THE PERFECT NAME
a beetle Anelipsistus americanus: All Latin name examples were found in John Wright’s wonderful 2014 The Naming of the Shrew: A Curious History of Latin Names.
indri, canary: Etymologies from the Oxford English Dictionary.
“troublesome effects” of actual differences between individual animals: Martin, P., and H. C. Kraemer. 1987. Individual differences in behaviour and their statistical consequences. Animal Behaviour, 35, 1366–1375.
“I had no idea that it would have been more appropriate . . . to assign each of the chimpanzees a number”: Goodall, 1998, cited in E. S. Benson. 2016. Naming the ethological subject. Science in Context, 29, 107–128.
on the problems of individual animal identification: Kenward, R. 2000. A Manual for Wildlife Radio Tagging.
on Druzhok: Pavlov, I. 1893. Vivisection, via D. P. Todes. 2001. Pavlov’s Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise.
no little friend: Pavlov, I. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes.
In contemporary neuroscience labs studying primates: Sharp, L. April 25, 2017. “The animal commons in experimental laboratory science.” Talk delivered at the Human-Animal Studies University seminar, Columbia University.
By six months of age, human infants can recognize speech sounds: Bortfeld, H., J. L. Morgan, R. M. Golinkoff, and K. Rathbun. 2005. Mommy and me: Familiar names help launch babies into speech-stream segmentation. Psychological Science, 164, 298–304.
named cow milk yield and respect: Bertenshaw, C., and P. Rowlinson. 2009. Exploring stock managers’ perceptions of the human-animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk production. Anthrozoös, 22, 59–69; D. Valenze. 2009. Milk: A Local and Global History.
Vienna dog names: Schmidjell, T., F. Range, L. Huber, and Z. Virányi. 2012. Do owners have a Clever Hans effect on dogs? Results of a pointing study. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 558.
German dog names: Bräuer, J., J. Call, and M. Tomasello. 2004. Visual perspective taking in dogs (Canis familiaris) in the presence of barriers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 88, 299–317.
English dog names: Piotti, P., and J. Kaminski. 2016. Do dogs provide information helpfully? PLOS One, 11, e0159797.
New York City dog names: Horowitz, A., J. Hecht, and A. Dedrick. 2013. Smelling more or less: Investigating the olfactory experience of the domestic dog. Learning and Motivation, 44, 207–217.
Racing greyhound names: Arluke, A., and C. R. Sanders. 1996. Regarding Animals, pp. 12–13.
Baatombu naming practices: Schottman, W. 1993. Proverbial dog names of the Baatombu: A strategic alternative to silence. Language in Society, 22, 539.
Top dog names in my neck of the woods: New York City Department of Health. “Dog names in New York City.” http://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/dognames/. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
“Spigot,” “Bubbler,” etc.: Xenophon. “On Hunting.” http://bit.ly/2vT8hx3 & http://bit.ly/2womJOG.
Alexander the Great named his dog: O’Brien, J. M. 1994. Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy.
names of Actaeon’s dogs: Mayor, A. “Names of dogs in ancient Greece.” http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2012/07/names-of-dogs-in-ancient-greece-3.html.
Recommended names for hunting dogs of the Middle Ages: Walker-Meikle, K. 2013. Medieval Dogs.
a dog’s name “should hold, as it were, implicitly in itself all the elements for a conversation with (the dog) on its character”: May 6, 1871. “The Naming of Dogs.” The Spectator.
a man named Carl claimed “the name of Rock”: August 19, 1876. Chicago Field.
“euphonious and well-sounding words”: October 6, 1888. Notes and Queries, 269. http://bit.ly/2wlMNXY.
AKC naming rules: http://www.akc.org/register/naming-of-dog/. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
In American English, most di- and trisyllabic names have an emphasis on the first syllable: Jesse Scheidlower, personal communication, August 29, 2017.
Pekingese stud book names: The American Kennel Gazette and Stud Book, vol. 34. http://bit.ly/2vpp3oD. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
1706 book on hunting hounds: October 6, 1888. Notes and Queries. http://bit.ly/2wlMNXY.
George Washington’s dogs: Grier, K. 2006. Pets in America: A History, p. 34.
Nineteenth-century foxhounds: Trigg, H. C. 1890. The American Fox-hound.
Mark Twain’s dogs: Zacks, R. 2016. Chasing the Last Laugh: Mark Twain’s Raucous and Redemptive Round-the-World Comedy Tour.
Nineteenth-century children’s magazines: 1879–1880. Harper’s Young People, 20 volumes.
Peter Kelley, Rum Punch, and Billy Sykes living on the South Side: October 28, 1896. “Fashions in dogs’ names.” Austin Daily Statesman, p. 6.
pedigree English setters names: 1878. National American Kennel Club Stud Book, vol. 1.
Human nicknames used for pets: Grier 2006, p. 237.
Hartsdale Pet Cemetery first pet: https://www.hartsdalepetcrematory.com/about-us/our-history/.
Hartsdale gravestone names: Brandes, S. 2009. The meaning of American pet cemetery gravestones. Ethnology, 48, 99–118.
William Safire’s call for dog names: December 22, 1985. “On Language: Name that dog.” New York Times magazine.
Tlingit naming practices: Bob Fagen, personal communication, July 2, 2017; see also G. T. Emmons. 1991. The Tlingit Indians.
Taiwanese naming practices. Chen, L. N. H. 2017. Pet-naming practices in Taiwan. Names, 65, 167–177.
forums on baby names: See, e.g., Lauren Collins’ Twitter, August 2, 2017, following her New Yorker article on naming children.
OWNING DOGS
“After all is said and done, a dog is a dog”: Henderson v. Henderson. 2016 SKQB 282 (CanLII). https://www.canlii.org/en/sk/skqb/doc/2016/2016skqb282/2016skqb282.html.
“Go out and buy another dog”: McLain, T. T. 2009. Detailed discussion: Knick-knack, paddy-whack, give the dog a home?: Custody determination of companion animals upon guardian divorce. Michigan State University College of Law. https://www.animallaw.info.
dogs are “assignable property”: Kindregan, C. P., Jr. 2013. Pets in divorce: Family conflict over animal custody. American Journal of Family Law, 26, 4, 227–232.
chocolate Lab as “chattel”: July 25, 2002. C.R.S., Plaintiff, v. T.K.S., Defendant. Supreme Court, New York County.
“a visitation schedule for a table or a lamp”: July 5, 2002. Desanctis v. Pritchard, Appellee. Superior Court of Pennsylvania, 803 A.2d 230.
dog furnishings: Shearin, A. L., and E. A. Ostrander. 2010. Canine morphology: Hunting for genes and tracking mutations. PLOS Biol, 8, e1000310.
Dogs Grace . . . and Roxy: December 31, 2015. Enders v. Baker. Appellate Court of Illinois.
Should a judge grant one party ownership of “the family butter knives”: 2016. Henderson v. Henderson (Canada). https://www.canlii.org.
Custody case for Joey: November 29, 2013. Travis v. Murray. Supreme Court, New York County.
ownership of a dog was determined by which one could get the dog to come when called: Walker-Meikle 2013, p. 29.
the proper disposition of an unnamed Boston bull terrier dog: May 15, 1944. John W. Akers v. Stella Sellers. Appellate Court of Indiana.
Tennessee Dobie-retriever custody case: Hamilton, J. T. 2005. Dog custody case attracts nationwide interest. In W. L. Montell, ed., Tales from Tennessee Lawyers, pp. 180–181.
Dogs are family: 2015. The Harris Poll. http://www.theharrispoll.com/health-and-life/Pets-are-Members-of-the-Family.html.
bioethicist Bernard Rollin: August 12, 2015. “When is it ethical to euthanize your pet?” The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/when-is-it-ethical-to-euthanize-your-pet-44806.
the next line of Genesis: Scully, M. 2003. Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy, p. 44.
Old Testament: Proverbs 12:10 and Hosea 2:18, respectively, via K. Thomas. 1996. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500–1800, p. 24.
domestication was seen as good for animals: Thomas 1996, p. 20.
Etymology of dominance: Oxford American Dictionary.
law “was established for men’s sake”: Wise, S. M. 2003. The evolution of animal law since 1950. In D. J. Salem and A. N. Rowan, eds. The State of the Animals, vol. II, pp. 99–105.
Roman origins of legal system: Wise 2003; also “The common law and civil law traditions.” School of Law, UC Berkeley. https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/CommonLawCivilLawTraditions.html.
Descartes and Kant views: Francione, G. L. 2004. Animals—Property or persons? In C. R. Sunstein and M. C. Nussbaum, eds. Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, pp. 108–142. Also see Kant, Anthropology, from a pragmatic point of view.
Darwin on continuity: Darwin, C. (1871) 2004. The Descent of Man. London: Penguin.
a moral status “no different from that of inanimate objects”: Francione 2014, p. 110.
owners as “social deviants”: Taylor, N., and T. Signal, eds. 2011. Human-Animal Studies: Theorizing Animals: Re-thinking Humanimal Relations.
owners as suspicious themselves: Ritvo, H. 1989. The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in Victorian England, pp. 175–176.
“The day may come, when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights”: Bentham, J. 1823. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Chapter XVII, section 1, paragraph IV, and footnote 122.
only the “wanton infliction” of pain, “with no reasonable purpose” is unlawful—but not the infliction of pain at all: “Animal cruelty.” Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=812.
The human-centeredness in the law: Favre, D., and V. Tsang. 1993. The development of anti-cruelty laws during the 1800s. Detroit College of Law Review, 1, 1–36.
New York in the nineteenth century: See, e.g., Dickens, C. 1842. American Notes; Liboiron, M. 2012. History of consumption and waste in the U.S., 1800–1850. In Zimring, C. A., and W. L. Rathje, eds. Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage, pp. 356–358; Miller, B. 2000. Fat of the Land: Garbage of New York—The Last Two Hundred Years.
dogs had no “socially recognized value”: Favre, D. 2010. Living property: A new status for animals within the legal system. Marquette Law Review, 93, 1021.
Henry Bergh and the evolution of the laws: Favre and Tsang 1993.
the spirit of the law made advances: Favre 2010.
Virginia property status: 2008. Virginia Code Ann. § 3.2-6585, from Favre 2010.
New York State anti-cruelty laws: State of New York Department of Agriculture and Markets. Article 26 of the Agriculture and Markets Law relating to Cruelty to Animals § 353, 353-a.
report of fight of Thursday and Dan: July 26, 1889. Cincinnati Enquirer, p. 2.
“The indiscriminate poisoning of dogs is not permitted in Baltimore”: June 3, 1890. “City dogs that may be captured.” Baltimore Sun.
“How hard do you hit the dog?”: Monks of New Skete. 2002. How to Be Your Dog’s Best Friend, p. 75.
Only “an evil state of mind” shows malice: March 16, 1990. Regalado v. United States. District of Columbia Court of Appeals.
FBI and cruelty cases: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/-tracking-animal-cruelty. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
humans’ abiding interest in being able to “control, direct, or consume things”: Favre, D. 2000. Equitable self-ownership for animals. Duke Law Journal, 50, 473–502.
“Add a Bike, Pet or Golf Clubs to Your Trip”: Amtrak pop-up during online ticketing. https://www.amtrak.com/ibcontent/ancillary_introtext. Confirmed January 9, 2018.
“odorless, harmless”: https://assistive.amtrak.com/h5/assistive/r/www.amtrak.com/onboard/carry-on-pets.html. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
enforcement of Animal Welfare Act: Brulliard, K. October 18, 2018. “USDA’s enforcement of animal welfare laws plummeted in 2018, agency figures show.” Washington Post.
“Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act”: https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr724/BILLS-116hr724ih.pdf.
dog winterizing: Brody, J. E. December 19, 2017. “How to ‘winterize’ your dog.” New York Times.
dog parking at Ikea: https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/dog-parking-at-ikea-175781.
use your Labradoodle for a loan: Francione 2014, pp. 116–117.
Bateson inquiry: Bateson, P. 2010. Independent inquiry into dog breeding.
animals as capital in Egypt: Mikhail, A. January 30, 2017. Human-Animal Studies seminar, Columbia University.
standards of welfare for breeders: New York State General Business Law. Article 35-D. “Sale of dogs and cats.” https://www.agriculture.ny.gov/AI/AILaws/Art-35D-Sale-of-Dogs-and-Cats.pdf.
“fair market value”: McLain 2009.
animals used for research, product testing, etc.: Francione 2014, p. 109.
rats, mice, and birds are not considered “animals”: Animal Welfare Act. “The term ‘animal’ . . . excludes (1) birds, rats of the genus Rattus, and mice of the genus Mus, bred for use in research.” https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/animal-welfare-act. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
a nontrivial number were dogs: United States Department of Agriculture. 2016. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year. In 2016 that number was 60,979.
Claude Bernard: Zwart, H. 2008. What is a dog? Animal experiments and animal novels. In Understanding Nature: Case Studies in Comparative Epistemology.
brown dog: Thornton, A. 2012. Portrait of a man and his dog: The Brown Dog affair. https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/researchers-in-museums/2012/10/22/portrait-of-a-man-and-his-dog-the-brown-dog-affair/.
Barbra Streisand cloned dog: Stevens, M. February 28, 2018. “Barbra Streisand cloned her dog. For $50,000, you can clone yours.” New York Times.
“It costs money to protect animal interests”: Francione, G. L., and A. E. Charlton. “The case against pets.” Aeon. https://aeon.co/essays/why-keeping-a-pet-is-fundamentally-unethical.
“nearly all of our animal use can be justified only by habit”: Francione 2004, p. 115.
we are not even that good at determining what dogs and other animals want now: See, e.g., Franks, B. 2019. “What do animals want?” Animal Welfare Science, 28, 1–10.
habeas corpus for Tommy: Walsh, B. December 2, 2013. “Do chimps have human rights? This lawsuit says yes.” Time. Also see https://www.nonhumanrights.org/blog/lawsuit-filed-today-on-behalf-of-chimpanzee-seeking-legal-personhood/.
entities “of any nature whatsoever” can be persons: https://www.lawinsider.com/clause/person.
Being a person means you have certain interests that are significant: Francione 2004, p. 131.
“things” were the property of “persons,” and lacking any rights: Wise 2003.
At no time have only humans been persons: Wise, S. M. February 24–25, 2017. “Nonhuman animals as legal persons.” Talk delivered at “I am not an animal!: The signature cry of our species” symposium, Emory University. Video at http://www.earthintransition.org/2017/05/nonhuman-animals-legal-persons/.
“No rights exist as between man and beast”: Cicero, M. T. De finibus, 3.67.
the historical application of habeas corpus: S. M. Wise. 2007. The entitlement of chimpanzees to the common law writs of habeas corpus and de homine replegiando, Golden Gate University Law Review, 37, 257.
a chimp named Cecilia: “The first 20 days of Cecilia.” http://www.projetogap.org.br/en/noticia/the-first-20-days-of-cecilia/. See also “Chimpanzee recognized as legal person.” https://www.nonhumanrights.org/blog/nonhuman-rights-project-praises-argentine-courts-recognition-of-captive-chimpanzees-legal-personhood-and-rights/.
“While it may be arguable that a chimpanzee is not a ‘person,’ there is no doubt that it is not merely a thing”: May 8, 2018. Opinion on Motion No. 2018-268. In the Matter of Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc., on Behalf of Tommy, Appellant, v. Patrick C. Lavery, &c., et al., Respondents and In the Matter of Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc., on Behalf of Kiko, Appellant, v. Carmen Presti et al., Respondents. State of New York Court of Appeals.
“each successive extension of rights to some new entity has been, theretofore, a bit unthinkable”: Stone, C. D. 1972. Should trees have standing?–Towards legal rights for natural objects. Southern California Law Review, 45, 450–501.
the Ganges and a tributary, the Yamuna, in India, became legal persons: Roy, E. A. March 16, 2017. New Zealand river granted same legal rights as human being. TheGuardian.com; Safi, M. March 21, 2017. Ganges and Yamuna rivers granted same legal rights as human beings. TheGuardian.com.
conceptual division of objects as property or legal persons: Favre 2000.
domestic animals as citizens: Donaldson, S., and W. Kymlicka. 2011. Zoopolis: A Political Theory of Animal Rights.
considering “well-being” of a dog: Alaska: Amendment to AS 25.24.160, Chapter 24 on Divorce and Dissolution of Marriage. See https://www.animallaw.info/statute/ak-divorce-§-2524160-judgment; for Illinois see http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs5.asp?ActID=2086.
the duty is owed to individual dogs, not to the state: Favre 2000, p. 494.
some states have provisions for “sanitary conditions”: See, e.g., Michigan Penal Code § 750.50(1), via Favre 2000.
full dogness: This list inspired in part by Nussbaum, M. C. 2004. Beyond “compassion and humanity”: Justice for nonhuman animals. In Sunstein and Nussbaum, eds., pp. 299–320.
“appetite for garbage, sexual promiscuity”: Serpell, J. 2017. From paragon to pariah: Cross-cultural perspectives on attitudes to dogs. In his The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior, and Interactions with People, p. 310.
THINGS PEOPLE SAY TO THEIR DOGS
Stephen Colbert: http://www.cc.com/video-clips/m3omdi/the-colbert-report-malcolm-gladwell.
“Coom biddy”: Thomas 1996, pp. 95–97.
“Well, well!” he says to the dog, Jip: Lofting, H. (1920) 1948. The Story of Doctor Dolittle, p. 150.
dog’s “mommy” or “daddy”: Arluke and Sanders 1996, pp. 67ff.
same patterns of brain activity when looking at photos of their dogs: Stoeckel, L. E., L. S. Palley, R. L. Gollub, et al. 2014. Patterns of brain activation when mothers view their own child and dog: An fMRI study. PLOS ONE, 9, e107205.
more variation in a pitch: Ben-Aderet, T., M. Gallego-Abenza, D. Reby, and N. Mathevon. 2017. Dog-directed speech: Why do we use it and do dogs pay attention to it? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284.
Instead, we tend to repeat words: See, e.g., Jeannin, S., C. Gilbert, and G. Leboucher. 2017. Effect of interaction type on the characteristics of pet-directed speech in female dog owners. Animal Cognition, 20, 499–509.
we hyperarticulate our vowels: Burnham, D., C. Kitamura, and U. Vollmer-Conna. 2002. What’s new, pussycat? On talking to babies and animals. Science, 296, 1435.
hyperarticulation to foreigners learning English as a second language: Uther, M., M. A. Knoll, D. Burnham. 2007. Do you speak E-N-G-L-I-S-H? A comparison of foreigner- and infant-directed speech. Speech Communication, 49, 2–7.
Yurok Indians: Serpell 2017, p. 303.
women repeat words more: Prato-Previde, E., G. Fallani, and P. Valsecchi. 2006. Gender differences in owners interacting with pet dogs: An observational study. Ethology, 112, 64–73.
Gimme paw! Gimme paw!: Shared with me via Twitter.
engaging them as if they might respond: As noted by Beck and Katcher 1983 (in Arluke and Sanders 1996) in their observations of owner-veterinarian interactions.
Bye bye Max, see you tomorrow, little guy: Robins, D. M., C. R. Sanders, and S. E. Cahill. 1991. Dogs and their people: Pet-facilitated interaction in a public setting. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 20, 3–25.
“Mommy’s so mean tonight”: Tannen, D. 2007. Talking the dog: Framing pets as interactional resources in family discourse. In D. Tannen, S. Kendall, and C. Gordon, eds. Family Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families, pp. 49–70.
“human fantasy” of dog communication: Garber, M. 1996. Dog Love.
“We like our pets’ silence”: Fudge, E. 2008. Pets (Art of Living), p. 52.
Luath: Magnum, T. 2002. Dog years, human fears. In Nigel Rothfels, ed. Representing Animals, pp. 35–47.
“I hate to walk alone—”: December 1827. Blackwood’s Edinburgh magazine, pp. 731–733.
whistleblowers: See, e.g., Stables, G. 1893. Sable and White: The Autobiography of a Show Dog, via Ritvo 2007.
“best slumber party ever”: https://www.instagram.com/p/BPxjyQdADq9/?hl=en&taken-by=chloetheminifrenchie.
Instagram dogs: Newman, A. July 13, 2017. “This Instagram dog wants to sell you a lint roller.” New York Times.
people with power or authority tend to translate their charges’ speech: Arluke and Sanders 1996, p. 62.
veterinary exam “talk”: Arluke and Sanders 1996, p. 67.
“I am sensing a smell that’s not mine”: Jeannin et al. 2017.
the dog is the center: Goffman 1981, in Tannen 2007.
“inner speech”: See, e.g., Alderson-Day, B., and C. Fernyhough. 2015. Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 931–965.
“Of course you should talk to your dogs madam”: From D. McCaig’s introduction to Hearne, V. 2007. Adam’s Task: Calling Animals by Name, p. xi.
I love you: 2002. “Did you know . . .” Canadian Veterinary Journal, 43, 344.
Even the simple sound of our voice: Tannen also talks about talk as sound.
THE TROUBLE WITH BREEDS
Clumber spaniel breed standard (Note: breed standards can also be found on the American Kennel Club website and are widely available online): The Clumber Spaniel Club of America website: https://www.clumbers.org/index.php/clumbers/breed-standard/official-akc-standard. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
“Bunny-tailed Scottish Shepterrier” etc.: From Territorio de Zaguates.
“understand and care for your dog like never before”; “Knowing your dog’s ancestry”: Embark and Wisdom Panel, respectively.
Sloughi breed standard: https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/sloughi/. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
Well over fifty million dogs: Ghirlanda, S., A. Acerbi, H. Herzog, and J. A. Serpell. 2013. Fashion vs. function in cultural evolution: The case of dog breed popularity. PLOS ONE, 8, e74770.
“Cross bred” setters: 1878. National American Kennel Club Stud Book, vol. 1.
purebred dogs were meant to have fixed characteristics: Serpell, J. A., and D. L. Duffy. 2014. Dog breeds and their behavior. In A. Horowitz, ed. Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior, pp. 31–57.
foxhounds run one hundred miles a week: Kalof 2007.
foxhound breeding: Ritvo 1989.
pit bulls crossed with terriers: Dickey, B. 2016. Pit Bull: The Battle over an American Icon, p. 33.
“What is beauty good for?”: July 1927. AKC Gazette.
Welsh springer spaniel breed standard: Welsh Springer Spaniel Club of America website: https://www.wssca.com/html/welshStandard.html. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
Max von Stephanitz and Horand: Stephanitz, V. 1923. “The German Shepherd dog in word and picture.” http://bit.ly/2ypKweZ.
German shepherd breed standard: http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/german-shepherd-dog/.
Newcastle upon Tyne show: Pemberton, N., and M. Worboys. June 2009. “The surprising history of Victorian dog shows.” BBC History magazine.
horse breeding: Ritvo, H. 1986. Pride and pedigree: The evolution of the victorian dog fancy. Victorian Studies, 29, 227–253.
winners at Newcastle: Lane, C. H. 1902. Dog Shows and Doggy People; Sampson, J., and M. M. Binns. 2006. The Kennel Club and the early history of dog shows and breed clubs. In E. A. Ostrander, U. Giger, and K. Lindblad-Toh, eds. The Dog and Its Genome, pp. 19–30.
“the choice of points is wholly arbitrary”: Ritvo 1989, p. 105.
“Where there was a name, there was a breed”: Ritvo 1989, p. 107.
bulldog’s “good broken up face,” . . . “broad, slanting and deep” shoulders: Ritvo 1989, p. 112; see also Maj. J. M. Taylor. (1874–1891) 1892. Bench Show and Field Trial records and standards of dogs in America and valuable statistics.
“left little room for brains”: Ritvo 1989, p. 114; breed standard: “skull . . . quite flat and rather broad, with fine tapering muzzle of fair length . . . the greyhound type is very objectionable, as there is no brain room in the skull.”
Gordon setter standard: c. 1884. The Malcolm Standard for judging Gordon Setters, p. 3.
Belmont and Malcolm: Taylor 1892.
cocker spaniel, mastiff, English pug: spaniel and pug: Taylor 1892; mastiff breed standard 1887.
“Dog fashions for 1889”: Ritvo 1989.
Dog show cheating and Kennel Club formation: Ritvo 1989, pp. 98–102.
exclusion of dogs “with mange”: 1885. Constitution, bylaws and rules and regulations of the American Kennel Club.
early purebreds: 1878. National American Kennel Club Stud Book, vol. 1; 1898, vol. 15. See also AKC’s The Complete Dog Book, vol. 20.
nearly 350 recognized breeds: Per Fédération Cynologique Internationale. http://www.fci.be/en/. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
Barnum dog show: May 18, 1862. New York Times.
Goldenmountainberdoodle: Seen on Kijiji, the Craigslist of Toronto.
XXL pit bulls, cavachon, and cavapoos: http://www.foxglovecavachonpuppies.com/available-puppies/; http://www.xxldesignerpitbulls.com/general-information.html.
$32,000-a-year preschools: http://www.blackboardawards.com/downloads/Manhattan_PreSchool_Tuition_08.pdf. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
popular dog breeds in NYC neighborhoods: https://project.wnyc.org/dogs-of-nyc/. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Shih Tzu breed standard: http://americanshihtzuclub.org/breed_standard. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
Labrador retriever breed standard: https://thelabradorclub.com/about-the-breed/breed-standard/. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
uptick in movie dog breed popularity: Ghirlanda, S., A. Acerbi, and H. Herzog. 2014. Dog movie stars and dog breed popularity: A case study in media influence on choice. PLOS ONE, 9, e106565.
Great Pyrenees breed standard: Great Pyrenees Club of America website: http://gpcaonline.org/jeillustrated.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
Shakespeare’s dogs: Nagarajan, S. 2017. Shakespeare’s King Lear: An Edition with New Insights, p. 240.
eighteenth-century mongrel breeds: Buffon, M. May 1769. Natural history of the dog. Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, pp. 241–246.
breeds “created out of whole cloth”: Ritvo 1989, p. 106.
Afghan hound on Noah’s Ark: Drury, W. D. 1903. British dogs, their points, selection, and show preparation; Dickey 2016.
Afghan hound breed standard: http://akc.org/dog-breeds/afghan-hound/.
Xoloitzcuintli breed standard: http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/xoloitzcuintli/.
the oldest dogs genetically: Larson, G., E. K. Karlsson, A. Perri, et al. 2012. Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archaeology, and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 109, 8878–8883.
Egyptian dog dish: http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/545210.
Medieval art: Such as the Bayeux Tapestry, eleventh century; and Journey of the Magi, 1435.
Jan Van Eyck: This is the Arnolfini portrait.
Fyt: In the seventeenth century; many examples of these paintings.
Rembrandt “The Good Samaritan”: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/41.1.53/.
“Englishe dogges”: Caius, Johannus. 1576. De Canibus Britannicus, translated as Of Englishe dogges. https://archive.org/details/ofenglishedogges00caiuuoft. See also Ritvo 1989, pp. 93–94.
Book of Saint Albans: Walker-Mielke 2013, p. 82.
Linnaeus: Sampson and Binns 2006.
purpose of dogs: Ritvo 1989.
Brittany breed standard: The American Brittany Club website: http://www.theamericanbrittanyclub.org/Breedstand.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
“They wanted purebreds”: Sandøe, P. 2015. Up Close podcast “Hello, pet!: Our love can hurt our animal friends.” https://upclose.unimelb.edu.au.
“undoubted purity”: The Malcolm Standard for judging Gordon Setters. c. 1884.
“Many ill-bred ‘mutts’ ”: Grier 2006, p. 44.
phrenology in Dog Fancier: 1905.
purity in milk: Cohen, M., and Y. Otomo, eds. 2017. Making Milk: The Past, Present and Future of Our Primary Food.
“hybrid vigor”: As described in O. Sacks. 2017. The River of Consciousness, p. 9.
“Creatures of pure blood . . .” etc.: Stephanitz 1923, pp. 50, 383, 279.
Race or Mongrel: Full quote from Schultz, on describing people of mixed race: “Or it sees a worthless thing, a mongrel, with its characteristics, of which the chief is lack of character” (1908, p. 260). https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435002808020;view=1up;seq=6.
AKC Gazette on mixed breeds: March 1929; May 1931.
Mongrels were “rubbish”: Ritvo 1989, p. 91.
Mongrels as “degenerate,” who “contaminate” pure stock: Anderson, J. September 25, 1793. Thoughts on what is called varieties, or different breeds of domestic animals, suggested by reading Dr. Pallas’ account of Russian sheep—By the Editor. The Bee: or Literary Weekly Intelligencer, Edinburgh.
“Like a true mongrell . . .”: Citation from 1613, Oxford English Dictionary.
the infirm, the downcast: Dickey 2016.
“Nobody now who is anybody”: Ritvo 1989, pp. 92–93.
“The value of a mongrel”: Gordon Stables, cited in Rogers, K. M. 2005. First Friend: A History of Dogs and Humans, p. 141.
Kennel Club on “rescue” dogs: https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/findarescue/Default.aspx. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
information guide: “Information guide: Find a rescue dog.” www.thekennelclub.org.uk. Retrieved January 3, 2018; “What to consider when getting a rescue dog.” www.thekennelclub.org.uk/getting-a-dog-or-puppy/are-you-ready-for-a-dog/key-considerations-when-choosing-a-dog/what-to-consider-when-getting-a-rescue-dog/. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
American Staffordshire terrier breed standard: Staffordshire Terrier Club of America website: http://www.amstaff.org/standard.html. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
dogs differ in trainability, reactivity: See, e.g., Merkham, L. R., and C. D. L. Wynne. 2014. Behavioral differences among breeds of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): Current state of the science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 155, 12–27.
breed differences in behavior: Hecht, J., and A. Horowitz. 2015. Introduction to dog behavior. In E. Weiss, H. Mohan-Gibbons, and S. Zawitowski, eds. Animal Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff, pp. 5–30.
bold, noble, etc.: http://www.akc.org. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
golden retriever breed standard: https://www.grca.org/about-the-breed/akc-breed-standard/.
“good with children”: http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/golden-retriever/. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
aggressive behavior of breeds: Ott, S. A., E. Schalke, A. M. von Gaertner, and H. Hackbarth. 2008. Is there a difference? Comparison of golden retrievers and dogs affected by breed-specific legislation regarding aggressive behavior. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 3, 134–140.
Afghan hound breed standard: The Afghan Hound Breed Club of America website: https://afghanhoundclubofamerica.org/index.php/information/breed-standard. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
Reykjavík, Iceland, ban on dogs: Billock, J. December 16, 2015. “Illegal in Iceland: Quirky Bans From the Land of Fire and Ice.” Smithsonian.com.
the Spitz: May 24, 1876. “A whited canine sepulchre.” New York Times.
dog bugaboos: Dickey 2016, pp. 112, 117, 130.
Cuban bloodhound: January 28, 1840. Florida Herald.
“a wave of hysteria”: Serpell 2017, p. 310.
“Terrorists on four legs”: June 4, 1989. The Observer (London), p. 13.
UK created breed-specific legislation: Taylor and Signal 2011.
banned dogs: See, e.g., https://petolog.com/articles/banned-dogs.html.
forbids any dog over twenty-five pounds: NYCHA pet policy. Revised April 2010.
Teddy Roosevelt had a bull terrier: Dickey 2016, p. 13.
what Teddy Roosevelt’s bull terrier did: May 10, 1907. “Pete bites a visitor.” Washington Post, p. 1; May 13, 1907. “President’s dog licked.” The Tennessean, p. 5; May 10, 1907. “Pete the bulldog gets a victim.” New York Times, p. 1; May 11, 1907. “Plebian pup beats White House Pete.” New York Times, p. 5.
history and confusion over pit bulls: Dickey 2016, pp. 157, 270.
Montreal breed ban: Dickey, B. October 11, 2016. “We’re safer without pit bull bans.” Los Angeles Times.
half of the dogs labeled pit bulls: Olson, K. R., J. K. Levy, B. Norby, et al. 2011. Pit bull–type dog identification in animal shelters. Fourth Annual Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Conference.
identified “pit bull type”: Olson, K. R., J. K. Levy, B. Norby, et al. 2015. Inconsistent identification of pit bull–type dogs by shelter staff. The Veterinary Journal, 206, 197–202.
US v. UK identification: Hoffman, C. L., N. Harrison, L. Wolff, and C. Westgarth. 2014. Is that dog a pit bull? A cross-country comparison of perceptions of shelter workers regarding breed identification. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17, 322–339.
one drop of non-white blood: Zimmer, C. 2018. She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity, p. 198.
90 percent of breed identifications incorrect: Voith, V. L., E. Ingram, K. Mitsouras, and K. Irizarry. 2009. Comparison of adoption agency breed identification and DNA breed identification of dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12, 253–262.
unreliable visual identification: Croy, K. C., J. K. Levy, K. R. Olson, et al. What kind or dog is that? Accuracy of dog breed assessment by canine stakeholders. http://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu/library/research-studies/current-studies/dog-breeds/. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
poor agreement with DNA findings: Voith, V. L., R. Trevejo, S. Dowling-Guyer, et al. 2013. Comparison of visual and DNA breed identification of dogs and inter-observer reliability. American Journal of Sociological Research, 3, 17–29.
Scott and Fuller: Scott, J. P., and J. L. Fuller. 1965. Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog.
breed bans don’t work to reduce dog attacks: Serpell 2017.
Danish study: Forkman, B., and I. C. Meyer. 2018. The effect of the Danish dangerous dog act on the level of dog aggressiveness in Denmark. Paper presented at International Society of Applied Ethology meeting, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
research from the UK, Ireland, and Spain: Creedon, N., and P. S. Ó Súilleabháin. 2017. Dog bite injuries to humans and the use of breed-specific legislation: A comparison of bites from legislated and non-legislated dog breeds. Irish Veterinary Journal, 70, 23; Gaines, S. 2017. Campaign to end BSL. Veterinary Record, 180, 126; Mora, E., G. M. Fonseca, P. Navarro, A. Castaño, and J. Lucena. 2018. Fatal dog attacks in Spain under a breed-specific legislation: A ten-year retrospective study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 25, 76–84.
dachshunds: See, e.g., Duffy, D. L., Y. Hsu, and J. A. Serpell. 2008. Breed differences in canine aggression. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 114, 441–460.
Boykin spaniel breed standard: Boykin Spaniel Club website: http://theboykinspanielclub.com/2019_Revised_Boykin_Spaniel_Breed_Standard.pdf. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
dog cloning: For more on this topic, see, e.g., Brogan, J. March 22, 2018. “The real reasons you shouldn’t clone your dog.” Smithsonian.com; Duncan, D. E. August 7, 2018. “Inside the very big, very controversial business of dog cloning.” Vanity Fair; Hecht, J. March 6, 2018. “The hidden dogs of dog cloning.” Scientific American blog.
German shorthaired pointer breed standard: German Shorthaired Pointer Club of America website: http://www.gspca.org/Breed/Standard/index.html. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
“the bulldog had a face”: Stephen Zawistowski, phone interview, July 18, 2017.
bulldog appearance: See Bateson 2010.
we humans like animals that resemble us: Hecht, J., and A. Horowitz. 2015. Seeing dogs: Human preferences for dog physical attributes. Anthrozoös, 28, 153–163.
soft palate resection surgery: See also BBC One’s Pedigree Dogs Exposed.
fifth most popular breed: https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-full-ranking-list/. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
“This type of dog is cute!”: Todd, Z. 2016. “Why do people choose certain dogs.” http://www.companionanimalpsychology.com/2016/08/why-do-people-choose-certain-dogs.html?platform=hootsuite.
most popular breeds have most genetic diseases: Ghirlanda et al. 2013.
American Airlines: https://www.aa.com/i18n/travel-info/special-assistance/pets.jsp.
inherited disorders: See, e.g., Hecht and Horowitz 2015; Bateson 2010.
Great Dane size: Taylor 1892 (note: early Great Danes were also called German mastiffs); https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/great-dane/. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
“a distinction without a difference”: Bateson 2010, p. 15.
Dalmatian outbreeding: The breeder was Robert Schaible, and his story can be found here: http://www.dalmatianheritage.com/about/schaible_research.htm. Further information gathered from the breed fancier’s website, https://luadalmatians-world.com/enus/dalmatian-articles/crossbreeding.
results of inbreeding: Bateson 2010; see also Asher, L., G. Diesel, J. F. Summers, P. D. McGreevy, L. M. Collins. 2009. Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: Disorders related to breed standards. The Veterinary Journal, 182, 402–411.
Pedigree Dogs Exposed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3QdRGnSGVI.
Irish water spaniel breed standard: Irish Water Spaniel Club of America website: https://www.iwsca.org/breedstandard.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
genetic disorders due to conformation to standards: Asher et al. 2009.
“society would shut them down”: Rollin, B. E., and M. D. H. Rollin. 2008. Dogmaticism and catechisms: Ethics and companion animals. In S. J. Armstrong and R. G. Botzler, eds. The Animal Ethics Reader, p. 548.
on puppy mills: ASCPA. “A closer look at puppy mills.” https://www.aspca.org/animal-cruelty/puppy-mills/closer-look-puppy-mills-old.
“puppy-breeding operations . . . treat dogs as livestock”: Grier 2006, p. 352.
pet stores and puppy mills: See, e.g., https://www.aspca.org/animal-cruelty/puppy-mills; http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/facts-pet-stores-puppy-mills.pdf.
AKC on puppy mills: November 12, 2002. High Volume Breeders Committee Report to The American Kennel Club Board of Directors.
“you can’t help breeding”: Sandøe 2015.
“future of domesticated animals . . .”: Sandøe, P., B. L. Nielsen, L. G. Christensen, and P. SØrensen. 1999. Staying good while playing god—the ethics of breeding farm animals. Animal Welfare, 8, 313–328.
Puppy Heaven pet store: http://www.puppyheaven.com/gallerycelebrity.html.
AKC has long fought any restriction on commercial breeding: Grier 2006, p. 270.
“They don’t want to get someone else’s unwanted dog . . .”: Fortin, J. October 16, 2017. “California tells pet stores their dogs and cats must be rescues.” New York Times.
Dogue de Bordeaux breed standard: https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/dogue-de-bordeaux/. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
an estimated ninety million dogs: 89.7 million dogs, per American Pet Products survey, 2017–2018. There is debate about the robustness of this figure, and certainly it is not based on a census of individual dog heads.
seven hundred million dogs: Hughes, J., and D. W. Macdonald. 2013. A review of the interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs and wildlife. Biological Conservation, 157, 341–351.
breeds have an average of over thirty-two inherited disorders: Ghirlanda et al. 2013; Asher et al. 2009.
Neapolitan mastiff breed standard: United States Neapolitan Mastiff Club website: https://www.neapolitan.org/standard.html. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
dogs who can raise their inner eyebrow are faster to be adopted: Waller, B. M, K. Peirce, C. C. Caeiro, et al. 2013. Paedomorphic facial expressions give dogs a selective advantage. PLOS ONE, 8, e82686.
Australian idea of an ideal dog: King, T., L. C. Marston, and P. C. Bennett. 2009. Describing the ideal Australian companion dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 120, 84–93.
THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS AS PRACTICED AT HOME WATCHING DOGS ON A THURSDAY EVENING
I’ve gone on to test—and even affirm—some of my favorite hypotheses: Published as, respectively: “Disambiguating the guilty look: Salient prompts to a familiar dog behaviour” (2009); “Fair is fine but more is better: Limits to inequity aversion in the domestic dog” (2012); “Smelling themselves: Dogs investigate their own odours longer when modified in an ‘olfactory mirror’ test” (2017); see Being a Dog: Following the Dog into a World of Smell (2016); “Smelling more or less: Investigating the olfactory experience of the domestic dog” (2013); “Seeing dogs: Human preferences for dog physical attributes” (2015); “Examining dog-human play: The characteristics, affect, and vocalizations of a unique interspecific interaction” (2016).
DOG STUFF
Canine Styles website: https://www.caninestyles.com/.
Leonardo Delfuoco Croc purse and pawbag: https://www.today.com/money/luxury-handbags-go-dogs-2D79703332.
Maschio dog cologne: https://www.dogfashionspa.com/maschio-dog-cologne.
dog nail polish and bathrobe: https://www.dogfashionspa.com/dog-nail-polish-dog-nail-file-dog-nail-care.
wealthy women played a sizeable role as breeders: Grier 2006, p. 302.
dogs have a “possessory interest in . . . a bone”: Cribbet, J. E., and C. W. Johnson. 1989. Principles of the Law of Property 4, 3rd ed., cited in Favre 2010.
nineteenth-century pet stores: Grier 2006, pp. 308–311.
“cashing in”: Craftsman Dog Goods catalog, c. 1930.
pet shops selling dog accoutrements: As early as 1887: http://newspapers.com.
pet-store names: Grier 2006, p. 335; also New York Daily Herald, 1876; Philadelphia Inquirer, 1903.
nineteenth-century pet store as smelly and noisy: June 28, 1888. “Pretty things to pet.” Pittsburgh Press, p. 1; also children: Grier 2006, p. 341.
pet-store trade magazines: Grier 2006, pp. 305, 349.
“they also became consumers”: Grier 2006, pp. 304, 350, 352, 353, 398; also Anaconda Standard (Anaconda, Montana), October 25, 1892; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 24, 1889.
earliest surviving imagery of dogs include collars and leashes: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/these-may-be-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes.
wall-relief art: Johns, C. 2008. Dogs: History, Myth, Art.
ancient Egyptian mummified dogs: From 510 to 230 BCE. “Soulful creatures.” Brooklyn Museum. 2018; https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/soulful_creatures_animal_mummies.
Mesopotamian statue of a dog: Pickeral, T. 2008. The Dog: 5000 Years of the Dog in Art.
Egyptian collars: Phillips, D. 1948. Ancient Egyptian Animals, p. 28.
decorated collars: Pickeral 2008, p. 30.
spiked collars: Kalof 2007; Grier 2006.
“Who Dog Be You”: Grier 2006, p. 398.
“A dog’s collar should be suited to his breed”: Q-W Dog Remedies and Supplies, 1922.
sizing needed for popular breeds: Catalogue of Dog Furnishings. Walter B. Stevens & Son, Inc., 1920s.
Blackout collar: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1942.
choke collar: The Dog Breakers’ Guide, vol. 2, no. 10, 1878.
Happidog muzzle: Catalogue of Dog Furnishings. Walter B. Stevens & Son, Inc., 1920s.
Henry VIII: Walker-Meikle 2013, pp. 59, 64.
“the dog house a dog would buy for himself”: Q-W Dog Remedies and Supplies, 1922, p. 46.
chaise lounge: Catalogue of Dog Furnishings. Walter B. Stevens & Son, Inc., 1920s.
bunk bed: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1937.
Vogue covers: Vogue 1915; January 15, 1922.
dog in tutu: Q-W Dog Remedies and Supplies, 1922, p. 29.
knitting patterns: Grier 2006, p. 404.
free display dog: Craftsman Dog Goods catalog, c. 1930.
brick exterior of High Ball pet shop: Seen in photo in Grier 2006, p. 344.
Plucking & Grooming Service: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1942.
“Exercise for both master and dog”: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1942.
chocolate-scented toys: Catalogue of Dog Furnishings. Walter B. Stevens & Son, Inc., 1920s.
tooth forceps and tail shield: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1937, p. 14.
bulldog spreader: March 16, 1907. The American Stock Keeper (Boston).
auto-stop, dog goggles: Q-W Dog Remedies and Supplies, 1922.
Middle Ages dog diet: Walker-Meikle 2013, pp. 37, 44.
“Good sound biscuit for dogs and hogs”: October 18, 1819. The Times (London).
“dogs’ food”: See, e.g., September 22, 1829, Morning Post, p. 1.
biscuits were to be soaked: February 5, 1825. Jackson’s Oxford Journal.
James Spratt: Grier 2006, p. 367.
multibillion-dollar annual industry: American Pet Products Association. 2017.
other fledgling biscuit brands: See, e.g., March 16, 1907. American Stock Keeper (Boston), vol. 36, no. 11.
“A guide to the choice of the correct biscuit”: 1911. The Kennel (UK).
competing dog food companies: 1911. The Kennel (UK); Grier 2006; Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1937.
dog “crackers”: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1937.
dog food diets: See, e.g., March 24, 1897, New York Times, p. 8; Dog biscuits—e.g., Champion Dog biscuits—made the same appeal. See, e.g., March 11, 1925, Indiana (PA) Progress.
reducing the “strong odor” of dogs: Spratt’s charcoal ovals.
Maltoid Milk Bones: November 15, 1910. Hartford Courant, p. 6.
special food for puppies: Spratt’s catalog. 1876, p. 103.
convenience: Grier 2006.
granulated dog food: January 28, 1887. Nottinghamshire Guardian, p. 1.
Rin-Tin-Tin’s food: December 1, 1926. Belvidere Daily Republican, p. 5.
Lassie’s food: April 14, 1949. Chicago Tribune, part 3, p. 12.
middlings: See, e.g., Fifty-sixth annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan, 1917.
slaughterhouse slurry: Grier 2006.
Wysong decision: Wysong Corporation v. APN, Inc.; Big Heart Pet Brands and J. M. Smucker Company; Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.; Mars Petcare U.S., Inc.; Nestlé Purina Petcare Company; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Defendants-Appellees. United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. May 2, 2018.
“dogs are not always able to distinguish between what is good for them”: Spratt’s pamphlet.
“why bother with a lot of fuss and muss”: “How to care for your new dog.” Purina Dog Care pamphlet.
pampering the dog with “dainties”: The common sense of dog doctoring. Spratt’s Patent Limited. 1886.
“Under no circumstances of health does any dog require other food”: The common sense of dog doctoring. Spratt’s Patent Limited. 1886, p. 111.
“starve an exceptionally obstinate dog”: Spratt’s pamphlet.
“Unlawful to use for human beings”: Q-W Dog Remedies and Supplies, 1922.
proper house manners: Abercrombie & Fitch catalog, 1937.
To teach a dog to stay in the yard: “How to care for your new dog.” Purina Dog Care pamphlet.
THE DOG IN THE MIRROR
Derrida’s cat: Derrida, J. 2008. “The animal that therefore I am.” D. Wills, trans., pp. 4, 50.
“Never say higher or lower”: Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, p. 137.
“Are humans special among all other animals”: Wasserman, E. A., and T. R. Zentall. 2012. “Introduction.” In Introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Comparative Cognition, p. 7.
“Here is Plato’s man!”: Branham, R. B., and M. O. Goulet-Cazé, eds. 2000. The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy, p. 88.
“Now we must redefine tool . . .”: http://www.janegoodall.org.uk/chimpanzees/chimpanzee-central/15-chimpanzees/chimpanzee-central/19-toolmaking. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
list of distinctive human traits: I’ve written a little more about this here: “Are humans unique?” www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/minds-animals/200907/are-humans-unique.
humans split from chimps and bonobos: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/first-primates-expert-q.html.
primate/canid evolutionary split: See, e.g., G. E. Lu et al. 2006. Genomic divergences among cattle, dog and human estimated from large-scale alignments of genomic sequences. BMC Genomics, 7, 140. See also timetree.org’s estimation of divergence between Carnivora and Primates.
dogs making eye contact: Now widely documented, among the first published works showing dogs’ skills at social cognition was Brian Hare, who had been studying chimps. May I send you to Inside of a Dog to read about the myriad of other social-cognition experiments done since that impress us all? So I shall.
match a picture of a purebred dog with the dog’s person: Roy, M. M., and N. J. S. Christenfeld. 2004. Do dogs resemble their owners? Psychological Science, 15, 361–363; Roy, M. M., and N. J. S. Christenfeld. 2005. Dogs still do resemble their owners. Psychological Science, 16, 9; Nakajima, S., M. Yamamoto, and N. Yoshimoto. 2015. Dogs look like their owners: Replications with racially homogenous owner portraits. Anthrozoös, 22, 173–181; Payne, C., and K. Jaffe. 2005. Self seeks like: Many humans choose their dog pets following rules used for assortative mating. Journal of Ethology, 23, 15–18.
“goofy guy, smiling”: Bhattacharya, S. 2004. Dogs do resemble their owners, finds study. New Scientist.
letters of our name & numbers of our birthday: Jones, J. T., B. W. Pelham, M. C. Mirenberg, and J. J. Hetts. 2002. Name letter preferences are not merely mere exposure: Implicit egotism as self-regulation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 170–177.
sit near people resembling us: Mackinnon, S. P., C. H. Jordan, and A. E. Wilson. 2011. Birds of a feather sit together: Physical similarity predicts seating choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 879–892.
levels of extraversion and agreeableness match between person and pup: Turcsán, B., F. Range, Z. Virányi, A. Miklósi, and E. Kubinyi. 2012. Birds of a feather flock together? Perceived personality matching in owner-dog dyads. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 140, 154–160.
low neuroticism, high cortisol variability: Schöberl, I., M. Wedl, A. Beetz, K. Kotrschal. 2017. Psychobiological factors affecting cortisol variability in human-dog dyads. PLOS ONE, 12, e0170707.
Chaplin and Scraps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txSJDmt4u6Q.
We like person-looking dogs: Hecht and Horowitz 2015, pp. 153–163.
teddy bears: Hinde, R. A., and L. A. Barden. 1985. The evolution of the teddy bear. Animal Behaviour, 33, 1371–1373.
Mickey Mouse: Gould, S. J. 1979. Mickey Mouse meets Konrad Lorenz. Natural History, 88, 30–36.
Lorenz on preference for baby-like features: Lorenz, K. (1950) 1971. Ganzheit und Teil in der tierischen und menschlichen Gemeinschaft. Reprinted in R. Martin, ed., Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour, vol. 2, pp. 115–195.
charismatic species: Kellert, S. R. 1996. The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society.
dogs synchronize with us: Duranton, C., T. Bedossa, and F. Gaunet. 2017. Interspecific behavioural synchronization: Dogs present locomotor synchrony with humans. Scientific Report, 7, 12384.
“amplify and enlarge aspects of ourselves”: McDonald, H. May 16, 2017. “What animals taught me about being human.” New York Times.
dogs as “pseudo-humans”: Fudge 2008, p. 2.
“[A]ny suggestion that the pet might be motivated . . .”: Serpell, J. 2003. Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphic selection: Beyond the “cute response.” Society & Animals, 11, 83–100.
“there was no doubt that we were men”: Levinas, E. 1997. The name of a dog, or Natural rights. In S. Hand, trans., Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism.
the first anthropomorphisms: Horowitz, A. C., and M. Bekoff. 2007. Naturalizing anthropomorphism: Behavioral prompts to our humanizing of animals. Anthrozoös, 20, 23–35.
“spasms of horror and outrage”: Serpell 2017, p. 311.
deaths due to dog attacks: See, e.g., Langley, R. L. 2009. Human fatalities resulting from dog attacks in the United States, 1979–2005. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 20, 19–25; The Center for Disease Control numbers for years since are commensurate.
deaths by salmonella poisoning: Twenty-nine in 2010, per The Center for Disease Control. https://www.livescience.com/3780-odds-dying.html.
risk of death by falling out of bed: Per 2014 National Safety Council numbers indicating 38 dog-bite deaths and 1,045 bed-falling deaths. Johnson, R., and L. Gamio. November 17, 2014. “Ebola is the least of your worries.” Washington Post. The CDC reports that the number of deaths by “fall involving bed” were 13,312 from 1999–2017, about 739 a year. https://wonder.cdc.gov.
to share a space without knowing how the other is sharing it: This alludes to lines the character Costello says in Coetzee, J. M. 1999. The Lives of Animals.
million-plus shelter dogs: Serpell 2017, p. 310.
tail docking, ear cropping, and bark softening: See http://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/issue-analysis-dispelling-myths/. Retrieved August 22, 2018. An incredible document, its claims resoundingly unsupported by evidence and, indeed, discounted by scientific consensus—stating, for instance, that tail docking is not painful because it is “performed shortly after birth, when the puppy’s nervous system is not fully developed. As a result, the puppy feels little to no pain, and there are no lasting negative health issues.” (On the question of pain, one scientific study of puppies having their tails docked reported that “shrieking” was present in all puppies, with an average of 24 shrieks per puppy during the procedure.) (Noonan, G. J., J. S. Rand, J. K. Blackshaw, and J. Priest. 1996. Behavioural observations of puppies undergoing tail docking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 49, 335-342.) (On the topic of pain and docking, see also Bennett, P. C., and E. Perini. 2003. Tail docking in dogs: A review of the issues. Australian Veterinary Journal, 81, 208–218; Mathews, K. A. 2008. Pain management for the pregnant, lactating and pediatric cat and dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practices, 38, 1291–1308; Patterson-Kane, E. 2017. Canine Tail Docking Independent Report Prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries: Technical Report; Turner, P. 2010. Tail docking and ear cropping—A reply. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51, 1057–1058; Wansbrough, R. K. 1996. Cosmetic tail docking of dogs. Australian Veterinay Journal, 74, 59–63.)
The AKC document’s claim that “ear cropping and tail docking (. . .) preserves a dog’s ability to perform its historic function” ignores relevant information such as that docking was done to distinguish non-working dogs prior to the nineteenth century in England: tails were docked not for “historic” accuracy but to avoid a “tail tax” (Wansbrough 1996).
dogs used in research: 2016: United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Annual Report Animal Usage by Fiscal Year; 2017: Favre, personal communication.
dogs used in “experiments, teaching, research, surgery, or tests . . .”: See “Public Search Tool” on https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalwelfare/sa_awa/awa-inspection-and-annual-reports.
sport of dogs harassing and killing animals: Kalof 2007; also Dickey 2016.
USDA report on Vick: http://aldf.org/resources/laws-cases/animal-fighting-case-study-michael-vick/.
pet dog cages are pink: A. Podberscek 2009, in Serpell 2017, p. 306.
Video of dog-meat farms: https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/winter-olympics-2018/2018/02/12/inside-grim-scene-korean-dog-meat-farm-miles-winter-olympics/328322002/.
Seligman’s learned helplessness experiment: Overmier, J. B., and M. E. P. Seligman. 1967. Effects of inescapable shock on subsequent escape and avoidance learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 63, 28–33.
forced swim/despair test: McArthur, R., and F. Borsini. 2006. Animal models of depression in drug discovery: A historical perspective. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behaviour, 84, 436–452.
“rendering or preventing depressive-like states”: Can, A., D. T. Dao, M. Arad, C. E. Terrillion, et al. 2012. The mouse forced swim test. Journal of Visualized Experiments, e3638.
Dogs are included to heighten the sense of reality of a scene: The “reality effect”: Barthes, R. 1986. The Rustle of Language.
tale of greyhound and baby: See, e.g., Ibn al-Marzuba¯n. The superiority of dogs over many of those who wear clothes. In A. Mikhail’s The Animal in Ottoman Egypt, pp. 76–78; S. de Bourbon’s De Supersticione: On St. Guinefort; W. R. Spencer’s Beth Gêlert; and others.
“a dog looks on his master as a god”: Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to sex, vol. 1, p. 66.
the “guilty look”: Horowitz, A. 2009. Disambiguating the “guilty look”: Salient prompts to a familiar dog behavior. Behavioural Processes, 81, 447–452; Hecht, J., Á. Miklósi, M. Gácsi. 2012. Behavioural assessment and owner perceptions of behaviours associated with guilt in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 139, 134–142.
emotional support dogs: See, e.g., Crossman, M. K. 2017. Effects of interactions with animals on human psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73, 761–784.
some dogs stop performing a trick: Range, F., L. Horn, Z. Virányi, and L. Huber. 2008. The absence of reward induces inequity aversion in dogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 340–345.
dogs’ pure optimism: Horowitz, A. 2012. Fair is fine, but more is better: Limits to inequity aversion in the domestic dog. Social Justice Research, 25, 195–212.
they might feel empathetic, but just not to you: Quervel-Chaumette, M., G. Mainix, F. Range, S. Marshall-Pescini. 2016. Dogs do not show pro-social preferences towards humans. Frontiers of Psychology, 7, 1416.
“man himself cannot express love and humility . . .”: Darwin, C. 1872. The expression of the emotions in man and animals, pp. 10–11.
AGAINST SEX
for every one of the hundred dogs you see, eighteen healthy dogs are euthanized: As discussed later in the chapter, precise euthanasia numbers are notoriously hard to come by. This number is based on the figure of 670,000 dogs killed, from the ASPCA in 2017: https://www.aspca.org/animal-homelessness/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
hundreds of millions: Another difficult-to-measure number. In 2011 the World Health Organization, concerned with rabies, estimated 200 million: http://www.naiaonline.org/articles/article/the-global-stray-dog-population-crisis-and-humane-relocation#sthash.3xG5GVNv.btP8rtlv.dpbs.
De-sexing is a given: See, e.g., Bruce Fogle, in Kerasote 2013; Pukka’s promise: The quest for longer-lived dogs, p. 345.
“For the urban dog at any rate expectation of sex is slender . . .”: Ackerley, J. R. 1965/1999. My Dog Tulip, p. 175.
ovariohysterectomy: https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/spay-neuter.aspx.
“responsible pet owners”: See, e.g., American Veterinarian Medical Association: “responsible pet owners can make a difference.” https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/spay-neuter.aspx.
compared unfavorably to Michael Vick: Kerasote 2013, p. 331.
“Spay-neuter” laws: https://www.avma.org/Advocacy/StateAndLocal/Pages/sr-spay-neuter-laws.aspx. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
The phrase “spay-neuter”: In 1972 “spay or neuter” makes its first appearance in the New York Times: Beck, A. M. November 12, 1972. “Packs of stray dogs part of the Brooklyn scene.” Before that, there were “spay” and “neuter” classes of cats in cat shows, and occasional “spay or neuter” references in the late ’60s.
He urges “all pet owners to SPAY. . .”: August 10, 1967. “Bick’s action line.” Cincinnati Enquirer. For the evolution of de-sexing policy I also drew from the thorough history in Grier 2006.
history of spay-neuter (and shelters): Grier 2006, pp. 102ff; Stephen Zawistowski. 2008. Companion Animals in Society.
“emasculator”: White, G. R. 1914. Animal Castration: A Book for the Use of Students and Practitioners.
after World War II: Stephen Zawistowski, personal communication, July 18, 2017.
first spay-neuter clinics: May 14, 1972. “Solving the pet explosion.” San Francisco Examiner; May 12, 1973. “Spay neuter unit to open Friday.” Los Angeles Times.
the cost of killing the thirteen million strays: Carden, L. May 30, 1973. “Abandonment: Dog’s life, human problem.” Christian Science Monitor, p. 1.
The Mike Douglas Show: Lane, M. S., and S. Zawistowski. 2008. Heritage of Care: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, p. 40.
early NYC dog pounds: July 6, 1877. “Destroying the dogs.” New York Times, p. 8; Brady, B. 2012. The politics of the pound: Controlling loose dogs in nineteenth-century New York City. Jefferson Journal of Science and Culture, 2, 9–25.
Los Angeles spay-neuter laws: The Los Angeles County Code, Section 10.20.350. https://www.lacounty.gov/residents/animals-pets/spay-neuter.
fine for transgressions: American Veterinary Medical Association. https://www.avma.org/Advocacy/StateAndLocal/Pages/sr-spay-neuter-laws.aspx.
over one hundred thousand animals a year: Rowan, A., and T. Kartal. 2018. Dog population & dog sheltering trends in the United States of America. Animals, 8, 68–88.
“Certain types of cancers are eliminated by spaying or neutering”: Los Angeles County Animal Care & Control. http://animalcare.lacounty.gov/spay-and-neuter/. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
New York de-sexing laws: New York Consolidated Laws, Agriculture and Markets Law AGM § 377-a: Spaying and neutering of dogs and cats.
a de-sexed animal will “live a longer, healthier life”: http://www.animalalliancenyc.org/yourpet/spayneuter.htm. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
“Spaying also prevents unwanted animals from being born”: https://www.nycacc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/adoptions/DogPassport.pdf. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
laws require that pit bulls be spayed or neutered: http://blog.dogsbite.org/2010/06/cities-with-successful-pit-bull-laws.html.
number of euthanized animals: Various sources, e.g., July/August 2008. “Gains in most regions against cat and dog surplus, but no sudden miracles.” Animal People; Serpell 2017 (citing ASPCA 2014); ASPCA. https://www.aspca.org/animal-homelessness/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics. Retrieved May 8, 2017; Stephen Zawistowski, personal communication, July 18, 2017.
2018 report: Rowan and Kartal 2018.
“overground pet railroad”: Brulliard, K. May 13, 2017. “These rescuers take shelter animals on road trips to help them find new homes.” Washington Post.
other societal changes have also affected euthanization rates: Rowan and Kartal 2018.
no effect of opening a subsidized spay-neuter clinic: Scarlett, J., and N. Johnston. 2012. Impact of a subsidized spay neuter clinic on impoundments and euthanasia in a community shelter and on service and complaint calls to Animal Control. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1, 53–69.
“you will do your part”: https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/spay-neuter.aspx. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
56 percent of owned dogs being overweight or obese: For US: https://petobesityprevention.org/2017; see also P. Sandøe, C. Palmer, S. Corr, et al. 2014. Canine and feline obesity: A One Health perspective. Veterinary Record, 175, 610–616.
metabolism of de-sexed dogs slows: Oberbauer, A. 2017. International Society for Anthrozoology conference, Effective options regarding spay or neuter of dogs, Davis, California; Belanger, J. M., T. P. Bellumori, D. L. Bannasch, et al. 2017. Correlation of neuter status and expression of heritable disorders. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology, 4, 6; Lund, E. M., P. J. Armstrong, C. A. Kirk, and J. S. Klausner. 2006. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. International Journal of Applied Veterinary Medicine, 4, 3–5.
“Lake [sic] of exercise or overfeeding”: http://www.animalalliancenyc.org/yourpet/spayneuter.htm. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
“around 25 per cent less”: See, e.g., http://newscenter.purina.com/LifeSpanStudy.
less likelihood of torn ligaments: See also Karen Becker, in Kerasote 2013.
illegal to de-sex a dog in Norway: Korneliussen, I. December 29, 2011. “Should dogs be neutered?” ScienceNordic.
Norwegian Animal Welfare Act: https://www.animallaw.info/statute/noway-cruelty-norwegian-animal-welfare-act-2010#s9. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
80 percent of US dogs de-sexed: Humane Society of the United States, via D. Quenqua. December 2, 2013. “New strides in spaying and neutering.” New York Times.
Switzerland’s Animal Protection Act: Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office. “Dignity of the animal.” https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/en/home/tiere/tierschutz/wuerde-des-tieres.html. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
“Neutering can never be a substitute . . .”: Korneliussen 2011.
rate of dogs de-sexed in underserved communities: http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html.
“basic biology suggests . . .”: Hart, B. 2017. International Society for Anthrozoology conference. Effective options regarding spay or neuter of dogs. Davis, California.
Various effects of hormones: Role of estrogen on learning, memory, and mood: Gillies, G. E., and S. McArthur. 2010. Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: A case for sex-specific medicines. Pharmacological Reviews, 62, 155–198; estrogen in growth and development of bone: Väänänen, H. K., and P. L. Härkönen. 1996. Estrogen and bone metabolism. Maturitas, 23 Suppl, S65–69; testosterone on increasing muscle mass: Griggs, R. C., W. Kingston, R. F. Jozefowicz, et al. 1989. Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 498–503; progesterone as “neuroprotective”: Wei, J., and G. Xiao. 2013. The neuroprotective effects of progesterone on traumatic brain injury: Current status and future prospects. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 34, 1485–1490.
dogs at the Penn Vet Working Dog Center: Cindy Otto, personal communication, July 9, 2018.
uptick in dogs with adrenal dysfunction: Kerasote 2013, pp. 333–334.
“might trigger metastatic cells”: Hart 2017. For more on the biology: Zink, C. 2013. Early spay-neuter considerations for the canine athlete: One veterinarian’s opinion, http://www.caninesports.com; Sandøe, P., S. Corr, and C. Palmer. 2016. Routine neutering of companion animals. In Companion Animal Ethics, pp. 150–168.
rates of diseases post de-sexing: Hart 2017.
rates of age-related cognitive impairment: Hart, B. 2001. Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219, 51–56.
reduction in unwanted behaviors post de-sexing: Hart 2017.
risks of surgery: Sandøe et al. 2016.
rate of death by anesthesia: Accounts of the rates of mortality during anesthesia vary by an exponent, probably due to uncontrolled situational differences between studies. But this 1 percent figure is borne out in a number of them, e.g., Bille, C., V. Auvigne, S. Libermann, et al. 2012. Risk of anaesthetic mortality in dogs and cats: An observational cohort study of 3546 cases. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 39, 59–68.
grants for research leading to development of an affordable chemical sterilant: https://www.michelsonprizeandgrants.org/. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
vasectomy, tubal ligation, and hysterectomy: Alliance for Contraception for Cats and Dogs. http://www.acc-d.org/research-innovation/non-surgical-approaches; Mowatt, T. June 2011. “The ‘pill’ for strays: Nonsurgical sterilization: New approaches to overpopulation.” The Bark; Quenqua 2013; 2017. International Society for Anthrozoology conference. Effective options regarding spay or neuter of dogs. Davis, California.
their bodies cannot maintain core temperature under anesthesia: See, e.g., Fox, L. K., M. C. Flegal, and S. M. Kuhlman. 2009. Principles of anesthesia monitoring—body temperature. Journal of Investigative Surgery, 21, 373–374; Clutton, R. E. 2017. Limiting heat loss during surgery in small animals. Veterinary Record, 180.
“a hindrance to population control”: Miller, L., and S. Zawistowski. 2017. Animal shelter medicine: Dancing to a changing tune. Veterinary Heritage, 40, 44–49.
“consulting with veterinarians for information”: https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Dog-And-Cat-Population-Control.aspx. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
“The thought’s obvious if you think about someone wanting to spay you”: Kagan, S. May 10, 2017. “How much should we care about animals?” Roundtable, Columbia University.
“look at every animal as an animal”: Sandøe 2015.
“it was recognised that animals can be frustrated . . .”: Sandøe 2015.
Neuticles: http://www.neuticles.com. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
“He’ll be smaller, or not muscular, more girly”: White, R. August 18, 2013. Cutting edgy. New York Post.
“A bitch in estrus is very messy . . .”: Oberbauer 2017.
gonadectomy of monkeys: Richards, A. B., R. W. Morris, S. Ward, et al. 2009. Gonadectomy negatively impacts social behavior of adolescent male primates. Hormones and Behavior, 56, 140–148.
male dogs preferred by law enforcement: Cindy Otto, personal communication, August 3, 2017.
spaying female search-and-rescue dogs: Jones, K. E., K. Dashfield, A. B. Downend, and C. M. Otto. 2004. Search-and-rescue dogs: An overview for veterinarians. JAVMA, 225, 854–860.
“not a dog problem, it’s a human problem”: Carden 1973.
a shelter does not truly shelter animals . . .: Rollin, B. E. 2011. Putting the Horse before Descartes: My Life’s Work on Behalf of Animals, p. 55.
dog breeds that appear in movies: Herzog, H. 2014. Biology, culture, and the origins of pet-keeping. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 1, 296–308.
how we act toward them is not “morally irrelevant”: Kagan, S. 2016. What’s wrong with speciesism? (Society for Applied Philosophy annual lecture 2015). Journal of Applied Philosophy, 33.
HUMORLESS
“I stole mail. This is my punishment”: Ziel, P. 2005. Eighteenth century public humiliation penalties in twenty-first century America: The “shameful” return of “Scarlet letter” punishments in U.S. v. Gementera. BYU Journal of Public Law, 19, 499–522.
a dissenting justice in the mail-theft case: Judge Hawkins. 2004. United States v. Gementera. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 379 F.3d 596.
dignity-robbing acts: Gruen, L. 2014. Dignity, captivity, and an ethics of sight. In L. Gruen, ed. The Ethics of Captivity, ch. 14.
zoomies: Lindsay, S. 2005. Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, vol. 3, p. 322.
“isolation through captivity”: Hediger, H. 1964. Wild Animals in Captivity: An Outline of the Biology of ZoologicalGardens.
dogs at the Bristol Zoological Garden and as companions: Flack, A. January 24, 2012. Dogs in zoos: Marking new territory. https://sniffingthepast.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/dogs-in-zoos-marking-new-territory/.
dogs and cheetahs at the San Diego Zoo: http://zoo.sandiegozoo.org/animals/cheetah.
captivity: Some of this section draws from my 2014 essay, Canis familiaris: Companion and captive. In Gruen 2014, pp. 7–21.
enable that animal to flourish—at whatever “sort of thing” it is: Nussbaum 2004.
TAIL OF THE DOG
seventy-billion-dollar pet industry business: 2017. American Pet Products. https://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp.
language of dog words: “Adulation” and “hangdog” come from Barnette, M. 2003. Dog Days and Dandelions: A Lively Guide to the Animal Meanings behind Everyday Words; “You old dog” via Green’s Dictionary of Slang. For more on doggy words see Serpell 2017; see also Pfister, D. S. 2017. Against the droid’s “instrument of efficiency,” for animalizing technologies in a posthumanist spirit. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 50, 201–227.
the animal’s “natural” state: Horta, O. 2010. Debunking the idyllic view of natural processes: Population dynamics and suffering in the wild. Télos, 17, 73–88.