A.E.F.—American Expeditionary Force
AMHI—American Military History Unit
NARA—National Archives and Records Administration; unless otherwise specified, NARA refers to records held at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland
1 FIVE FOOT SEVEN B0100, Physician’s Register, Sing Sing Prison.
2 “THE AFTERMATH OF SMALLPOX” and “AN ODD DANDIFIED TOUCH” Rich Cohen, Tough Jews, 44.
3 “A LOT OF LITTLE WARS” Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 256.
4 ONE NAVAL OFFICER New York Times, December 29, 1920.
1 OSTERMAN Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 256.
2 BORN IN DECEMBER 1873 Census of the United States, New York (Manhattan), New York City, Greater New York, roll T9_896; page 389.1000, ED 610, image 0781; Census of the United States, New York (Manhattan), New York City, Greater New York, roll T623 1092; page 5B, ED 240; Sing Sing Admissions Register, April 23, 1904, NY State Archives, B0 143, page 157, vol. 36, box 14; State of New York, Certificate and Record of Marriage 4106, February 8, 1911.
3 SAMUEL HAD BEEN BORN, ANGLO-SAXON ORIGINS, and A METHODIST PASTOR Borough of Manhattan, death certificates 33332, 29833; New York Times, December 31, 1920.
4–5 THOMAS MCSPEDON and VIOLENCE, CRUELTY Census of the United States, New York Ward 19, District 2, New York, New York, roll M653_815; page 0, image 600; Ninth Census of the United States, New York Ward 13, District 3, New York, New York, roll M593_1031; page 70, image 140; T; New York Times, November 24, 1877.
6 1880 CENSUS, DIED OP CONSUMPTION, and DESCRIBING HERSELF AS A WIDOW Census of the United States, New York (Manhattan), New York City, Greater New York, roll T9_896; family history film: 1254896; page 389.1000, ED 610, image 0781; New York Death Certificate 29833; Trow’s New York City Directory, 1878, 1880; Trow’s New York City Directory, 1887.
7 93 SOUTH THIRD STREET and ALLEGED THAT MONK’S PARENTS Lain’s Brooklyn City Directory, 1883–1899; Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 256.
8 TIMOTHY EASTMAN Census of the United States, New York Ward 19, District 9, New York, New York, roll M593_1042; page 230, image 463; Ninth Census of the United States, New York Ward 19, District 21, New York, New York, roll M593 1005; page 408, image 251; New York Times, January 19, 1859, October 13, 1893.
9 “CHOSE FOR HIS SCHOOL” New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
10 “TRIUMPH OF MECHANICS” and “A SPARKLING GEM” Sydney Brooks, “London and New York,” 297; Edward K. Spann, The New Metropolis, 137.
11 BANDIT’S ROOST and “SOME FORM OF CREEPER” Luc Sante, Introduction to Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, xvii, 17; Geoffrey Moorhouse, Imperial City, 82.
12 “JEW BREAD,” “AN ENGLISH WORD,” and “THE PIG MARKET” Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, 30; Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 91, 89.
13 “WITH RARE IMPARTIALITY” Henry Collins Brown, ed., Valentine’s Manual of Old New York, 16–17.
14 “THE KIND OF DIRTY PEOPLE” and “THE SCUM OF IMMIGRATION” Methodist Bishop James Cannon, quoted in Stephen Fox, Blood and Power, 14; Eliot Lord et al., The Italian in America, 190–91.
15 ONE IN SEVEN EAST SIDE and “ONE FINDS THE BLACKEST” Walter Scott Andrews, “A Study of the East Side Courts,” 23, 22; Charles Gardner, The Doctor and the Devil, 41.
16 “THE SUICIDE WARD,” INFANT MORTALITY RATES, and “THE RICH FLED” Justin Kaplan, Lincoln Steffens, 61; Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 53, 85, 133, and note, 228; Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 213.
17 “TREAD IT EVER SO” and “THE TRACK OF A TORNADO” Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 11.
18 “IN THE COMMON TRENCH” Ibid., 132–33.
19 “OLD HAGS” Helen Campbell, Thomas W. Knox, and Thomas F. Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 364, 374, 371.
20 FIFTY THOUSAND INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS and “A SIGN WOULD GO UP” Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 317–19.
21 “TAINTED MEAT” and “FRAGMENTS OF BREAD” Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 402–3; Ezra R. Pulling, “Report of the Fourth Sanitary District,” 16.
22 “PAPER WASN’T WORTH MUCH” Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, 5.
23 “278 JUVENILE PRISONERS” and “FRIGHTFUL WHISKEY” Jacob A. Riis, A Ten Years’ War, 155–56; Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 225.
24–25 “WILD AS HAWKS,” TWO HUNDRED FOUNDLINGS, and “AN ODD COINCIDENCE” Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 154, 517; Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 141, 143, 134.
1 “BRUTAL IN FACE” Helen Campbell, Thomas W. Knox, and Thomas F. Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 359–60.
2 “I GAVE MY NAME” Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 260.
3 AT CONEY ISLAND New York Times, September 25, 1893.
4 MONK’S FIRST ARREST, WILLIAM MURRAY, and ON THE ISLAND New York Times, December 28, 1920; The Sun, April 13, 1904; Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 271–72.
5 A THOUSAND SILVER DOLLARS Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America, 28.
6 THE NIGHT COURT George Kibbe Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York by Professional Criminals,” 128.
7 “THE USE OF THE FIRST” Theodore A. Bingham, “The Organized Criminals of New York,” 30.
8 “A DIVE NOTORIOUS” and A BLOODIED HEAP Jay Robert Nash, Bloodletters and Bad Men, 189; Jorge Luis Borges, A Universal History of Iniquity, 33.
9 “DANCING ACADEMIES” Benjamin Antin, quoted in Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster, ix.
10 “BOISTEROUSLY DRUNK” and “IT WAS NOT UNUSUAL” John M. Oskison, “Public Halls of the East Side,” 38–40; Herbert Asbury, Sin in New York, Asbury Papers, manuscripts box 1; 4, 9.
11 “THE FOULEST OF ALL” and “TOUGH RACKETS” Herman Melville, quoted in Timothy J. Gilfoyle, “Street-Rats and Gutter-Snipes,” 4; Verne M. Bovie, “The Public Dance Halls of the Lower East Side,” 32.
12 “HE BULLDOZES THE MERCHANTS” Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P3/1768, 109–10.
13 “WERE IN THE HABIT,” “A BLOW BEHIND THE EAR,” and “FORTY-NINE NICKS” The Sun, June 20, 1909; Henry Collins Brown, ed., Valentine’s Manual of Old New York, 21; Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, xvi.
14 “WITH AN APTITUDE” and “I ONLY GIVE HER” Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 257.
15 “A PIMP, A THIEF” and “HE LEARNS HOW” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 122; Gilfoyle, “Street-Rats and Gutter-Snipes,” 6; Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P3/1768, 107.
16 “THOSE LITTLE BOYS” Washington Post, May 27, 1906.
17 “A TRIUMPH OF EFFICIENCY” Tyler Anbinder, Five Points, 74.
18 “SLAUGHTER ALLEY” and “BLACKER THAN A WOLF’S THROAT” Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 89; Stephen Crane, “New York Sketches,” in Last Words, 159.
19 “ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO PASS” quoted in Anbinder, Five Points, 89.
20 “NO WASTE” Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 108.
21 A SINGLE BLOCK and “THE MOST CROWDED BLOCK” Moses King’s 1893 Handbook of New York City, quoted in Nathan Silver, Lost New York, 74; Tenement Commission report 1903, www.immigrantheritagetrail.org.
22 40 PERCENT TO BE A FAIR AVERAGE and A QUARTER TO A THIRD HIGHER Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 7, 11.
23 “PACKED IN LIKE HERRINGS,” “ONE MAY SLEEP,” and “REVOLVERS” Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 423; Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 70; Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 238.
24 “TOUCHED UP WITH DRUGS,” ON BAYARD STREET, and “THE WASHINGS OF THE BAR” Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 61; Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 358, 198–201, 496.
25 “THE THEATER OF,” “EXPLORED THE BOWERY,” and “SHOW YOU THE BOWERY” “Bowery Amusements,” 14; M. B. Levick, “Tough Girl of New York Remains Only a Memory”; Alvin Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5.
26 “IF YOU WILL STAND FOR” and STREETCAR CONDUCTORS Gilfoyle, “Street-Rats and Gutter-Snipes,” 3; Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5.
27 “THE MOST BRILLIANTLY” and “AN ANEMIC” Levick, “Tough Girl of New York”; Julian Ralph, “The Bowery,” 234; Theodore Dreiser, quoted in Luc Sante, Low Life, 67.
28 “COMBINED ELEMENTS” and “FREE AND EASYS” Sante, Low Life, 64, 113.
29 DIME MUSEUMS cf. Robert Bogdan’s Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (University of Chicago Press, 1988) for a fuller exploration of the phenomenon.
30 “COCAINE ROW” and “DIVES AND HOUSES” Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P311768, 153; Ezra R. Pulling, “Report of the Fourth Sanitary District,” 15; Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 159.
31 CHLORAL HYDRATE Benjamin P. Eldridge and William B. Watts, Our Rival the Rascal, 288–89.
32 “THE NEARER THE RIVER” Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 360.
33 OOZED THROUGH THE WALLS Pulling, “Report of the Fourth Sanitary District,” 2, 11.
34 “GENERATIONS” OF PROSTITUTES Sante, Low Life, 180.
1 THIS “MODERN GOMORRAH” Herbert Asbury, “Gangland USA,” 14; Lewis J. Valentine, Night Stick, 124.
2 “AN ABYSS OF MANY GENERATIONS” and “FORMALLY CAST THEM OFF” Lincoln Steffens, Autobiography, vol. I, 246; George Kibbe Turner, “The Daughters of the Poor,” 47.
3 “EVERY AFTERNOON, JUST LIKE MECHANICS” and “AS A POOL REFLECTS THE SKY” Alvin Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5; Gustavus Myers, History of the Great American Fortunes, quoted in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 233–34.
4 “SALESMAN, BIRDS” and LARGE PROFITS United States of America, Bureau of the Census: Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, New York (Manhattan), New York City, Greater New York, roll T623 1092; page 5B, ED 240; Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5.
5 A TOUGH SCHOOL and “OBJECTS FOR TARGET PRACTICE” “Young Mayors Govern a Once Unmanageable School,” New York Times, May 29, 1910.
6 “HARD-FISTED, TOUGH-FACED” and “TOITY-TOID” Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920; F. Raymond Daniell, “The Big Business of the Racketeer.”
7 “MONKEY-LIKE FACE” and CLAMBERING UP AND DOWN George Kibbe Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York by Professional Criminals,” 122; New York Times, December 27, 1920.
8 “LONG JOHN” GARVEY Thomas Byrnes, Professional Criminals of America, 23.
9–10 “BEAT UP A GUY” and “THE EASTMAN PAVILION” Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 258, 257.
11 HUNG OUT IN TWO STORES New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
12–13 $75,000 ANNUALLY and “A SORT OF LICENSED BANDIT” Asbury, “Gangland USA,” 18, 17; Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 122.
14 “I WANT FIFTY” New York Times, June 9, 1912.
15 “A REAL GANGMAN” Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P311768, 151, 110.
16 TWENTY THOUSAND FULL-TIME PROSTITUTES and FIFTY CENTS Herbert Asbury, Sin in New York, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1; 1–2; Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America, 7.
17–18 “HALF-EXPOSED WOMEN” and “STAKHANOVITE OF SEX” Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham, 805, 996, 1163.
19 “SOUBRETTE ROW,” “JENNIE THE FACTORY,” and “ON CERTAIN DAYS” Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 165; Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P311768, 210; Asbury, Sin in New York, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1; 6, 12.
20 “THE TREASURE-LADEN,” “THE MORGUE,” and MCGURK’S SUICIDE HALL Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 234, 207; Mike Dash, Satan’s Circus, 31n.
21 THIS WAS THE HEYDAY and THE LATTER’S ACOLYTES New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903; The Bookman, December 1905, 303.
22 “BY WAY OF TESTING” and “IF LITTLE KISHKY” New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903; Alfred Henry Lewis, “The Cooking of Crazy Butch.”
23 “THE HEART OF THAT,” “ALL TRAINED,” and “THE RASCAL NOTICE” Lewis, “The Cooking of Crazy Butch”; Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 226.
24 MOST EFFICIENT BLACKJACKERS and “THE FIRST OF THE GANGSTERS” Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 234, 247; New York Times, May 13, 1915; Leo Katcher, The Big Bankroll, 276, 238.
25 “NOT TENDER” Helen Campbell, Thomas W. Knox, and Thomas F. Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 513, 95.
26 ARNOLD ROTHSTEIN Katcher, The Big Bankroll, 23.
27 A COMPREHENSIVE LIST Jenna Joselit, Our Gang, 25, 44; Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 211.
28 “A BLONDE OF STRIKING APPEARANCE” and “THE CONSPIRACY” New York Times, November 11, October 22, 1903.
29 TRACED A SCORE and “IN THE THREE YEARS I WAS” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; Turner, “Tammany’s Control,” 122; New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
1 REVOLVERS INSTEAD OF CUES New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
2 “A HOSTAGE TO FORTUNE” and “SECURE THEIR HARD-” George Kibbe Turner, “The Daughters of the Poor,” 53–54; Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America, 19; Frank Moss, The American Metropolis, quoted in S. S. McClure, “The Tammanyizing of a Civilization,” 118–19.
3 THOROUGHLY PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
4 “THE GANG NEEDED THE POLITICIAN” George Kibbe Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York by Professional Criminals,” 123.
5 “THE SWELLEST GINMILL” Alvin Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5.
6 “NEVER TASTES TOBACCO,” “THE POLITICAL BOSS OF DOWNTOWN,” “THE KING OF THE UNDERWORLD,” and “POLITICALLY HE IS CORRUPT” Alfred Henry Lewis, “The Modern Robin Hood,” 186; Tammany Times, November 4, 1895; Daniel Czitrom, “Underworlds and Underdogs,” 539; Hutchins Hapgood, Types from City Streets, 58.
7 “REPULSIVE ENOUGH” and “THE SCENE OF MORE MURDERS” The World, April 18, 1889; Herbert Asbury, Chinatown, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1, 3.
8 “THE SOCIETY OF POLITICIANS, PIMPS” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 121.
9 “WORD IS LAW” and “HARRISON GOT ONE MORE” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 126; Czitrom, “Underworlds and Underdogs,” 541, 538; Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America, 53.
10 TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS, “THE GREAT DANCING HALL,” and “LEADS THROUGH THE HAPPY” Lewis, “The Modern Robin Hood,” 186; Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 132.
11 “NOT A SPLINTER” Lewis, “The Modern Robin Hood,” 186; John Carter, “Master of Manhattan,” 203.
12 “THINK OF THE HUNDREDS” Quoted in Werner, Tammany Hall, 449–50.
13 CONTROLLER METZ and $80 MILLION Gustavus Myers, History of Tammany Hall, 338; Lewis, “The Modern Robin Hood,” 186.
14 SHOESHINE STAND and “I SEEN MY OPPORTUNITIES” The Old Time Saloon, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1, 7; William L. Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, 310.
15 “GUERILLAS” the words guerillas and gorillas seem to have been used interchangeably by writers of the era.
16 “ANY POLITICAL WAVERING” and “THE NERVOUS HEBREWS” Lewis J. Valentine, Night Stick, 125; New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
17 IMMUNITY and “YOUTHS WHO, ALONE” The Sun, June 20, 1920, October 11, 1903; New York Times, June 9, 1912.
18 PARTICULARLY TRUE IN cf. Turner, “The Daughters of the Poor,” 53–54.
19 “WORD WAS SENT OUT” Brooklyn Eagle, November 1, 1901.
20 “STRONG ON THE SIDE,” “MORE THAN ONCE,” and THE GRAVEYARDS Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 61, 71; New York Times, November 2, 1903.
21 “DISORDERLY RESORTS” Brooklyn Eagle, November 1, 1901.
22–23 “BRING DOWN A LOT OF FOOTBALL-PLAYING” and “A REGULAR COMMISSARY” Big Tim Sullivan, quoted in Czitrom, “Underworld and Underdogs,” 549; Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 122–25.
24 “MET WITH INDIFFERENCE” New York Times, November 4, 1903.
25 “OLD-TIME IRISH RESIDENTS” and “PROBABLY EXCEEDED ALL PREVIOUS” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 133.
26 FIVE TO TEN VOTES and “GUYS WITH WHISKERS” Ibid., 123; Brooklyn Eagle, November 1, 1901; Big Tim Sullivan, quoted in Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5.
27 “LIKE A CROWD OF” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 132–33.
28 QUIET DAY AT THE POLLS and “A RIDDLE” New York Times, November 4, 1903.
29 BIG TIM SULLIVAN PERSONALLY PROVIDED, “WORKING THE RATTLER,” and “THE POLITICIANS ALWAYS SPRUNG HIM” Czitrom, “Underworlds and Underdogs,” 546, 129; New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903; Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 256.
30 “INSTANTLY THE WORD WAS PASSED” New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
31 “OVER THEM HIS POWER” and “THE CONDUCT OF THE POLICE” Lewis, “The Modern Robin Hood,” 186; Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 124.
32 “OUR PEOPLE COULD NOT STAND” Lincoln Steffens, Autobiography, 256.
33 “TO HELL WITH REFORM!,” “TAMMANY IS NOT A WAVE,” and “A NEW, PERFECTED SYSTEM” Virgil W. Peterson, The Mob, 92; a “reform chief of police” quoted in Steffens, Autobiography, vol. 1, 281; Lincoln Steffens, “The Real Roosevelt,” in Ainslee’s Magazine, December 1898.
34 “THE GOVERNMENT OF THE,” “CORRUPTION WITH CONSENT,” and “THE PEOPLE ARE NOT INNOCENT” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 125; Alexander B. Callow Jr., Introduction to Gustavus Myers, The History of Tammany Hall, ix; Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, 14, 290, 292.
1 EIGHTY OF THE ONE HUNDRED Raymond A. Mohl, The Making of Urban America, 98.
2 THE U.S. MURDER RATE and “PERFECT DEVILS” Henry Collins Brown, ed., Valentine’s Manual of Old New York, 3; Helen Campbell, Thomas W. Knox, and Thomas F. Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 511.
3 LOCUST WOOD, “SLAUGHTERHOUSES” and AN UNNERVING DRUMMING SOUND Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 512; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham, 1,192; Brown, ed., Valentine’s Manual, 24.
4 NUMBER 5,844 and ARRESTED MEN The Argus (Albany), May 18, 1915; Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 693.
5–6 PICTURES OF THE MOST NOTORIOUS, “NO END OF DIRKS,” and “A SENSATIONAL MINUTENESS” Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P3/1768, 131–42, 141; Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 525; Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 164.
7–8 IN THE 1890S THE GOING RATE, “OF COURSE THERE ARE COPS,” and ANY DISTRICT REMOTE Virgil W. Peterson, The Mob, 89; Cornelius Willemse, quoted in Mike Dash, Satan’s Circus, 55; Brown, ed., Valentine’s Manual, 11.
9 THERE WAS A GAP Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 167.
10 WALL STREET HAD ONCE and A HABITUAL CRIMINAL Ibid., 520.
11 WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF and A HANDSOME $500 GOLD WATCH Ibid., 520–21; Steffens, Autobiography, 221–22.
12 “FENCE OFF THE GOOD” Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 120–21.
13–14 “WE SEE THE POWERS” and ENTERTAINING SEVERAL CITY OFFICIALS Peterson, The Mob, 94; Herbert Asbury, Sin in New York, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1, 7.
15 “RUSTIC INNOCENCE” and “TO PROTECT AND FOSTER” Charles Parkhurst, Our Fight with Tammany, 5; Charles Parkhurst, My Forty Years in New York, 126–30.
16 “WHILE WE FIGHT INIQUITY,” “POLLUTED HARPIES,” and SLUM AND WHOREHOUSE Peterson, The Mob, 87; New York World, February 15, 1892; Justin Kaplan, Lincoln Steffens, 118.
17 “THE COAT WAS CUT” Charles Gardner, The Doctor and the Devil, 17.
18 “HEY WHISKERS,” “SOLICITING MEN,” and “WOULD NOT PERMIT” Gardner, The Doctor and the Devil, 24–26, 56; Asbury, Sin in New York, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1, 5.
19 “ONE OF THE MOST INFAMOUS,” “SHOW ME SOMETHING WORSE!,” and IN EACH ROOM WAS Charles Gardner, The Doctor and the Devil, 56, 52.
20 TEA AND COOKIES Luc Sante, Low Life, 286.
21–22 “TRUE IN NO OTHER,” “URGENT BUSINESS,” and “WITH APPROPRIATE SUBTRACTIONS” S. S. McClure, “The Tammanyizing of a Civilization,” 126–27; Gustavus Myers, History of Tammany Hall, 278; V. O. Key, “Police Graft,” 624; Peterson, The Mob, 86.
23 “WE WILL PARADE” Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in Peterson, The Mob, 90.
24 “WIDE OPEN” and $680,000 OF ICE COMPANY STOCK Gustavus Myers, History of Tammany Hall, 283; Dash, Satan’s Circus, 24n.
25 “OPERATORS ENCROACHING,” PAID THIRTY THOUSAND DOLLARS A YEAR, “THERE’S MORE LAW,” and PROPERTY SPECULATION IN JAPAN Key, “Police Graft,” 629; Peterson, The Mob, 89; Asbury, Sin in New York, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1, 3; Steffens, Autobiography, 252.
26 SOMETHING OVER THREE MILLION DOLLARS and “GAMBLING HOUSE COMMISSION” William Devery, quoted in Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, 294; New York Times, March 9, 1900; Landesco, Prohibition and Crime, quoted in Key, “Police Graft,” 631.
27 “A GRAFT-RIDDEN TOWN” and “PAID DEAR TRIBUTE” Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P3/1768, 199; Myers, History of Tammany Hall, xvi.
1 UPMARKET SUBURB United States of America, Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Queens Ward 4, Queens, New York, roll T623_1149; Pages 19B, 20A, ED677; Census of the United States, Brooklyn Ward 28, Kings, New York, New York, roll T624_982; page IB, ED 917, image 495.77; Census of the United States, Brooklyn Ward 28, Kings, New York, New York, roll T624 973; page 12A, ED 695, image 747.
2 “THE BY-BLOW OF” Jorge Luis Borges, A Universal History of Iniquity, 32.
3 BAT JARVIS P. G. Wodehouse, PsmithJournalist, chapter 4.
4–5 “A FEUD CODE,” “GREAT ITALIAN BAND,” “A BLANd HEATHEN,” and “AN ODOR OF STALE BEER” New York Times, September 20, 1903; George Kibbe Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York by Professional Criminals,” 122, 125; The Sun, October 11, 1903.
6 PAOLO CORRELLI The Sun, October 11, 1903.
7 “AFTER THE COMMON CUSTOM,” AN ITALIAN BANK, and “ACQUIRED SOME REPUTATION” Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 124; The Sun, October 11, 1903.
8 SALVATORE LUCIANA, SELLING HEROIN AND MORPHINE, and “ARTICHOKE KING” George Walsh, Public Enemies, 45; Craig Thompson and Allen Raymond, Gang Rule in New York, 23; Robert J. Kelly, Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States, 293–94.
9–10 “DAPPER” PAUL KELLY, “EXQUISITELY SCENTED,” and “WHICH THE BOWERY ACCEPTS” Lewis J. Valentine, Night Stick, 126; Richard Harding Davis, “The Defeat of the Underworld,” 11; The Sun, October 11, 1903.
11 HE SPOKE FOUR LANGUAGES and “ONE OF THE FLASHIEST” Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 254–55.
12 PERCHED ON TOP and “FLABBY AND EPICENE” Valentine, Night Stick, 125; Borges, A Universal History, 32–33.
13 “MONK HADN’T A REAL” and “A SOFT EASY-GOING” New York Times, December 29, 1920; Alvin Harlow, Old Bowery Days, 501–5.
14 “PEGGY” … DONOVAN Also sometimes described as “Piggy” Donovan, cf. New York Times, September 9, 1923.
15 “PEGGY DONOVAN, WITHOUT WARNING” New York Times, April 15, 1901.
16 “TWO MEN GRABBED ME” New York Times, April 14, 1901.
17 “THE DONOVANS WERE HEARD” and “DIED IN THE GOUVERNEUR” New York Times, April 14, 15, 1901.
18 A FIVE POINTER WAS DECOYED and “MONK GOT HIS MAN” Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 259; New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
19 “A JAGGED CONFLUENCE” and MONK WAS SET UPON New York City Guide, 117; Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 259.
20 “A VERITABLE WILD WEST” New York Times, September 30, 1902; New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
21 NIGGER MIKE’S Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 258; Stephen Jenkins, The Greatest Street in the World, Asbury papers, box 8.
22 CHINESE CRIMINAL GANGS cf. Moses King’s Guidebook, quoted in Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham, 1,131; Herbert Asbury, Chinatown, Asbury papers, manuscripts box 1, 1.
23 THOMAS COMINSKY New York Times, April 22, 1902.
24–25 “SAID TO BE OF THE EASTMAN,” “LOOKING FOR THE ENEMY,” and “POUNCING ON THE KNOTS” New York Times, September 30, 1902.
26 THIRTY-FIVE MEMBERS New York Times, October 5, 1902.
27 “A DISGRACE TO THE CITY” New York Times, October 6, 1902.
28 “BIG DAVE” BERNSTEIN, EXCHANGE OF SHOTS, and “ANYWAY, I’LL SETTLE” New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903; New York Times, March 9, 1903; The Sun, June 20, 1920.
29 “NO ONE KNOWS” and JOHN “MUGSY” BAYARD New York Times, August 18, 19, 1903; New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903; New York Herald, August 18, 1903.
30 “A FRIEND OF MONK,” “THE WICKEDEST STREET,” and “PRESSED A REVOLVER” New York Times, August 8, 1903; New York Herald, August 8, 1903.
31 FEMME FATALE and “LAID VIOLENT HANDS” New York Times, June 9, 1912; New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
32 THIRTY-THREE MEN and “A LABYRINTH” New York Times, March 28, 1903.
33 A CONFERENCE BETWEEN New York Times, October 12, 1902.
34 “THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THESE” and “THE GANG REACHED THE OLD” New York Times, October 6, 12, 1902.
1 “I’M PAID FOR DRIVING” New York Times, May, 5, July 29, 11, 13, 1903.
2 A FEW DRINKS The World, October 14, 1903.
3 FOUR BURLY MEN The Monmouth Democrat, September 3, 1903.
4 ON JULY 9, 1903 The Sun, October 13, 1903; New York Herald, October 13, 1903; The Monmouth Democrat, September 3, 1903; New York Times, July 10, 1903; The Freehold Transcript, July 31, 1903.
5 “ARREST ME, WILL YER?” The Freehold Transcript, July 31, 1903; New York Herald, July 29, 1903; New York Times, August 2, 1903, June 21, 1909; George Kibbe Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York by Professional Criminals,” 123; The Monmouth Democrat, October 15, 1903.
6 “WHOSE REAL NAME IS WILLIAM,” 93 SOUTH THIRD STREET, and “TAKE THAT FELLOW” New York Times, July 29, 1903; Lain’s Brooklyn City Directory; Uppington’s General Directory of Brooklyn; New York Herald, August 1, 1903.
7 “WHO IS THIS MAN” and “SPOKE BITTERLY” New York Daily Tribune, August 1, 1903; New York Herald, August 1, 1903.
8 CONTRADICTED BY A BARMAN The Freehold Transcript, July 31, 1903.
9 “A FOUR-FLUSHER” and “LICKSPITTLE” New York Times, July 30, 1903; William S. Devery, quoted in New York Times, November 2, 1903; New York Herald, August 2, 1903.
10 “ARE YOU NOT AN EX-CONVICT?” New York Times, August 2, 1903.
11 “IT WAS THOUGHT BETTER” New York Daily Tribune, August 2, 1903.
12 “MUCH ELATED” and A FISHING EXCURSION New York Times, August 1, 2, 1903; The World, August 6, 1903.
13 “STRENUOUS EFFORTS” and “AT PRIMARY ELECTIONS” New York Daily Tribune, August 1, 1903; New York Times, July 29, August 4, 1903.
14 “WHEN I GET OUT” New York Daily Tribune, August 1, 1903; New York Times, August 4, 1903; New York Herald, August 7, 1903.
15–16 THE PRISONERS WOULD “SQUEAL” and “THEY ARE THE FELLOWS” The Sun, August 7, 1903; New York Herald, August 7, 1903; The Freehold Transcript, August 7, 1903; New York Daily Tribune, August 2, 1903; New York Times, August 1, 1903.
17 CELL NUMBER 1 and SHOOT ANYBODY SCALING The Freehold Transcript, August 7, 14, 1903; New York Herald, August 8, 1903.
18 A FRESH ALARM and “THE CASES ARE BAILABLE” New York Herald, August 8, 1903; The Sun, August 8, 1903; The Monmouth Democrat, August 13, 1903.
19 “THE GREAT MONK EASTMAN” New York Times, July 31, August 10, 1903.
20 “PACKED IN THE CELLS” and “EASTMAN IS THE ONLY” New York Times, August 9, 1903; New York Daily Tribune, August 8, 1903.
21–22 “I GUESS IT DIDN’T,” “ORGANIZED SPECIFICALLY,” and “THE ARREST OF THESE” New York Times, August 9, 1903; New York Herald, August 9, 1903.
23 “I WOULD NOT HAVE WALKED” and “SCOURED FOR LUXURIES” The Freehold Transcript, August 14, 1903; New York Herald, August 8, 1903.
24–25 “MERELY A BUSINESS” New York Herald, August 15, 1903; The Monmouth Democrat, August 20, 1903. THE DAY BEFORE THANKSGIVING New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; New York Times, February 3, 1904; Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 255–56.
26–27 “LEG BAIL” and “IT IS DIFFICULT” New York Times, September 4, 1903; The Monmouth Democrat, September 3, 1903.
28 “A PRECAUTION UNUSUAL,” “NEWLY CLIPPED,” and “NERVOUS, THIS MAN WHO” New York Herald, October 13, 1903; New York Times, October 13, 1903; The World, October 14, 1903.
29 “HAD TO GET THE BOYS” The Sun, October 15, 1903.
30 “I AM ALWAYS INTERESTED” Ibid.
31 WANTED A RICH and “ ‘LEAVE IT ALL TO ME’ ” The Freehold Transcript, October 16, 1903; The Sun, October 15, 1903.
32 JUSTICE WALTER BRINLEY The Freehold Transcript, October 16, 1903; The Monmouth Democrat, October 15, 1903.
33 “NEVER” and COULDN’T READ The Sun, October 14, 15, 1903.
34–35 “NO, I NEVER CARRY” and “ANYONE CAN TELL A DETECTIVE” The Sun, October 15, 1903; The World, October 14, 1903.
36 “DOVETAILED WITH CONSIDERABLE” New York Times, October 17, 1903; The Sun, October 15, 1903.
37 “IF YOU HAVE NO” The Sun, October 17, 1903; New York Herald, October 17, 1903.
38 “THERE MAY BE ONE” and ACCEPT THE VERDICT The World, October 14, 1903; New York Times, October 17, 1903.
39 “HONEST MONMOUTH COUNTY” The Sun, October 17, 1903.
40 “MANIFESTED CHILDISH” New York Times, October 17, 1903.
41–42 “WELL, PERSONS WHO HAVE” and “NOT NECESSARILY A CONFESSION” The Sun, October 17, 1903; The Freehold Transcript, October 23, 1903.
43 SINISTER RUMORS and “AS IF A GAME” New York Herald, October 17, 1903; New York Times, October 17, 1903.
44 “NO MORE GUNS” New York Herald, October 17, 1903.
45 “THE REIGN OF TERROR” and “WHEN I SAY” Ibid.
1 TYPICAL BOWERY TOUGHS and THE FURIOUS LAST FUSILLADE New York Times, September 17, 1903.
2 STUSS A card game, also known as “Jewish faro.”
3 “FIFTY FOOT CREVASSE” New York Times, January 5, 1928.
4 PERPETUAL SHADOW cf. the photograph in the New York Daily Tribune, April 26, 1903.
5 A HUNDRED WOMEN ON EVERY The American Hebrew, March 8, 1929, quoted in Jenna Joselit, Our Gang, 46.
6–7 FIFTY MEN ALREADY INVOLVED, “THEIR PARAPETS OF IRON,” and “A LOT OF THE GUYS” New York Herald, September 17, 1903; Jorge Luis Borges, A Universal History of Iniquity, 35; Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 261.
8 MEN ON THE ROOFTOPS New York Daily Tribune, September 17, 1903.
9 A SQUARE MILE OF TERRITORY New York Herald, September 17, 1903.
10 MICHAEL DONOVAN and JOHN CARROLL New York Times, September 17, 1903; New York Daily Tribune, September 17, 1903.
11 JOSEPH MORRIS New York Times, September 17, 1903.
12 ITS CHAMBERS WERE STILL and DETECTIVE MCCOY Ibid.; New York Daily Tribune, September 17, 1903.
13 “ALONG THE LINE OF THE FIGHTING” New York Times, September 17, 1903.
14 “LOLLY” “Lally” in some versions.
15 MEYERS New York Times, September 18, October 17, 1903.
16 “EACH GANG DANCED WITH” The Sun, June 11, 20, 1909.
17 POLICE COMMISSIONER FRANCIS V. GREENE New York Times, September 18, 24, 1903.
18 WE MOURN and “THERE WAS NO CEREMONY …” New York Times, September 20, 1903.
19 “THIS MEETING IS” and “I THINK WE HAVE SUCCEEDED” Ibid.
20 A SCORE OF POLICEMEN New York Daily Tribune, September 22, 1903.
21 “TO GET A DOSE” The World, September 22, 21, 1903; New York Times, September 23, 1903.
22 “AS RECKLESS AND DESPERATE” and “THIS BRIGHT FACED” New York Herald, October 2, 1903; Kansas City Star, October 3, 1903.
23–24 “TESTIFIED THAT SHE WAS INCORRIGIBLE,” “ABUSED HER IN SUCH,” and “BARELY FIVE FEET” New York Times, September 27, 1903; Kansas City Star, October 3, 1903.
25 “GLORIED IN HER WICKEDNESS” Kansas City Star, October 3, 1903.
26 “SHE CARRIES A GUN, JUDGE” New York Times, September 27, 1903.
27 “A KIND OF SPARROW” M. B. Levick, “Tough Girl of New York Remains Only a Memory.”
28 GERRY SOCIETY Now known as the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
29 BEDFORD REFORMATORY Now the Bedford Correctional Facility.
30 “BIG FELLOWS IN POLITICS” New York Times, October 5, 1903.
31 “YOU’SE GO TO ENTIRELY” and “A SURPRISE TO THE GROUP” New York Times, October 5, 1903; New York Herald, October 6, 1903.
32 “RIGHT BOWER” The name for the jack of the trump suit, the second-highest card in the game of euchre.
33 “THE REDOUBTABLE KING EASTMAN” and BANNED IN EVERY STATE The Sun, October 11, 1903; Dennis Brailsford, Bareknuckles, 8.
34 “HELLO YOU RUNT” The Sun, October 3, 1903.
35 “SHIMSKY OPENED” Ibid.
36 “WIPE UP DE EARTH” Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 264.
37 “TOUGHS IN COCKED DERBY HATS” Borges, Universal History, 35–36.
38 “COULD FACE THE SEARCHLIGHT” The Sun, December 30, 1903.
39 “WHETTED THEIR APPETITES” Ibid.
40 ARMED GANG MEMBERS New York Times, September 9, 1923.
41 THEY REACHED 161ST The Sun, December 30, 1903.
1 TO BLACKJACK A MAN and STAGGERING OUT OF JACK’S Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 265; Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 6–7.
2 TWO ROUGHLY DRESSED MEN Some versions, e.g., Asbury, Gangs of New York, 265–66, describe only one Pinkerton’s man, but the trial transcript makes clear that there were two.
3 “THE WAYWARD SON” Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 6–7; New York Times, April 15, February 3, 1904.
4 “SHOOT FIRST AND THEN” Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 266; New York Times, February 3, April 20, 1904.
5 BRYAN LATER TESTIFIED Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 12.
6 2060 SECOND AVENUE The Sun, June 20, 1920.
7 “INCORRUPTIBLE” PINKERTON New York Daily Tribune, February 3, 1904; Richard Wilmer Rowan, The Pinkertons, 142.
8 “ONE OF THE BEST” Wilmer Rowan, The Pinkertons, 142; The Sun, June 20, 1920.
9–10 “WILLFULLY, FELONIOUSLY” and “UP THE RIVER” Court of General Sessions of the Peace, Case Number 45,672, February 4, 1904; New York Times, February 5, 1904.
11 “MEETING THEIR EYES” Helen Campbell, Thomas W. Knox, and Thomas F. Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 337.
12 SHYSTER LAWYERS Ibid., 347.
13 “COLD-HEARTED, HUMORLESS” and “NOT ENOUGH GLOOM” Mike Dash, Satan’s Circus, 241, 252.
14 PACKED WITH EAST SIDE TOUGHS New York Times, March 2, 1904.
15 FIFTEEN OF HIS GANG MEMBERS New York Times, March, 30, April 2, 1904.
16 TEN DAYS LATER New York Times, April 12, 1904.
17 MONK’S SISTERS New York Times, March 5, 29, 1904; The Sun, April 13, 1904.
18 DRESSED BETTER, “LET GO OF HIM YOU,” and “LIKE THE BARK” New York Times, April 13, 1904; The Sun, April 13, 1904.
19 ELEVEN PAGES OF THE TRIAL TRANSCRIPT Court of General Sessions, People of the State of New York versus William Delaney, alias Monk Eastman, 260–70.
20 “TWENTY GLASSES” Ibid., 250–55.
21 “HELD WALLACE” Ibid.
22 “WONDER AT THE NERVE” and POLICE CONSPIRACY New York Times, April 15, 1904; New York Herald, April 15, 1904.
23 “NEVER IN MY EXPERIENCE” New York Times, April 15, 1904; New York Herald, April 15, 1904.
24 MONK SEARCHED THEIR FACES, “IN THE LANGUAGE,” and “THANKS GENTS” New York Herald, April 15, 1904; New York Times, April 15, 20, 1904.
25 “I HAVE ORDERED THE DEFENDANT” New York Times, April 20, 1904.
26 “THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE” Ibid.
27 “NOBODY BEGRUDGED THE MONK” New York Times, November 30, 1911.
28 GEORGE COAN New York Daily Tribune, April 21, 1904.
29 “WELL, I’M GOING” and “HOLY SMOKES!” New York Times, April 23, 1904; New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1904.
30 “THAT HOUR GOIN’ UP” and “BURIED HIS FACE” Quoted in Campbell, Knox, and Byrnes, Darkness and Daylight, 73; New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1904.
31 “WERE IT NOT FOR THE IRON BARS” and “NOTHING THAT IS HUMAN” Lewis E. Lawes, Twenty Thousand Years in Sing Sing, 209.
32 “EXPERIENCED CONS ANSWERED” Ibid., 192, 201–2.
33 TAR AND TIN ROOFER and “COMPLEXION DARK” New York State Archives, B0143, vol. 36, box 14, page 157.
34 THE USUAL BATH and TWO LEGAL RIGHTS Lawes, Twenty Thousand Years in Sing Sing, 192–193.
35 “UNFIT FOR THE HOUSING OF ANIMALS” Grand Jury Report, Westchester County, June 19, 1913, quoted in Denis Brian, Sing Sing, 75–77.
36 “REPUGNANT AND DANGEROUS” Ibid.
37 “THE WHOLE SYSTEM UNDER WHICH” New York Times, November 18, 1913.
38 “THIS SITUATION IS AS DEPLORABLE” and KNOCK ON THE DOORS OF THE DARK CELLS Grand Jury Report, Westchester County, June 19, 1913, quoted in Brian, Sing Sing, 75–77; Dash, Satan’s Circus, 286.
39 WHIPPINGS, “WATER CURES” http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/state/html/
nyprisons.html.
40 “IT’S THE LEATHER COLLAR” Gustavus Myers, History of Tammany Hall, 370–71.
41 THIRTY-THREE MALE AND TWENTY FEMALE Lawes, Twenty Thousand Years in Sing Sing, 201–9.
42 BRUSHES, MATTRESSES, PILLOWS Ibid.
43 “AN ENDLESS LINE” Ibid.
44 “ODIFEROUS APPEARANCE” and RABBI S. BRAVERMAN Ibid., 206–7; Brian, Sing Sing, 65.
45 THE ELECTRIC CHAIR and “THE DANCE HALL” Mark Gado, Stone Upon Stone: Sing Sing Prison, chapter 4; Brian, Sing Sing, 63.
46 “BURN IT DOWN!” New York Times, May 31, 1914.
47–48 “SOME ALARMED” and “DID SOME FIST WORK” New York Times, April 27, 1904.
49 HARRIS STAHL and HAD FIVE MORE OF FITZPATRICK’S MEN New York Times, November 2, 1904; Jay Robert Nash, Bloodletters and Bad Men, 625.
50 “OLD-TIMERS” and “THEN HOW DOES IT” New York Times, November 9, 1904.
51 CELERY TONIC and DICK FITZGERALD George Kibbe Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 123.
52 A SINGER IN THE IMPERIAL MUSIC HALL and FORCED HIM TO JUMP New York Times, June 9, 1912; Nash, Bloodletters and Bad Men, 625.
53 “HELD SIX BULLETS” and “I WOULDN’T HAVE” New York Times, May 15, June 9, 1912.
54–55 “THE SPECTACLE OF” and FIFTY TO A HUNDRED THOUSAND New York Times, June 9, 1912; Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 123.
56 “EVIDENTLY THE GANG WANTED” and “EAT ’EM UP” New York Times, August 6, May 27, 1905.
57 “LAST REPORTED AS RUNNING” and “A LURKING CAT” New York Times, June 9, 1911, November 24, 1905; Turner, “Tammany’s Control of New York,” 125.
58 MEMBERS OF THE MORELLO FAMILY and INTERNATIONAL LONGSHOREMEN’S New York Times, September 20, 1912; Virgil W. Peterson, The Mob, 111; Craig Thompson and Allen Raymond, Gang Rule in New York, 361.
1 TAMMANY PROTECTORS New York Times, June 20, 1909.
2 “CONDUCTED HIMSELF ADMIRABLY” and “ONE OF HIS INTELLIGENCE” The Sun, June 20, 1909.
3 “SOME INTERNAL TROUBLE” and “OH, I’VE BEEN” New York Times, September 16, 1909, June 21, October 8, 1910; New York Herald, October 8, 1910.
4 “THE WILD AND WOOLY” and “A NAPOLEON RETURNED FROM ELBA” New York Times, September 16, 1909, October 8, 22, 1910; New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
5–6 “STONE BROKE” and “MOST OF HIS OLD MOB” F. Raymond Daniell, “The Big Business of the Racketeer”; New York Times, June 21, 1909.
7 A “LOBBYGOW” and “HE WON’T WANT TO SHOW” A Review of the World 5 (May 2, 1911):20–21; John R. Chamberlain, “Gangsters Have Lost Their Last Big Name”; New York Times, October 30, 1927.
8 “CARVE GUYS UP” Jay Maeder, Big Town Biography, 27; Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P311768, 112.
9 MANY OF MONK’S and BREAK THE BACK Chamberlain, “Gangsters Have Lost”; New York Times, October 30, 1927; Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 306.
10 AN OLD MAN and USING OPIUM Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America, 36; New York Times, June 9, 1912; The Sun, December 27, 1920.
11 “A SEETHING REALM,” AN ESTIMATED NINE THOUSAND, and GROWN TO TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND Ronald Sanders, The Lower East Side Jews, 43; Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 71; Luc Sante, Low Life, 137.
12 THE KNOWLEDGE THAT The Sun, December 27, 1920.
13 A “WIDE-OPEN TOWN” and “A COMBINATION OF INTERESTS” Quoted in Virgil W. Peterson, The Mob, 103; William McAdoo, Guarding a Great City, 52.
14 “I WAS HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT” Theodore A. Bingham, “The Organized Criminals of New York,” 62.
15 “COMMON PATROLMEN” and “SENT TO DO CAPTAIN’S WORK” New York Times, April 20, 1907.
16 “PERMIT THE POLICE TO CLUB” Herbert Asbury, “Gangland USA,” 16; New York Times, September 20, 1912.
17 “REAL BAD CROOKS” Cornelius Willemse, Behind the Green Lights, 30.
18 THE NOTORIOUS GOPHERS Asbury, The Gangs of New York, 235; New York Times, September 30, 1934.
19 ELDRIDGE STREET STATION New York Times, June 21, 1909.
20 MARRIED FOR THE SECOND TIME State of New York, Certificate and Record of Marriage 4106.
21 THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT and A PERNICIOUS SUBSTANCE Peter Kwong, The New Chinatown, 13–14; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham, 1,130.
22 THE TRIGGER FOR THE VIOLENCE New York Times, June 9, 6, July 24, 1912.
23 SPURRED TO ACTION New York Herald, July 24, 1912.
24 BIG TIM COMPLAINED THAT New York Times, July 24, 1912.
25 THE “KEHILLAH” Abraham H. Shoenfeld papers, P311758, 3.
26–27 LOST $700,000, “ABSOLUTELY DOMINATED BY,” and THE CROWD OF SEVENTY-FIVE THOUSAND New York Times, September 20, 1912; Daniel Czitrom, “Underworld and Underdogs,” 557; New York Sun, September 16, 1913.
28 ROSENTHAL’S KILLING See Mike Dash, Satan’s Circus, for a vivid and comprehensive account of the Becker affair.
29 “NEW YORK CITY HAD EMERGED” Leo Katcher, The Big Bankroll, 95; Report of the Citizens Committee appointed at the Cooper Union meeting, August 12, 1913, 6–7, quoted in Gustavus Myers, History of Tammany Hall, 358–359.
30 BLACKWELL’S ISLAND, STAY AWAY FROM NEW YORK and DRIVEN OUT OF TOWN Annotation, Sing Sing Admission Register, New York State Archives, B0143, page 157, vol. 36, box 14; Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919; New York Times, December 27, 1920; The Argus (Albany), May 18, 1915.
31 “REPRESENTING” THE EMPLOYERS New York Times, January 4, 1921.
32 MAKING HOT TRACKS The Argus (Albany), May 9, 1919.
33 AT LEAST FIFTEEN THOUSAND New York Times, May 18, 1915.
34–35 “WELL, IF IT ISN’T MONK,” “KNOWN TO THE POLICE IN THIS CITY,” and “WELL, YOU HAVE THE SILVER” Ibid.; The Argus (Albany), May 18, 1915.
36 MARY WILLIAMS The Argus (Albany), May 18, 1915.
37 “COMPLETE YEGG” The Argus (Albany), May 18, 21, 1915.
38 “DO RIGHT HIMSELF” The Argus (Albany), May 18, 20, 1915.
39 REFORM and NEVER AGAIN and NUMBER 12,151 New York Times, July 2, 1915; Physician’s Register, Clinton Prison, B0100, New York State Archives.
40 “THE ETHIC OF RAW” Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster, 87.
41 313,000 New York Bureau of Jewish Social Research, Jewish Communal Survey of Greater New York, 3–7, quoted in Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster, 87.
42 “TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT OF BROOKLYN” and SEPTEMBER 21, 1917 Colonel Frank H. Norton to Postmaster, April 13, 1917, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment, [NM-93] 2133 box 1642, NARA; Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808.
43–44 DEDUCTED FOUR YEARS and “SHOWED THAT THE QUALITY OF PATRIOTISM” New York Sun, May 9, 1919; Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808.
1 CHILE, DENMARK Gary Mead, The Doughboys, 13.
2 A COLLECTION OF REASONS and “I NEVER DID ANYTHING WORTHWHILE” Trench and Camp, November 1917.
3 “POP” and SERIAL NUMBER Gas Attack, March 1918; Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808.
4 106TH INFANTRY The designation was changed from the old 23rd Regiment to the 106th Infantry on October 31, 1917; 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
5 “EVER SINCE CHILDHOOD” Physical Examination for Enlistment, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 53rd Brigade [NM-91] 254, box 369, NARA.
6 13 UNION AVENUE and ALMOST ALL OF THE RECRUITS B1357, NY Bonus Card 235, NY State Archives, Albany; List of Occupations, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1638, NARA.
7 “SLIGHT, SOLDIERLY” and “TRAINED DEPENDABILITY” Trench and Camp, March 1919; New York Times, September 11, 1917, December 15, 1918.
8 “SPY FEVER” and “TO BRING TO ITS MEMBERS” New York Times, February 15, 1917, April 8, 11, 1917; Washington Post, April 8, 1917; Correspondence of Colonel Frank H. Norton, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; GH Scull, Fifth Deputy Commissioner, City of New York Police Department, to Major General John O’Ryan, April 10, 1917; Tourist Club “Naturfreunde” leaflet; 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 18211942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
9 “THE GATES ON THE WATER WORKS” and 344 TIMES Correspondence of Colonel Frank H. Norton, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
10–11 REPEATEDLY FIRED AT and DISCHARGED ACCIDENTALLY Ibid.; New York Times, February 15, 1917.
12 FIFTY DOLLARS and THE COMMANDING GENERAL COMPLAINED Surgeon, 23rd NY Infantry to Commanding Officer, June 1, 1917, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1640, NARA; Memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel Franklin W. Ward, Adjutant, July 23, 1917, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 53rd Brigade [NM-91] 254, box 369, NARA.
13 “OUR COUNTRY IS IN AN ACTUAL STATE” Adjutant to Organization Commanders, August 9, 1917, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 53rd Brigade [NM-91] 254, box 369, NARA.
14 EQUIVALENT OF 110 PERCENT and “FORTY QUART CANS” O.Q.M. Circular Letter No. 159, July 5, 1917, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 53rd Brigade [NM-91] 254, box 369, NARA; William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 22.
15 ALL PROSTITUTES and “THERE IS A STINKING” http://www.oryansroughnecks.org
16 “WHERE THE SOFT” and CHAIN GANGS Clarke, Over There, 22; New York Times, December 15, 1917.
17 THE TOP OF A WIGWAM Clarke, Over There, 23.
18 “WHILE THE FRENCH” quoted in Gary Mead, The Doughboys, 144.
19 A LIQUOR STILL, WHILE THE REST SLEPT, and “THE WORST I HAVE” Spartanburg Herald, August 9, September 8, 1917; Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 46; Memorandum for Colonel Wood, December 9, 1917, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA; Gas Attack, March 1919, 27; The General Principles Governing the Training of Units of the American Expeditionary Force, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
20 “CHAMPS OF THE FRENCH LEAVE,” THE ENTIRE COST, and “LUNA PARK” Gas Attack, December 8, 1917, March 8, 1919, 27; Headquarters, Coast Defenses of Southern New York, April 18, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1651, NARA.
21 WILLIAM KAUFFMAN and DESERTION IN TIME OF WAR New York Times, November 30, 1917; Adjutant to Commanding Officer, Company H, June 6, 1917, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1651, NARA.
22 COUNTERFEIT CHECKS and HOWEVER, MONK SUBMITTED New York Times, April 8, 1918; New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919.
23 RIGIDLY SEGREGATED, “WITH THEIR NORTHERN IDEAS,” SEVENTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED, and THE “HARLEM HELLFIGHTERS” Memorandum to all Commanding Officers, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1638, NARA; quoted in Stephen L. Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 85; Arthur Little, From Harlem to the Rhine, 52–70; Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 22
24 INTOLERABLY OVERBEARING and “TIGHTEN THE RELATION” Kenneth Gow, Letters of a Soldier, 237; Robert Sutliffe, Seventy-First New York in the World War, 42–43.
25 “FIRST COUSIN TO THE KICK” and “THE KITTEN’S OVERALLS” Gas Attack, November 1917, 3.
26 COLONEL VANDERBILT Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 66.
27 AT 8:30 New York Times, November 20, 1917.
28 “DESPITE THE FACT” and “OCCASIONALLY A MAN STUMBLED” Sergeant Joseph Robins, quoted in Walter G. Andrews, The Story of a Machine Gun Company, 37.
29 “A JADED BARBED-WIRE” Gas Attack, December 15, 1917, 19–20.
30 “THROUGH A FOG” Ibid.
31 HEAVILY CENSORED New York Times November 26, 1917.
32 MONK’S SECOND BATTALION and LACHRYMATOR General Orders No. 4, November 14, 1917, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 53rd Brigade [NM-91] 254, box 370, NARA; 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
33 BOWLING IN ENGLISH CRICKET and MONK HAD A NATURAL Gas Attack, December 15, 1917; From C.O., Co.C, 106th Infantry, to C.O., 1st Battalion, 106th Infantry, July 19, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93], 2133 box 1645, NARA; Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919.
34 WOODEN GUNS 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
35 SIGHT-SETTING and “FLINCH TEST” Ibid., box 6, NARA.
36 PRIVATE FIRST CLASS The New York Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920; Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808.
37 “SHELLS WHISTLED” Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 258–59; Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 101; Gas Attack, December 15, 1917, 6.
38 “NO MAN WAS UNSHAVED” Gas Attack, December 15, 1917, 10.
39 SIXTEEN DEGREES and TWO KINDS OF WATER Memorandum for Colonel Wood, December 9, 1917, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA; Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 92.
40 THE CAMP RUMOR MILL Gas Attack, December 23, 1917.
41 “OFFICERS AND MEN” New York Times, December 16, 1920.
42 “THEY HAVE HAD SIX” New York Times, March 5, 1918.
43 “A GUN ON BOTH HIPS” Interview with Verna Bonner, September 2008; Ronnie C. Tyler, The Big Bend, 149.
44 PHYSICALLY DISQUALIFIED and FLAT FEET Acting Adjutant to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, April 11, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA; Surgeon, 106th Infantry to Commanding General, 27th Division, May 4, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA.
45 “WITH OUR BACKS” Field Marshal Douglas Haig, quoted in http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/backstothewall.htm.
1–2 THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND EMBARKED and “BOTH INSTANTANEOUS” Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, 505, 516; Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 261–62.
3 U.S. NAVY TRANSPORT Manifest USNT President Lincoln, NARA.
4 UNFIT FOR OVERSEAS and “LOUNGING ALONG THE RAIL” HQ 106th Infantry, On Board US Navy Transport, May 8, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry, [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 263.
5 “CERTAIN QUALITIES” and “THERE WERE CONTINUOUSLY” Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919; William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 29.
6 “IN MOST FANTASTIC DESIGNS” Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 264.
7 “THE BOTTOM MAN” and AT NIGHT ALL PORTHOLES Gary Mead, The Doughboys, 104, 144; Clarke, Over There, 28.
8 JUST BEFORE DAWN Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 266.
9 PRICE ON THEIR HEADS Ibid., 265.
10 A STAND-TO Ibid., 269.
11 “EMERALD-GREEN” Quoted in Stephen L. Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 105.
12 TORPEDOED AND SUNK and USS COVINGTON: Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, 511; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 271.
13 231 MEN Special Orders, No. 140, Headquarters Base Section No. 5, May 24, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1645, NARA.
14 THERE WERE NO YOUNG MEN Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; diary of Major General Hugh Drum, quoted in Mead, The Doughboys, 100.
15 40 HOMMES and IN GROUPS OF FORTY Clarke, Over There, 32; Leslie W. Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 3; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 271–72.
16 THE COMMANDING OFFICER and “WE LAY LIKE SARDINES” Superintendent ATS to CO, 106th Infantry, May 27, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1645, NARA; Clarke, Over There, 32.
17 “CHECKERBOARD FIELDS” Clarke, Over There, 32.
18 HE WAS SO OBSESSED and “EXTREMELY PAINFUL” Donald Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies, 14; Mead, The Doughboys, 114; cf. also Adjutant to all Commanding Officers, June 27, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA; Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 56.
19–20 MAJOR RANSOM H. GILLET and WITHOUT FOOD OR WATER Major Ransom H. Gillet to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, June 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
1 “APPEARED TO ENJOY” and “ALL STANDING” Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 272; Stephen L. Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 112.
2 “THE HOT IRISH” William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 33.
3 FORCED TO SUBSIST John S. D. Eisenhower, Foreword to Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, xi.
4 MOST MEN DISCARDED SOME Clarke, Over There, 33.
5 A THOUSAND HIGH-EXPLOSIVE 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
6 “IF YOU DIDN’T GET” Clarke, Over There, 36.
7–8 GAMACHES-MOUTIERES and A MERE SKELETON War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, June 16–17, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Station List of Unit, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files, [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 272.
9 “MY GOD,” BIG TALK, and “CARRIED LEATHER” John Bessette, Lecture at York St. John’s University, January 19, 2008; diary of Robert Cude, quoted in Mitchell Yockelson, “Brothers-in-Arms,” 87, 7.
10 NO AGGRESSIVE SPIRIT Lieutenant William S. Conrow, 102nd Engineers, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
11 “PROFOUND IGNORANCE” and “THEIR DEAD” Gary Mead, The Doughboys, 173, 180.
12 ESTIMATED FORTY THOUSAND John Ellis, Eye Deep in Hell, 181.
13–14 ALWAYS EASTWARD, “EVERY KIND OF HAYMOW,” and 9:30 P.M. CURFEW Commanding Officer to Commanding General, June 27, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1632, NARA; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, June 21–24, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Leslie W. Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 4.
15 ENEMY AIR RAIDS and STOPPED FOR LUNCH War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, June 27, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 4; U.S. Army Field Message, CO 53 Infantry Brigade to CO 106th Infantry, June 29, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA.
16 SHORTCOMINGS OF ITS PLATOON General John O’Ryan, Circular Letter to all Commanding Officers, June 30, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
17 AS REQUIRED BY MILITARY and “BETWEEN TEN MINUTES” The General Principles Governing the Training of Units of the American Expeditionary Force, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA; General John O’Ryan, Circular Letter to all Commanding Officers, June 30, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
18 “MYSTERIOUS, UNCANNY” Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 275–76.
19 “THESE SOLDIERS WERE SILENT” Clarke, Over There, 38.
20 LEDERZEELE War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, July 3, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808.
21 AS THEY DIVED Maurice J. Swetland and Lilli Swetland, These Men, 127.
22 FRESH FRUIT, LAY A THICK BELT, and FIRING PITS CO, Company G to CO 106th Infantry, July 20, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1633, NARA; Swetland and Swetland, These Men, 127; Confidential Memorandum, Headquarters 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
23 SYSTEM OF DEFENSES Clarke, Over There, 44; Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 4.
24 RAISING AND LOWERING Clarke, Over There, 60, 41–42.
25 FIVE HUNDRED YARDS WERE SET BETWEEN Field Order No. 33, August 20, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—53rd Brigade [NM-91] 1241, box 7, NARA; Clarke, Over There, 45.
26 “THAT METAL-BEATEN” and “FLAT, SAWED-OFF” John F. O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division: New York’s Own, 22–23; Clarke, Over There, 41–42.
27 “SANK TO THE GROUND” Clarke, Over There, 65.
28 THE MEN WERE WARNED General Orders No. 73, August 26, 1918, General Orders No. 75, August 28, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
29 “A PECULIAR PLOPPING” Clarke, Over There, 45.
30 SAINT-MARTIN-AU-LAëRT and NO OFFICER OR ENLISTED War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, July 14, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; General Orders No. 88, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1653, NARA.
31 SERIES OF DEFECTS and THE AMERICAN CHIEF GAS Secret Bulletin No. 5, Headquarters, 27th Division, August 19, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA; Chief Gas Officer to Asst. C. of S., G-3, France, July 28, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
32 “A LONG TRAIL” and “AN HONEST-TO-GOD” New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919; The New York Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920.
1 “OVER DISMAL WASTES” Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 279; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, July 23, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), AEF General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
2 ISADORE COHEN and HALLEBAST CORNER William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 52; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, July 30, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
3 “LOOMING UP” and IN CASE ANY AMERICAN Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; Field Orders, No. 4, July 21, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—53rd Brigade [NM-91] 1241, box 7, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 277.
4–5 “ACTION EAST POP” and “STOOD STOCK-STILL” War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, August 2, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Clarke, Over There, 52.
6 “THEY DO NOT TURN” 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
7 “ALL MEN SHOULD” Ibid.
8 “COMPELLED TO URINATE” Necessary Personnel, Functions and Duties, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1634, NARA.
9 BAGS OR BURLAP, THE SAPS WERE BARELY, and “I SHOOK, I TREMBLED” Confidential Memorandum, Headquarters 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Clarke, Over There, 55, 56, 65.
10 RIFLES WERE NOT CLEANED Adjutant to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 12, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1643, NARA.
11 A BATTALION COMMANDER, PRIVATE JOHN FOSTER, and “THE MOST DANGEROUS PLACES” Commanding Officer, 1st Battalion, 106th Infantry, to C.O. 106th Infantry, August 4, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1646, NARA; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, August 10, 4, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; General Orders No. 75, August 28, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
12 “THE GANGSTER,” “THE TOUGHEST GANG,” PRAISED BY HIS COMMANDER, and “WHEN HIS COMRADES” Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York, xvi; New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919, December 27, 1920.
13 BRITISH MEDICAL PERSONNEL Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, 131.
14 “HOW FAR ABOVE” Gas Attack, December 15, 1917, 19—20; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, August 10, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
15 “UNTIL WE COULD FEEL” Clarke, Over There, 57.
16 THE HOTTEST SECTION and EVERY GIRL IN THE ESTAMINETS New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919; lecture by Captain Stead, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, August 12, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
17 ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT and DEFECTIVE IN MAP-READING John Walker, Official History of the 120th Infantry, 13; Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 88.
18 PERENNIAL COMPLAINTS and “SMARTNESS IN DRESS” Questionnaire, 106th Infantry, 2nd Battalion, July 26, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
19 “EVIDENCE PLAINLY” Commanding Officer, 3rd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Lieutenant Colonel J. M. Wainwright, Inspector General, 27th Division, August 11, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93], 2133 box 1642, NARA.
20 “LOSSES WILL RESULT” Bulletin No. 41, June 14, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 280.
21 REAL LEADERS Bulletin No. 41, June 14, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA; Special Orders No. 232, Headquarters 106th Infantry, August 21, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1653, NARA.
22 MONK REFUSED TO LEAVE New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919; The World, March 27, April 9, 1919.
23 “YOUSE GET THIS” Herbert Asbury, letter to his brother, quoted by Frances Carle (Asbury), http://herbertasbury.comlbillthebutcher/eastman.asp.
24 CORPORAL JOHN A. KIERNAN and MICMAC AND HECLA New York Times, December 15, 1918; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, August 22, 23, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 9, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
25 “THIS GOD-FORSAKEN” Clarke, Over There, 55; J. Leslie Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 1.
26 MUSTARD GAS and THOMAS F. FLOOD Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 9, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; Missing in Action/Wounded Notices 1918, Brooklyn Standard Union October—December 1918.
27 SPRINKLED WITH CHLORIDE Joseph L. Gillmann, handwritten report, August 27, 1918; Reg. Gas Officer to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, August 28, 1918; 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1645, NARA.
28 BRITISH VETERANS WERE Leslie W. Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 4.
29 “PRINCIPLES AND METHODS” and “APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN CHAINED” Stanley H. Ford, Lieutenant Colonel, G.S., Chief of Staff, June 26, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA; Confidential Memorandum, Headquarters 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
1 “MURKY SHEET” and ESQUELLEC Stephen L. Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 170; Maurice J. Swetland and Lilli Swetland, These Men, 134.
2 “TONIGHT WE ARE MORE” Private Angelo Ferraro, quoted in New York Times, March 23, 1919.
3 THEY WERE TOLD 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
4 MACAW TRENCH C.O., Company I, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 7, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, Box 75, NARA.
5 DESTROYED STORES New York Times, September 5, 1918.
6 A PRISONER and MACHINE-GUN NESTS Orders No. 3, August 31, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 7, NARA; Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 7, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
7 VIERSTRAAT SWITCH and INFLICTED FAR MORE Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 9, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; Leslie W. Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 4.
8 GREAT CONFUSION Swetland and Swetland, These Men, 136; Commanding General, 53rd Infantry Brigade, to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 10, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 75, NARA.
9 “ENTIRELY LOST CONTROL” Commanding General, 53rd Infantry Brigade, to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 10, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 75, NARA.
10 “WORN OUT” Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 7, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
11 “SORTED OUT” C.O., Company H, 106th Infantry, to C.O., 106th Infantry, September 6, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
12 THE FOLLY Ibid.
13–14 THE REGIMENTAL COMMANDER and WITH THOROUGH ARTILLERY Commanding Officer, 3rd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 7, 1918; Commanding General, 53rd Infantry Brigade, to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 10, 1918; 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 75, NARA; C.O., Company H, 106th Infantry, to C.O., 106th Infantry, September 6, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
15 PURGATORY—NORTHERN BRICKSTACK C.O., Company H, 106th Infantry, to C.O., 106th Infantry, September 6, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
16 “THE RATTLE OF THE GANG” New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919.
17 ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919.
18 “A SHARP PAIN” Corporal James Toole, quoted in Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 173.
19 THE BLIZZARD OF SHELLS C.O., Company I, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 7, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 75, NARA.
20 MONK CRAWLED TO A DUGOUT and “ ‘THE MONK’ WAS WOUNDED” The New York Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920; Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919.
21 “THE COMMAND I TOOK” Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 7, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
22 A ONE-FOOT SLAB Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 4, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA.
23 PREPARE THE DEAD Necessary Personnel, Functions and Duties, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1634, NARA.
24 “HOW TO UTILIZE” Major General Hamann, quoted in Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 109.
25 “PROFESSIONALLY UNFITTED” and “STUDIOUS AND TAKES” Adjutant to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, June 12, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1634, NARA; Headquarters, 106th Infantry, October 6, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1634, NARA; Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, June 13, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1634, NARA; Headquarters, 106th Infantry, June 7, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—106th Infantry [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
26 MONK WOULD HAVE EMPATHIZED New York Times, December 15, 1918; Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919.
27 HAD SAID NOTHING and THE TREATMENT REQUIRED Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919; 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
28 MONK HAD OTHER PLANS and “WANTING TO BE IN ON” Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919; Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919.
29 A SALVAGE DUMP and WHEN THE 106TH INFANTRY WENT Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919.
1–2 DURING THE NIGHT OF and SHOVEL OUT THE MANURE William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 73; Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Town Major, Doullens, September 6, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry, [NM-93], box 16343, NARA.
3 “THERE WERE PRIOR TENANTS” Clarke, Over There, 73.
4 GENERAL READ G-I, GHQ, American EF, C of S-1 14, September 7, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
5 “IN BILLETS AT TIME” Commanding General, 53rd Brigade, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, September 12, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1636, NARA.
6 MISBEHAVIOR BEFORE and “DEATH OR SUCH OTHER” Commanding General, 53rd Brigade, to Commanding Officer, 105th Infantry, 106th Infantry, September 10, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA; Articles of War, http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/AW-1912-1920.html.
7 “IN A VERY NASTY” Statement of Evidence, Sergeant Clarke C. Macpherson, 102nd Military Police, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1638, NARA.
8 “THE SELLERS OF STRONG DRINK” Statement, John S. Warne, British YMCA HQ, Doullens, September 19, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1638, NARA.
9 DEPLETED OR NOT and A MISSION OF GREAT Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, September 17, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1640, NARA; John F. O’Ryan, Story of the 27th Division, 243.
10 TOLD TO GET ALL and “A POOR WAIF” John H. Eggers, 27th Division, 9; New York Times, December 28, 1920.
11 THE 15 OFFICERS and 635 MEN Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, September 23, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
12 FORTY-EIGHT BOXCARS, “LIKE MICROSCOPIC PICTURES,” and “JUST HEAPS” Orders No. 92, September 21, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA; Orders No. 22, September 22, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—106th Infantry [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA; Tristram Tupper, New York Evening Post, March 25, 1919; Kenneth Gow, Letters of a Soldier, 387.
13 PÉRONNE and THE GERMANS CUT DOWN Clarke, Over There, 75; Sir Frederick Maurice, The Last Four Months, 128.
14 WARNED NOT TO TOUCH Maurice J. Swetland and Lilli Swetland, These Men, 143; Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43.
15 FACING THEM WERE and “STUCK FULL” John F. O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division: New York’s Own, 24; Trench and Camp, March 1919.
16 “TO A DEPTH” Trench and Camp, March 1919.
17 “IN SHORT, ONE REGIMENT” Swetland and Swetland, These Men, 151. 212 THE OCCUPATION OF Eggers, 27th Division, 7.
18 “THE MEN MUST GO” and “WHETHER THEY DO” Ibid., 7–9.
19 “SURRENDER HIS POSITION” Clarke, Over There, 37.
20 “NOISE SUCH AS NO MORTAL” and “COULD NOT PASS” Private Angelo Ferraro, quoted in New York Times, March 23, 1919; A Short History of the 106th Infantry, 4.
1 “MURMURED IN LOW” Trench and Camp, March 1919; Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 18211942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
2 “THE MOMENTARY CONFUSION” History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA; Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
3 SUCCESS FLARES Maurice J. Swetland and Lilli Swetland, These Men, 152; Field Order No. 47, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA; John F. O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, New York’s Own, 28.
4 “THE HEAVIEST HAIL,” “ALL ALONG THE FRONT,” and “TWANGS AND
5 WHINES” O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 37; Franklin Ward, Between the Big Parades, 123; Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 292.
6 “MINEOLA!” and “SO DENSE THAT A COMPASS” John H. Eggers, 27th Division, 5; Commanding Officer, 105th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
7 “THE SICKENING, WHIRRING” and “JUMPED OFF ON TIME” Eggers, The 27th Division, 5; Summary of the Operations of the 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA.
8 “ALL THE STRENGTH” and “RUSHING FORWARD” J. Leslie Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 2–3; New York Times, March 2, 1919; Trench and Camp, March 1919.
9 “WHEN THE TIME TO CHARGE” New York Times, October 13, 1918; Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
10 CARNAGE and GETTYSBURG Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Eggers, 27th Division, 10; Frederick Palmer, quoted in Mitchell Yockelson, “Brothers-in-Arms,” 9.
11 A DISGRUNTLED OFFICER Commanding Officer, 105th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
12–13 MONK SET AN INSPIRING LEAD and THE CONCUSSION WAS Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919; The Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920; Missing in Action/Wounded Notices 1918, Brooklyn Standard Union, October—December 1918.
14 “DON’T LET ANYONE” Major Raphael A. Egan, quoted in O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 14.
15 “GUILLEMONT FARM” and TORN OUT O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 26; Commanding General to Commander-in-Chief, American EF, December 15, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
16 “STUMBLING, GROPING” History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
17 THE FIGHTING WAS MOST Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 2–3.
18 GUILLEMONT FARM AND CEMETERY and TOO WEAK TO ADVANCE Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA; Swetland and Swetland, These Men, 162.
19 “EVERYBODY THOUGHT” Quoted in Stephen L. Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 216.
20–21 AT NO TIME and OBSCURE OR NOT CLEAR Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; Major General John F. O’Ryan, Operations Report, 27th Division, A.E.F., May 29–September 22, 1918, folder 5, entry 270, RG 120, NARA.
22 WHEN GENERAL O’RYAN Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; 27th Division, Summary of Operations in the World War, 18.
23 CATEGORICALLY STATED and “THICK AS FLIES” Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 2–3; General O’Ryan, quoted in New York Times, April 11, 1919.
24–25 TWENTY-FIVE OR THIRTY and MINIMAL GROUND Swetland and Swetland, These Men, 162; 54th Brigade, Unit History, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 7, NARA.
26 “NO MAN MUST,” “THE SUPREME RULE,” and “AN OFFER TO SURRENDER” Major General John F. O’Ryan, Operations Report, May 29–September 22, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 270, box 5, NARA; Eggers, 27th Division, 9; Secret Bulletin No. 6, Headquarters 27th Division, August 26, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
27 QUARTERED IN “ELEPHANT HUTS,” “PROUD TO THINK,” and CERTAINLY IT WAS TRUE War Diary, 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, September 28, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; Summary of the Operations of the 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
28 GENERAL MONASH Mitchell Yockelson, “Brothers-in-Arms,” 10; Field Notes, Action of 27th Division Against that Portion of the Line near Bony, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA.
29 INFILTRATION and “ADVANCE BY WAVES” GHQ, A.E.F., France, May 23, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA; Stanley H. Ford, Lieutenant Colonel, G.S., Chief of Staff, June 26, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
30 “AN EXTRAORDINARY FEAT” and “FOUGHT LIKE WILDCATS” General John F. O’Ryan, letter to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, October 22, 1918, quoted in Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 302; General O’Ryan, quoted in New York Times, April 11, 1919. 224 “TIRED, SPATTERED” and LOSSES Eggers, 27th Division, 12; Operations Report of the 27th Division, September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 270, box 3, NARA. (Some of the losses may have been double-counted after initially being listed as missing in action.)
31–32 “THE END OF THE WORLD” and “A SORT OF SACRIFICE” Private Angelo Ferraro, quoted in New York Times, March 23, 1919; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
1 “THEY WERE QUIET” John F. O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division: New York’s Own, 14.
2 A PROVISIONAL BATTALION 27th Division, Summary of Operations in the World War, 1; Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43.
3 “EVERY OFFICER AND MAN” and “THE COMPLETE ANNIHILATION” Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 295–96.
4 “THIS POSITION WILL BE HELD” New York Times, March 7, 1919.
5 THREE DEEP TRENCHES J. Leslie Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 3; Stars and Stripes, May 9, 1919.
6 THE ALLIED STAFFS O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 24.
7 MOVED OUT AT MIDNIGHT and “A PYROTECHNIC DISPLAY” H. G. Rosboro, 1st Lieutenant, 106th Infantry, October 5, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 297–298.
8 “A LITTLE OF IT” and THE MOST TERRIFYING Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 297–98; Mitchell Yockelson, “Brothers-in Arms,” 10; William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 52; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
9 REFUSED BY THE BRITISH and A HUNDRED YARDS: Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Summary of the Operations of the 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA.
10 TWENTY-FIVE YARDS and A SURPRISE Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Elliott Schoen, History of the 107th US Infantry; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
11 MILLIONS OF MACHINE-GUN and HEAVY CASUALTIES Trench and Camp, March 1919; Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
12 NINE TANKS and WHO WERE INDEED STILL HOLDING A Short History of the 106th Infantry, 4–5; Leslie W. Rowland, The 27th Division Crashes Through, 5; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 299.
13 MAJOR GILLET Franklin Ward, Between the Big Parades, 140; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 298; Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
14 GOUGED OUT HIS, “MURDER, HELL-TO-BREAKFAST,” and A HUMAN CHAIN Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 298–99; Ward, Between the Big Parades, 136; Stephen L. Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 275, 289; Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
15 “THICKER THAN FLIES” and “A SLAUGHTER” Harris, Duty, Honor, Privilege, 281; Norman Stone, quoted in Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 172.
16 ORDERS BEFORE THE BATTLE John H. Eggers, 27th Division, 25; Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 4.
17 A LIAISON OFFICER and EVACUATED BY STRETCHER Trench and Camp, March 1919; Commanding Officer, 105th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
18 THEY WERE FIRED EVERY A Short History of the 106th Infantry, 10.
19 ON HIS HANDS AND KNEES, SHEARED FROM HIS BACK, and “THESE INCIDENTS” Lieutenant J. A. Kerrigan, Company G, 106th Infantry, quoted in Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; New York Daily Tribune, April 2, 1919; Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919.
20 “GOT ALL THE HELL,” “STILL AS WINE CAVES,” and “THE HINDENBURG TUNNEL” A Short History of the 106th Infantry, 11; Trench and Camp, March 1919; Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 4; Eggers, 27th Division, 27.
21 “IN ACTION THROUGHOUT” and THE COOKS, ORDERLIES Lieutenant J. A. Kerrigan, Company G, 106th Infantry, quoted in Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 39; Trench and Camp, March 1919.
22 “BROKEN IN BODY” Kincaid, “The 27th New York’s Guard Division,” 4.
1 “AN ODOR” and “HUMAN VULTURES” Franklin Ward, Between the Big Parades, 148–49.
2 “IT IS FIRST DEPRESSING” John F. O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division: New York’s Own, 18.
3 A CRITICAL AUSTRALIAN REPORT Summary of Operations, September 29, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Commanding Officer to Commanding General, 27th Division, October 3, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1643, NARA.
4 “MERE SKELETON” John Bowman letters, AMHI; Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 299; Colonel Franklin W. Ward, 106th Infantry, enclosure in Commanding Officer to Statistical Officer, 27th Division, October 12, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1632, NARA.
5 AS A TRIBUTE and CORPORAL PORTER Orders No. 50, 27th Division, August 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 4, NARA; Missing in Action/Wounded Notices 1918, Brooklyn Standard Union, October–December 1918.
6 DOG TAGS Orders No. 50, 27th Division, August 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 4, NARA.
7 NO KNOWN GRAVE See the author’s Unknown Soldiers for the story of the “unknown dead” of the Great War.
8 BURY ALL SOLDIERS Orders No. 50, 27th Division, August 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 4, NARA.
9 TINCOURT Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 308–9; Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43.
10 UNBURIED REMAINS and ONE DESTROYED MACHINE-GUN POST Field Notes, Action of 27th Division Against that Portion of the Line near Bony, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 309–10; Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 187.
11 MOVE AT ONCE Field Orders No. 58 and 59, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA; History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
12 NINE HOURS and “SOME SINISTER AGENCY” War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, October 12, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Trench and Camp, March 1919.
13 TWO TEASPOONSFUL A6/JFG, October 16, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—106th Infantry [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
14 A HIGH-EXPLOSIVE SHELL History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
15 DEEP HOLES Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
16 SERIOUS OBSTACLE History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA; Field Notes, Action of 27th Division at and near St. Souplet, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA.
17 COMPASS BEARINGS and JUST WEST War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, October 17, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries, [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Secret Field Orders No. 18, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 7, NARA.
18 LOST THEIR WAY and LAY BLOCKING Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 318.
19 SLIDING DOWN THE Summary of the Operations of the 27th Division, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 315–17.
20–21 FORMIDABLE OBSTACLE and MARCHED THEIR CAPTIVES Field Notes, Action of 27th Division at and near St. Souplet, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 2, NARA; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 317.
22 FULFILLING THE PROPHECY Memorandum for Brigade Commanders, October 15, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
23 WAS ABOUT TO SHOOT The Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920.
24 UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES New York Times, December 15, 1918, March 7, 1919; Memorandum for Brigade Commanders, October 15, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA.
25 “ONE OF THOSE UNFORTUNATE” History of Company M, 105th Infantry, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
26 DESPERATELY SEEKING Ibid.
27 NO MORE THAN 850 and AGAIN BEEN HIT Operations Report of the 27th Division, A.E.F., covering the period September 23 to October 1, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 3, NARA; 13721–83, Abstracts of National Guard Service, box 14, vol. 43.
28 A BITTER ADVANCE ATTACK and “BEGGED TO BE” Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 320–22.
29 “THE PRETTIEST FIGHT” New York Times, March 7, 1919; War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, October 19, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
1 “THE COLUMN MOVED” Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43.
2 “ROADBED AND RAILS” Ibid., Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 328–29.
3 BUSSY-LÈS-DAOURS Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, October 25, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
4 “FRIDAY’S CASUALTY LIST” Alpine Avalanche (Texas), October 24, 1918.
5 A RECESSION BEGINNING J. P. Morgan, quoted in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 353; Sarah Bradford Landau and Carl W. Condit, Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 279; Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 341.
6–7 GASOLINE-POWERED TRACTORS, “WHEATLESS MONDAYS,” and “VICTORY MENUS” David M. Kennedy, A Freedom from Fear, 17; Elmira Herald, October 27, November 10, 1917.
8 “WHAT WE NEED TO WIN” http://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/tobacco/history2.htm#1.
9 “NEVER EMBARKED ON” Gary Mead, The Doughboys, 361.
10 “FORGET THERE EVER” H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 11.
11 “WE WILL PRUSSIANIZE” Max Eastman, quoted in Mead, The Doughboys, 362.
12 SPIRIT OF ’76 and FORTY-FIVE MENNONITES Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War, 134.
13 “IT IS SAFE TO SAY” Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 360.
14–15 27TH DIVISION MEMORIAL REVIEW and “THE HIGHER MILITARY IDEALS” War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, November 10, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; General Orders No. 94, November 5, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
16 “SO SLOW” and WHILE ITS COMMANDER Private William F. Clarke, quoted in James Hallas, Doughboy War, 311; Maurice J. Swetland and Lilli Swetland, These Men, 296.
17 “THE HONOR OF BEING” Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43.
18 “IT WAS UNDOUBTEDLY” Commanding General to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, October 22, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1634, NARA.
19 MONK HAD FOUGHT Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808; New York Daily Tribune, May 9, 1919.
20 THE CITATIONS AMONG See, for example, Headquarters, 106th Infantry, October 6, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1634, NARA.
21 “BETWEEN BATTALION HEADQUARTERS” Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, January 30, 1919, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1636, NARA.
22 27TH DIVISION’S LOSSES Trench and Camp, March 1919; Commemorative plaque erected in Brooklyn by the Brooklyn City Guard Association, 1924; Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, to Commanding General, 53rd Infantry Brigade, October 27, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1646, NARA; Statistical Section, Headquarters, 27th Division, memorandum to G-3, II Corps, December 15, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—106th Infantry [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
23 “TERMINATED THE WORLD’S” New York Times, March 7, 1919.
24 WHY HE WASN’T CELEBRATING Mitchell Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers, 211–12.
25 “I REJOICE TO THINK” Field Marshal Douglas Haig, to the General Commanding Officer and the officers, noncommissioned officers, and enlisted men of the 27th Division, February 12, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
26 “BEING AMERICANS” John F. O’Ryan, Major General Commanding, to Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, February 18, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
27 MOST DOUGHBOYS NEVER Mead, The Doughboys, 74.
28 PREVENT VANDALISM and LE BREIL Bulletin No. 120, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA; War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, November 28, 29, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA.
29 CONTINUING TO UNDERGO John Bessette, Lecture at York St. John’s University, January 19, 2008; General Orders No. 98, November 11, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
30 ABSENTEEISM and REPORTS THAT ENLISTED Chief of Staff to Commanding General, 27th Division, December 23, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files—106th Infantry [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA; Adjutant General, A.E.F., to Commanding General, 27th Division, November 21, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA; General Orders No. 106, December 28, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1653, NARA; Orders No. 163, February 19, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA.
31–32 “OWING TO CHANGED CONDITIONS” and “NOT ENOUGH ATTENTION” Memorandum by command of Brigadier General Pierce, November 15, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA; Chief of Staff to Commanding General, 27th Division, December 26, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA.
33 THERE WERE ALSO and EAR CUT OFF Adjutant, 106th U.S. Infantry, to Commandant of the Brigade Gendarmerie of Vibraye, January 26, 1919, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA; Major Scott Button, Major Infantry USA, to the Citizens of Le Breil, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1646, NARA; Memorandum to all Company Commanders, February 4, 1919, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA.
34 REPLACEMENT UNDERWEAR, ONLY TEN MEN, and “INFATUATION WITH” The Surgeon, 3rd Battalion, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, January 18, 1919, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1646, NARA; Memorandum to all Company Commanders, 2nd Battalion, January 18, 1919, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1636, NARA; Commanding Officer, 106th Infantry, to Commanding General, 27th Division, January 19, 1919, 391 United States Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry Regiment [NM-93] 2133, box 1636, NARA.
35–36 THE RUMORS FLEW and INSPECTION AND REVIEW Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment, 334.
37 “THREE MILLION ROUNDS OF CANDY” and HIS GRADE OF ARMY MECHANIC Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 24, 1919; Bulletin No. 121, November 19, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 1, NARA; Abstracts of WWI Military Service, New York State Archives, B0808.
38 GENERAL O’RYAN HAD ASKED, THE “PURPLE cross,” and “AMERICAN HERO” Major General John F. O’Ryan to Colonel F. W. Ward, 106th Infantry, December 16, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA; CO, Company G, 106th Infantry, to CO, 106th Infantry, December 20, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA; “Paris Director in League with Purple Cross (?),” in Embalmers’ Monthly 33, January 1920; “Rid the Profession of Odium That Has Come to It,” in Embalmers’ Monthly 33, February 1920; G. Kurt Piehler, Remembering War the American Way, 94.
39 “MRS. ROOSEVELT AND I” John W. Graham, unpublished paper, “Quentin Roosevelt and the Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages,” quoted in Lisa M. Budreau, Mourning and the Making of a Nation, 4; Captain H. F. Jaeckel, 106th Infantry, to Commanding Officer, Headquarters Company, 106th Infantry, December 28, 1918, 391 United States Regular Army, Mobile Units, 1821–1942, Records of the 106th Infantry [NM-93], box 1638, NARA.
40 RUMORS THAT THE 27TH and INSPECTED FOR VERMIN Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; War Diary of 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry, October 17, 1918, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), A.E.F. General Headquarters, War Diaries [NM-91] 26, box 2694, NARA; Trench and Camp, February 1919; Memorandum to Commanding Officers, January 7, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 5, NARA.
41 “IT WAS NOTHING” New York Times, February 19, 1919.
42 THEY TOOK THEIR FINAL Gas Attack, March 1919, 42–43; War Diary of 106th Infantry, February 24, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
43 THE LEVIATHAN and “TEN HOMING PIGEONS” New York Times, February 16, 1919; Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, 508; William F. Clarke, Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks, 29; The World, March 27, 1919.
1 A FLYING BOAT and MORE THAN FIFTEEN THOUSAND Trench and Camp, 266 March 1919; New York Times, March 7, 1919.
2 “FROM THE MOMENT” and CONEY ISLAND New York Times, March 7, 1919; Trench and Camp, March 1919.
3 GENERAL O’RYAN STOOD John F. O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division: New York’s Own, 6–7; New York Times, March 7, 10, 1919; War Diary of 106th Infantry, March 6, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
4 A LARGE NUMBER OF DOGS, “FIQUE,” and FLEMISH ORPHAN BOY The World, March 25, 1919; New York Times, March 7, 1919; New York Sun, March 7, 1919.
5 ELEVEN HUNDRED MEN ON BOARD New York Times, March 7, 1919; O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 41.
6 LIQUID SOAP New York Times, March 6, 8, February 23, 1919; War Diary of 106th Infantry, February 24, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 9, NARA.
7 EXCLUDING THEIR HAND GRENADES and CARPENTERS OF THE TODD New York Times, March 22, 25, 1919; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 24, 1919; The World, March 23, 24, 1919.
8 THE “WILD MEN” New York Times, March 25, 1919.
9 “WITH SET FACES” and “THE STRAIGHT LINES” The World, March 25, 1919; New York Times, March 25, 1919.
10 TWO DOGS AND A YOUNG GOAT The World, March 25, 1919; O’Ryan, History of the 27th Division, 71; New York Times, March 25, 1919.
11 “THE SPELL OF THE GRIM” and FOOD FIGHT New York Times, 270 March 25, 1919.
12 “GENERAL JOLLIFICATION” The World, March 25, 1919; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 24, 1919; New York Times, March 25, 1919.
13 “THE APPIAN WAY,” “A MODERN FAIRY LAND,” and “MOST PRETENTIOUS” Trench and Camp, March 1919; The World, March 23, 24, 1919; New York Times, March 25, 26, 1919.
14 PRISTINE WHITE SAND Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 25, 1919; New York Times, March 26, 1919.
15 “I FEEL HOW WEAK” New York Times, March 26, 1919.
16 “EVEN THE BEST FRIEND” New York Times, March 25, 1919; The World, March 24, 1919.
17 “BLACK FOR IRON” Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 335.
18 AEROBATICS Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 25, 1919.
19 “THE RESPECT OF THE WORLD” General Orders No. 11, March 15, 1919, 120 Records of the A.E.F. (WWI), Records of the 27th Division, Historical Files [NM-91] 1241, box 6, NARA.
20 REIDAR WALLER The World, March 23, 1919.
21 “MANY PERSONS WIPED” New York Times, March 26, 1919.
22 “YELLS OF ‘HELLO MONK,’ ” “A GOOD PAL,” and MORE THAN A PASSING RESEMBLANCE New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; Trench and Camp, April 8, 1919; The World, March 26, 27, 1919.
23 “THOSE WHO BOUGHT” New York Times, March 26, 1919.
24 O’RYAN WAS NEARLY THROWN Ibid.
25 “PARADE AT ATTENTION” General O’Ryan, quoted in New York Times, April 11, 1919.
26 “THE BOYS DIDN’T LET” and “FORGOT THEY WERE WOUNDED” The World, March 26, 1919; New York Times, March 26, 1919.
27 THE SAME MENU New York Times, March 25, 27, 1919.
28 THE HOTEL MCALPIN and “THE EAST SIDE DELEGATION” New York Times, March 26, 1919; New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; The World, March 27, 1919.
1 CAMP UPTON Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 28, 1919; New York Times, March 27, 1919.
2 MONK’S FORMAL DISCHARGE NYSA 13721–83, Abstracts of National Guard Service, box 14, vol. 43; Trench and Camp, March 1919; Rutherford Ireland, History of the Twenty Third Regiment N.G.S.N.Y., 337; New York Times, April 3, May 2, 1919.
3 TESTIFYING TO New York Times, April 3, 1919.
4 “EASTMAN CAME TO SEE ME” The World, April 9, 1919; New York Times, May 2, 1919.
5 “HIS RECORD,” “EXHIBITING GREAT BRAVERY,” and “UTMOST COURAGE” New York Daily Tribune, May 9, 1919; The World, April 9, 1919; Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919.
6 “A QUIET, DISCIPLINED” and “SHOULD BE REWARDED” New York Times, May 2, 1919; Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919.
7 MONK EASTMAN WINS New York Daily Tribune, April 3, May 9, 1919; B1201–87 box 3, Clemency Records, file number 7, page 91, New York State Archives; New York Times, May 9, 10, April 3, 1919; Albany Times Union, May 8, 1919.
8 “THE FATHER OF THE MODERN GANGSTER” Herbert Asbury, “Gangland USA,” 15.
9 35 PERCENT OF THE WORLD’S and TWO MILLION SOLDIERS Raymond A. Mohl, The Making of Urban America, 97; Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, 505.
10 THE FIGHT TO CONTROL BOOTLEGGING Humbert S. Nelli, The Business of Crime, 172.
11 MEDICINAL WITHDRAWAL PERMITS and GARBAGE SCOWS Craig Thompson and Allen Raymond, Gang Rule in New York, 9, 362.
12 NORTH TARRYTOWN and “IN THE HOMES OF THE PEOPLE” Asbury papers, unpublished manuscripts, box 2.
13 “CURBSIDE MARKETS” and “COULDN’T BE ANY FURTHER” Thompson and Raymond, Gang Rule, 9; New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
14 ON A RAMPAGE and “BOOZE PARTY” New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
15 THERE WERE RUMORS and “WITH NICKEL PLATE” New York Times, November 11, 1923; Ronald Clarke, In the Reign of Rothstein, 1–2.
16 PROFUSE APOLOGIES and “IT’S A GOOD THING” Virgil W. Peterson, The Mob, 131–32; Thompson and Raymond, Gang Rule, 22.
17 “WITHIN A BISCUIT TOSS,” “THE QUIETEST LIFE,” and MOST OF THE DAYLIGHT Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920; New York Times, December 27, 1920.
18 A BOUNCER IN A CRAP JOINT and NEW YORK POLICE WENT New York Times, December 27, 1920; Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920.
19 THE COURT CAFE, “THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY,” and WILLIE LEWIS Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920; Buffalo Evening News, December 27, 1920; New York Times, December 27, 28, 1920.
20 MEMBERS OF HIS OLD GANG and “DO YOU KNOW WHO” New York
21 Times, December 28, 1920; Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 28, 1920; New York Daily Tribune, December 28, 29, 1920.
22 “ALWAYS LIKELY TO BE QUARRELSOME” and “HE CRUMPLED UP” New York Times, December 28, 1920; The Sun, January 3, 1921.
23 A FAINT HEARTBEAT and ONE BULLET New York Times, December 27, 28, 1920; New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; New York Death Certificate 33332.
1 GRAIN ALCOHOL New York World, December 27, 1920.
2 OLD-TIMERS Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920.
3 GOOD SUIT New York Times, December 27, 1920; New York Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
4 “THAT FACT, EVEN MORE” Buffalo Evening News, December 27, 1920; The Evening Telegram, December 26, 1920.
5 “A MAN WAS STANDING” and “IF YOU TRY” New York Times, December 28, 1920; Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920.
6 CHEAP, NICKELED Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920; New York Times, December 27, 1920.
7 “THE MONK WOULDN’T CARRY” The Evening Telegram, December 27, 1920.
8 “THERE IS A NEW KIND OF CRIME” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 29, 1920.
9 JOHN EASTMAN New York Times, December 27, 1920.
10 “AS VAGUE” New York Evening Post, December 27, 1920.
11 $144, “WAS UNDERSTOOD TO HAVE,” and “TIRED OF WOMEN” New York Times, December 27, 28, 1920; Buffalo Evening News, December 27, 1920; New York Daily Tribune, December 28, 1920.
12 “HE WAS A GOOD GUY” and “YOUNG SQUIRT GUNMEN” The Evening Telegram, December 27, 1920; New York Times, December 28, 27, 1920.
13 “ASSOCIATING WITH PROFESSIONAL” and PROFITS FROM DRUG PEDDLING New York Evening Post, December 28, 1920; Chicago Daily Tribune, December 27, 1920; The World, January 5, 1921; New York Evening Post, December 28, 1920.
14 THE NARCOTICS SQUAD and “I AM NOT MONK” New York Times, December 28, 29, 31, 1920, January 4, 1921; Brooklyn Eagle, December 27, 1920.
15 THE POLICE WERE LATER FORCED New York Times, December 28, 1920, January 4, 1921; Buffalo Evening News, December 28, 1920.
16 “WHIPPED BY DRINK” New York Daily Tribune, December 28, 1920.
17 A SECOND VISIT Buffalo Evening News, December 28, 1920.
18 NO SURPRISE IF New York Times, December 28, 1920; New York Daily Tribune, December 28, 1920.
19 “WOULD NOT DENY” New York Times, December 28, 1920; Buffalo Evening News, December 28, 1920.
20 MORRIS POCKETT and “HE REALLY WASN’T” New York Times, December 28, 1920.
21 “MR. EDWARD EASTMAN” Mara Bovsun, “Gangster, Doughboy, Hero,” 36.
22 “I’M SORRY I DIDN’T” New York Times, December 29, 1920; The World, December 27, 1920; The Sun, December 29, 1920.
23 “WHITE ONES FOR DEAD” Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, 46.
24 OUR LOST PAL and “MERE CURIOSITY-SEEKERS” Brooklyn Daily
25 Eagle, December 29, 30, 1920.
26 A CORPS OF DETECTIVES Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 30, 1920.
27 “IT IS NOT MY PROVINCE” New York Daily Tribune, December 31, 1920.
28 ONE ESTIMATE PUT The Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920; New York Times, December 31, 1920.
29 ALTHOUGH IT WAS RUMORED and “MOTHERS WITH LINES” The Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920.
30 “THE CHARACTER OF EASTMAN” Ibid.
31 “NO MATTER HOW BAD” New York Daily Tribune, December 31, 1920; The Evening Telegram, December 30, 1920.
32 “A REFORMED GANGSTER WHO” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 30, 1920.
33 “DID NOT BELIEVE” New York Times, December 29, 1920.
34 “BOTH LEGITIMATE AND” The Sun, January 1, 1921; New York Times, December 31, 1920.
35 “NOT AN ANGRY WORD” New York Times, December 31, 1920.
36 “WE WANT JERRY BOHAN” New York Daily Tribune, January 1, 1921 (in some accounts, the name was spelled “Bohun”).
37 “GOT MUSSY” and GRABBED HIM FROM BEHIND New York Times, January 4, 1921.
38 “THUS THE TWO” New York Times, December 29, 1920, January 4, 1921.
39 “BROODING, WITH HIS HEAD” New York Times, March 20, 27, 1921.
40 IMPRISONED IN THE TOMBS New York Times, March 20, 1921, June 24, 1923.