INDEX

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

Abyssinian Development Corporation (ADC), 110–11, 138n96

activism. See civil rights movement; women’s liberation movement

Afros, as political statement, 1–2

“After Black Power, Women’s

Liberation” (Steinem), 64–65, 66–67

Alinsky, Saul, 4

allyship, 38. See also sisterhood, interracial

Amsterdam News, 70, 86, 98

anti-Semitism, 87

antiwar movement, 40, 62

Architects’ Renewal Committee in

Harlem (ARCH), 94

Atlanta Constitution, 10–11

Ballad of the Winter Soldiers (Killens), 31–35, 40

Bambara, Toni Cade, 73

beauty standards, 83, 85–86, 90. See also Miss America pageants

bed-and-breakfasts, 99–100, 108–10

biographies, 2–3

Black feminism: domestic labor, roots in, 126n12; of Dorothy, growth of, 40, 62; and women’s movement, 3, 64–66, 73–74, 124n19

Black Man’s Burden (Killens), 31, 35

Black Panther Party, 8, 51

Black Power movement: beginnings of, 39–40; and Black Nationalism, 36–38, 107, 127n41; Dorothy and imagery of, 1–2, 67, 118; and economic empowerment, 101, 103, 106, 113; and education, 92; and intersectionality, 62; and militant self-defense, 37–38, 39, 51; and women’s movement, 40, 64, 66; writing and activism in, 35

Blain, Keisha, 107

Boggs, Lindy, 96

bookstores, 95–96. See also civil rights movement

bra burning, 80, 133n1. See also women’s liberation movement

Bronx Slave Market, 23

Browne, Cheryl, 82

Brown v. Board of Education, 20

businesses, African American: and civil rights movement, 95–96; Dorothy’s support for, 91, 94, 97–99, 101, 102–4, 113; obstacles for, systematic, 96, 97–98, 99, 105–6; UME Z’s lack of support for, 91, 102–3, 111

Business Resource and Investment Service Center (BRISC), 104–5, 110

capitalism, 66, 97. See also gentrification

care, ethics of, 12, 14–15, 28

Carmichael, Stokely, 39, 66, 92

Chaney, James, 30, 31, 35

Charles Junction (Georgia): Dorothy’s continued connection to, 7, 27; employment in, 15–17; Historic Preservation Society of, 115–16, 118; race and class relations in, 9

childcare: community control of, 51–53, 56–58, 94; Dorothy’s activism in, 40, 41–43, 58–59; and housing, 55; needs-based approach to, 49–50, 53, 57–58; and wars, American, 42–43, 49, 50, 128n4; and women’s movement, 48–49, 50, 57, 67, 76–77

The Children Are Waiting (1970 report), 51

Chisholm, Shirley, 64, 89

Church Mother (title), 13–14

City University of New York, 97

Civil Rights Act (1964), 38, 43, 100

civil rights movement: and Afros, 1–2; and Black Power, 39–40; and bookstores, 95–96; and desegregation, 38, 41, 43, 70; and gentrification, 94; and women’s movement, 40, 64–65, 66, 71; writing and activism in, 30–31, 34–35. See also Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

class: and childcare, 43, 47, 49–50, 53, 56–58; and education, 92; and gentrification, 53, 93–94; and housing, 55; and race, intersection of, 9–10, 12, 19, 124n4; and women’s movement, 5, 61, 66, 70, 73–74

Clinton, Bill, 5, 101–2

Coleman, Val, 33

Collier-Thomas, Bettye, 14

colonialism, 29, 36–37

Columbus (Georgia), 21, 22

commercialization. See gentrification

community control: and childcare activism, 51–53, 56–58, 94; and education, 91–92; and urban development, 94, 105; of West 80th Street Day Care Center, 47–48, 50, 52, 54, 58–59

community gardens, 79, 117–18

community organizing: and community gardens, 79, 117–18; Dorothy’s gift for, 4; and Harlem Office Supply, xi, 91, 95, 98–99, 103; movement organizing compared to, 61–62; and WAA, 76; and West 80th Street Day Care Center, 43, 46–47, 52–53, 94–95; and West Side Community Alliance, 54–55, 56. See also Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Comprehensive Child Care Act, 52–53

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): Dorothy’s work and split with, 4, 5, 29–34, 40, 62; James Powell shooting, response to, 35–36; and protests, nonviolent vs. self-defensive, 39; World’s Fair protest, 41, 70

Copeland, Calvin, 111

copy shops. See Harlem Office Supply

cosmetics, 85–86. See also Miss America pageants

Cotton Club (Harlem), 25, 27, 97, 109

Davis, Sephus, 10–11

Deacons for Defense and Justice, 38, 39. See also Black Power movement

Department of Social Services (NYC), 47, 54, 56

desegregation, 20, 38, 39, 70, 92. See also racism and race relations

development, urban. See gentrification; Harlem Urban Development Corporation (HU DC)

Dillon, Dennis, 97, 136n31

direct action. See protests and direct action

diversity requirements, 97. See also businesses, African American

Dodge, Polly King, 54

domestic labor, 23–24. See also employment

domestic violence, 67. See also women’s liberation movement

Dorothy. See Hughes, Dorothy Pitman

DPH Marketing Network, 98–99

Early Childhood Development Task Force, 51–52, 56–57. See also childcare

economic empowerment: and community gardens, 117; corporate vs. community models of, 101, 102–3, 105–6; Dorothy’s work for, 5, 91, 95, 97–98, 103–4, 113; and women, 96, 103–4

education: community control of, 91–92; and racial inequality, 20, 51, 56, 92; segregation of, 38, 39, 41, 70; and welfare dependency, 67; at West 80th Street Day Care Center, 46–47, 48

Edward Waters College, 110, 116–17

employment: and racial inequality, 15–16, 23, 24, 43, 126n9; and urban development, 105–6, 111; and welfare, 57–58

Empowerment Zones (EZs), 101. See also Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UME Z)

Endicott Hotel, 44–45, 46, 53

entrepreneurs. See businesses, African American

Epton, Bill, 36, 37–38

Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 96

Esquire, 2, 4, 75

Farmer, James, 30, 32, 33–34

farming communities, 3, 15–17

Faulkner, William, 16

Feigen, Brenda, 76

feminism. See Black feminism; women’s liberation movement

Flanagan, Thomas Jefferson, 20

Florida A&M University, 38

Florida Star, 118

food access, 45, 47, 67, 79, 117. See also community organizing

forced labor, 57–58. See also poverty

Fort Benning (Georgia), 21

Freedom Summers, 30, 31, 39

Free to Be . . . You and Me (Thomas), 77–78

Friedan, Betty, 61, 64

Gangi, Bob, 46, 58, 62–63

gardens, community, 79, 117–18

Garvey, Marcus, 106

Gateway Books, 117

gender socialization, 76–77. See also women’s liberation movement

gentrification: definition, 94; in Harlem, xi, 55, 91, 93–94, 113; and small businesses, impact on, 104, 105–6, 110–11, 113; in West Side NYC, 4, 44, 53, 55

Georgia, 10–12, 15–17, 18, 19–20, 36. See also Charles Junction

Gibson, Doris, 108

Gibson, Vernon, 108

Gittell, Marilyn, 92

Glass, Ruth, 94

GM, 83–84

Goldstein, Brian, 105–6

Goodman, Andrew, 35

grassroots organizing. See community organizing

Great Depression, 15, 99, 128n4

Green Book, 100. See also segregation

Guggenheimer, Elinor, 49–50, 53

Hand Brand Distribution, 112

Harlem: bookstores and activism in, 95–96; business practices in, 97–98; Dorothy’s move to, 69, 91, 94; education in, 91–92; as EZ, 102–3; female-owned businesses in, 103–4; gentrification in, xi, 55, 91, 93–94, 113; riots in, 32

Harlem Center, 111

Harlem Office Supply: business loans for, 104–5; closure of, in Harlem, 112–13; community shares in, xi, 108, 112; community support for, 100–101; displacement of, 110–11; and Edward Waters College, 110, 116; growth of, 98, 100; opening of, 3, 96; as site for activism, 5, 95–96, 97, 108; vision for, 91, 95

Harlem Unity Committee for Social Justice, 106

Harlem Urban Development Corporation (HU DC), 94, 98, 99, 102, 104, 109

Head Start programs, 50, 53, 117–18, 130n63. See also childcare

“HerStory in Black” (Hughes), 109

Hill, Lance, 39

Hill, Velma, 70

historic preservation, 20, 115–16, 118

history: control of, as key to power, 34–35; and Lovett’s biographical process, x, xi, 2, 3, 5; and media representation, 69–70, 72–73, 74–76

housing, 44, 55, 93–94

Hughes, Angela, 69, 72–73, 110

Hughes, Clarence, 68–69, 83–84, 99

Hughes, Dorothy Pitman: activism of, overview, 3–4, 5; bed-and-breakfast of, 99–100, 108–10; birth of, 3, 7; and Black Power, 8, 36–38, 39, 51; bookstore of, 116–17; Charles Junction, preservation of, 115–16; childcare, activism for, 51–52, 53, 54–59, 77–78, 94; community garden project, 79, 117–18; and CORE, 29–31, 33–34, 40, 62;early life and upbringing of, 7–10, 11–12, 19–21, 68; and economic empowerment, 91, 94, 96–99, 102–5, 106–8, 113, 116; education, activism for, 91–93; employment of, early, 21, 22–25, 27, 28; erasure of, historical, 2, 4–5, 69–70, 72–75; father of, 15–18; and Clarence Hughes, 68–69, 99; iconic photo of, ix, 1–2, 67, 79, 118; intersectionality of, 62, 64, 67, 69, 73–75, 77–78; and Malcolm X, 36, 37, 101; and Miss America pageants, 79–80, 82–90; mother of, 13–15, 22–23; personal papers of, x–xi, 69; and Bill Pitman, 29, 37, 38, 68–69; political identity, growth of, 19–20, 29, 40, 41–42; pregnancy of, 26–27; publications of, 113; singing career of, 3, 7, 8, 25, 27–28, 86; the South, desire to leave, 20–21, 22, 27, 29; and Gloria Steinem, 2, 4, 8, 47, 62–64, 65, 67–76, 79–80, 118; and women’s movement, 61–62, 64, 65–66, 68–76. See also Harlem Office Supply; West 80th Street Day Care Center

Ickeringill, Nan, 45–46, 47

I’m Just Saying (Hughes), 113

integration. See racism and race relations; segregation

Intermediate School 201, 91–92.

See also community control

intersectionality: and business, 99, 107; of Dorothy, 62, 64, 67, 69, 73–75, 77–78, 109; at West 80th Street Day Care Center, x, 4, 45–46, 47, 50, 101; and women’s movement, 66, 70–71, 118

investments, 101, 102, 105, 108. See also businesses, African American

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 29, 36

Jackson, Esther Cooper, 23

Jackson, Jacqui, 66

Jacksonville (Florida), 116–17

Jacksonville Community Garden Projects, 79, 117–18

James Meredith march, 39

Jet (magazine), 20–21, 33, 83

John Brown Coordination Committee, 38

Johnson, Charles S., 10, 12

Johnson, Cheryl, 83

Johnson, Lyndon B., 49, 50, 95, 130n63

Jones, Angela, 58

Jones, William P., 16

Kaminsky, Wallace, 54

Kennedy, Flo: beauty pageant protests, 80, 89, 133n1; and Dorothy, influence on, 37, 62; erasure of, historic, 64; marriage of, 37, 131n3; and Gloria Steinem, 68

Kennedy, John F., 49, 50

Killens, John Oliver, 30–31, 35

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 50, 51

King, Rodney, 101–2

Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 11–12, 17, 68

labor, forced, 57–58. See also welfare

Lanham Act (1941), 42. See also childcare

LeRoy, Warner, 28–29

Liberty Hall (NYC), 106–7

“Lift, Don’t Separate” (fundraiser), 118

Lindsay, John, 51, 56–57, 58, 87

Linley, Sheri, 84, 88

Los Angeles, 101–2

lumber industry, 15–17, 18, 20

Lumpkin (Georgia), 3, 8, 19–20, 39

Lumumba, Patrice, 41

lynching, 10–11. See also racism and race relations

Malcolm X: and Dorothy, influence on, 36, 37, 101; murder of, 36, 39, 41; and National Memorial African Bookstore, 96; and OAAU, 35, 36, 127n41

Manhattan Borough Development Corporation (MBDC), 109

March for Children’s Survival, 58

Marks, Albert A., Jr., 83, 89

Mart 125, 98. See also businesses, African American

Maxwell’s Plum, 28–29

McCall’s (magazine), 70, 72–73, 74–75

McGuire, Danielle, 22

McKissick, Floyd, 33, 40

McMurray, Georgia, 57

Mead Corporation, 115–16

media representation, 69–73, 74–76, 80–82, 133n1

memory, importance of, 35. See also history

Mendelson, Jane, 110

Michaux, Lewis, 95–96

Miss America pageants: and Dorothy’s activism, 5, 79–80, 83–89; integration of, increased, 82–83, 89; protests against, 80–82, 89–90, 133n1

Mitchell, Loften, 30–31, 34–35

The Moon Is Blue (Preminger), 30

Morgan, Robert Duke, 81

Morrison, Toni, 73

Moses, Robert, 93

Mount Olive Primitive Baptist Church, 3, 8, 13–14. See also Charles Junction (Georgia)

Moynihan, Patrick, 49

Ms. (magazine), 4, 75–76, 77

Myerson, Bess, 87

My Life on the Road (Steinem), 64

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAAC P), 19–20, 81, 89

National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO), 73–74

nationalism, 36–38, 107

National Memorial African Bookstore, 95–96

National Organization for Women (NOW), 66, 73, 76. See also women’s liberation movement

National Welfare Rights Organization, 58

Nation of Islam, 36. See also Malcolm X

Native American removal, 19–20. See also racism and race relations

The Negro Family (Moynihan), 49

The Negro Motorist Green Book, 100. See also segregation

New York Action Corps, 46

New York City, 51, 93–94, 135n9. See also Harlem; West Side (NYC)

New York Municipal Slave Market, 107

New York Radical Women, 64–65, 80

New York Times: on childcare movement, 58; on Deacons for Defense and Justice, 39; on gentrification in Harlem, 106; on Miss Black America, 81; on West 80th Street Day Care Center, 45–46, 54, 56

Nixon, Richard, 53, 57, 94–95

Non-Sexist Child Development Project, 77. See also childcare

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 44, 45, 50, 52, 95, 129n19

Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), 35, 36, 127n41

organizing. See community organizing

pageants. See Miss America pageants

paper industry, 115. See also Charles Junction (Georgia)

Pazge, Veronica, 85

Penthouse (magazine), 89–90

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 80

Phoenix City (Alabama), 21–22

Photo 44 Production Studio, 85, 86

Pitman, Bill, 29, 36–37, 38, 41, 68–69

Pitman Hughes, Dorothy. See Hughes, Dorothy Pitman

Pittsburgh Courier, 81–82

Pogrebin, Letty, 76, 77

police violence, 35–36, 37, 101–2. See also protests and direct action

Porter, Michael, 105–6

poverty: and childcare, 4, 43, 47, 49–50, 53, 56–58; and

EZs, 101; and food prices, 47, 67; and gentrification, 53, 93–94; and housing, 44, 55, 67; in Jacksonville, 117; NYC Council Against, 85; and racism, intersection of, 9–10, 12, 124n4; and sharecropping, 17; War on, 49, 95, 130n63

Powell, James, 35, 37

Preminger, Otto, 30

prison labor, 97. See also businesses, African American

privilege, 64, 74, 75. See also women’s liberation movement

protests and direct action: for childcare, 4, 42, 56–57, 58; and CORE, 31, 41, 70; for education, community-controlled, 91–92; against gentrification, 94; and militant self-defense, 37–38, 39, 51; against Miss America, 80–82, 89–90, 133n1; against police violence, 35–36, 37, 101–2

proverbs, African American, 14–15

Public Welfare Amendments (1962), 50

Quinn, Patrice, 36, 41, 45, 68–69, 77, 87–88

racism and race relations: and Black Power, 36, 39–40; and businesses, 96–99, 103–4, 106, 111, 113; and childcare, 49–50, 57–58; and class, intersection of, 9–10, 12, 19, 124n4; and education, 20, 38, 39, 41, 51, 56, 70, 92; and employment, 15–16, 23, 24, 43, 126n9; and extralegal violence, 10–12; in Miss America, 79–84, 86–90; and police violence, 35–36, 37, 101–2;

in relationships, intimate, 29, 36–37; and sexualized violence, 22; and travel, 99–100; and US navy, 68; and wealth generation, 107–8; in women’s movement, 3, 64–67, 69–71, 73–75, 118

Rangel, Charles, 91, 98, 101, 102, 104

Reagan, Ronald, 3, 57

redevelopment. See gentrification

Renewal Communities. See Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UME Z)

republicanism, 16–17

Rich, Marvin, 33–34

Ridley, Lessie (née White): Dorothy’s pregnancy, acceptance of, 27; home remedies of, 26; life of, 13; music of, 8, 14; values and teachings of, 9, 10, 12, 14–15, 22–23

Ridley, Melton Lee “Ray,” 8, 12, 13, 15–18

Ridley, Roger, 27–28

Ridley-Malmsten, Delethia, 27, 43, 83, 86, 95

riots, 32, 35–36, 50, 101–2

Rockefeller, Nelson, 57

Roger and the Ridley Sisters, 27–28

Roth, Benita, 124n19

Rules for Radicals (Alinsky), 4

school reform movement, 92. See also education

Schwerner, Michael, 35

“second wave,” use of term, 75, 133n51

segregation: in education, 20, 38, 39, 41, 70, 92; and sexualized violence, 22; and travel, 99–100. See also racism and race relations

self-defense, 37–38, 39, 51. See also Black Power movement

self-determination. See Black Power movement; community control

self-love, 14, 15

sexism: and business ownership, 96, 98–99, 103–4, 110; and employment, 43, 66; in film industry, 33; and race, intersection of, 66, 89–90; and women’s movement, 65, 73–74, 76–77, 118

sexual health, 26

sexualized violence, 22

sexual revolution, 28, 30

sharecropping, 17

Shaw, Nate, 16

sisterhood, interracial, 64, 73, 74, 118

sit-ins. See protests and direct action

slave trade, 107

small businesses. See businesses, African American

Smith, Barbara, 61–62

Social Gospel doctrine, 15

socialization, 76–77, 83. See also childcare

Sojourner Bed and Breakfast, 99, 108–10

Soli, Christine, 86

Sophia Smith Collection of Women’s History, x, xi

Spitzer, Eliot, 91, 112

Springer, Kimberly, 64

squatter movement, 55, 94

Staples, 5, 110. See also Harlem Office Supply

Steinem, Gloria: and Dorothy, collaborative activism of, 8, 47, 63–64, 67–68, 74–76, 118; Dorothy, first meetings with, 4, 62–63; Dorothy’s projects, support for, 100, 109, 115; iconic photo of, ix, 1–2, 67, 79, 118; media coverage of, 2, 69–70, 72–73, 74, 75; on Miss NYC pageant, 79–80; personal papers of, x, xi, 69; on West 80th Street Day Care Center, 46, 47; on women’s movement, 64–65, 66–67, 70–71

stock market, 107–8

street vendors, 98. See also businesses, African American

Sugarman, Jule, 56, 130n63

Tax Reform Act (1976), 100

Tell Pharaoh (Mitchell), 31

Terry, Lloyd, 85

Thomas, Marlo, 77

Till, Emmett, 20–21

timber industry, 15–17, 18, 20

Ture, Kwame, 39, 66, 92

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 106–7

Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UME Z): background on, 101–2; corporate perspective of, 102, 105–6, 111, 138n96; denial of Dorothy’s loan requests, 104–5, 108–9, 110, 138n96; Dorothy’s criticism of, 5, 91, 102–5, 107

Urban Gem Guest House, 110

urban renewal. See gentrification

US Naval Academy, 68

Van Matre, Jim, 38–40

Vietnam War, 4, 42–43, 62, 80

violence, extralegal, 10–11. See also protests and direct action

Wake Up and Smell the Dollars! (Hughes), 113

Walker, Alice, 100

Wall Street, 106, 107–8

War on Poverty, 49, 95, 130n63. See also poverty

Webb, Johnnie, 11

welfare, 4, 11, 43, 44, 47, 49, 55; day care as a form of, 48-49, 50; Dorothy’s activism about, 3, 61, 63, 67; government view of, 57; hotels, 44, 55, 67; laws and legislation, 50, 53, 57; National Welfare Rights Organization, 58; rights, 5, 58; women on, 50, 58, 100. See also poverty

West 80th Street Day Care Center: budget and rent of, 45; community control of, 47–48, 50, 52, 54, 58–59; community organizing at, 46–47, 52–53, 94–95; curriculum of, 48, 58–59; descriptions of, 44–46, 53; early plans for, 42, 43; and Free to Be (Thomas), 77; funding practices of, 47, 49–50; fundraising for, 46, 53–54, 63; growth of, 43–44; integrated environment of, 45–46, 47, 50, 101; intersectional work of, x, 4, 67; national ranking of, 52; new location and incorporation of, 54

West India Labor Day, 93

West Side (NYC), 4, 28, 42–46, 54–55. See also Harlem

West Side Community Alliance, 40, 54–55, 56, 84, 85, 88–89. See also West 80th Street Day Care Center

white supremacy, 10–12, 22, 38, 39. See also racism and race relations

Wilcox, Preston, 106

Williams, Vanessa, 89–90

Winters, Shelley, 33, 40

Winter Soldiers, 31–32, 40

“Woman of the Year,” 72, 75

women: domestic labor and exploitation of, 23–24; and economic empowerment, 96, 103–4; history of, x, xi, 2–3; religion and restriction of, 8, 13–14

Women Initiating Self-Empowerment (WISE), 103–4

For Women Only (talk show), 63

Women’s Action Alliance (WAA), 76–77

women’s liberation movement: and childcare, 48–49, 50, 57, 67, 76–77; and civil rights movement, 40, 64–65, 66, 71; Dorothy and Gloria’s work in, 47, 63–64, 67–68, 74–76; Dorothy’s relationship to, 61–62; historical representation of, xi, 2, 4–5, 69–75, 80–82, 124n19, 133n1; and Miss America pageants, 80, 81–82, 89–90; racism and race relations in, 3, 64–67, 69–71, 73–75, 118

World’s Fair, 41, 70

World War I, 10, 21

World War II, 17, 42, 49, 50, 128n4

Wright, Deborah, 104–6

writing and activism, 30–31, 34–35

Zinsser, Judith P., 2–3