PREFACE
1. Formally, this is called the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, not to be confused with the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands. In informal conversation, we tended to refer to Cambodia’s tribunal as, simply, the war crimes tribunal.
2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Home, the Most Dangerous Place for Women, with Majority of Female Homicide Victims Worldwide Killed by Partners or Family, UNODC Study Says,” press release, November 25, 2018, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2018/November/home—the-most-dangerous-place-for-women—with-majority-of-female-homicide-victims-worldwide-killed-by-partners-or-family—unodc-study-says.html.
3. United Nations, “Secretary-General Calls for Transformation in Men’s Attitudes to End All Forms of Violence against Women,” press release, November 24, 2003, https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/sgsm9030.doc.htm.
4. Krupa Padhy, “The Women Killed on One Day around the World,” BBC News, November 25, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46292919. See also: UNODC, “Home, the Most Dangerous Place for Women.”
5. UNODC, “Home, the Most Dangerous Place for Women.”
6. Callie Marie Rennison, PhD, “Intimate Partner Violence, 1993–2001,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, Crime Data Brief, February 2003, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipv01.pdf.
7. Email correspondence with Jacquelyn Campbell.
8. “eight million workdays”: National Coalition against Domestic Violence, Statistics, https://ncadv.org/statistics.
9. Jing Sun et al., “Mothers’ Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Young Children’s Development,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 53, no. 6 (December 2017): 882–91.
10. “Women and Children in the Crosshairs: New Analysis of Mass Shootings in America Reveals 54 Percent Involved Domestic Violence and 25 Percent of Fatalities Were Children,” Everytown for Gun Safety, April 11, 2017, https://everytown.org/press/women-and-children-in-the-crosshairs-new-analysis-of-mass-shootings-in-america-reveals-54-percent-involved-domestic-violence-and-25-percent-of-fatalities-were-children.
11. W. Gardner Selby, “Domestic Violence not Confirmed as Consistent Predictor of Mass Shootings,” Politifact, December 2, 2017, https://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2017/dec/02/eddie-rodriguez/domestic-violence-not-confirmed-precursor-mass-sho.
12. Associated Press, “Church Gunman’s Wife Says He Cuffed Her to Bed, Said He’d Be ‘Right Back’ before Rampage,” CBS News, August 13, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sutherland-springs-texas-church-gunman-devin-kelley-wife-speaks-out.
13. Sarah Ellis and Harrison Cahill, “Dylann Roof: Hindsights and ‘What Ifs,’ ” The State, June 27, 2015, https://www.thestate.com/news/local/article25681333.html. See also: Daniel Bates, “EXCLUSIVE: Charleston Killer Dylann Roof Grew Up in a Fractured Home Where His ‘Violent’ Father Beat His Stepmother,” Daily Mail, June 19, 2015, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3131858/Charleston-killer-Dylann-Roof-grew-fractured-home-violent-father-beat-stepmother-hired-private-detective-follow-split-claims-court-papers.html.
14. This does not include the budget for victim compensation. Office on Violence Against Women (OVW), “FY 2018 Budget Request at a Glance,” https://www.justice.gov/jmd/page/file/968291/download.
15. Office of Management and Budget, “An American Budget, Fiscal Year 2019,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/budget-fy2019.pdf.
16. Paul R. La Monica, “Happy Prime Day! Bezos Worth $150 Billion as Amazon Hits All-Time High,” CNN Business, July 16, 2018, https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/16/technology/amazon-stock-prime-day-jeff-bezos-net-worth/index.html. My mad math skillz required that I call my daughter’s fifth grade math teacher to verify this percentage. Thank you, Ms. Allinson!
17. Naomi Graetz, “Wifebeating in Jewish Tradition,” Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, February 27, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive, https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/wifebeating-in-jewish-tradition.
18. Ibid.
19. Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004).
20. “History of Domestic Violence: A Timeline of the Battered Women’s Movement,” Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse; Safety Network: California’s Domestic Violence Resource. September 1998 (copyright 1999). See also: Barbara Mantel, “Domestic Violence: Are Federal Programs Helping to Curb Abuse?” CQ Researcher 23, no. 41 (November 15, 2013): 981–1004, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2013111503. And Pleck, Domestic Tyranny, 17, 21–22.
21. Jackie Davis, “Domestic Abuse,” white paper, Criminal Justice Institute, https://www.cji.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/domestic_abuse_report.pdf.
22. Vivian Acheng, “15 Countries Where Domestic Violence Is Legal,” The Clever, May 26, 2017, https://www.theclever.com/15-countries-where-domestic-violence-is-legal.
23. Anastasia Manuilova, “Nine Months After New Domestic Violence Law, Russian Women Still Struggle,” Moscow Times, November 24, 2017, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/nine-months-on-russian-women-grapple-with-new-domestic-violence-laws-59686.
24. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, 27 I&N Dec. 316 (A.G. 2018), Interim Decision #3929, Decided by Attorney General June 11, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1070866/download.
25. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office on Women’s Health, “Laws on Violence against Women,” https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/get-help/laws-violence-against-women.
26. National Center for Victims of Crime, Stalking Resource Center, http://victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/stalking-resource-center/stalking-information.
27. National Center for Victims of Crime, Stalking Resource Center, “Analyzing Stalking Laws,” http://victimsofcrime.org/docs/src/analyzing-stalking-statute.pdf?sfvrsn=2. In the UK, stalking was traditionally seen as simple “harassment” despite 120,000 women reporting stalking annually, a figure that experts claim is only about a quarter of the real number. But unlike in the States, in 2012 the British government passed a law that allowed stalking to be charged as a criminal act, and by 2015, prosecutions rose by 50 percent.
28. National Domestic Violence Hotline, “Our History: Domestic Violence Advocates,” https://www.thehotline.org/about-the-hotline/history-domestic-violence-advocates.
29. Lethality Assessment Program, Development of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP), https://lethalityassessmentprogramdotorg.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/development-of-the-lap1.pdf.
30. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre 2013111503#NOTE[21]. Because the OJ trial predates the National Domestic Violence Hotline (not to mention the internet), the numbers weren’t tracked nationally, but regionally across the country, shelters and hotlines reported record calls.
31. Associated Press, “1 Million Women Victims of Domestic Violence in ’91,” Los Angeles Times, October 3, 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-03/news/mn-266_1_domestic-violence.
32. Chris Cillizza, “Why Donald Trump Won’t Condemn Rob Porter,” The Point with Chris Cillizza, February 2, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/rob-porter-trump-response/index.html and Editorial Board, “What if Donald Trump Really Cared About Women’s Safety?” New York Times, February 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/opinion/trump-porter-abuse-women.html.
BARNACLE SIBLINGS
1. Historians dispute this story, claiming that if there was a suicide by Crow warriors, it happened on the other side of the river. Clair Johnson, “Sacrifice Cliff: The Legend and the Rock,” Billings Gazette, December 20, 2014, http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/sacrifice-cliff-the-legend-and-the-rock/article_fc527e19-8e68-52fe-8ffc-d0ff1ecb3fea.html.
DADDY ALWAYS LIVES
1. In Maryland, stalking is always a misdemeanor. In Montana, a first offense is generally a misdemeanor, though a stalking law passed there in 2003 allows it to be charged as a felony. Montana Code Annotated 2015, 45-5-220. Stalking—exemption—penalty, https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/5/45-5-220.htm. See also: Montana Code Annotated 2015, 45-2-101. General definitions, https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/2/45-2-101.htm. Though stalking is a crime in all fifty states, there are only about a dozen states that allow it to be charged as a felony if it’s a first offense. National Coalition against Domestic Violence, “Facts about Violence and Stalking”: https://www.speakcdn.com/assets/2497/domestic_violence_and_stalking_ncadv.pdf. See also: NCADV, Statistics: https://ncadv.org/statistics. Just over forty states allow for stalking to be charged as a felony, though only thirteen states allow stalking victims to sue their stalkers. National Center for Victims of Crime, Stalking Resource Center, “Federal Stalking Laws,” 18 USCS § 2261A. Stalking. (2013), http://victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/stalking-resource-center/stalking-laws/federal-stalking-laws#61a.
2. Abby Ellin, “With Coercive Control, the Abuse Is Psychological,” Well blog, July 11, 2016, https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/with-coercive-control-the-abuse-is-psychological.
3. Evan Stark, PhD, MSW, “Re-presenting Battered Women: Coercive Control and the Defense of Liberty,” Prepared for Violence Against Women: Complex Realities and New Issues in a Changing World (Les Presses de l’Université du Québec: 2012), http://www.stopvaw.org/uploads/evan_stark_article_final_100812.pdf.
4. Home Office and the Rt. Hon. Karen Bradley, MP, “Coercive or Controlling Behaviour Now a Crime,” December 29, 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/coercive-or-controlling-behaviour-now-a-crime.
A BEAR IS COMING AT YOU
1. Some of the information about what Michelle wrote that night comes from a local newspaper article titled “That Black Night” written by Ed Kemmick of the Billings Gazette and published on November 23, 2002. Sally also shared with me Michelle’s original note.
2. Montana Code Annotated 2015, 45-5-206. Partner or family member assault—penalty, http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/45/5/45-5-206.htm.
3. Kelly Dunne, in-person interview, July 2011 in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
THIS PERSON YOU LOVE WILL TAKE YOUR LIFE
1. Campbell is counting women killed by more than just guns; a September 2018 report from the Violence Policy Center cites a statistic of fifty American women killed each month, but this number counts only those killed by guns.
2. Andrew R. Klein, “Practical Implications of Current Domestic Violence Research. Part 1: Law Enforcement.” National Criminal Justice Reference Service, unpublished. April 2008, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222319.pdf.
3. Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence, OPDV Bulletin, Winter 2014, http://www.opdv.ny.gov/public_awareness/bulletins/winter2014/victimsprison.html; State of New York Department of Correctional Services, “Female Homicide Commitments: 1986 vs. 2005” (July 2007).
4. Latina Ray pled to a sentence of eleven years before her case went to trial. Her story is recounted in the documentary Private Violence.
5. At the time of this writing, in 2013, homicide is number two, eclipsed only slightly by HIV/AIDS.
6. “60%”: Interview with Dr. Sylvia Vella. See also: Nancy Glass et al., “Non-Fatal Strangulation Is an Important Risk Factor for Homicide of Women,” The Journal of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 3 (October 2007): 330.
7. Gael B. Strack and Casey Gwinn, “On the Edge of Homicide: Strangulation as a Prelude,” Criminal Justice 26, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 2 (“gendered crime”).
8. Gael B. Strack, George E. McClane, and Dean Hawley, “A Review Of 300 Attempted Strangulation Cases, Part I: Criminal Legal Issues,” The Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 3 (2001): 303–09; interviews with Gael Strack, Geri Greenspan, Jackie Campbell, Silvia Vella, Casey Gwinn.
9. Also see Strack and Gwinn, “On the Edge of Homicide.”
10. Strack et al., “A Review of 300 Attempted Strangulation Cases.”
11. “penultimate abuse by a perpetrator”: Strack coined this the “continuum of violence.”
12. Interview with Sylvia Vella.
13. Email correspondence with Neil Websdale, director of the Family Violence Institute at Northern Arizona University.
14. Interview with Gael Strack. The autonomic nervous system info was explained to me by Dean Hawley, who spoke on background only (“Cases … prosecuted as a misdemeanor”). See: Strack et al., “A Review of 300 Attempted Strangulation Cases.”
15. Alliance for Hope International, Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention, http://www.strangulationtraininginstitute.com/about-us.
16. Background on Supreme Court sentencing provided by Matt Osterrieder. See also:
17. Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention, Strangulation Prevention E-Newsletter, September 2017, http://myemail.constantcontact.com/E-news-from-the-Training-Institute-on-Strangulation-Prevention.html?soid=1100449105154&aid=2vdIhX bn5lM.
18. Alexa N. D’Angelo, “Maricopa County Domestic-Violence Deaths Drop after Policy Change,” Arizona Republic, March 2, 2015, http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2015/03/02/county-attorney-strangulation-protocol/24001897.
19. Note: the data for this says it went from 14 percent to 60 percent, but Sgt. Dan Rincon says the number is now 75 percent. So there’s a descrepancy between this newer number and published work saying 60 percent (like on page 2 of National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative Fall 2012 Newsletter: http://www.ndvfri.org/newsletters/FALL-2012-NDVFRI-Newsletter.pdf), but in Rincon’s trainings he now uses 75 percent—a number he got from the Maricopa County Attorney’s Office.
20. Institute on Strangulation Prevention September 2017 newsletter.
21. Also see Alice David, “Violence-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Women: Identifying a Triad of Postinjury Disorders,” Journal of Trauma Nurses 21, no. 6 (November 2014): 306–07.
22. Email correspondence with author.
23. Barriers to diagnosis and treatment came on background mostly from Dean Hawley. Gael Strack also verified, and Attorney Geri Greenspan discussed legal barriers.
SYSTEMS, ACCIDENTS, INCIDENTS
1. National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative Review Teams, https://www.ndvfri.org/review-teams.
2. Montana Department of Justice, Office of Consumer Protection and Victim Services, Montana Domestic Violence Fatality Review Commissions, September 2015, http://www.leg.mt.gov/content/Committees/Interim/2015-2016/Law-and-Justice/Meetings/Sept-2015/Exhibits/dale-presentation-domestic-violence-review-september-2015.pdf.
3. Johns Hopkins Medicine, “Study Suggests Medical Errors Now Third Leading Cause of Death in the U.S.,” press release, May 3, 2016, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/study_suggests_medical_errors_now_third_leading_cause_of_death_in_the_us.
PENANCE
1. This quote comes from an edited phone conversation between Hamish Sinclair and Ed Gondolf from April 2014 that Sinclair sent to me through private correspondence to explain his philosophy and curriculum. Gondolf is the author of The Future of Batterer Programs (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2012).
2. David Frum, “Why Didn’t the White House See Domestic Violence as Disqualifying?” Atlantic, February 8, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/02/porter/552806.
3. For the record, I raised my hand, but being an adult in an audience of hundreds of jiggly, giggly kids didn’t warrant my inclusion. My daughter, meanwhile, was cringing in her seat, hoping I didn’t embarrass her—which, of course, I would have.
4. This should not be confused with the NLP alternative medical practice that has been largely discredited—it was once erroneously hailed as a possible treatment for a range of diseases, from cancer to Parkinson’s to the common cold.
WATCHING VIOLENCE IN A FISHBOWL
1. Her name has been changed. I do not know the identity of Victoria’s father, and did not confirm her accounts presented at the jail that day. (The point for me was observing restorative justice in action.)
2. I am not allowed to record audio in the jail.
3. Schwartz’s own memoir, Dreams from the Monster Factory: A Tale of Prison, Redemption and One Woman’s Fight to Restore Justice to All, details much of the creation of the RSVP program.
4. Bandy Lee and James Gilligan, “The Resolve to Stop the Violence Project: Transforming an In-House Culture of Violence through a Jail-Based Programme,” Journal of Public Health 27, no. 2, (June 2005): 149–55.
5. Ibid., 143–48. Gains came from, among other things, not having to re-arrest and prosecute those who may have otherwise re-offended, as well as general costs for housing inmates, among others.
6. Alissa Riker is the current director of programs at San Bruno. We spoke on background by phone in the spring of 2018.
7. Lee and Gilligan, “The Resolve to Stop the Violence Project.”
8. Cora Peterson et al., “Lifetime Economic Burden of Intimate Partner Violence among U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55, no. 4 (October 2018): 433–44.
9. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States (March 2003).
10. Report by Amy S. Ackerman, Deputy City Attorney, Domestic Violence Investigation—December 2001. Available here: https://sfgov.org/dosw/domestic-violence-investigation-december-2001.
11. Caroline Wolf Harlow, PhD, “Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, Selected Findings, April 1999, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/parip.pdf.
THE FATAL PERIL CLUB
1. Her name has been changed.
2. In October of 2018, Hamish Sinclair had to stop giving his ManAlive classes at the Glide Community Center because the probation department determined that it could not have probationers—that is, peers who may still be on probation themselves, despite having successfully gone through ManAlive and facilitator training—with access to other probationers’ files. Sinclair will be offering the classes at alternative facilities, though not with an affiliation to the San Francisco probation office. This does not affect the classes Espinoza and his Community Works colleagues teach—at San Bruno or at the satellite office.
CLUSTERED AT THE TOP
1. Though this has improved slightly in the years since Adams wrote his dissertation, women are still doing the bulk of childcare and household chores in the home, as well as what is referred to these days as the “invisible work” of managing a household. See: Pew Research Center, “Raising Kids and Running a Household: How Working Parents Share the Load,” November 4, 2015, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/11/04/raising-kids-and-running-a-household-how-working-parents-share-the-load. See also: Jillian Berman, “Women’s Unpaid Work Is the Backbone of the American Economy,” MarketWatch, April 15, 2018, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-is-how-much-more-unpaid-work-women-do-than-men-2017-03-07.
2. This number comes from David Adams.
3. Edward W. Gondolf, The Future of Batterer Programs: Reassessing Evidence-Based Practice (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2012), 237.
4. Aaron Wilson, “Ray Rice’s Domestic Violence Charges Dismissed by New Jersey Judge,” Baltimore Sun, May 21, 2015, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/bal-ray-rice-completes-pretrial-intervention-in-domestic-violence-case-in-new-jersey-charges-being-dismi-20150521-story.html.
5. Deborah Epstein, “I’m Done Helping the NFL Players Association Pay Lip Service to Domestic Violence Prevention,” Washington Post, June 5, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/im-done-helping-the-nfl-pay-lip-service-to-domestic-violence-prevention/2018/06/05/1b470bec-6448-11e8-99d2-0d678ec08c2f_story.html.
6. C. Eckhardt, R. Samper, and C. Murphy, “Anger Disturbances Among Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Court-Mandated Treatment,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23, no. 11 (November 2008): 1600–17.
7. Ellen Pence, “Duluth Model,” Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs, Duluth, MN. http://www.theduluthmodel.org.
THE HAUNTING PRESENCE OF THE INEXPLICABLE
1. Many familicide or domestic violence homicide offenders claim to “hear voices” and try to use the “not guilty by reason of insanity” defense. It almost never works. Juries are rightly skeptical of such defenses and the bar for proving insanity is very, very high.
2. Even the fact of these two instances in the headlines speaks to how issues of race dominate the headlines. It is shocking that a white middle-class man would kill his white middle-class wife and children. It is less headline-worthy when black women and children are killed. Though in the case of familicide, given that Caucasian men are primarily the perpetrators, it’s difficult to draw exact comparisons.
3. I am skeptical about some of these images—in part because body bags are generally used out in the field and O’Hanlon was not in the field for those particular operations, and in part because they are a trope of war, shorthand for an emotional experience that is rarely excavated.
A SUPERHERO’S KNEECAPS
1. A. Jolin et al., “Beyond Arrest: The Portland, Oregon Domestic Violence Experiment, Final Report,” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 95-IJ-CX-0054, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 179968 (1998); E. Lyon, “Special Session Domestic Violence Courts: Enhanced Advocacy and Interventions, Final Report Summary,” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 98-WE-VX-0031, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 197860 (2002); E. Lyons, “Impact Evaluation of Special Sessions Domestic Violence: Enhanced Advocacy and Interventions,” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2000-WE-VX-0014, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 210362 (2005).
2. Richard Ivone, chief of police. Star-Ledger Staff, “Officer Killed in 7-Hour Standoff Was a Former Commander of Piscataway Police SWAT Team,” New Jersey Star-Ledger, March 29, 2011, https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/as_commander_of_swat_team_pisc.html.
3. Ibid.; National Center for Women & Policing, Police Family Violence Fact Sheet: http://www.womenandpolicing.com/violencefs.asp.
4. Police Family Violence Fact Sheet.
5. Sarah Cohen, Rebecca R. Ruiz and Sarah Childress, “Departments Are Slow to Police Their Own Abusers,” New York Times, November 23, 2013 www.nytimes.com/projects/2013/police-domestic-abuse/index.html. See also: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Domestic Violence, Victim to Offender Relationships, www.fdle.state.fl.us/FSAC/Crime-Data/DV.aspx.
6. M. Townsend et al., “Law Enforcement Response to Domestic Violence Calls for Service.” U.S. Department of Justice, 99-C-008, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 215915 (2006).
7. Shannon Meyer and Randall H. Carroll, “When Officers Die: Understanding Deadly Domestic Violence Calls for Service,” Police Chief 78 (May 2011).
8. J. Pete Blair, M. Hunter Martindale, and Terry Nichols, “Active Shooter Events from 2000–2012,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, January 7, 2014, https://www.leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/active-shooter-events-from-2000-to-2012. See also: J. P. Blair, T. Nichols, and J. R. Curnutt, Active Shooter Events and Response (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013).
9. Unpublished research commissioned by Marie Claire and conducted by Harvard University’s Injury Control Research Center and shared with the author.
10. See Jacquelyn Campbell et al., “Risk Factors for Femicide in Abusive Relationships: Results from a Multisite Case Control Study,” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 7 (July 2003).
11. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Domestic Abusers Are Barred From Gun Ownership, but Often Escape the Law,” New York Times, November 6, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/us/politics/domestic-abuse-guns-texas-air-force.html.
12. These states included: Hawaii, California, Nevada, Colorado, Louisiana, Tennessee, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and the District of Columbia. Everytown for Gun Safety, Gun law Navigator, https://www.everytownresearch.org/navigator/states.html?dataset=domestic_violence#q-gunmath_mcdv_surrender.
13. Some states have written their own legislation to try and address the “boyfriend loophole,” but there is currently no federal law that addresses it.
14. “Disarm All Domestic Abusers,” Center for American Progress, March 22, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2018/03/22/448298/disarm-domestic-abusers/. See also: Arkadi Gerney and Chelsea Parsons, “Women Under the Gun,” Center for American Progress, June 18, 2014, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2014/06/18/91998/women-under-the-gun.
15. See April M. Zeoli and Daniel W. Webster, “Effects of Domestic Violence Policies, Alcohol Taxes and Police Staffing Levels on Intimate Partner Homicide in Large U.S. Cities,” Injury Prevention 16, no. 2 (2010): 90–95.
16. See Vigdor study from Evaluation Review. Also: “When Men Murder Women: An Analysis of 2013 Homicide Data” from the Violence Policy Center (September 2015).
17. Interview with Teresa Garvey.
18. Thirty-three thousand annually, from Zeoli and Webster, “Effects of Domestic Violence Policies.”
19. Interview with April Zeoli.
20. David Adams, “Statement before the Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security,” September 13, 2013, www.emergedv.com/legislative-testimony-by-david-adams.html.
21. See transcript for Gruelle.
22. Some of the jurisdictions in which I did drive alongs, including in my hometown of Washington, D.C., allowed only the general population, not “media,” to join. They allowed me to do ride alongs on the condition that I maintain the anonymity of the officers I interacted with on the calls I observed.
SHELTER IN PLACE
1. The National Domestic Violence hotline has a database of five thousand, but this number includes both shelters and domestic violence agencies.
2. The reader was Risa Mednick, executive director of Transition House in Cambridge, MA. August 5, 2013, comment on Rachel Louise Snyder, “A Raised Hand,” New Yorker, July 22, 2013, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/08/05/mail-12.
3. Michelle Goldchain, “A One-Bed Apartment in D.C. Costs a Median $2,270/Month,” Curbed Washinton DC, June 23, 2016, https://www.dc.curbed.com/2016/6/23/12013024/apartment-rent-washington-dc.
4. Metropolitan Police Department, The Police Can Help in Domestic Violence Situations, https://www.mpdc.dc.gov/node/217782.
5. Matthew Desmond, Evicted (New York: Broadway Books, 2016), 191–92.
IN THE FIRE
1. “Governor Wolf Signs Tierne’s Law, Providing Protections for Victims of Domestic Violence,” press release, April 16, 2018, https://www.governor.pa.gov/governor-wolf-signs-tiernes-law-providing-protections-victims-domestic-violence.
2. Jeffrey Fagan, “The Criminalization of Domestic Violence: Promises and Limits.” Presentation at the 1995 conference on criminal justice research and evaluation. January 1996. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/crimdom.pdf.
3. http://www.federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf.
4. Brady Henderson and Tyson Stanek, Domestic Violence: From the Crime Scene to the Courtroom, Oklahoma Coalition Against Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, 2008.
5. Brooklyn formed its own High Risk Team, but did not receive OVW funding, and would not allow me access to anyone on their team.
6. Alissa Widman Neese, “115 Deaths in a Year Paint Grim Picture of Domestic Violence in Ohio,” Columbus Dispatch, October 4, 2017, http://www.dispatch.com/news/20171004/115-deaths-in-year-paint-grim-picture-of-domestic-violence-in-ohio.
7. See Domestic Violence Report from the Ohio Attorney General, http://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Law-Enforcement/Services-for-Law-Enforcement/Domestic-Violence-Reports/Domestic-Violence-Reports-2016/2016-Domestic-Violence-Incidents-by-County-and-Age.
GRACE UNDER PRESSURE
1. “In their first year of operation … than eighty.”: Rachel Dissell, “Cleveland Team Tackles ‘High Risk’ Domestic Violence Cases to Improve Safety, Reduce Deaths,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 11, 2019, https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2017/12/cleveland_team_tackles_high_risk_domestic_violence_cases_to_improve_safety_reduce_deaths.html.
CHAMBERING A ROUND
1. Gael B. Strack, George E. McClane, and Dean Hawley, “A Review Of 300 Attempted Strangulation Cases, Part I: Criminal Legal Issues,” The Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 3 (2001): 303–09.
2. Some of the details have been left out to protect the identities of Byron, Grace, and the children.
3. Yuliya Talmazan, Daniella Silva and Corky Siemaszko, “Texas Church Shooting Survivors Recall Hiding Under Pew as Gunman Fired,” NBC News, November 7, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/texas-church-shooting/shooting-survivor-could-see-texas-gunman-s-shoes-she-hid-n818231.
4. Andrew Buncombe, “Orlando Attack: Survivor Reveals How He ‘Played Dead’ among Bodies to Escape Nightclub Killer,” Independent, June 13, 2016, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/orlando-attack-survivor-reveals-how-he-played-dead-among-bodies-to-escape-nightclub-killer-a7080196.html.
5. Rachel Louise Snyder, “The Court Slams the Door on Domestic Abusers Owning Guns,” New Yorker, June 30, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-court-slams-the-door-on-domestic-abusers-owning-guns.
6. Bert H. Hoff, JD, “CDC Study: More Men than Women Victims of Partner Abuse,” February 12, 2012, http://www.saveservices.org/2012/02/cdc-study-more-men-than-women-victims-of-partner-abuse/; Susan Heavey, “Data Shows Domestic Violence, Rape an Issue for Gays,” Reuters, January 25, 2013, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-gays-violence/data-shows-domestic-violence-rape-an-issue-for-gays-idUSBRE90O11W20130125; Martin S. Fiebert, “References Examining Assaults by Women on Their Spouses or Male Partners: An Annotated Bibliography,” last updated June 2012, http://web.csulb.edu/~mfiebert/assault.htm.
7. For a statistical breakdown of physical assault, rape, or stalking in LGBTQ couples or transgender individuals see: National Coalition against Domestic Violence, Domestic Violence and the LGBTQ Community, June 6, 2018, https://www.ncadv.org/blog/posts/domestic-violence-and-the-lgbtq-community.
8. “50 Obstacles to Leaving: 1–10,” National Domestic Violence Hotline, June 10, 2013, http://www.thehotline.org/2013/06/10/50-obstacles-to-leaving-1-10.
FREE FREE
1. Andrea Simakis, “Bresha Meadows’ Cousin Says He Also Was Abused by Jonathan Meadows,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, updated January 11, 2019, https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2017/05/bresha_meadows_cousin_says.html.
2. As of 2016, the town of Warren, Ohio, had a population of just under forty thousand (https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/warrencityohio/PST045217#PST045217). For a frame of reference, Amesbury, Massachusetts, where Robert Wile is the dedicated domestic violence detective, is less than half that, with sixteen thousand, according to the latest U.S. Census figures for each town, respectively: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=cf.
3. Bessel van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score (New York: Penguin, 2014), 46, 61, 135, and 350.
SHADOW BODIES
1. No Republican has ever won the electoral vote in Washington, D.C. In the 2016 election, D.C. went 91 percent for Hillary Clinton. San Francisco, another liberal bastion, went 84 percent. “Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins,” New York Times, August 9, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/president.
2. H.R.6545 - Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2018, 115th Congress (2017–2018) cosponsors: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6545/cosponsors. The 1994 passage had fifteen Republic cosponsors: S.11 - Violence Against Women Act of 1993 103rd Congress (1993–1994): https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/senate-bill/11/cosponsors.
3. Violence Policy Center, When Men Murder Women: An Analysis of 2016 Homicide Data, 2018, http://vpc.org/studies/wmmw2018.pdf.
4. Melissa Jeltsen, “Tamara O’Neal Was Almost Erased from the Story of Her Own Murder,” HuffPost, November 21, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tamara-oneal-chicago-shooting-domestic-violence_us_5bf576a6e4b0771fb6b4ceef.
5. Scott Horsley, “Guns in America, by the Numbers,” NPR, January 5, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/01/05/462017461/guns-in-america-by-the-numbers.
6. Carolina Diez et al., “State Intimate Partner Violence-Related Firearms Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide Rates in the United States, 1991–2015,” Annals of Internal Medicine 167, no. 8 (October 2017): 536–43, http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2654047/state-intimate-partner-violence-related-firearm-laws-intimate-partner-homicide. See also: http://annals.org/data/Journals/AIM/936539/M162849ff4_Appendix_Figure_Status_of_state_IPV-related_restraining_order_firearm_relinquishment.jpeg.
7. David Adams, “Statement before the Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security,” September 13, 2013, https://www.emergedv.com/legislative-testimony-by-david-adams.html.
8. CA, CO, CT, HI, IA, IL, MA, MD, MN, NC, NH, NY, TN, WA, and WI. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Guns and Violence Against Women: America’s Uniquely Lethal Intimate Partner Violence Problem,” October 17, 2019, https://everytownresearch.org/guns-domestic-violence/#foot_note_12.
9. April M. Zeoli et al., “Analysis of the Strength of Legal Firearms Restrictions for Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and their Impact on Intimate Partner Homicide,” American Journal of Epidemiology (October 2018). Note: Zeoli’s study references “broader restrictions,” meaning anyone convicted of a violent misdemeanor, not just domestic violence. As state law, this captures a larger portion of criminal behavior and thus even someone not convicted specifically of a domestic violence misdemeanor, but any kind of violent misdemeanor, is required to relinquish firearms.
10. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Guns and Violence Against Women.”
11. For a fairly comprehensive rundown of smartphone apps, see this compendium from the National Network to End Domestic Violence: https://www.techsafety.org/appsafetycenter.
12. Critics of FJCs say they are expensive to replicate, impractical in rural areas, and often off-putting to victims who are intimidated by bureaucracy. There is also not a national model for FJCs to replicate; founders instead feel that areas interested in creating FJCs should feel free to adapt them for use in their own regions. Many FJCs, similarly, are not run specifically by crisis centers, which some suggest doesn’t put the victim’s voice and needs front and center. This number comes from private correspondence between the writer and Casey Gwinn in October 2018.
13. Maryland Network against Domestic Violence, “Lethality Assessment Program: The Maryland Model,” Train-the-Trainer Curriculum for Law Enforcement and Domestic Violence Programs, 2015, https://mnadv.org/_mnadvWeb/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Train-the-Trainer-PowerPoint.ppt.pdf.
14. Lethality Assessment Program: https://lethalityassessmentprogram.org/what-we-do/training-and-technical-assistance.
15. Melissa Labriola et al., “A National Portrait of Domestic Violence Courts.” U.S. Department of Justice Center for Court Innovation, February 2010, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/229659.pdf.
16. Lynn Rosenthal, “The Violence Against Women Act, 23 Years Later,” Medium, September 13, 2017, https://medium.com/@bidenfoundation/https-medium-com-bidenfoundation-vawa-23-years-later-4a7c1866a834.
17. Data compiled by author and research assistant with technical support from AEquitas.com.
18. Data compiled by the Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention.
19. Sharon G. Smith et al., “The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey,” 2010–2012 State Report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. Centers for Disease Control, April 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/violen ceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf.
20. The on-call advocates did not want their real names used for fear of reprisals from abusers.
21. Thousands of affordable housing units have been lost in D.C. in the past decade, and another 13,700 units are due to have their subsidies expire in 2020. In late 2017, the city established a $10 million fund to help offset the significant losses in affordable housing in recent years. Mary Hui, “D.C. Establishes $10 Million Fund to Preserve Disappearing Affordable Housing,” Washington Post, November 26, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-establishes-10-million-fund-to-preserve-disappearing-affordable-housing/2017/11/26/242893ea-cbb7-11e7-aa96-54417592cf72_story.html.
22. The woman has to show proof of ownership or her name on the lease.
AFTERWORD
1. Laura M. Holson, “Murders by Intimate Partners Are on the Rise, Study Finds,” New York Times, April 12, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/us/domestic-violence-victims.html. See also: Khalida Sarwari, “Domestic Violence Homicides Appear to Be on the Rise. Are Guns the Reason?” News@Northeastern, April 8, 2019, https://news.northeastern.edu/2019/04/08/domestic-violence-homicides-appear-be-on-the-rise-a-northeastern-university-study-suggests-that-guns-are-the-reason/.
2. Anne Kingston, “We Are the Dead,” September 17, 2019, Maclean’s, https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/we-are-the-dead/.
3. “South Africa’s Staggering Domestic Violence Levels Pose a Challenge,” France24, April 9, 2019, https://www.france24.com/en/video/20190903-south-africa-staggering-domestic-violence-levels-pose-challenge
4. Laure Fourquet, “As Deaths Mount, France Tries to Get Serious about Domestic Violence,” New York Times, September 3, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/world/europe/france-domestic-violence.html.
5. Alisha Haridasani Gupta, “Across the Globe, a ‘Serious Backlash Against Women’s Rights,’ ” New York Times, December 4, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/us/domestic-violence-international.html?searchResultPosition=2.
6. Christina Asquith, “At Least 12,000 People Killed by Domestic Violence Every Year? Russia’s Not Even Sure,” PRI’s The World, March 10, 2017, https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-03-10/least-12000-people-killed-domestic-violence-every-year-russias-not-even-sure.
7. The Brazilian Report, “Femicide Hits All-Time High in Brazil,” Think Brazil, October 1, 2019, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/femicide-hits-all-time-high-brazil.
8. Sam Jones, “ ‘Feminist Emergency’ Declared in Spain after Summer of Violence,” Guardian, September 20, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/20/mass-protests-in-spain-after-19-women-murdered-by-partners.
9. Gupta, “Across the Globe, a ‘Serious Backlash Against Women’s Rights.’ ”
10. Andrea Krizsan and Conny Roggeband, “Towards a Conceptual Framework for Struggles over Democracy in Backsliding States: Gender Equality Policy in Central Eastern Europe,” Politics and Governance 6, no. 3 (2018): 90–100, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327657292_Towards_a_Conceptual_Framework_for_Struggles_over_Democracy_in_Backsliding_States_Gender_Equality_Policy_in_Central_Eastern_Europe.
11. Gupta, “Across the Globe, a ‘Serious Backlash Against Women’s Rights.’ ”
