American acceptance of; observation about Americans; observation of frontier life; self-government, natural right of; tour of America

Tories: Anglo-American; British Tories; intellectual and political battles fought by

Townshend Acts: American resistance to; Americans’ awareness with passage of; Americans’ meaning of; battles fought with Tories over; Dickinson’s alarm against; response to; use of principle of natural rights to evaluate; view of equality following passage of

Trenchard, John

true American Revolution, Adams’s description of

Tucker, John

Tucker, St. George

Turner, Charles

tyranny: in American colonies; of British legislation; design to impose; Jefferson’s warning about; lack of in Britain’s American colonies; slavery and; “Starchamber” reference by Otis

The United States Magazine and Democratic Review

unwritten versus written law

Vattel, Emmerich de

“Vindex”

A Vindication of the Government of New England Churches (Wise)

Virginia Bill of Rights

Virginia House of Burgesses

Virginia Resolves

virtual representation

Walker, Quock

Walker, Timothy

War of Independence. See American Revolution

Warren, Joseph

Warren, Mercy Otis

Washington, George; Circular Letter to the States; Continental Army; First Inaugural speech; gentlemanly revolution launched by; movement of army of; slaves owned by; spirit of liberty of; volunteer army of

Webster, Noah

Weightman, Roger

Wells, Richard; A Few Political Reflections; laws of right and wrong; views on slavery

Wentworth, Benning

Whately, Thomas

Whigs (American)

Whiting, William

William the Conqueror

Williams, Abraham

Williams, Elisha

Williams, Samuel

Wilson, James; identification of great discoveries of Enlightenment; Lectures on Law; natural rights explained by; property defined by; rights explained by; role of inequality in human affairs

Wilson, Woodrow

Winthrop, John

Wise, John

Witherspoon, John

Wolfe, James

Zubly, John Joachim