p. 1 ‘As Robert Kaplan…’, ‘Trouble in the other Middle East’, The New York Times, December 8, 2008.
p. 1 M.V. Kamath…’, ‘What’s wrong with our Islamic community,’ The Organiser, January 25, 2009.
p. 6 ‘There are some who say…’, T.N. Madan, ‘Secularism in its place’, Journal of Asian Studies, 46 (November 1987).
p. 12 Promotional slogan of Confederation of Indian Industry at the World Economic Forum, Davos, 2006. www.indiaeverywhere.com
p. 12 Mani Shankar Aiyar, ‘I was always Leftist. Economic reforms made me completely Marxist’, Indian Express, April 24, 2007.
p. 12 Aijaz Ahmad, Communalism and Globalization: Offensives of the Far Right (Three Essays Collective, 2003).
p. 13 ‘G.P. Sawant is an elderly man…’, Anand Giridharadas, ‘The ink fades on a profession as India modernizes’, The New York Times, December 26, 2007
p. 14 this man, Bilgay [sic]…’, Gurcharan Das, India Unbound (Alfred A. Knopf, 2000).
p. 14 ‘Globalization can thus be defined as…’, Anthony Giddens, Consequences of Modernity (Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 64.
p. 15 ‘Globality means that from now on…’, Ulrich Beck, What is Globalization? (Sage, 2000), p. 11.
p. 15 ‘This small-ing of the world…’, David Harvey, Condition of Postmodernity (Blackwell, 1990).
p. 16 ‘super-territorial space…’, Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 62.
p. 17 ‘According to Jan Aart Scholte…’, see above, p. 160.
p. 21 ‘Radical conservatives like Grover Norquist…’, Robert Dreyfus, ‘Robert Norquist: Field marshall of Bush Plan’, The Nation, April 26, 2001.
p. 21 ‘What the neo-liberals want…’, Aijaz Ahmad, Communalism and Globalization: Offensives of the Far Right (Three Essays Collective, 2002), p. 105.
p. 22 ‘Chandrababu Naidu’s regime …’, D. Narasimha Reddy, ‘Alliance of opportunism and people’s distress’, Biblio, November-December 2008. See also P. Sainath, ‘Chandrababu: Image and reality’, The Hindu, July 5, 2004.
p. 22 ‘The falling public investment…’, P. Sainath, ‘One farmer’s suicide every 30 minutes’, The Hindu, November. 15, 2007; V. Sridhar, ‘Distress and kidney sale’, Frontline, June 19, 2004.
p. 23 ‘Recent evidence gathered by John Harriss…’, John Harriss, ‘Middle class Activism and the Politics of Informal Working Class: A Perspective on Class Relations and Civil Society in Indian Cities’, in Ronald Herring and Rina Agarwal (eds), Whatever Happened to Class?: Reflections from South Asia (Dannish Books, 2008).
p. 27 ‘According to Upadhyaya … ‘, Complete text of Deendayal Upadhyaya’s lectures on integral humanism can be found on the website of the BJP, www.bjp.org
p. 28 ‘Nehru, the bête noire of Swatantra…’, Howard Erdman, ‘India’s Swatantra Party’, Pacific Affairs, 36, 4 (1963): 394–410, p. 394.
p. 28 ‘Since such well-known people…’ Andy Mukherjee, ‘Markets need to hear from conservationists’, Livemint, June 29, 2007. Ravi Velloor, ‘Indian ITmogul ‘eyeing role in politics’. Business Times, April 2, 2007.
p. 29 ‘Some scholars describe Swatantra Party…’, Lise McKean, Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement (Chicago, 1996).
p. 30 ‘According to Howard Erdman…’, Howard Erdman, ‘India’s Swatantra Party’, Pacific Affairs, 36, 4 (1963): 394–410, p. 409.
p. 30 ‘Swatantra liberals did not speak out…’ Howard Erdman, ‘India’s Swatantra Party’, Pacific Affairs, 36 4: 394–410, p. 403.
p. 31 ‘Rid India of socialism and bigotry…’, Indian Liberal Party, www.liberalpartyofindia.org
p. 33 ‘Dismissed by Indira Gandhi….’, Deepak Lal, ‘The Economic Impact of Hindu Revivalism’, in Martin Marty and Scott Appleby (eds), Fundamentalism and the State (Chicago, 1993).
p. 34 ‘Golden summer of 1991…’, Gurcharan Das, India Unbound (Knopf, 2000), pp. 213, 242.
p. 37 ‘According to the Columbia University economist…’, Arvind Panagariya, India: The Emerging Giant (New York, 2008), p. 95.
p. 38 ‘The recent economic data is grim…’, Frontline, March 13, 2009.
p. 41 ‘According to a recent New York Times report…’, Heather Timmons, ‘Security guards become the front lines in India’, The New York Times, March 3, 2009.
p. 41 ‘In the words of Amit Bhaduri…’, Amit Bhaduri, ‘Predatory growth’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 19, 2008.
p. 42 ‘India is rising in the Forbes…’, P. Sainath, ‘Shangri-La and sub-Saharan Africa’, The Hindu, November 28, 2006.
p. 42 ‘Then there are the millionaires…’, ‘Indian millionaires over 1 lakh’, The Financial Express, June 18, 2007.
p. 43 ‘Recent reports have revealed…’, ‘The black trillion’, Tehelka, March 7, 2009.
p. 43 ‘According to the figures…’, P. Sainath, ‘HDI Oscars: Slumdogs versus millionaires’, The Hindu, March 18, 2009; and ‘Shangri-La and sub-Saharan Africa’, The Hindu, November 28, 2006.
p. 43 ‘According to the 2007 Human Development Report …’, Human Development Report (United Nations Development Programme, 2007), available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/.
p. 43 ‘One of the most respected studies…’, Angus Deaton and Jean Dreze, ‘Poverty and inequality in India: A re-examination’, Economic and Political Weekly, September 7, 2008, p. 3729.
p. 43 ‘Although above the official poverty line…’, National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS), Report on Conditions of Work and Promotions of Livelihoods in the Unorganized Sector (Government of India, 2007), available at www.nceus.nic.in.
p. 44 ‘A process that has been dubbed…’, Amit Bhaduri, ‘Economic growth: A meaningless obsession?’, Seminar, Number 569, month 2007, p. ??
p. 44 ‘Nano, the much-hyped, low-cost car…’, Somini Sengupta, ‘Razing farms for factory creates battleground in India’, The New York Times, December 29, 2006; Shoma Chaudhary, ‘Bengal shows the way’, Tehelka, March 3, 2007.
p. 45 ‘Government’s own data…’, NCEUS, Report on Conditions of Work and Promotions of Livelihoods in the Unorganized Sector (Government of India, 2007), available at www.nceus.nic.in.
p. 45 ‘Their labour is extracted…’, Barbara Harriss-White, ‘India’s Informal Economy: Facing the 21st Century’, in Kaushik Basu (ed.)India’s Emerging Economy: Performance and Prospects in the 1990s and Beyond (MITPress, 2004).
p. 46 ‘Even the government admits…’, NCEUS, Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganized Sector (Government of India, 2007), p. 8.
p. 46 ‘Manifesto for Dalit capitalism…’, the Bhopal Declaration is available at www.ambedkar.org.
p. 46 ‘Proponents of Dalit capitalism…’, S. Anand, ‘An epitaph for the bull-hull economy’, Outlook-Business, June 8, 2008.
p. 46 ‘The fact remains…’, Barbara Harriss-White and Nandini Gooptu, ‘Mapping India’s World of Unorganized Labour’, Socialist Register, 2001, p. 99.
p. 47 ‘The recent Sachar Committee report…’, Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India: A Report (Government of India, 2006), available at http://www.minorityaffaris.gov.in.
p. 47 ‘Even as the revenues grew…’, Prabhat Patnaik, ‘Conservatism to the fore’, Frontline, March 15–28, 2008; Jayati Ghosh, ‘Stagnant sectors’, Frontline, March 15–28, 2008.
p. 48 ‘The despair driven…’, Dilip Thakore, ‘Shame and scandal in primary education’, Education World, December 2008; Amy Waldman, ‘India’s poor bet precious sums on private schools’, The New York Times, November 15, 2003.
p. 48 ‘Critics point out…’, Anil Sadgopal, ‘Misconceiving fundamentals, dismantling rights’, Tehelka, June 14, 2008.
p. 49 ‘In 2000, India had only …’, Pawan Agarwal, Higher Education in India: The Need for Change, Working Paper 180 (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, 2006).
p. 49 ‘The total number of private colleges…’, Vijender Sharma, ‘Commercialization of higher education in India’, Social Scientist, 33 (2005): 65–74. p. 67.
p. 49 ‘In 2003, 86.4 per cent…’, Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Indian Higher Education Reform: Erom Half-baked Socialism to Half-baked Capitalism, Working Paper 108 (Center for International Development, Harvard University, 2004).
p. 50 ‘There is a push to allow…’, Konark Sharma, ‘FDI in higher education: Aspirations and reality’, Mainstream, June 9, 2007; Shailaja Neelakantan, ‘India is shutting the door on Britain’s top institutions’, The Independent, July 17, 2008.
p. 51 ‘There is absolutely no doubt…’, Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Indian Higher Education Reform: From Half-baked Socialism to Half-baked Capitalism, Working Paper 108 (Center for International Development, Harvard University, 2004).
p. 51 ‘The government invited…’, Mukesh Ambani, Kumar Mangalam Birla, A Policy Framework for Reforms in Education, Prime Minister’s Council on Trade and Industry, available at www.nic.in.
p. 52 ‘Commercialization of education is backed by legal rulings…’, Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Indian Higher Education Reform: From Half-baked Socialism to Half-baked Capitalism, Working Paper 108 (Center for International Development, Harvard University, 2004).
p. 54 ‘According to Rob Jenkins…’, Rob Jenkins, ‘Labour policy and the second generation of economic reform in India’, India Review, 3, 2 (2004): p.21.
p. 54 ‘A representative example…’, Ranabir Choudhury, ‘Evolution of the swadeshi idea.’ Hindu Business Line, April 5, 2004.
p. 54 ‘‘Even the Swadeshi Jagran Manch…’, S. Gurumurthy, ‘Making India an economic superpower’, The Tribune, August 15, 1998.
p. 56 ‘The so-called “theocons”…’, Damon Linker, The Theocons: Secular America Under Seige (Doubleday 2006).
p. 57 ‘India becoming a global superpower…’, Subramanian Swamy, ‘In search for a Hindu agenda’, The Organiser, November 20, 2005.
p. 58 ‘Jaithirth (Jerry) Rao, the founder-CEOof Mphasis …’, Jaithirth (Jerry) Rao, ‘Revive the Swatantra Party’, Indian Express, July 25, 2005; see also Rao, Tired of Socialists’, Livemint, June 8, 2007.
p. 58 ‘Narayana Murthy, the founder-CEOof Infosys…’, ‘Indian IT-mogul eyeing role in politics’, The Strait Times (Singapore), April 2, 2007.
p. 58 ‘A new party that will put economics…’, Gurcharan Das, ‘The only alternative’, The Times of India, December 28, 2002.
p. 61 Peter Berger, Desecularization of the World (Eerdmans, 1999).
p. 61 Pavan Varma, Being Indian (Penguin India, 2004).
p. 63 ‘The expression “rush hour of the gods”…’, Neil MacFarland, The Rush Hour of the Gods: A Study of New Religious Movements in Japan (Harper Colophon Books, 1967).
p. 66 ‘They are instead what…’, Achin Vanaik, ‘The new Indian right’, New Left Review, May-June pp. 43–67.
p. 66 ‘According to the Indian National Council of Applied Economie Research (NCAER)…’, The Great Indian Middle Class (GIMC) at business-standard.com/ncr/ncr.php; see also ‘Middle class income group to grow by 13%, NCAER study’, the Financial Express, September 1, 2006.
p. 66 ‘But if middle class-ness is measured…’, ‘Indian middle class happy with economic progress’, IBNLive at http://ibnlive.com.
p. 67 ‘Going by the recent…’, Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2007, ‘World publics welcome global trade, but not immigration’, http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf.
p. 68 ‘Economists have shown…’, Nirvikar Singh, ‘The idea of India and the role of the middle class’, available at the eScholarship Repository, University of California, at http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucscecon/597.
p. 68 ‘As Chakravarti Ram-Prasad observed…’, Ram-Prasad Chakravarti, ‘India’s middle class failure’, Prospect Magazine 138 (2007).
p. 69 ‘Analysis of election data….’, Suhas Palshikar, ‘Politics of Indian Middle-Classes’, in Imtiaz Ahmad and H. Reifeld (eds), Middle-class Values in India and West Europe (Social Science Press, 2007).
p. 70 ‘According to the 2007 State of the Nation Survey…’, ‘State of the nation: What makes Indians keep the faith’, January 24, 2007, IBN-CNN–Hindustan Times, IBNLive, available at http://ibnlive.com.
p. 70 ‘Based upon the National Election Survey of 2004…’, Suhas Palshikar, ‘Majoritarian middle ground?’, Economic and Political Weekly, December 18, 2004.
p. 71 ‘The number of registered religious buildings…’, Lise McKean, Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement (University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 32.
p. 71 ‘In his much acclaimed…’, Pavan Varma, Being Indian (Penguin India, 2004), p. 96.
p. 71 ‘According to a recent study…’, ‘Indians keep the faith: Religious tourism booms in India’, Indian Brand Equity Foundation at www.ibef.org; see also, ‘Thank God! Religious tourism grows at 25 per annum’, The Economic Times, October 1, 2006.
p. 72 ‘As a scientist…’, David Gosling, Science and Religion in India (Christian Literature Society, 1976), p. 80.
p. 72 ‘This is the phenomenon of compartmentaliza-tion…’, Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (University of Chicago Press, 1972).
p. 72 ‘Indians are supposed to be…’, Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-cultural Psychology (Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 252.
p. 73 ‘In Singer’s words…’, Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (University of Chicago Press, 1972) pp. 336, 342.
p. 75 ‘What is unique about all invented traditions…’, Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), p. 1.
p. 75 ‘Christopher Fuller’s 2003 monograph…’, Christopher Fuller, The Renewal of Priesthood: Modernity and Traditionalism in a South Indian Temple (Princeton University Press, 2003).
p. 76 ‘The state government’s latest figures…’, Tamil Development Culture and Religious Endowments Department, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Policy Note, 2006–2007, Demand No. 47, www.tn.govin/policynotes/pdf/hr_and_ce.pdf.
p. 78 ‘Joanne Punzo Waghorne describes…’, Joanne P. Waghorne, Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temple in an Urban Middle Class World (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 25.
p. 79 ‘According to media reports…’, Akshaya Trithiya: When the leitmotif is gold’, Business Line, April 19, 2007; see also Meera Nanda, ‘Is India a Science Superpower?’, Frontline, September 13, 2005.
p. 79 ‘There are newspaper accounts…’, Klaus Klostermaier, A Survey of Hinduism (State University of New York Press, 1994), pp. 155–158.
p. 79 ‘In 1970, there were even reports…’, see above, pp. 158, 526.
p. 80 ‘Worldwide popularity of Gayatri Pariwar…’, see website of All World Gayatri Pariwar, http://www.awgp.org.
p. 81 ‘As Dr Pranav Pandya, the spiritual head…’, Archana Dongre, ‘Hardwar institute tracks power of Gayatri yagna’, Hinduism Today, September 1992.
p. 81 ‘In their unique and original interpretation…’, ‘Rajiv Malik, ‘Wow! One million join Vedic rites’, Hinduism Today, June 1994.
p. 82 ‘Gayatri Parivar’s clients include…’, ‘Training programme for personnel’ at http://missionvision.awgp.org.
p. 83 ‘The other notable redesign of Vedic ritual…’, Timothy Lubin, ‘Science, patriotism and Mother Veda: Ritual activism in Maharashtra’, International Journal of Hindu Studies, 5, 3 (2001): 81–105.
p. 84 ‘A very brief summary…’, ibid.
p. 84 ‘A culture of “political darshan”…’, A.R. Vasavi, ‘Political “darshan” as development in Karnataka’, Economic and Political Weekly, July 28, 2007.
p. 84 ‘Even more blatant…’, Neeraj Mishra, ‘In God I trust’, India Today, May 12, 2003.
p. 84 ‘Bhairon Singh Shekhawat is reported…’, ‘You can mail order “prasadam”’, Hindu Business Line, November 9, 2002.
p. 84 ‘Agitation to “liberate” the Guru Dattatreya Baba Bundan Dargah…’, Parvathi Menon, ‘Saffron mobilization’, Frontline, December 20, 2004.
p. 85 ‘The VHP plans to organize a hundred yagnas…’, Sanjana, ‘Freedom of hate speech’, Tehelka, April 11, 2009.
p. 85 ‘In Orissa where thousands of Christians…’, Rohini Mohan, ‘Killing the Phoenix’, Tehelka, April 18, 2009.
p. 85 ‘In one of the most shameful examples…’, Ashok Mitra, ‘A sense of humiliation: Why the bhoomi puja in Singur is such a let-down’, The Telegraph, February 2, 2007. P 86 ‘A process that has been dubbed…’, Joanne Waghorne, Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temple in an Urban Middle Class World (Oxford University Press, 2004).
p. 87 ‘A recent study of roadside temples…’, U. Kalpagam, ‘Secularism, Religiosity and Popular Culture: Chennai’s Roadside Temples’, Economic and Political Weekly, November 4, 2006, pp. 4595–4.
p. 87 ‘A very similar process of gentrification…’, Joanne Waghorne, Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temple in an Urban Middle Class World (Oxford University Press, 2004).
p. 88 ‘To quote Joanne Waghorne…’, ibid, pp. 132, 149.
p. 88 ‘The fast growing cult of Adi Para Shakti…’, Vasudha Narayanan, ‘Diglossic Hinduism: Liberation and lentils’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 68, 4 (2000): 761–779.
p. 89 ‘Another phenomenon of note…’, Anna Portnoy, ‘A Goddess in the Making’, The Whole Earth Catalogue, 2000, www.wholeearthmag.com/ArticleBin/395.html.
p. 89 ‘The TVSGroup is a major benefactor…’, ‘Nine temples on pilgrim circuits’, The Hindu, March 4, 2002.
p. 90 ‘The growing popularity of Hanuman ….’, Philip Lutgendorf, ‘My Hanuman is bigger than yours’, History of Religions, 33, 3 (1994): 211–245.
p. 91 ‘As Chris Fuller puts it…’, Christopher Fuller, The Camphor Flame (Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 72.
p. 91 ‘Deities like Hanuman…’, Philip Lutgendorf, Hanuman’s Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 373.
p. 93 ‘Mata Amritanandamayi, or Amma…’, See the following essays by Maya Warrier: ‘Modernity and its imbalances: Constructing modern selfhood in the Mata Amritanandmayi Mission’, Religion, 36 (2006): 179–195; ‘Guru choice and spiritual seeking in contemporary India,’ International Journal of Hindu Studies, 7 (2005): 31–54; and ‘Process of secularization in contemporary India: Guru faith in the Mata Amritanandmayi Misison’, Modern Asian Studies, 37 (2003): 213–53.
p. 94 ‘She urges her followers…’, ibid.
p. 95 ‘Through his magic, Sai Baba…’, Hugh Urban, ‘Avatar for our age: Satya Sai Baba and the contradictions of late capitalism’, Religion, 33 (2003): 73–93.
p. 95 ‘He runs a gurukul…’, see the website of Arha Vidya Gurukulam at www.http://arshavidya.org.
p. 96 ‘Swami Dayananda has a substantial following…’, Christopher Fuller and John Harriss, ‘Globalizing Hinduism: A “Traditional” Guru and modern Businessmen in Chennai’, in Jackie Assayag and Christopher Fuller (eds) Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below (Anthem Press, 2005), pp. 211–236.
p. 96 ‘A trend that has been dubbed ‘karma capitalism…’, Pete Engardio and Jena McGregor, ‘Karma capitalism’, BusinessWeek, October 30, 2006.
p. 97 ‘Corporations like Oracle…’, ‘A guru teaches techies how to breathe’, BusinessWeek, September 22, 2003.
p. 98 ‘Reportedly 60–70 per cent of its members…’, Suma Verghese, ‘Sri Sri Ravi Shankar: Life-coach to the next generation’, Life Positive, February 2006.
p. 98 ‘Another reason that followers…’, A guru teaches techies how to breathe’, BusinessWeek, September 22, 2003.
p. 99 ‘When examined objectively…’, ‘Meera Nanda, Ayurveda under the scanner’, Frontline, April 8, 2006.
p. 99 ‘He seems to be equally at home…’, See Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh, ‘Tri-state Hindus come together for Hindu Sangam in New Jersey’, www.hssus.org.
p. 99 ‘As reported by Christopher Fuller and John Harriss…’, Christopher Fuller and John Harriss, ‘Globalizing Hinduism: A “Traditional” Guru and Modern Businessmen in Chennai’, in Jackie Assayag and Christopher Fuller (eds), Globalizing India: Perspectives from Below (Anthem Press, 2005), pp. 211–236.
p. 100 ‘The British magazine, The Economist…’, ‘The swamis’, The Economist, December 20, 2003.
p. 100 ‘According to media reports…’, ‘Saffron techies’, Tehelka, November 1, 2008.
p. 101 ‘He has made no secret…’, ‘Report: National Convention of Rashtra Sevika Samiti’, The Organiser, December 11–18, 2005; ‘Sangh Samachar: 15th National Convention of Rashtra Sevika Samiti in Nagpur: No empowerment without power—Swami Ramdev’, The Organiser, November 27, 2005.
p. 101 ‘Supporters of Hindutva…’, Swapan Dasgupta, Evangelical Hindutva’, Seminar, 545, 2005.
p. 102 ‘There were reports…’, Priyanka Narain, ‘God, godmen and BJP and co. for political, religious and environmental causes’, Livemint, August 8, 2008. See also ‘250 religious leaders flag off Save Ganga campaign’, The Economic Times, August 18, 2008.
p. 102 ‘Indian middle classes are proving Max Weber wrong…’, Max Weber, ‘Science as Vocation’, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds) (Oxford University Press, 1958 [1922]).
p. 103 ‘As has been shown …’, Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
p. 104 ‘The second explanation…’, Pavan Varma, The Great Indian Middle Class (Penguin India, 1998).
p. 104 ‘Even the otherwise astute…’, Achin Vanaik, ‘The New Indian Right’, New Left Review, May-June 2001: 43–67.
p. 104 ‘The upwardly mobile in urban India…’, Maya Warrier, ‘Modernity and its imbalances: Constructing modern selfhood in the Mata Amritanandmayi Mission’, Religion, 36 (2006): 179–195, p. 184.
p. 105 ‘Middle-class respondents in Baroda…’, Margrit van Wessel, ‘Talking about consumption: How Indian middle class dissociates from middle-class life’, Cultural Dynamic, 16 (2004): 93–116, p. 99.
p. 106 ‘Indians top the list of all nations…’, Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 2007, available at pewglobal.org/.
p. 108 Lise McKean, Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement (University Chicago Press, 1996).
p. 108 Praveen Togadia, ‘VHP to build a Hindu vote bank’, The Hindu, February 9, 2006.
p. 110 ‘The Supreme Court has accepted the argument…’, Duncan Derrett, Religion, Law and the State in India (Oxford University Press, 1999 [1968]).
p. 111 ‘According to Christopher Fuller…’, Christopher Fuller, The Servants of the Goddess (Cambridge,1984).
p. 111 As the historian Franklin Presler describes it…’, Franklin Presler, ‘The Structure and Consequences of Temple Policy in Tamil Nadu’, Pacific Affairs, 56, 2 (1967): 232–246, p. 235.
p. 112 The fabled Jagannath temple…’, James Preston, Cult of the Goddess: Social and Religious Change in a Hindu Temple (Waveland Press, 1985).
p. 112 ‘The enormous wealth of Thirumala Tirupathi…’, ‘Court decree retired tirupati Temple’s hereditary priests’, Hinduism Today, June 1996.
p. 112 ‘The temple had fallen into disrepair…’, Jagmohan, ‘Don’t allow meddling with Vaishno Devi Shrine’, The Tribune, September 9, 1998.
p. 113 ‘Shri Amarnath Shrine Board…’, ‘Mired in controversies’, Kashmir Newz, June 30, 2006.
p. 115 ‘The USA-based Global Hindu Heritage Foundation…’, Global Hindu Heritage Foundation, http://www.preservehinduism.org.
p. 115 ‘Organizations like Bharat Jagran Forum…’, see the website, http://www.bharatjagran.com.
p. 115 ‘The idea that temples need to be “saved”…’, see the website of Hindu Janjagruti Samiti, http://www.hindujagruti.org.
p. 116 ‘Members of the National Commission on Religious Endowments…’, Duncan Derrett, Religion, Law and the State in India (Oxford University Press, 1999 [1968]), p. 501.
p. 116 ‘Temples may be defined as occult laboratories…’, see above, p. 500.
p. 117 ‘As Joanne Waghorne observed…’, Joanne Punzo Waghorne, ‘The gentrification of the Goddess’, International Journal of Hindu Studies, 5, 3 (2001): 227–67, p. 257.
p. 118 ‘The same sentiment in expressed…’, ‘End to government control of Temples demanded’, The Tribune, December 27, 2006.
p. 118 ‘Every year millions of pilgrims…’, ‘Makaravilakku is lit by hand: Tantri’, The Hindu, May 28, 2008; ‘Sabarimala revenue put at Rs. 75.52 crore’, The Hindu, January 15, 2008.
p. 119 ‘Writing in 1982…’, Franklin Presler, ‘The Structure and Consequences of Temple Policy in Tamil Nadu, 1967–81’, Pacific Affairs, 56, 2 (1982):232–246, p. 245.
p. 119 ‘Chandi temple in Cuttack, Orissa…’, James Preston, Cult of the Goddess: Social and Religious Change in a Hindu Temple (Waveland Press, 1985), p. 73.
p. 119 ‘Reports suggest that Tirupati…’, ‘Tirupati ousts Vatican, reigns at top’, www.ndtv.com, September 13, 2007; ‘The state of religion’, Indian Express, January 23, 2005.
p. 119 ‘The number of pilgrims is up…’, ‘Vaishno Devi pilgrimage begins on healthy note’, Daily Excelsior, February 2, 2009.
p. 119 ‘Sri Amarnath Shrine Board…’, Gautam Navlakha, ‘State cultivation of Amarnath Yatra’, Economic and Political Weekly, July 26, 2008.
p. 120 ‘In just two years…’, ‘Shiv Khori shrine attracts lakhs’, The Tribune, January 16, 2009; ‘Pilgrimage to Shiv Khori shrine picking up’, Daily Excelsior, September 4, 2008.
p. 120 ‘Ministry of Tourism of the state of Jammu and Kashmir…’, ‘Major boost for pilgrim tourism: Shiv Khori, Bawa Jito among 4 shrines to get huge central funds’, Daily Excelsior, February 14, 2008.
p. 120 ‘There are calls to replicate…’, ‘Managing shrines’, Daily Excelsior, January 21, 2008.
p. 120 ‘Even L.K. Advani is on record…’, Hinduism Today, October 1997.
p. 121 ‘When the UGC, the highest educational policymaking body…’, Pranab Dhal Samanta, ‘Now, it is occult science’, The Hindu, February 23, 2002.
p. 121 These schools are producing…’, Christopher Fuller, The Renewal of Priesthood: Modernity and Traditionalism in a South Indian Temple (Princeton, 2003), p. 112.
p. 122 ‘In May 2002, the Sansthan…’, ‘Deemed University to Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan’, available at the website of Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan www.sanskrit.nic.in.
p. 123 ‘Two other newly “deemed universities…’, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhan, see the website at www.svyasa.org.; Bihar Yoga Bharati, at www.bihar.com.
p. 124 ‘A good example is Nävi Mandai Veda Vidya Mandir…’, ‘Age old mantra: Vedic education schools’, The Times of India, September 5, 2005.
p. 124 ‘A similar Vedic school…’, ‘Preserving a unique tradition’, The Hindu, March 4, 2005.
p. 124 ‘Under the rein of the BJP chief minister Vasundhara Raje Scindia…’, ‘In Scindia’s Rajasthan, temples get a shine’, http://in.news.yahoo.com/040519/43/2d69k.html; ‘Training camps for Rajasthan priests’, The Hindu, March 20, 2004.
p. 124 ‘The state of Andhra…’, ‘Eight more Vedic schools will come up in state’, The Hindu, December 25, 2007.
p. 125 ‘A case in point is Tamil Nadu…’, ‘Enter the Dalit priest’, The Telegraph, April 26, 2008.
p. 125 ‘According to the official report…’, see the official website of the Government of Tamil Nadu, www.tn.gov.in.
p. 126 ‘This is how the triangular relationship…’, ‘A saintly minstrel and his message’, Hinduism Today, October -December 2006; ‘The man Ambanis revere most’, available at http://www.rediff.com. As for the land grant, the website of Sandipani Vidyaniketan contains the following information: ‘The Shree Bharatiya Sanskruti Samvardhak Trust [the parent trust of Sandipani] then set out to acquire the existing piece of land. A request was made to the government of Gujarat who very generously granted 85 acres of land close to the Porbandar airport.’ See the website of Sandipani Vidyaniketan at www.sandipani.org/trusts/index.asp.
p. 126 ‘Swami Ramdev…is building two universities…’, ‘Din in M.P. Assembly over land allotment to Ramdev’, The Hindu, March 17, 2007; see also, Shantanu Guha Ray, ‘Business of the Gods’, Tehelka, June 24, 2007; ‘Yoga guru Ramdev invited to tap Ayurvedic potential by Jharkhand government’, at http://www.medindia.net; ‘Ramdev gets university’, The Telegraph, April 7, 2006; ‘Swami Ramdev to set up world’s biggest yoga and Ayurvedic centre’, The Organiser, April 23, 2006.
p. 126 ‘The business elite, in India and abroad…’, ‘Shri Ramdev promotes yoga in UK’, The Organiser, September 3, 2006.
p. 127 ‘Reports in the Organiser…’, ‘Promoting Hindu traditions in rural areas’, The Organiser, July 11, 2004.
p. 127 ‘The popular Bangaru Adigalar Shakti “Amma”,…’, ‘Spiritual revolution in Tamil Nadu’, The Organiser, July 25, 2004.
p. 128 ‘Obey your guru!…’, Hinduism Today, April-June 2004.
p. 128 ‘Agamic education, Fuller concludes…’, Christopher Fuller, Renewal of Priesthood, p. 5.
p. 128 ‘According to G.K. Ramamurthy..’, ‘Preparing tomorrow’s priesthood’, Hinduism Today, January-March 2006.
p. 129 ‘Another priest training school in Pillaiyarpatti…’, ‘Keeping the faith’, Hinduism Today, April 2003.
p. 130 ‘Even those who welcome these “swamiji schools”…’, Dilip Thakore, ‘The rising sun of the swamiji schools’, Education World, April 2004.
p. 131 ‘the Sri Adichunchanagiri Mahasamsthana math…’, ibid,
p. 131 ‘The Chinmaya Mission runs…’, ibid.
p. 131 ‘The Art of Living Foundation…’, Shantanu Guha Ray, ‘Business of the Gods’, Tehelka, June 24, 2007.
p. 131 ‘According to Edward Luce…’, Edward Luce, In Spite of the Gods (Abacus, 2006), p. 177.
p. 132 ‘In 2006, the government of Orissa…’, ‘Varsity from house of guru’, The Telegraph, December 11, 2006.
p. 132 ‘The AOL deal is puny compared to… Vedanta University…’, ‘Vedanta university in Orissa’, The Telegraph, July 20, 2006.
p. 132 ‘But going by the past record…’, ‘£ 10m state cash for first Hindu school’, The Guardian, December 24, 2006. See also, ‘Indian philanthropist behind UK’s first Hindu school’, Prasun Sonwalkar, London, September 11, 2007 (IANS), available at www.redhotcurry.com/news/Hindu_school.htm.
p. 133 ‘I-Foundation, an ISKCON charity…’, the website of I-Foundation www.i-foundation.org.
p. 133 ‘According to its own promotional materials…’, see the website of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic Vishwavidyalaya http://mmyvv.com.
p. 134 ‘Career advisors in the magazine Education World…’, Career Focus, ‘Stars augur well for astrologers’, Education World, November 30,1999.
p. 134 ‘The proposed Keshav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya…’, Nalini Taneja, ‘RSSin action in Rajasthan’, People’s Democracy, March 6, year??.
p. 135 ‘To build a temple in Delhi…’, see the description of ‘shilanyas vidhi’ under ‘The making of Akshard-ham’ on the website of Akshardham temple at www.akshardham.com. Quotes available at www.swaminarayan.org/news/2000/11/delhi/index.htm.
p. 135 ‘Yogiji Maharaj advised his followers…’, see the description of ‘shilanyas vidhi’ under “The making of Akshardham”, ibid.
p. 135 ‘Delhi administration under Jagmohan…’, ‘Land allotment to temple trust flayed’, The Times of India, May 4, 2000; see also ‘Whose Delhi is it anyway?’, Tehelka, October 7, 2006.
p. 135 ‘The temple managed to acquire another 50 acres of land…’, ‘Akshardham temple to adorn river Yamuna bed’, The Times of India, October 11, 2004.
p. 136 ‘In the state of Rajasthan…’, see the power point presentation available on the Rajasthan Devasthan website (rajasthandevasthan.ppt).
p. 136 ‘In the state of Gujarat…’, John Dayal, ‘Financing faith,’ Himal Southasia, October-November 2007.
p. 136 ‘In the state of Madhya Pradesh…’, ‘MP allots priests to conduct pujas’, Deccan Chronicle, January 8, 2008.
p. 136 ‘In the state of Tamil Nadu….’, HRCECitizens’ Charter, 2007–08 at www.tn.gov.in/citizen/hrce.pdf.
p. 137 ‘the state of Himachal Pradesh…’, ‘Rs. 7.80 crore to boost pilgrimage tourism’, The Tribune, January 17, 2007; ‘Focus on temple tourism?’, The Tribune, February 7, 2007.
p. 137 ‘Notable examples include…’, ‘Ford plans “Religious tourism” project in Bengal—Vedic Planetarium in Mayapur on cards’, The Hindu, February 20, 2004; ‘Nine temples on pilgrim circuit’, The Hindu, March 4, 2002.
p. 137 ‘The state of Jammu and Kashmir…’, ‘Governor performs yagya, leads devotees to pratham dar-shan’, Daily Excelsior, October 15, 2004; see also editorial title??, Daily Excelsior, August 6, 2007.
p. 138 ‘The state of Gujarat officially sponsors Navratri…’, ‘Vibrant Gujarat: Navratri tourism carnival’, The Organiser, October 4, 2004.
p. 138 ‘Central government offered to spend Rs 7 crore…’, Praful Bidwai, ‘Kashmir turmoil and the Amarnath Yatra’, News, July 12, 2008, available at www.the-news.com.pk.
p. 138 ‘Hindu proselytization or Hindukaran…’, Citizens’ Inquiry Committee report, Untold Story of Hindukaran of Adivasi’s (Tribals) in Dangs, January 3, 2006, available at http://www.milligazette.com/dai-lyupdate/2006/20060108-hindutva.htm.
p. 139 ‘The infamous Ekatmata yagna….’, Lise McKean, The Divine Enterprise (Chicago, 1996), pp. 115–123.
p. 140 ‘The idea of banal nationalism…’, Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (Sage, 1995).
p. 140 ‘As Billig puts it…’, ibid, p. 5.
p. 142 ‘According to the description provided by the organizers themselves…’, see http://www.sandi-pani.org.
p. 145 ‘Indians rank number one in the world…’, Pew Global Attitudes Project, ‘World publics welcome global trade —but not Immigration’, available at www.perglobal.org; see also Meera Nanda, ‘India in the world: How we see ourselves’, The Hindu, December 11, 2007.
p. 147 ‘This rising self-awareness…’, Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Simon and Schuster, 1998).
p. 148 ‘Against those like…’, Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (Avon Press, 1992), p. ix.
p. 148 ‘Civilizations will clash…’, Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Simon and Schuster, 1998), p. 67.
p. 149 ‘They attribute their dramatic economic development…’, Samuel Huntington, see above, p. 93.
p. 153 ‘We proved by our history…’, Gurcharan Das, India Unbound (Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), p. xvii.
p. 154 ‘The essential point is…’, Pavan Varma, Being India (Penguin, 2004), pp. 109–110.
p. 155 ‘The arcane, impenetrable nature of Hindu lore…’, Daniel Lak, India Express: The Future of a New Superpower (Penguin, 2008).
p. 155 ‘Consider the fact that…’, P. Balaram, ‘The Shanghai rankings’, Current Science, 86, 10, May 25, 2004.
p. 156 ‘The number of research papers from India…’, G. Padmanaban, ‘Science education in India: Time to leapfrog with caution’, Current Science, 95, December 10, 2008; see also, P. Balaram, ‘Science in India: Signs of stagnation’, Current Science, 83, August 10, 2002.
p. 156 ‘Even the much-hyped ITsector…’, Gangan Prathap, ‘Where have our young ones gone?: The coolieization of India’, Current Science, 89, October 10, 2005.
p. 157 ‘A majoritarian is someone…’, SDSA Team, State of Democracy in South Asia (Oxford, 2008), p. 76.
p. 157 ‘India’s most reliable and respected pollsters…’, Suhas Palshikar, ‘Majoritiarian middle ground?’, Economic and Political Weekly, December 18, 2004.
p. 158 ‘A recent survey of the state of democracy…’,SDSA Team State of Democracy in South Asia (Oxford, 2008), p. 101.
p. 158 ‘The voting trends…’, Suhas Palshikar, ‘Politics of Indian Middle Classes’, in Imtiaz Ahmad and Helmut Reifeld (eds), Middle-class Values in India and West Europe (Social Science Press, 2007).
p. 159 ‘For the ordinary Indian …’, Dipankar Gupta, The Caged Phoenix: Can India fly? (Penguin-Viking, 2009), p. 214.
p. 160 ‘A relatively new, deeply Islamophobic and anti-Christian faction…’, Meera Nanda, ‘Hindu tri-umphalism in the clash of civilizations,’ Economic and Political Weekly, forthcoming.
p. 161 ‘They go on to condemn the monotheistic God…’, Ram Swarup, Hindu View of Christianity and Islam (Voice of India,2000), p. 39; Sita Ram Goel, Defense of Hindu Society (Voice of India, 2000), p. 20.
p. 161 ‘According to the VOI school of thought…’, Abhas Chatterjee, ‘Response’, in Sita Ram Goel (ed.), Time for Stocktaking: Whither Sangh Parivar (Voice of India, 1997), p. 52.
p. 161 ‘The same idea is expressed by Koenraad Elst…’, Ramesh N. Rao, ‘Interview with K. Elst,’ August 19, 2002, available at http://www.ramesh-n-rao.sulekha.com.
Elst made this statement in the context of the demolition of the Babri Masjid suggesting that rather than physically demolish existing mosques, Hindus should try to discredit Islam itself. This part of the interview is reproduced here:
Ramesh Rao (interviewer): Are you saying that the demolition was a good thing? Elst: At the level of historic justice, I consider it perfectly normal that a Hindu sacred site is adorned with a Hindu temple. Hindus shouldn’t overemphasize the history of Islamic destruction, the current victimhood culture is quite foreign to the Hindu spirit, but for once this focus on a temple forcibly replaced with a mosque has been instructive. At a more pragmatic level, from the viewpoint of saving lives, certainly a more pressing concern than the rights and wrongs of history, the demolition was a good thing, on balance. In the preceding years, India was tormented by communal riots over all kinds of issues, most of them unrelated to Ayodhya. The demolition led to a brief round of Muslim revenge actions plus the Shiv Sena retaliation in Mumbai, but then rioting stopped for nine long years. The demolition clearly had a cathartic effect on the rioters. To be sure, Islamic terrorism has continued, but Hindus refused to be provoked. They did not take out their anger on their Muslim neighbours after the Mumbai blasts of March 1993, nor after any of the numerous massacres of Hindus and Sikhs in Jammu and Kashmir, nor after the bomb attack in Coimbatore, nor after the attacks on the parliament buildings. Hindus have shown remarkable restraint.
At the most fundamental level, however, I am not too enthusiastic about the whole idea of campaigning for the liberation of historical temple sites from Muslim occupation. It is a well-attested fact that most historical mosques were built on the site of non-Muslim places of worship. This is true of thousands of mosques in India, but also of the Ummayad mosque in Damascus, the Aya Sophia in Istanbul, and even the Kaaba itself, where Mohammed smashed 360 idols venerated by the sanctuary’s rightful owners, the Arab polytheists. But trying to pull these sites out of the hands of the Muslims is the wrong approach. The Ayodhya campaign had the merit of drawing attention to this historic injustice, but henceforth the energy spent on it had better be redirected to a more fundamental objective. We should help the Muslims in freeing themselves from Islam, and then they themselves will release these places of worship. Every Muslim is a Sita, an abductee who must be liberated from Ravana’s prison. (emphasis added)
p. 162 ‘Supreme Being of monotheism…’, Sita Ram Goel, India’s Secularism: New Name for National Subversion (Voice of India, 1999), p. 17.
p. 162 ‘This kind of thinking is described as “designer fascism”….’, Richard Wolin, Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism, form Nietzsche to Postmodernism (Princeton University Press, 2004).
p. 162 ‘They prefer to call themselves bauddhik kshatriya…’, David Frawley, ‘A Call for Intellectual (bauddhika) Kshatriya’, in Silá Ram Goel (ed.), Time for Stocktaking: Whither Sangh Parivar? (Voice of India, 1997).
p. 163 ‘The official website…’, www.geocities.com/voi_publishers.htm.
p. 164 ‘All the arguments and evidence…’, Michael Witzel, ‘Ram’s Realm: Indocentric Rewritings of Early South Asian Archeology and History,’ in Garett G. Fagan (ed.), Archeological Fantasies: How Pseudo-archeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the public (Routledge, 2006). See also Meera Nanda, Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodernism, Science, and Hindu Nationalism (Permanent Black, 2004).
p. 164 ‘Islam and Christianity follow a path of adharma…’, Abhas Chatterjee, ‘Response’, in Sita Ram Goel (ed.), Time for Stock-taking: Whither Sangh Parivar? (Voice of India, 1997), pp. 59, 67.
p. 165 ‘As L.K. Advani put it recently…’, ‘Concluding remarks by Shri L.K. Advani’, meeting of the National Executive, June 20–21, 2009, available at www.bjp.org.
p. 166 ‘The essential instinct of Semitic monotheism…’, S. Gurumurthy, ‘Semitic monotheism: The root of intolerance in India’, NPQ (New Perspectives Quarterly), Spring 1994, 47–53, available on the website of the BJP, www.bjp.org.
p. 137 ‘On a visit to Chandigarh earlier this year…’, Meera Nanda, ‘Witness to a kidnapping’, The Hindu, February 13, 2009.
p. 171 ‘Evangelical churches…’, Andrew, Higgins, ‘In Europe, God is (not) dead’, Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2007; Joshua Livestro, ‘Holland’s post-secular future: Christianity is dead. Long live Christianity’, The Weekly Standard, January 1, 2007.
p. 171 ‘Europe has been described as…’, Phillip Jenkins, God’s Continent: Christianity, Islam and Europe’s Religious Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2007).
p. 171 ‘Belief in reincarnation…’, Michael Johnson, ‘Europe’s love of the occult’, International Herald Tribune, August 16, 2007.
p. 172 ‘The Russian Orthodox Church…’, Clifford Levy, ‘Welcome or not, orthodoxy is back in Russia’s schools’, The New York Times, September 23, 2007; Michael Binyon, ‘Russian roulette’, The New Humanist, March–April, 2008.
p. 172 ‘Religious movements like…’, Andrew Greeley, Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium (Transaction Press, 2003).
p. 173 ‘The once atheistic China…’, Fenggang Yang, ‘Between secularist ideology and de-secularizing reality: The birth and growth of religious research in Communist China’, Sociology of Religion (2004); Xinzhong Yao, ‘Religious belief and practice in urban China, 1995–2005’, Journal of Contemporary Religion, 22, 2 (2007).
p. 173 ‘A recent study of Indian scientists…’, Ariela Keysar and Barry Kosmin, International Survey: Worldviews and Opinion of Scientists, India, 2007–08 (Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture, 2008).
p. 173 ‘In the US…’, E.J. Larson and L. Witham, ‘Scientists are still keeping the faith’, Nature, 386 (1997):435.
p. 173 ‘Recent data from the UK…’, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (Houghton Mifflin, 2006), p. 102.
p. 173 ‘“Vedic creationism” is a new trend…’, Meera Nanda, ‘Vedic creationism in America’, Frontline, January 14, 2006; Deepak Chopra, ‘Intelligent design without the Bible’, August 23, 2005, http://huffingtonpost.com; Deepak Chopra, ‘Rescuing intelligent design—but from whom?’, August 24, 2005, http://huffingtonpost.com
p. 174 ‘Scientific creationism is spreading…’, Ehsan Masood, ‘Islam and science: An Islamist revolution’, Nature, online edition, November 1, 2006.
p. 175 ‘An “Einsteinian God”…’, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (Houghton Mifflin, 2006).
p. 175 ‘A secular society is one…’, Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy (Doubleday, 1967).
p. 176 ‘A liberal society like the US…’, Meera Nanda, ‘Secularism without secularization?: Reflections on God and politics in America and India’, Economic and Political Weekly, xlii, 39–46.
p. 178 ‘Religion “stops at the factory gate”…’, ibid., p. 129.
p. 179 ‘As there is a secularization of society…’, ibid., 107–108.
p. 182 ‘The freethinkers of the 1840s…’, Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1975), p. 88.
p. 183 ‘During the heyday of progressivism …’, Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism (Metropolitan Books, 2004).
p. 183 ‘If we want to change men’s ideas…’, Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1975), p. 59.
p. 186 ‘The original secularization theory was flawed…’, Jose Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago, 1994), p. 19.
p. 187 ‘Some Indian critics of secularism…’, T.N. Madan, ‘Secularism in its Place’, in Rajeev Bhargava (ed.), Secularism and its Critics (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 302.
p. 188 ‘The death of secularization theory…’, Peter Berger (ed.), The De-secularization of the World (Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), pp.2–3.
p. 188 ‘Religious movements dripping with reactionary supernaturalism…’, ibid., p. 4.
p. 188 ‘Take the work of Steve Bruce…’, Steve Bruce, God is Dead: Secularization in the West (Blackwell, 2002).
p. 189 ‘They become gentle prosperity religions…’, Alan Wolfe, ‘The coming religious peace: and the winner is…’, The Atlantic, March 2008.
p. 191 ‘Staring with a provocative essay…’, Rodney Stark, ‘Secularization, R.I.P.’, Sociology of Religion, 60, 3 (1999): 249–273.
p. 193 ‘Stark offers telling data from Iceland…’, ibid., p. 264.
p. 193 ‘Europeans believe without belonging…’, Grace Davie. ‘Europe: The Exception that Proves the Rule?’, in Peter Berger (ed., The Desecularization of the World (William B. Eerdmans, 1999).
p. 196 ‘One such nuanced defence of secularization…’, Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
p. 197 ‘They predict that…’, ibid., p. 18.
p. 197 ‘They summarize their conclusions…’, ibid., pp. 107–108.
p. 198 ‘They wanted more than…’, Michael Lerner, quoted here from Alan Sokal, Beyond the Hoax: Science, Philosophy and Culture (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 304.