Archetypes
Purvaja
Experience the cosmic nature
of reality through archetypes.
Think for a moment about the following expressions: “strong as an ox,” “sleek as a fox,” “graceful as a swan,” “pure as a dove,” and “quiet as a mouse.” Aren’t they interesting? We use idioms like these quite often in the English language but rarely do we consider their underlying meaning or origin. These expressions reflect deep-seated archetypes, the focus of the next section and an intriguing aspect of yoga philosophy and practice.
Traditional Definitions of an Archetype
An archetype is an original model or type after which other similar things are patterned. In Sanskrit, the language in which yoga was codified, archetype is known as purvaja. Purvaja means “ahead of all others or firstborn.” An archetype may be derived from, but not limited to, the following: elements found in nature, mythological stories, spiritual symbols, aspects of character, geometrical patterns and shapes, and certain words.
Archetypes East and West
The concept of archetypes varies between Eastern and Western philosophies. You may be familiar with Carl Jung’s work in the early twentieth century, in which he said that the unconscious made its expression in symbolic forms. In Jungian psychology, an inherited pattern of thought, or symbolic imagery, is derived from the past collective experience, or “collective unconscious,” and these symbols are present in the individual consciousness. Jung derived specific archetypes from the mystical symbols of many cultures and traditions as expressed in fairy tales, legends, and myths. Jungian archetypes may be patterns based purely on nature or complex human emotions, such as Hero, Mystic, or Princess.
Jung’s work has significantly impacted a number of other disciplines in the Western world, yet it’s not the focus of our study on archetypes in yoga philosophy. A good place to start our discussion of yoga pose archetypes can be found in the cosmological story described in the ancient yogic text, the Upanishads. To create the universe, a unified energetic field (Brahman) gave birth to Nature (Prakriti) and Consciousness (Purusha). This story, incidentally, is reflected in many traditions around the world. Nature and Consciousness represent the original archetypes from which all others developed: Feminine and Masculine, Mother and Father, and Material and Spirit. When yogis speak of archetypes, what they are ultimately talking about is the deepest part of human nature—who and what we are when connected to the most intimate level of our psyche. The archetypes reflect the state of wholeness and universal consciousness that pervades every particle in all existence. As you’re probably already becoming aware of, there are many levels of understanding we must go through before coming to the complete awareness of the ultimate archetypal creative forces.
Through embodying the archetypes in yoga poses, it is possible to discover the deepest layers of our existence. Archetypes offer a way of accessing universal consciousness (samadhi), much like breathing and the other aspects of yoga that we’re exploring in this book. For some, particularly artists and visually oriented people, understanding archetypes will come naturally and easily. For others, it may take time to realize their value and be able to integrate them into their yoga pose practice. Either way, the value of archetypes in advancing our yoga practice is significant.
Archetypes in Yoga Poses
In Indian culture each aspect of nature, whether it be an animal, plant, element, or societal role, is perceived to have a unique quality or archetype. The lion is fearless and represents courage. The willow tree, bending and swaying with the wind, represents flexibility; its wood is used for weaving baskets for this very reason. The ancient yogis observed each of these unique qualities and sought to personally integrate them through yoga poses. In other words, they modeled the poses after an aspect of nature that represented a particular archetype with the purpose of embracing those qualities within their own character. Tree Pose is modeled after the tree, which represents strength and balance, for example. From the perspective of archetypes, the purpose of practicing Tree Pose is to maintain a balance between the mind, body, and spirit, and to develop the strength to be present regardless of external circumstances.
Sounds simple enough, right? While it’s fairly easy to understand the archetypes on an intellectual level, integrating them into our practice is another matter! It takes disciplined practice with the archetypes to experience the transformative power they can have on our lives. Archetypes take time to understand because of their mystical origins, as well as their subjective nature. While there are generally agreed upon archetypes that the yogis identified for each pose (we’ll discuss these a bit later in the chapter), the archetypes that students relate to in each pose vary. Who’s to say whether a cat should represent independence, curiosity, or fearlessness? These are all valid archetypes. Part of developing a rich yoga practice is discovering what you need and applying what resonates with you in that moment.
Using the example of the cat, let’s consider how archetypes may be applied in yoga pose practice. Many people associate curiosity with the cat. Cats like to explore the world around them: they climb up trees, chase shiny objects, and find all sorts of nooks and crannies to get into. Now, I can already see that some of you may be wondering if exploring the archetype of the cat will involve tree climbing, and while I don’t want to disappoint, I can assure you that it does not. Archetypes are taken figuratively rather than literally! Curiosity in Cat Pose can be explored very slowly with attention to the subtle adjustments of the spine, the extension and contraction of the small back muscles and all of the micro-movements that take the pose to another level.
While curiosity is certainly an appropriate archetype of the cat, you might prefer to focus on another quality, perhaps agility. That’s great! Exploring archetypes is a very personal process and as you develop experience with integrating them in your practice, you’ll find a balance between the more traditional archetypes and those that you personally relate to. There’s an ongoing discussion in the yoga community as to whether it is possible to have a completely objective view of an archetype. Because archetypes are influenced by cultural heritage, religious influences, language, tradition, topography, and history, your personal interpretation of archetypes may vary from those provided in this or any book.
However, in studying archetypes, some students will continue to relate to the same archetype in a variety of poses (e.g., mountains represents strength, as does a lion and a tree). This fact may illuminate a personal issue (e.g., developing strength), or indicate a need to be open to a wider range of archetypes and attitudes in order to inform the body-mind. The mountain, lion, and tree archetypes, though sharing certain qualities, also have inherently unique attributes.
As a second example, the Peacock Pose, whether done in the modified or traditional form, embodies an archetype of overcoming fear. The peacock uses its brilliantly colored feathers to scare away a would-be attacker. Those of us who have faced adversity in our lives and have learned how to overcome these threats will connect to the Peacock Pose with ease. As an example, Jeane was a theatrical performer as a child and had to overcome a fear of public speaking at an early age. Having an audience helped her to overcome stage fright. She learned how to flash a smile, project her voice, and walk with confidence on the stage. From her childhood experiences, she was able to teach people and speak in almost any public situation without fear. Her story is one version of mastery of the wisdom of the peacock.
However, not all of us have performed in front of hundreds of people in the school play. Many adults are extremely shy or lack self-confidence, and this affects many different aspects of their lives. For this group of people, which I’m going to estimate constitutes at least half this book’s readers, mastering the Peacock Pose is essential. Peacock Pose, or one of its derivatives like Cobra Pose, helps us to concentrate on a feeling of power in the heart and cultivate a sense of courage. As we develop these qualities in our yoga pose practice, they naturally radiate out into our lives. After all, what we’re essentially doing with these archetypes is integrating them into our character. If we cultivate courage in yoga poses, we’re more able to cultivate courage “off the mat,” as well.
It bears repeating that archetypes are highly subjective and not absolute fact. Be inspired to discover and define your own archetypes. While I will offer suggestions, they are not absolute truths. Furthermore, the suggestions are in no way comprehensive! There is so much to be said on archetypes that many volumes could be written on the subject. And the real purpose of this chapter is not to provide every possible aspect of the archetypes, but to help you discover their power.
Archetypes and Personal Growth
Each of us has an attraction, or sometimes an aversion, to certain archetypal patterns, which can be a powerful call to a greater understanding of our emotional and spiritual patterns. Consider the ego, which often protects us from pain that we do not wish to feel. This protection may actually be a good thing at the time, perhaps allowing us to functionally survive trauma, but it leaves us with scar tissue in the form of mental and physical blockages that manifest as repetitive behaviors. While our lives may sometimes seem like a collection of unrelated incidents, viewing experiences from an archetypal or symbolic viewpoint can help us to bring cohesion and purpose as we work through certain repeated patterns and ego defenses.
case study Mary’s Self-Image
Having gained weight during her second pregnancy, Mary was comparing herself to a certain animal that may seem derogatory—the pig. Mary understood that it was essential to be honest about this negative association, and while in a confidential setting, she confessed that she was feeling this way. She held the image so strongly in her mind that when she talked about it, it brought tears to her eyes. Many of us can relate to negative feelings associated with weight gain. If Mary feels like a pig at the subconscious or conscious level, she will tend to behave like one, eating whatever is in front of her without any thought or concern for her own true needs. Therefore, the archetype of the pig was not serving her. If Mary just had an illness where she lost a lot of weight, the archetype of the pig might be the perfect approach. The “pig” archetype is not bad, but Mary’s view of it is.
In Step One, Mary’s intention was identified as self-love and self-care. Her reflections on attitude led her to practice non-attachment from her old ideas. In the process of Mary devising a positive archetype, she needed to adopt an image to replace the pig. Mary first thought of the lioness, a protective and fierce mother, but the lioness also has the quality of being somewhat aloof. Mary realized that perhaps the lioness is a little too detached for her present needs, which require self-love and a strong community. Then she thought of the cobra, which is also a very strong archetype. Is strength what she really needs? Mary realized that strength was not her issue.
Finally, Mary decided on the third image that came to mind, the goddess, who is represented in the Moon Salutation series. Since becoming a mother, Mary often felt overwhelmed caring for her young children and had lost touch with her body. Focusing on the goddess helped her create a positive feminine image in her psyche. The goddess is caring, wise, and beautiful, but not necessarily skinny. Relying on that image allowed her to accept herself and find the inspiration to eat right and take better care of her health. In her yoga practice, Mary continued to hold the attitude of non-attachment and the image of the goddess, and she observed how the archetype of each yoga pose fed her needs.
Mastering the Archetype
Regardless of Physical Capability
Mary’s process of cultivating the image of a goddess occurs in her mind, even though the archetype is explored in a physical pose. The Goddess Pose, which turns the arms and feet out and includes a squat that challenges the groin area to open, is a challenging pose for many. Most students can only open their feet partially, and they squat shallowly due to flexibility and strength limitations. An Indian dancer could lower herself into the goddess pose and be capable of maintaining perfect form for minutes at a time. However, both the inflexible housewife and the flexible dancer can master this pose if their minds connect to the goddess archetype in the heart. Likewise, if the dancer is distracted due to unrelated thoughts, her form is correct but she is not complete in the yoga pose.
Yoga Pose Archetypes
Yoga Poses from Animals
Every animal has a sacred gift for humans to learn. Animal poses can help us to connect with powerful aspects of the soul that we often repress in our busy lives. Before coming into an animal pose, it can be helpful to imagine what it feels like to be that animal. Try to envision where the animal lives, how its body moves, how it eats, and how it plays.
Cobra
The cobra moves with its belly on the ground but must reach up to see clearly, much as we are often kept busy with worldly pursuits and have to make an effort to reach for higher goals. It takes faith and courage to rise above the material world and peer into the unknown spiritual world. Once the upper body is poised above the ground in Cobra Pose, we must accept whatever it is we see from this new vista. The lower back is consciously relaxed while the eyes remain focused on heaven.
The cobra’s ferocious nature cannot be ignored. It comes up suddenly and with deadly force, much like the workings of nature or the trappings of the world. The cobra’s gift is in its ability to shed its skin. It is this shedding of skin that allows the cobra to continually transform and renew itself.
The very nature of life involves frequent shift and change. How do you feel about change and transformation? How do you feel about death? Many people are afraid to die, yet this fear prevents us from fully living. The archetype of the cobra inspires us to see the possibilities inherent in every situation, accept whatever challenges we may be facing, and embrace all stages of life.
Lion
The male lion is often seen as the most masculine animal and is closely associated with the sun. Power, courage, protection, and stewardship are just some of the aspects of the lion as the Father Protector. The lion shoulders much responsibility and this is as much a burden as it is a blessing. One interesting aspect of the lion is that it only protects kin and will destroy all males that are not of their bloodline. As an ethnic or racial metaphor, the lion gives us reason to stop and think about how we treat others that seem different or strange. Do you judge other people? How do you judge yourself?
The roar of the lion offers the power to declare battle with obstacles in your path to spiritual freedom. But power must be wielded with a deep sense of integrity and responsibility. When in Lion Pose, ask yourself, What is your relationship with power? Do you support others in their endeavors or do you condescend to those that you perceive as beneath you? In terms of asserting yourself, do you speak up when you feel compelled to do so? Or, do you refrain from letting your voice speak to who you really are or ask for what you really want?
Cow Face
The cow is the sustainer, comforter, nurturer, and a symbol of the Mother. The cow represents Mother Earth, which gives this pose a very grounded quality. From the cow, we obtain milk to feed ourselves. Symbolically, we extract the milk of liberation.
Use Cow Pose to reflect on your ability to give and to receive sustenance in its many forms (food, water, love, emotional support, spiritual support). Do you feel comfortable receiving support from others? How do you feel when you give of yourself to support others? Are you able to give yourself what you need or do you starve yourself of self-love and nourishment?
Pigeon
The country pigeon is known for puffing up its chest in pride. While they’re not often recognized for this, pigeons have a unique ability to find their home from a distant location. Homing pigeons symbolize assurance and confidence in challenging situations. They represent a feeling of safety and security that allows a positive sense of pride about who we really are.
Are you a proud person and if so, in what ways? Is your pride justified by accomplishments or overcoming challenging circumstances? Is your pride ego-related? For some of us, pride is a mask that hides feelings of incompetence, low self-esteem, or unworthiness. Are you at home with yourself? Tapping into the joy of your power and talent through the Pigeon Pose can help you develop confidence and assurance.
Butterfly/Cobbler’s Pose
A symbol of transformation, the butterfly inspires awe among children and adults alike as it morphs from an ordinary caterpillar into a vibrant winged creature. Unlike most animals, the butterfly literally transforms its physical form! This is a very apt metaphor for many of us that need to change old ways in favor of a healthier and happier reality. Before transformation can take place, we must shelter ourselves from negative influences inside a spiritual cocoon. This may mean refraining from food, drink, thoughts, or activities that aren’t in alignment with our well-being or simply engaging in the higher company of fellow seekers who also wish to take flight. It might involve releasing thoughts of fear, doubt, and worry to welcome the possibility of a better way of life.
The Butterfly Pose opens the groin area, the seat of the sacral chakra (see Step Six) and the repository of creative, transformational energy. The stunning markings of a butterfly are among the most imaginative demonstrations of natural beauty. What would you create in the world if money and material wealth weren’t issues? Who would you become, where would you live, and what relationships would you enjoy if you pursued your deepest dreams?
Fish
The fish resides in water and embodies marine qualities, including fluidity. When in Fish Pose you may experience a floating feeling, as if the body is buoyant. Being able to float through life empowers us to be like water and adapt to many different situations.
Fish Pose gives you the opportunity to reflect on your ability to go with the flow, as well as encounter aspects of yourself that are rigid and resist change. If you observe fish in the wild, they seem almost as fluid as the water that houses them. Are you able to flow with the energies that surround you or do you tend to fight against the current? Exposing and opening the heart in Fish Pose, do you feel vulnerable or have faith in the general goodness of creation?
Eagle
The eagle’s superior vision relates to the third eye chakra (see Step Six). The gift of clear sight relates directly to the concentration we develop in yoga. Clear vision exists when the mind is focused and calm. When we practice balancing poses like Eagle Pose, concentration is aided by fixing the eyes on one point.
The challenge of the Eagle Pose is twisting while balancing on one leg. This can be extremely difficult at first, but gradually we become more flexible and stronger. As we settle into the pose, our purpose becomes clearer. The third eye chakra (the seat of sight and intuition) opens, improving vision. Just as the eagle can spot a mouse from thousands of feet away, Eagle Pose helps us to see what is important in life. Unfolding from the pose, our metaphorical wings spread, conveying a sense of lightness and a freedom from hindrances.
What hinders your insight? What blocks your vision? What disturbs your balance?
Dog
Downward Dog mimics a dog as it wakes and stretches. This keystone pose of the Sun Salutation series contains a few important lessons from the animal kingdom, like how to relax, stretch, and feel joy in the body! Dogs are endearingly faithful, expressed through their bright eyes, energetic demeanor, and incessant tail wagging. They love being part of “the pack,” getting exercise, and being out in nature.
Downward Dog asks us to express our faith while enjoying the journey of our yoga practice. Are you enjoying your yoga practice? Are you able to have fun and remain relaxed even while putting physical effort into your poses? While yoga is practiced individually, we can find sustenance in community. How are you a part of the yoga community?
Yoga Poses from Nature
Through observing the natural environment, we see our own reflection. The sky contains the planets and stars; the earth and sea alone contain a diversity of existence that continues to evolve and amaze us. New discoveries of plants, insects, and animals happen every day! Observing even one small part of the natural world can give us insight into how we are connected to every living thing through universal consciousness. Poets of all cultures highlight deep truths by observing the flow of water, the energy of the sun, and the power of a mountain.
case study Laura’s Self-Image
Laura, in her reflections in Steps One and Two, chose an intention of spiritual growth and clarity, and the attitude of knowledge in order to further her practice of self-awareness and inner wisdom. As she learned the information in this step, Laura was very quick to understand her archetype. She’s somewhat artistic, and as a child she always drew flowers. Looking back, she realized that she always wanted everyone to be happy, and drawing flowers was her way of expressing a need for approval. As a result, she would often do what other people wanted and then convince herself that she really enjoyed fulfilling other people’s wishes.
Laura’s flowers symbolized her desire to reach toward the sun. While aspiring to high ideals is a great ethic, there are other qualities of the flower that don’t serve Laura. For one, flowers are transient, coming and going with the seasons. After a lifetime of catering to other people’s needs, Laura’s archetype needs to reflect stability, strength, and endurance. Laura found inspiration in the mountain because it reaches up to the sky yet remains strong in its rootedness to the earth. The mountain endures all types of weather through time. With this archetype in mind, Laura is able to be herself regardless of what other people think, and draws on the qualities of strength and endurance as she moves through her yoga pose practice.
Mountain
Mountains appear to be such peaceful and permanent structures that it is easy to forget the violent volcanic explosions and powerful movement of continental plates that formed them. While the mountain is a dynamic part of nature, it is also the most stable structure as well. The mountain archetype suggests vitality, stillness, durability, and stability.
The base of Seated Mountain Pose is the lotus position or a crossed-legged position, which encourages the mind to become still. Once we have quieted physical and mental needs, we can begin our ascent to higher states of consciousness. At first however, the mind may feel like a tumultuous volcano. In the face of the ever-changing reality, the mountain maintains unwavering stability. Seated Mountain Pose is incredibly helpful for people navigating challenges and changes in life. Consider the relationship between your mind and the stress around you—are you able to remain cool and calm in difficult situations? As you practice Seated Mountain Pose, try to connect with the part of you that remains unaffected by external influences. As you move through your life, see if you can access this deep layer of your being for support and clarity.
Tree
An archetypal cousin of the mountain, the majestic tree roots deeply into the ground as its branches extend toward the sky. Trees are strong but flexible, and typically quite resilient. A tree cooperates with and sustains other natural forms such as birds, mammals, and insects. Trees breathe life-giving oxygen into the world and all the life forms them as they exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. Insects and vines may destroy a tree, yet it keeps on giving, breaking down into nutrients to sustain other life forms. Because of its many beneficial qualities, a tree may be viewed as the ultimate example of selflessness.
Reflect on your balance with others. How do you cooperate with your family, friends, and society in general? How do you feel when the winds of change blow through your life? What ways do you give to and receive from others? How do you support others?
Sun
The Sun Salutation encompasses a range of poses, but they all reflect the intensity of the sun, which is the epitome of fire. While fire can destroy, it also purifies and is the precursor to renewal. As the sustainer of all life on earth, the sun is the focus of many world traditions and religions.
While performing the Sun Salutation, it is difficult to think of anything but the flow of the poses; we are forced to remain in the moment. We build heat and purify our system as we seek enlightenment, for what is higher consciousness but allowing ourselves to be filled with light?
Fire quickly transforms all it touches. How do you feel about changes that you can’t control? What are your goals for personal transformation? How do you express the fire of your ideas and passions?
Moon
The moon is often associated with feminine energy. As the powerful counterpart to the sun, the moon is highly intuitive and receptive. As it goes through its monthly phases, the moon affects life here on earth, evidenced by the tides. The sun and moon are of central importance to Hatha yoga, its name being derived from the sun (Ha) and moon (Tha). Yoga helps us to harmonize their opposing energies so that we can live a balanced life. The moon reflects the sun, illuminating the night sky and those parts of our psyche that we try to hide under the cover of darkness. As the moon affects water here on earth, it also influences the emotions (the feminine) that may be subjugated in the name of logic (the masculine).
Do you identify with your emotions? Do you change like the tides? Are you able to understand your emotions? Do you feel comfortable exploring them? As you lean to one side or the other in Moon Pose or Half Moon Pose, are you avoiding feeling an emotion you think of as “negative”? What would it take to develop a greater sense of awareness about seemingly negative emotions? Often, negative emotions provide the opportunity to look deeper within an issue and explore mysterious aspects of our own emotional and spiritual landscape. As you practice Moon Pose, let yourself receive and be open to the experience.
Lotus
With its home in the mud, the lotus flower is a metaphor for the human condition; we are stuck in the vicissitudes of life while we strive toward purity and contentment.
The Lotus Pose makes a triangle of the lower body as the base of the spine and the two knees form the three points. The symbolism of the pose involves a balanced approach to physical needs and spiritual pursuits. As we learn to be comfortable in this pose, we discover how to thrive amidst our struggles in life. When practicing Lotus Pose, cultivate a sense of ease and relaxation, even if the pose is challenging.
The Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the original Sanskrit book on yoga poses, notes that Lotus Pose is difficult to achieve. For some, this pose may never be physically possible, yet all can practice the archetype of this pose while sitting cross-legged on the floor in preparation for meditation.
On a more esoteric level, the lotus also represents the many natures of both divine and human existence. What stage of life are you in? Do you identify with society’s paradigms about what you should be doing relative to your age (getting married or retiring, for example), or are you creating your own vision for your life? What is your body teaching you about your spirit and emotions?
Stick
The stick or staff represents the power to transform and heal on any level. The caduceus, a type of staff surrounded by intertwining serpents, is a familiar symbol in the medical world. In Roman mythology, Mercury received a caduceus from the god of music with which he could control the living or dead and turn anything into gold.
In Stick Pose we stretch our body to its horizontal limits, enabling the spine to decompress and to allow healing fluids to come in between the vertebrae. We reach in both directions, simultaneously lengthening and opening.
As you reach with your arms, legs, and spine, can you connect to the highest and reach beyond your ego? Can you relax, even in the effort of this pose? Can you tap into your own healing power?
Yoga Poses from Tools
Modern human society would not be where it is today if certain tools had not been invented. When we think of the ubiquitous use of the plough and the wheel, it is no wonder that tools have become archetypes in their own right.
Plough
The plough is used to clear a field so that earth can be cultivated and her plentiful bounty reaped. It may seem like improvidence to ask for more than what is already provided for us in the forests, plains, and seas, and there is certainly a kind of violence involved in furrowing the soil. As we plough, we turn over the dirt, uproot unproductive plants, and reveal creatures that are normally not seen or thought about. To plant the seeds that will result in new life, we must first furrow out the unnecessary impediments we harbor below the surface of our being.
In Plough Pose, our breathing is quite constricted. This can cause some people to feel claustrophobic or anxious. Plough Pose mirrors how we handle various mental and physical restrictions and helps us to uncover perceived limitations and push boundaries. Through the pose we empower ourselves and plant the seeds that soon turn into new growth. Enhancing the breath enables us to see that we have power even in the most limiting situations.
Are you able to find comfort and strength in the midst of strain? Do you have faith that tilling new areas of life will bring forth fruitful results? What seeds are you planting with your yoga practice?
Bow
The bow is used to aim an arrow with the purpose of killing an animal for food or bringing down the opposition in a time of war. We may aim the bow to hone our skills for when they are truly needed or simply for the pleasure of the sport. In our body, the spine represents the bow. As we move our spine in a backbend position, we must treat the body like a bow, challenging it and learning to use it effectively, but always within its limits.
In Bow Pose you may tense yourself like a bow that is ready to shoot. What is it that you are aiming at? Are your goals well defined and purposeful? It takes strength and skill to aim the bow properly. Are you ready to bring your entire being into reaching your target? Is the target worth the effort?
Wheel
The wheel is arguably the most useful tool ever created. It revolutionized societies, allowing people to quickly and effortlessly transport objects from one place to another. In modern times, the wheel still plays a very important role in transportation. But where is it that we are headed and how far have we really come? The wheel is the number zero and the circle. It shares zero’s symbolic link to the eternal: all emanates from and returns to the universe in an endless circle.
As we move through our lives, we may not be aware of eternity, only the material world as we go through our cycles of birth, life, death, and rebirth. In Wheel Pose, we have the opportunity to connect with a deep, unchanging aspect of our nature, allowing us to step outside of our own personal problems and into a collective reality. While the outermost edges of the wheel move through many different landscapes, the hub of the wheel is always constant, stable, and unaffected by the activities on the edge. The great lesson that the wheel provides is to observe our life without reacting to it, to be witness to our emotions rather than subjected to them.
Do you feel as if you have any control over your destiny or do you feel like life keeps throwing you unwanted curveballs? In what ways do you contribute to your problems? Do you see patterns in your life repeating like the wheels of nature spinning?
Boat
The boat carries us from one place to another, down a small creek or across a vast ocean. Just as the ancients were adrift in the water with only their ship and the stars to guide them to solid land, we are also adrift in the emotions and events that carry us through our lives. In Boat Pose, we look forward, opening to whatever “waves” come our way with courage and faith that the journey will bring what is needed. The vessel of yoga helps us cross the river of struggle to a place of inner peace.
What directions are the currents flowing in your life? Are you drifting or are you rowing with intention? Do you use spiritual practices to help steer your mind through the currents of life? Are you going with the flow of life or are you creating struggle? If you feel like life is a constant challenge and presents obstacles that seem to be outside of your control, take a look at your responses to them. In every situation, we make choices that determine the direction our life takes and influence the kind of person we become. As we direct our thoughts and actions positively and productively, life naturally improves.
case study Steve’s Self-Image
Steve enjoys doing yoga poses for their physical benefits. To his surprise, deep breathing has helped create tranquility in his mind, causing him to manage his daily life with more grace. Through his yoga practice, Steve realized that he is yearning to discover a rich life purpose, something that his work environment just isn’t providing. It seems to Steve that the day-to-day grind never seems to end. As soon as he completes one task, another task immediately surfaces. He feels as though he is walking in a circle like an ox in a mill, incessantly grinding grain into flour. There seems to be no end in sight to his mundane work, nor any sustaining purpose to it.
Steve recognizes that he feels trapped just like an ox harnessed to a yoke. Continuing to identify with the sensation of being trapped is never going to help Steve realize the life purpose that he so deeply desires. He changes his perception, envisioning an endless flow of water that symbolizes his life. Life flows like a stream, constantly changing through the seasons. Steve realizes that life never stays the same and that he has the power to change his circumstances.
As Steve considers the archetypes, he remembers the boat; how the wind fills its sails as it glides over endless water. Steve works at cultivating the boat, an image of freedom to glide and flow with the breeze. Steve is inspired to reevaluate his career and discover what he’s truly passionate about. He travels internationally, takes a sculpture class, and buys several cookbooks that he and his wife use to make dinner together each week.
Yoga Poses from Structures
Throughout human history, we have built structures like the windmill to harness natural energies for our own use. As yoga poses also harness and direct natural energy, it is no surprise to see that a few poses are named after structures. Every part of nature from a cave to a building to the human body is a structure.
Triangle
In the ancient world, the triangle had special meaning. Almost every culture has some affinity to the pyramid or triangle in their traditions. The triangle has a base on the ground consisting of two points and third point extending to the sky.
The concept of three is fundamental to the triangle and represents archetypal qualities upon which all others are based. These qualities are balancing energies whose movements predicate every action of every object from the creation of the solar system to a person getting out of bed in the morning. In the Tao, we know these energies as Wu, Wei, and Yin/Yang. In Christianity they are the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In Hinduism they are Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and their consorts Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Kali. In Ayurveda, an ancient Indian system of holistic medicine, the three primary body types are Air, Fire, and Earth.
Does each aspect of your life feel in balance? When in the Triangle Pose, do you lean in one direction over another? Can you find strength in balance? As you strive for balance in your life, it may be helpful to think of it as an intention rather than a destination. Because of life’s constantly changing nature, what we need to stay balanced varies through time. Consider those areas of your life that are pulling you in different directions, think about what adjustments you can make to bring yourself back to center, and take action. Even minor changes can make a significant impact.
Windmill
The windmill is a passive machine that relies on the forces of nature in order to operate. Flowing with the wind, the windmill provides energy for human use. As we open our hearts in Windmill Pose, we can imagine ourselves receiving, transforming, and spreading love. Love is not only an emotion, but a powerful way of being in the world. Once your heart opens, you’re able to receive love as you bow forward, bringing love from the upper to the lower or earthly realms. We use love energy to open the back of the heart chakra as we twist to one side (see Step Six on chakras), and in our daily lives, we allow ourselves to feel supported and nurtured.
Can you open your heart to the power of nature? Are you able to receive and give love to yourself and others? Are you learning to cultivate energy and direct it in ways that enrich your life and the lives of those around you?
Angle
From a base of stable hips, the upper body stretches to the side for a pure side bend. In this pose, we can feel both the flexibility of the spine as well as its limitations. The qualities of Angle Pose are complementary: through observing the boundaries of your capabilities, you create freedom in the pose. Angles are very helpful in strengthening and cleansing the physical body. However, this is only achieved by being mindful of your capabilities. You don’t want to lean over so far that you strain the body, but you need to challenge yourself in order to receive benefit. Finding that precise balance of striving and relaxing is the goal of Angle Pose.
When in a side bend, consider whether you accept the limitations of your body. Do you overstretch and create added tension in your system? In what ways are you pushing beyond your means in life, perhaps financially or in your relationships? Do you overdo areas of your life?
Candle
The straight candle inspires Shoulder Stand Pose, which gives us a new perspective on those burdens that we feel are ours to shoulder. By literally turning our world upside down, we have to use different muscles to support the body. The weight borne by our spine shifts and there is compression in the opposite direction. Not only are we upending our physical body but our psychic (energy) body as well.
As you practice Shoulder Stand Pose, you may notice a constriction in the throat that can cause a trapped and/or suffocated feeling. Once you surrender to the pose, the throat can relax and you’ll become refreshed and mentally focused. You may also experience a release of emotional baggage through the pose; these are responsibilities and burdens that you may feel you’re forced to shoulder alone. By releasing the need to assert our will and surrendering to a larger reality, our perceived burdens are lightened and we can fulfill our duties with a sense of service and ease.
What is weighing you down in life? Perhaps you’re caring for an ill person, or maybe you’re holding on to past regrets. How does your perception of reality contribute to the feeling of heavy burdens and responsibilities from which you cannot escape? What shift in perception is needed to help you experience freedom and joy?
Yoga Poses from the Human Experience
Traditionally, cultures around the world had rites of passage and ceremonies to honor important stages in life, including birth, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, marriage, parenthood, retirement, and finally, death. Some of these transitions are still celebrated today, but their symbolic importance is often overlooked in modern societies. Through yoga pose practice, we can discover the quintessential essence of these important junctures in the human experience.
Child’s Pose
While seemingly simple, Child’s Pose is a powerful archetype that has relevance through every stage of life. Working through the shadow side of the child archetype frees us to reclaim our power as adults. For example, a person who identifies with the “wounded child” archetype may blame childhood trauma for anything negative that happens in adult life. Learning to forgive is the lesson of the wounded child.
Child’s Pose, also known as Womb Pose, is a forward bend that brings all parts of the body into close contact, much like a fetal position. As infants in the womb, we are seamlessly connected to our mother and to our environment. When we are born into the world, we struggle to maintain this state of connectedness. And as we grow older, we often lose touch with our original vitality and exuberance. However, we continue to carry aspects of our child selves throughout our lives. Taking care of the child within us through Child’s Pose can heal old wounds and reveal the simple joys of discovery and play.
If you watch young children breathe, you’ll notice that they inhale deeply into their belly. As we discussed in Step Four on pranayama, breathing reflects a person’s emotional and physical well-being. In Child’s Pose, notice if your breathing is ragged and uneven, or smooth and full. Are you able to look at life through the eyes of a child? Do you allow yourself to feel vulnerable in your relationships? Do you feel connected to something greater than yourself?
Warrior I
Warrior I is an ideal pose to cultivate strength and confidence in times of conflict. In this position, the heart is turned open and boldly faces the enemy. The warrior, also known as the hero, faces great challenges, with the goal of bringing back wisdom that protects the tribe. Similarly, we may need to challenge ourselves to see the spiritual lessons we have the opportunity to learn in difficult circumstances. Warrior I helps us to conquer our emotions so that we can achieve higher consciousness.
In Warrior I, do you tend to look up (away from what is approaching) or face forward? Are you able to breathe fully or are you restricted in any way? When confronted with challenging situations, do you look to internal or external resources for the solution?
Warrior II
The balance and strength for Warrior II comes from the navel center. It takes a sense of personal power to remain steadfast in the face of opposition, and the spiritual path presents opposition/opportunity at every turn. Warrior II helps us realize new abilities through our efforts and reveals spiritual strength that we can tap into when needed. This pose can resolve conflicts through right action.
In order to restore alignment, can you be brave enough to feel your imbalances? Can you relax into the pose, re-establish balance and be comfortable in knowing that perfection may never be attained? Are you able to strive in life and remain unattached to the results of your efforts?
Dancer Pose
Within every pose, there is an ongoing process of balancing the body, mind, and spirit. This is definitely true in Dancer Pose. In this extreme backbend, some students may never be able to connect their foot with their hand or reach their arms all the way over their head. Yet in this very struggle, there is a great opportunity to witness the dance between journey and destination. In whatever capacity we perform this pose, focusing on the process of achieving balance offers us a way of living the experience, rather than living for the outcome. By focusing on the archetype of the dancer, we can tune in to the beating of our own heart, feel the rhythm of our body, and connect with the joy of creative expression. Without this archetypal attitude, a flexible student may physically reach mastery of the pose but not experience the inner dance that brings joy to the heart. In the dance of life, do you feel free to express yourself? Do you have the joy of the dancer in your life?
Standing Prayer Pose
There are many different ways to pray and yoga poses are prayers in their own right. Standing Prayer Pose connects the hands to the heart, and actions with loving intentions. In connecting to our heart’s desire, we come home to our true Self.
Standing Prayer is the easiest balancing pose because both feet remain flat on the ground. However, the body’s natural tendency to sway makes it nearly impossible to remain perfectly steady, particularly with the eyes closed. This imperfection reminds us that regardless of our prayers, reality is outside of our control.
Can you pray just for the sake of praying? Are you able to show devotion to positive pursuits even when the results are not as you would wish? Can you find inner peace while your life is swaying to and fro?
Half Spinal Twist
Named after the famed tenth-century yogi Matsyendra, who may have been the first Hatha yoga teacher, Partial Seated Twist (Ardha Matsyendrasana) offers the archetype of the yogi. The twist represents purification as it tones the organs of the body, as well as seeing new perspectives. Twists are not always easy, but they are among the most beneficial poses. Matsyendra was renowned for his discipline and fortitude. Focusing on his image as you perform the twist can bring out the fire of purification that magnifies its effect on the body.
Do you have the ability to face impurities and allow those impurities to be released? Are you able to feel comfortable in a twisting position in spite of the restriction? Think about how this might relate to your life. People are often summoned to live with challenges like physical pain or the loss of a loved one. Twists can help you learn to live well despite these problems through dedication and discipline.
Standing Forward Bend
The Standing Forward Bend resembles bowing. In ancient times, the subjects of a kingdom would bow their heads to royalty to show respect. Bowing was also a way of protecting the king so that guards would be able to identify anyone with a raised weapon. Today, bowing remains a sign of reverence, as well as an expression of prayer.
Most forward bends symbolize surrender and acceptance. We bend forward and accept our humanity and physicality. We elongate the spine and allow the weight of our thoughts to release with the head, neck, and shoulders. The thinking mind surrenders to the feeling heart. This pose leaves us vulnerable and exposed, but gives us the opportunity to cultivate a trusting attitude. This is the first step in surrendering the ego, accepting what we cannot change and feeling comfortable regardless of our circumstances.
When you lower into the forward bend, are you releasing your neck and shoulder muscles fully? Can you let go of your thoughts and worries, at least for a moment? Can you lay your ego to rest and feel the joy of being alive? Can you surrender your thinking mind to your feeling heart?
Corpse
In ancient times, death was experienced by the entire community in a very intimate way. When a family member passed away, the family displayed the body in a visible place for days, sometimes in front of the house. Depending on the death rites of the culture, the family and community prepared the body for burial. From a young age, children were exposed to death and understood it as an integral part of life. Death was viewed as a part of the cycle of existence, in stark contrast to our modern funeral homes where bodies are prepared by strangers and kept out of the sight of loved ones. Even in our burial rituals, there is an underlying implication that death is separate from us, though we know rationally that this is not the case.
Depending on your personal beliefs, you may think of death as the ultimate end or as another transformative step in the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Whatever your views, most of us have powerful feelings on the inevitability of our own demise. Feelings on this subject can inform our life experience.
Corpse Pose completely relaxes physical and mental tensions. After a brief time in this pose, we may feel as though our body is much lighter, almost completely disconnected from the physical being, much as we might imagine happening upon death. Those uncomfortable with death may use the image of an animal hibernating in a deep sleep. Corpse Pose is unique in the sense that one remains conscious while detaching from worldly concerns. A restful proposition, Corpse Pose is one of the most popular yoga poses, usually practiced at the end of a yoga pose session.
As you practice the pose, concentrate on letting go of thoughts, worries, and concerns, and relax every muscle in your body including your face. How do you feel about out-of-body experiences? Is letting go of thoughts and worries difficult? Try not to be critical of yourself when you find yourself thinking in Corpse Pose. Just observe the thought and let it float away as you relax your body. Focus on your breath to bring you deeper into yourself.
Connecting to the Infinite
While often overlooked by students, archetypes are a fundamental aspect of yoga poses. In fact, the poses were modeled after archetypes. Whether it’s the enthusiasm and loyalty of a dog, the strength and courage of a lion, or the joy and vulnerability of a child, archetypes offer us the opportunity to cultivate that which we lack.
After you have had some experience with the physical poses, take your time exploring the qualities of each pose. Realizing that the archetypes are fairly subjective, feel free to discover qualities that are meaningful to you. You can research the mythology, history, and biology as appropriate for any of the archetypes for inspiration. As you practice the poses, cultivate receptivity and sensitivity to intuit their hidden meaning. Above all else, know that there isn’t a “right” answer when it comes to archetypes, but rather what feels right for you.
As you work with the archetypes, try to incorporate them into your intention and attitude. How are the archetypes helping you to connect with your intention and embrace your chosen attitude? Emphasize those poses that complement and advance your chosen intention and attitude. This may mean that you focus on poses that help you to see a new perspective, discover courage in challenging times, or foster self-confidence. Take your time and be aware of the effects that an archetype has on your body, mind, and spirit. While you’ll continue to practice all the poses, the goal is to concentrate on those that best support your personal transformation. The process isn’t to be rushed! Before moving on to the following steps, get comfortable with using the archetypes in your yoga pose practice.