1. Patrick H. Pearse, “From a Hermitage,” in Political Writings and Speeches (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1952), p. 180.
2. Quoted by John O’Donovan, “Trends in Agriculture,” Studies, vol. XL, no. 160 (December 1951), p. 420.
3. Oliver MacDonagh, Ireland (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), p. 21.
4. “Ireland: Events in the Free State,” Round Table, vol. XX, no. 77 (December 1929), p. 138. The author of the articles which appeared on Ireland in this journal throughout the 1920s was J. J. Horgan, an intelligent supporter of the new administration, whose essays are a useful source for the historian of the period.
5. The best studies of culture and society in this period are to be found in F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (London: Collins, 1971), and Culture and Anarchy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). See also Malcolm Brown, The Politics of Irish Literature (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd, 1972).
6. MacDonagh, Ireland, p. 120.
7. Seán O’Faoláin, in his influential study The Irish (London: Pelican Books, 1947), popularized this thesis.
8. K. H. Connell, Irish Peasant Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), pp. 114–15.
9. See Conrad M. Arensberg and S. T. Kimball, Family and Community in Ireland (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2nd ed. 1968), pp. 140–52.
10. Joseph Lee makes this argument convincingly in his The Modernization of Irish Society, 1848–1918 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), pp. 1–5.
11. A richly detailed study of social and political life in County Clare in the revolutionary period is David Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, 1913–21 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1977).
12. Arensberg and Kimball, Family and Community, p. 129.
13. Ibid., pp. 148–49.
14. Emmet Larkin, “The Devotional Revolution in Ireland, 1850–1875,” in The Historical Dimensions of Irish Catholicism (New York: Arno Press, 1976), p. 645. I am indebted to this stimulating essay for the information on the devotional revolution in this period. See also John A. Murphy, “Priests and People in Modern Irish History,” Christus Rex, vol. XXIII, no. 4 (1969), pp. 235–59.
15. See Jean Blanchard, The Church in Contemporary Ireland (Dublin and London: Clonmore and Reynolds and Burns, Oates and Washborne, 1963), p. 53.
16. Sir Horace Plunkett, Ireland in the New Century (London: John Murray, popular ed., 1905), p. 94.
17. Gerald O’Donovan, Father Ralph (London: Macmillan, 1913), p. 195.
18. Ibid., pp. 256–57.
19. Quoted in Herman J. Heuser, DD, Canon Sheehan of Doneraile (London: Longmans Green, 1907), p. 41.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., p. 127.
22. Ibid., p. 126.
23. Irish Statesman, 14 September 1929, p. 26.
24. Don Boyne, I Remember Maynooth (London: Longmans, Green, 1937), pp. 28–29.
25. Denis Meehan, Window on Maynooth (Dublin: Clonmore and Reynolds, 1949), p. 174.
26. Reported in Catholic Bulletin, vol. XXIII, no. 3 (March 1933), p. 241.
27. Ibid., p. 242.
28. Ibid., p. 243.
29. Full figures on Irish missionary activity in the period are cited in Desmond Fennell, The Changing Face of Catholic Ireland (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1968), pp. 138–42.
30. Rev. Peter Connolly, “The Church in Ireland since the Second Vatican Council,” in Patrick Rafroidi and Pierre Joanon, eds., Ireland at the Crossroads (Lille: Publications de l’Université de Lille III, 1978–79), p. 92.
31. Irish Independent, 27 June 1932.
32. Round Table, vol. XXII, no. 88 (September 1932), p. 767.
33. Cited by J. H. Whyte, Church and State in Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1971), p. 27.
34. Ibid., p. 34.
35. William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions (Dublin: Irish Academic Press [facsimile reprint], 1853), pp. 14–15.
36. Æ, “Rural Clubs and National Life,” Irish Statesman, 13 September 1924, p. 6.
37. Æ, Irish Statesman, 12 January 1924, p. 550.
38. Sean O’Casey, Irish Statesman, 22 December 1923, p. 468.
39. Stephen Gwynn, Irish Statesman, 10 November 1923, p. 278.
40. Æ, “The Liquor Commission,” Irish Statesman, 4 April 1925, p. 105.
41. Harold Speakman, Here’s Ireland (London: Arrowsmith, 1926), pp. 328–29.
1. E. Rumpfand A. C. Hepburn, Nationalism and Socialism in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1977), p. 73. Also helpful on the kinds of support attracted by Irish political parties since independence are Maurice Manning, Irish Political Parties (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1972), and, for a slightly later period, Michael Gallagher, Electoral Support for Irish Political Parties, 1927–1973 (London: Sage Publications, 1976). See also Tom Garvin, “Nationalist Elites, Irish Voters and Irish Political Development,” Economic and Social Review, vol. VIII, no. 3 (April 1977), pp. 161–86.
2. Rumpf and Hepburn, Nationalism and Socialism, p. 75.
3. This statement appeared as part of an advertisement in the Irish Statesman for 15 November 1924, under the words of the dead Arthur Griffith: “People of Ireland, hold fast to the Treaty. It is your economic need; it is your Political Salvation.”
4. D. H. Akenson, A Mirror to Kathleen’s Face: Education in Independent Ireland (Montreal and London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1975), p. 31. I am indebted to chapter 3 of this study.
5. Eoin MacNeill, “Irish Education Policy – I,” Irish Statesman, 17 October 1925, pp. 168–69.
6. Rev. T. Corcoran, SJ, D.Litt., “The Irish Language in the Irish Schools,” Studies, vol. XIV, no. 53 (September 1925), p. 379.
7. Ibid.
8. Maurice O’Connell, History of the Irish National Teachers’ Organisation (Dublin, 1968), pp. 343–44.
9. Corcoran, “The Irish Language,” p. 385.
10. Ibid., p. 384.
11. Michael Tierney, “The Revival of the Irish Language,” Studies, vol. XVI, no. 61 (March 1927), p. 1.
12. Ibid., p. 5.
13. Osborn Bergin, “The Revival of the Irish Language,” Studies, vol. XVI, no. 61 (March 1927), pp. 19–20.
14. Douglas Hyde, “The Necessity for De-Anglicizing Ireland,” delivered before the Irish National Literary Society in Dublin, 25 November 1892, in Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG, Dr. George Sigerson, and Dr. Douglas Hyde, The Revival of Irish Literature (London: T. Fisher-Brown, 1894), pp. 126–27.
15. D. P. Moran, The Philosophy of Irish Ireland (Dublin: James Duffy and M. H. Gill and Son, 1905), p. 37.
16. Ibid., p. 17.
17. Ibid., p. 70.
18. Eoin MacNeill, “Irish Education Policy,” Irish Statesman, 17 October 1925, p. 168.
19. Seán Ó Tuama, “The Gaelic League Idea in the Future,” in Seán Ó Tuama, ed., The Gaelic League Idea (Cork and Dublin: Mercier Press, 1972), p. 99.
20. Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature (Cork: Mercier Press, 5th impression 1966), p. 15.
21. Liam de Paor, “The Twenty-Six-County State,” Irish Times, 8 December 1977, p. 10.
22. Brian Ó Cuiv has made the point that nineteenth-century figures on the Irish language are probably underestimated, since it was not then fashionable to claim knowledge of the language. Figures in the post-independence period, when knowledge of Irish had become more fashionable, probably represent overestimation. Brian Ó Cuiv, “The Gaeltacht – Past and Present,” Irish Dialects and Irish-Speaking Districts (Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies, 1951), pp. 27–d28.
23. Quoted in a supplement to Fáinne an Lae (November 1926), p. 8.
24. Catholic Bulletin, vol. XIV, no. 4 (24 April 1924), p. 269.
25. Daniel Corkery, “Literature and Life,” Irish Statesman, 13 July 1929, p. 372.
26. Corkery, Synge, p. 24.
27. Ibid., p. 26.
28. Moran, Philosophy of Irish Ireland, p. 93.
29. Daniel Corkery, The Hidden Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, new ed. 1967), p. 218.
30. Cited in Michael Adams, Censorship: The Irish Experience (Dublin: Sceptre Books, 1968). To this detailed study I am indebted in this and in subsequent chapters.
31. Richard S. Devane, SJ, “Suggested Tariff on Imported Newspapers and Magazines,” Studies, vol. XVI, no. 64 (December 1927), p. 556.
32. Rev. M. H. MacInerny, OP, Studies, vol. XVI, no. 64 (December 1927), p. 556.
33. Catholic Bulletin, vol. XIV, no. 1 (24 January 1924), p. 6.
34. Seorsamh O’Neill, Irish Statesman, 2 February 1924, p. 648.
35. Lady Gregory’s Journal, edited by Lennox Robinson, contains much amusing material on these events.
36. Cited in Adams, Censorship, p. 46. Gogarty was to spend considerable energy opposing literary censorship and the excesses of the Gaelic revival in subsequent years.
37. Round Table, vol. XX, no. 80 (September 1930), p. 834.
38. Ibid., p. 835.
39. Arland Ussher, The Face and Mind of Ireland (London: Victor Gollancz, 1949), p. 59.
40. Dermot Foley, “A Minstrel Boy with a Satchel of Books,” Irish University Review, vol. IV, no. 2 (Autumn 1974), p. 210.
41. Ibid., p. 21.
1. Ernest Boyd, A Literary History of Ireland (Dublin: Allen Figgis, 3rd ed. 1968), p. 7.
2. P. S. O’Hegarty, Irish Statesman, 27 November 1926, p. 271.
3. Hugh Art O’Grady, Standish James O’Grady: The Man and the Writer (Dublin and Cork: Talbot Press, 1929), p. 67.
4. See Robert E. Kennedy, Jr., The Irish, Emigration, Marriage and Fertility (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 173–205, for a detailed study of the matter.
5. For studies of Irish folk traditions and of Irish rural life, see E. Estyn Evans, Irish Heritage: The Landscape, the People and Their Work (Dundalk: Dundalgan Press, 1943), and Irish Folk Ways (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957, 7th impression 1979); Kevin Danaher, The Year in Ireland (Dublin and Cork: Mercier Press, 1972); and Timothy O’Neill, Life and Tradition in Rural Ireland (London: J. M. Dent, 1977).
6. Much interesting material on Irish social geography can be found in T. W. Freeman, Ireland: A General and Regional Geography (London: Methuen, 4th ed. 1969); F. H. A. Aalen, Man and the Landscape in Ireland (London: Academic Press, 1978); and G. F. Mitchell, The Irish Landscape (London: Collins, 1976). See also Estyn Evans, The Personality of Ireland (London: Cambridge University Press, 1973).
7. Neil Kevin, I Remember Karrigeen (London and Dublin: Burns Oates and Washborne, 1944), pp. viii-ix. The town remembered here is Templemore, County Tipperary. A former garrison town, it would certainly have been highly anglicized but, as such, it merely exhibited in an extreme form a process at work through much of the country.
8. Ibid., p. 41.
9. F. R. Higgins, The Dark Breed (London: Macmillan, 1927), p. 66.
10. John Wilson Foster, “Certain Set Apart: The Western Island in the Irish Renaissance,” Studies, vol. LXVI (Winter 1977), pp. 264–65.
11. Reported in Fáinne an Lae, November 1926, p. 7.
12. Seán O’Faoláin, An Irish Journey (London: Readers Union with Longmans Green, 1941), p. 136.
13. Ibid.
14. “A Holiday in Ireland,” Round Table, vol. XIV, no. 1 (1924), p. 316.
15. R. Lloyd Praeger, Irish Statesman, 12 June 1926, p. 381.
16. Irish Statesman, 5 November 1927, p. 195.
17. For an examination of the Homeric aspects of Ó Criomhthain’s work, as well as in the reminiscences of other Blasket islanders, see J. V. Luce, “Homeric Qualities in the Life and Literature of the Great Blasket Island,” Greece and Rome, 2nd ser., vol. XVI, no. 2 (April 1969), pp. 151–68. Other works of this type were Maurice O’Sullivan’s Twenty Years A-Growing, published in the original Irish (Fiche Bian ag Fás) in 1933 and in an English version translated by Moya Llewelyn Davies and George Thomson (London: Chatto & Windus) in the same year, and Peig Sayers, An Old Woman’s Reflections, translated from the Irish by Séamus Ennis (London: Oxford University Press, 1962). In all these works Luce found an ethos that reminded him of Homer: “a simple and virile humanism, unpolished yet dignified,” Luce, “Homeric Qualities,” p. 164. See also J. H. Delargy, “The Gaelic Story Teller,” Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. XXXI (1945), pp. 177–221.
18. Brian Cleeve, ed., W. B. Yeats and the Designing of Ireland’s Coinage (Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1972), p. 10.
19. Ibid., p. 45.
20. Bruce Arnold, A Concise History of Irish Art (London: Thames and Hudson, rev. ed. 1977), p. 139.
21. Cited by Etienne Rynne, “The Revival of Irish Art in the Late-19th and Early-20th Century,” Topic, 24 (Fall 1972), p. 31.
22. A useful study of the craftwork of the period and of the Celtic revival in art in general is Jeanne Sheehy, The Rediscovery of Ireland’s Past: The Celtic Revival, 1830–1930 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980).
23. James White and Michael Wynne, Irish Stained Glass (Dublin: Gill and Son, The Furrow Trust, 1963), p. 15.
1. Cited in Charles McCarthy, Trade Unions in Ireland (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1977), p. 95. See also Arthur Mitchell, Labour in Irish Politics, 1890–1930 (Dublin: Irish University Press, 1974).
2. Ibid., p. 96.
3. Ibid.
4. The incident is described in Patrick Buckland, Irish Unionism I: The Anglo-Irish and the New Ireland, 1886–1922 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), p. 288.
5. Buckland, Irish Unionism I, p. 279. Buckland points out that the list, based on press reports, is not complete.
6. E. OE. Somerville and Martin Ross, The Big House of Inver (London: Quartet Books, 1978), p. 8.
7. Ibid., pp. 10–11.
8. Ibid., pp. 18–19.
9. Elizabeth Bowen, Bowen’s Court (London: Longmans Green, 1942), pp. 13–14.
10. Elizabeth Bowen, The Last September (London: Constable, 1929), pp. 95–96.
11. Ibid., p. 44.
12. Ibid., pp. 311–12.
13. Kennedy, The Irish, p. 131.
14. Brian Inglis, West Briton (London: Faber and Faber, 1962), p. 13.
15. Ibid., p. 27.
16. These figures were reported in the Irish Statesman, 20 March 1926.
17. For a fuller discussion of Trinity’s vicissitudes in the post-independence period, see F. S. L. Lyons, “The Minority Problem in the 26 Counties,” in Francis MacManus, ed., The Years of the Great Test (Cork and Dublin: Mercier Press, 2nd ed. 1978), pp. 97–99.
18. Cited in L. P. Curtis, Jr., “The Anglo-Irish Predicament,” 20th Century Studies, November 1970, p. 57.
19. See Kennedy, The Irish, p. 128.
20. P. L. Dickinson, The Dublin of Yesterday (London: Methuen, 1929), pp. 2–3.
21. Ibid., p. 77.
22. Cited in Jack White, Minority Report (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1975), p. 81.
23. Lennox Robinson, Bryan Cooper (London: Constable, 1931), p. 160.
24. Walter Starkie, Irish Statesman, 11 September 1926, p. 14.
25. Lennox Robinson, The Big House: Four Scenes in Its Life (London: Methuen, 1928), p. 60.
26. Ibid., p. 109.
27. Ibid., pp. 108–9.
28. Irish Statesman, 9 October 1926, p. 107.
29. Irish Statesman, 18 September 1926, p. 29.
30. Irish Statesman, 3 November 1923, p. 230.
31. Irish Statesman, 21 November 1925, p. 327.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Irish Statesman, 17 January 1925, p. 587.
35. Irish Statesman, 3 January 1925, p. 522.
36. Ibid., p. 523.
37. Irish Statesman, 5 October 1929, p. 87.
38. Irish Statesman, 15 December 1928, p. 290.
39. Ibid.
40. Irish Statesman, 7 March 1925, p. 822.
41. Irish Statesman, 20 June 1925, p. 461.
42. Irish Statesman, 16 February 1929, p. 476.
43. “The Catholic Truth Society and Emancipation,” Catholic Truth Society of Ireland Report, 1927, p. 13.
44. A particularly critical assessment of Æ’s career was supplied by Professor Michael Tierney, professor of Greek in University College, Dublin, in the Jesuit periodical Studies in 1937. Here he argued that Æ’s mystic nationalism was antithetical to the profound Catholicism of the Irish people. See Michael Tierney, “A Prophet of Mystic Nationalism – A.E.,” Studies, vol. XXVI, no. 104 (December 1937), pp. 568–80.
45. Irish Statesman, 27 November 1926, p. 269.
46. Irish Statesman, 29 June 1929, p. 323.
47. Cited in Donald T. Torchiana, W. B. Yeats and Georgian Ireland (London and Evanston: Oxford University Press and Northwestern University Press, 1966), p. 119.
48. Ronald R. Pearce, ed., The Senate Speeches of W. B. Yeats (London: Faber and Faber, 1961), p. 92.
49. Ibid., p. 99. For a study of Yeats’s Seanad speech in its Irish context see F. S. L. Lyons, “W. B. Yeats and the Public Life of Ireland,” New Divinity, vol. VII, no. 1 (Summer 1976), pp. 6–25. See also David Fitzpatrick, “W. B. Yeats in Seanad Eireann,” in R. O’Driscoll and L. Reynolds, eds., Yeats and the Theatre (London: Macmillan, 1975), pp. 159–75.
50. Allan Wade, ed., The Letters of W. B. Yeats (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954), p. 722.
51. W. B. Yeats, “Censorship in Ireland,” Manchester Guardian, 22 September 1928. Cited in Torchiana, W. B. Yeats, p. 151.
52. Stephen Gwynn, Irish Literature and Drama (London: Thomas Nelson, 1936), p. 232.
53. Letter to Olivia Shakespear, 11 October 1928, in Wade, Letters, p. 747.
54. Richard Gill, Happy Rural Seat: The English Country House and the Literary Imagination (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972), p. 168.
55. Irish Statesman, 17 November 1928, p. 208.
1. Round Table, vol. XXII, no. 88 (September 1932), p. 762.
2. Reported in Round Table, vol. XXIII, no. 92 (September 1933), p. 874.
3. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, p. 614.
4. Ibid., p. 615.
5. See Louis Cullen, An Economic History of Ireland (London: B. T. Batsford, 1972), pp. 178–80.
6. Reported in Round Table, vol. XXIII, no. 92 (September 1933), p. 874.
7. Irish Press, 18 March 1943, p. 1.
8. O’Connell, History of The Irish National Teachers’ Organisation, p. 366.
9. Dáil Eireann, 10 December 1935. Mr. Derrig suggested that parents were free to make representations on the matter but reckoned that they “may be misled by…propaganda.”
10. Eamonn Ó Gallchobhair, in Ireland Today, vol. I, no. 4 (September 1936), p. 57.
11. John Dowling, “Surrealism”, Ireland Today, vol. II, no. 2 (February 1937), p. 62.
12. An authorized study of the hitherto secret Catholic society, the Knights of Columbanus, admitted that by the 1950s that organization was “in virtual control” of the Censorship Board, which perhaps suggests that some Catholics were determined that the censorship should be prosecuted in the interests of a particular religious and moral creed. See Evelyn Bolster, The Knights of Columbanus (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1979), p. 53.
13. Cited by Whyte, Church and State, pp. 45–46.
14. Irish Press, 18 March 1935, p. 2.
15. Figures from Statistical Abstracts for the relevant years.
16. These figures and information on Irish broadcasting are derived from Maurice Gorham, Forty Years of Irish Broadcasting (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1967), to which I am indebted.
17. Frank O’Connor, “The Future of Irish Literature,” Horizon, vol. V, no. 25 (January 1942), pp. 56–57.
18. Seán O’Faoláin, Dublin Magazine, vol. XI, no. 2 (1936), pp. 60–61.
19. Seán O’Faoláin, King of the Beggars (London: Thomas Nelson, 1938), p. 368.
20. Michael Tierney, “Politics and Culture: Daniel O’Connell and the Gaelic Past,” Studies, vol. XXVII, no. 107 (September 1938), pp. 361–62.
21. Ibid., p. 367.
22. Seán O’Faoláin, Ireland Today, vol. I, no. 5 (October 1936), p. 32.
23. Seán O’Faoláin, “A Broken World,” The Finest Stories of Seán O’Faoláin (London: Bantam Books, 1959), p. 81.
24. Seamus Deane, “Mary Lavin,” in Patrick Rafroidi and Terence Brown, eds., The Irish Short Story (Lille: Publications de l’Université de Lille III, 1979), p. 244.
25. Whyte, Church and State, pp. 70–71.
26. See Maurice Manning, The Blueshirts (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1970), p. 74. I am indebted to this study for much of the information in this section.
27. See, in particular, Basil Chubb, The Government and Politics of Ireland (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 61–69. See also Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, pp. 536–50, and Whyte, Church and State, pp. 50–56. To each of these I am indebted.
28. Joseph Lee has suggested that the authors of what he thinks is a valuable contribution to Irish intellectual life in the period presented their findings in a manner which militated against its serious consideration. The report was 300,000 words long, so its contents were difficult to absorb. See Joseph Lee, “Aspects of Corporatist Thought in Ireland: The Commission on Vocational Organization 1939–43,” in Art Cosgrove and Donal MacCartney, eds., Studies in Irish History (Dublin: University College, 1979), pp. 324–46.
29. Mervyn Wall, in an interview with Michael Smith, “Some Questions about the Thirties,” Lace Curtain, no. 4 (1971), pp. 79–80.
30. Michael Tierney, “Ireland in the European Chaos,” Ireland Today, vol. II, no. 4 (April 1937), p. 14.
1. Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1939–1945 (London: Collins, 1967), p. 217.
2. Michael Tierney, “Ireland and the Anglo-Saxon Heresy,” Studies, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (March 1940), p. 2.
3. “Neutrality,” The Collected Poems of Louis MacNeice, edited by E. R. Dodds (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), pp. 202–3.
4. Nicolson, Diaries, p. 217.
5. Patrick Kavanagh, Lough Derg (London: Martin, Brian and O’Keeffe, 1978), p. 16.
6. O’Faoláin, An Irish Journey, p. 272.
7. Ibid., p. 273.
8. Seán O’Faoláin, “Ulster,” Bell, vol. II, no. 4 (1941), p. 9.
9. In a correspondent’s satiric letter. See “A Vatican Dispensation,” Bell, vol. III, no. 6 (1942), p. 469.
10. Patrick Campbell, My Life and Easy Times (London: Anthony Blond, 1967), p. 151.
11. Peter Kavanagh, Beyond Affection (New York: Peter Kavanagh Hand Press, 1977), p. 57.
12. John Ryan, Remembering How We Stood: Bohemian Dublin at the Mid-Century (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1975), p. 13.
13. John Healy, The Death of an Irish Town (Cork: Mercier Press, 1968), p. 23.
14. J. D. Ennis, “Where Do We Go from Here?”, Leader, 23 November 1940, p. 998.
15. Michael Farrell, “The Country Theatre,” Bell, vol. III, no. 5 (February 1942), pp. 387–88.
16. Ibid., p. 388.
17. Cyril Connolly, Horizon, vol. V, no. 25 (January 1942), p. 11.
18. In Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (London: Hutchinson, 1975), pp. 234–54.
19. Ibid., pp. 243–44.
20. See Michael D. Biddis, The Age of the Masses: Ideas and Society in Europe since 1870 (London: Penguin Books, 1977), pp. 29–45.
21. Cited in Hugh Brody, Inishkillane: Change and Decline in the West of Ireland (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 1973), p. 69.
22. Commission on Emigration, 1948–1954 (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1956), p. 174.
23. Ibid., p. 182. Earlier detections of the decrepitude and dissatisfaction prevalent in rural Ireland are T. W. Freeman, “The People and the Land,” Muintir na Tire Official Handbook (1946), pp. 97–106; H. J. Massingham, “A Countryman’s Journey,” Rural Ireland (1948) (“The urban virus infects even the peasant counties”), p. 15; Father Felim O’Brian, “Rural Depopulation,” Rural Ireland (1949), pp. 73–99, and Stephen Rynne, “What the Farmers Are Saying,” Irish Press, 14 October 1946. In this article Rynne, who had visited fifty-nine farms in Ireland to prepare reports on Irish farming, declared, “The country is covered with dilapidated farmsteads and strewn with antique machinery.”
24. Ibid., p. 175.
25. Leader, 10 February 1940, p. 15.
26. Peter Gibbon, “Arensberg and Kimball Revisited,” Economy and Society, vol. II, no. 4 (1973), p. 494. In this paper Gibbon attempts to prove that Brody’s sense of novelty in Irish rural life (which was in fact shared by many contemporary commentators) is the product of a blanket acceptance of the social accuracy of Arensberg and Kimball’s Family and Community in Ireland. Gibbon shows that in certain respects the society the anthropologists described in Clare was more affected by social change and diverse class interests than was recognized or admitted by the anthropologists. Gibbon argues that when the deficiencies of that work are made clear, and its romantic portrait of a social order that had in fact exhibited signs of demoralization since the Famine duly corrected, then there is no need to explain the rural demoralization that was all too evident in the 1960s by such things as the sirenlike effect of modern communications luring the countryman to the pleasures of urban life. It can be explained in strictly economic terms as the long-term local effect of “the development of capitalism in agriculture” (p. 496). But it is this crude economic materialism that makes Gibbon’s critique of Arensberg and Kimball altogether too partial and therefore suspect. For much of their study had been an account of rural values, beliefs, and assumptions, as well as of the social and economic structure. That they failed to provide an entirely accurate historical account of the economic basis of the society whose values they were exploring does not invalidate their account of that system of values. And it is in the realm of consciousness (of values, assumptions, and aspirations) that the changes of the early 1940s were effected, consolidating the process of emigration that the economic structure, which had obtained since the Famine, of necessity demanded. It was this shift in the consciousness of the Irish countryman that Brody sensed as a novelty in Irish rural life amounting to a watershed in the social history of the country.
27. Brody, Inishkillane, p. 71.
28. D. Hannan, Rural Exodus: A Study of the Forces Influencing the Largescale Migration of Irish Rural Youth (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1970), p. 94.
29. Patrick Kavanagh: Collected Poems (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1968), p. 55.
30. Leader, 13 July 1940, p. 533.
31. O’Connell, History of the Irish National Teachers’ Organisation, pp. 365–66.
32. Ibid., p. 369.
33. Ibid., pp. 369–70.
34. Quoted in the Dáil by General Mulcahy, 13 May 1943. See also Professor John Marcus O’Sullivan’s speech, which also refers to Mr. Derrig’s remarks in the Dáil on 12 May 1943.
35. O’Connell, History of the Irish National Teachers’ Organisation, p. 379.
36. Ibid., p. 370.
37. Anne Clissmann, Flann O’Brien: A Critical Introduction to His Writings (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1975), p. 235.
38. Ibid., p. 238.
39. Ibid.
40. Kavanagh’s Weekly, 14 June 1952, p. 5.
41. Seán O’Faoláin, “Standards and Taste,” Bell, vol. II, no. 3 (1941), p. 7.
42. Quoted in ibid., p. 8.
43. Senate Debates, 28 November 1945, col. 1085. Among the books Magennis stated he feared were “little books at 4d each, issued by foreign publishers…to teach all the secrets of sex to young children and to instruct the adult in the full technique of marital relations,” Senate Debates, 20 November 1945, col. 1086.
44. Seán O’Faoláin, “New Wine in Old Bottles,” Bell, vol. IV, no. 6 (September 1942), p. 384.
45. Ibid., p. 382.
46. Seán O’Faoláin, “Silent Ireland,” Bell, vol. VI, no. 5 (August 1943), p. 464.
47. Ibid., p. 465.
48. O’Faoláin, “Standards and Taste,” p. 6.
49. O’Faoláin, “Silent Ireland,” p. 460.
50. Seán O’Faoláin, “The Stuffed-Shirts,” Bell, vol. VI, no. 3 (June 1943), p. 183.
51. Seán O’Faoláin, “Gaelic – The Truth,” Bell, vol. V, no. 5 (February 1943), p. 339.
52. Seán O’Faoláin, “Dare We Suppress That Irish Voice?”, Bell, vol. III, no. 3 (December 1941), p. 169.
53. Hubert Butler has recorded that O’Faoláin was particularly generous to Anglo-Irish men and women who wished to play a role in modern Ireland: “We the remnants of the Anglo-Irish ‘intelligentsia’ would have been nobody’s children, had The Bell not taken us under its wing.” Hubert Butler, “The Bell: An Anglo-Irish View,” Irish University Review, vol. VI, no. 1 (Spring 1976), pp. 66–67.
54. Seán O’Faoláin, “On Editing a Magazine,” Bell, vol. IX, no. 2 (November 1944), p. 96.
55. See Dermot Foley, “Monotonously Rings the Little Bell,” Irish University Review, vol. VI, no. 1 (Spring 1976), pp. 54–62.
56. For an excellent and detailed study of a crucial civil service department in the first four decades of independence, see Ronan Fanning, The Irish Department of Finance, 1922–58 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1978). This reveals the degree to which senior officials in this department for almost forty years combined conservative monetary policies with the highest degree of probity and financial acumen. See also Leon O’Broin, “Joseph Brennan, Civil Servant Extraordinary,” Studies, vol. LXVI, no. 261 (Spring 1977), pp. 25–37.
57. John V. Kelleher, Atlantic, CXCIX (May 1957), p. 68.
58. T. W. T. Dillon, “Slum Clearance: Past and Present,” Studies, vol. XXXIV, no. 133 (March 1945), p. 19.
59. Anne O. Crookshank, Irish Art from 1600 to the Present Day (Dublin: Department of Foreign Affairs, 1979), p. 64.
60. Charles Sidney, “Art Criticism in Dublin,” Bell, vol. IX, no. 2 (November 1944), p. 109.
61. Ibid., p. 110.
62. For information on musical life in Dublin in the first two decades of independence, see Joseph O’Neill, “Music in Dublin,” in Aloys Fleischmann, ed., Music in Ireland (Cork and Oxford: Cork University Press and B. H. Blackwell, 1952), pp. 251–62, and James M. Doyle, “Music in the Army,” ibid., pp. 65–69.
63. For a succinct statement of the view that an Irish art music must develop from the indigenous folk music of the country, see Seán Neeson, “When Gaelic Tunes Are Whistled in the Streets,” Irish Press, 12 April 1935. For an equally succinct statement of the view that Ireland must learn the international idioms of European art music, see Aloys Fleischmann, “Ars Nova: Irish Music in the Shaping,” Ireland Today, vol. I, no. 2 (July 1936), pp. 41–48. For a stern Irish Ireland view of the issue, see Joseph Hanley, The National Ideal (London: Sands, 1932), pp. 152–60.
64. See Séamus Ó Braonáin, “Music in the Broadcasting Service,” in Fleischmann, Music in Ireland, pp. 197–203.
65. O’Neill, “Music in Dublin,” p. 258.
1. Seán O’Faoláin, “The Price of Peace,” Bell, vol. X, no. 4 ( July 1945), p. 288.
2. See F. S. L. Lyons, “The Years of Readjustment,” in Kevin B. Nowlan and T. Desmond Williams, eds., Ireland in the War Years and After, 1939–51 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1969), pp. 67–79.
3. Kavanagh’s Weekly: A Journal of Literature and Politics, vol. I, no. 1 (12 April 1952), p. 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Kavanagh’s Weekly, vol. I, no. 12 (28 June 1952), p. 3.
6. John Montague, Poisoned Lands and Other Poems (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1961), p. 32.
7. John Montague, “The Young Writer,” Bell, vol. XVII, no. 7 (October 1951), p. 11.
8. Cited in Brendan M. Walsh, “Economic Growth and Development, 1945–70,” in J. J. Lee, ed., Ireland, 1945–70 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1979), p. 29.
9. Tim Pat Coogan, The Irish: A Personal View (London: Phaidon, 1975), p. 43.
10. Liam de Paor, “Ireland’s Identities,” Crane Bag, vol. III, no. 1 (1979), p. 25.
11. What R. Emerson calls “the terminal community” was defined by the experience of neutrality. The terminal community is “the largest community that, when the chips are down, effectively commands men’s loyalty, overriding the claims both of the lesser communities within it and those that cut across it or potentially enfold it within a still greater society.” R. Emerson, From Empire to Nation, pp. 95–96, cited by Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, p. 257.
12. Alexander J. Humphreys, New Dubliners: Urbanization and the Irish Family (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), p. 62.
13. Ibid., p. 61.
14. Ibid., p. 236.
15. Ibid., p. 232.
16. Ibid., p. 250.
17. See Roland Burke Savage, “The Church in Dublin, 1940–1965,” Studies, vol. LIV (Winter 1965), p. 306.
18. The fullest available study of the scheme, the political controversy it occasioned, and the debates which ensued is in Whyte, Church and State, pp. 196–272.
19. Cited in Whyte, Church and State, p. 271.
20. Studies of Irish foreign policy in the period are Nicolas Mansergh, “Irish Foreign Policy, 1945–51,” in Nowland and Williams, Ireland in the War Years and After, pp. 134–46; T. D. Williams, “Irish Foreign Policy, 1949–69,” in Lee, Ireland, 1945–70, pp. 136–51. See also Patrick Keatinge, A Place among the Nations: Issues of Irish Foreign Policy (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1978).
21. “Foreword,” Envoy, vol. III, no. 9 (1950), p. 6.
22. Irish Writing, no. 3 (November 1947), pp. 90–91.
23. Ibid., p. 90.
24. “The Young Writer,” Bell, vol. XVII, no. 7 (October 1951), p. 7.
25. Denis Donoghue, “The Future of Irish Music,” Studies, vol. XLIV (Spring 1955), p. 109.
26. F. S. L. Lyons, “Second Thoughts on the Famine,” Irish Writing, no. 37 (Autumn 1957), p. 57.
27. See Saros Cowasjee, Sean O’Casey: The Man behind the Plays (London and Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 2nd ed. 1965), pp. 225–28.
28. Alan Simpson, Beckett and Behan and a Theatre in Dublin (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), p. 148. In this volume Simpson provides a remarkably balanced account of the entire affair.
29. Cited by Gearóid Ó Tauthaigh in J. J. Lee, ed., Ireland, 1945–70 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1979), p. 114. The figures for the National Schools are cited in Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, p. 820.
30. David Marcus, “Seán Ó Ríordáin: Modern Gaelic Poet,” Irish Writing, no. 32 (Autumn 1955), p. 44.
31. Seán Ó Tuama, “The Other Tradition: Some Highlights of Modern Fiction in Irish,” in Patrick Rafroidi and Maurice Harmon, eds., The Irish Novel in Our Time (Lille: Publications de l’Université de Lille III, 1975–76), p. 44.
32. James White, “The Visual Arts in Ireland,” Studies, vol. XLIV (Spring 1955), pp. 107–8.
33. Thomas Bodkin, Report on the Arts in Ireland (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1949), p. 9.
34. Ibid., p. 49.
35. White, “The Visual Arts in Ireland,” p. 101.
36. Desmond Fennell, “The ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,’” Hibernia, August 1958, p. 8.
37. Adams, Censorship, p. 122.
38. See John Ryan, Remembering How We Stood: Bohemian Dublin at the Mid-Century (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1975).
39. Declan Kiberd, “Writers in Quarantine? The Case for Irish Studies,” Crane Bag, vol. III, no. 1 (1979), p. 20.
40. Ryan, Remembering How We Stood, p. xiii.
41. Brendan Kennelly, Collection One (Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1966), p. 2.
1. John V. Kelleher, “Ireland…and Where Does She Stand?” Foreign Affairs, no. 3 (1957), p. 495.
2. MacDonagh, Ireland, p. 131.
3. James Halloran, “The New Society: Community and Social Change,” Doctrine and Life, vol. XII, no. 7 (1962), p. 374.
4. David Thornley, “Ireland: The End of an Era?” Tuairim Pamphlet 12 (January 1965), p. 12.
5. Brendan M. Walsh, “Economic Growth and Development, 1945–1970,” in Lee, Ireland, 1945–70, p. 33.
6. Denis Meehan, “Views about the Irish,” Furrow, vol. XI, no. 8 (August 1960), p. 506.
7. Thornley, “Ireland: The End of an Era?” p. 16.
8. Ibid., p. 10.
9. Ibid.
10. Donald S. Corkery, The Irish (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1968), p. 30.
11. Whyte, Church and State, p. 361. See also MacDonagh, Ireland, p. 132.
12. Thornley, “Ireland: The End of an Era?” p. 16.
13. Ibid.
14. Lee, “Continuity and Change in Ireland, 1945–70,” in Ireland, 1945–70, p. 173.
15. Lee, “Seán Lemass,” in Ireland, 1945–70, p. 24.
16. Ibid., p. 22.
17. Dáil Debates, 3 June 1959, cited in ibid., p. 22.
18. Lee, “Continuity and Change in Ireland, 1945–70,” p. 170.
19. Hugh Leonard, “Drama, the Turning Point,” in Ireland at the Crossroads (Lille: Publications de l’Université de Lille III, 1978–79), p. 82.
20. See David C. McClelland, “The Impulse to Modernization,” in Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth (New York and London: Basic Books, 1966), pp. 28–39.
21. Charles McCarthy, The Distasteful Challenge (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1968), p. 21.
22. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine, p. 652.
23. Investment in Education (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1966), p. xxxiii.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 140.
26. Ibid., p. 150.
27. The source for these statistics is the Statistical Abstract of Ireland for the relevant years.
28. Paul Andrew, “Ireland and the World Educational Crisis,” Studies, vol. LIX (Winter 1970), p. 381.
29. See Seán O’Connor, “Post-Primary Education Now and in the Future,” Studies, vol. LVII (1968), pp. 233–51.
30. Primary School Curriculum, Teacher’s Handbook, 1971, p. 18.
31. Ibid., p. 12.
32. Ibid.
33. Primary School Curriculum, Curriculum Questionnaire Analysis (Dublin: INTO, 1976), p. 24. For a critique of the new curriculum, see Edmund Murphy, “The New Primary School Curriculum,” Studies, vol. LXII (Autumn 1972), pp. 199–218.
34. For a sympathetic, impressionistic assessment of the National Schools in the 1970s, see Christina Murphy, “The Changing Face of the National Schools,” Irish Times, 14 January 1980, p. 10; 15 January, p. 10; 16 January, p. 10; 17 January, p. 10.
35. 1979 Census of Population of Ireland: Preliminary Report (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1979), p. vii.
36. Irish Times, 11 September 1979, p. 13.
37. Brendan Walsh, “Ireland’s Demographic Transformation, 1958–70,” Economic and Social Review, vol. III, no. 2 (January 1972), pp. 251–75. See also Brendan Walsh, “A Perspective on Irish Population Patterns,” Eire/Ireland, vol. IV, no. 3 (1969), pp. 3–21.
38. Brendan Walsh, “Is Marriage Going Out of Fashion?” Irish Times, 22 February 1979, p. 10.
39. Basil Chubb, The Government and Politics of Ireland (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 142.
40. Desmond Fisher, Broadcasting in Ireland (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 58.
41. See Damian Hannan, “Kinship, Neighbourhood and Social Change in Irish Rural Communities,” Economic and Social Review, vol. III, no. 2 (January 1972), pp. 163–88.
42. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979), p. 43.
43. See T. P. O’Mahony, The Politics of Dishonour (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1977), pp. 40–42. See also Magill (April 1980), special issue on poverty in Ireland.
44. James Downey, “Whose Kind of Country,” Irish Times, 28 December 1978, p. 2.
45. Kevin O’Connor, “The Irish in Their New Age,” Irish Times, 7 January 1980, p. 14.
1. E. F. O’Doherty, “Society, Identity and Change,” Studies, vol. LII (Summer 1963), pp. 130–31.
2. Ibid., p. 132.
3. Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, “Language, Literature and Culture in Ireland since the War,” in Lee, Ireland, 1945–70, p. 112.
4. Commission on the Restoration of the Irish Language, Summary in English of Final Report (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1963), pp. 37–38.
5. Ó Tuathaigh, “Language, Literature and Culture,” p. 117.
6. Nollaig Ó Gadhra, “The Irish Language Revival in 1966,” Eire/Ireland, vol. II, no. 1 (1967), p. 76.
7. Nollaig Ó Gadhra, “The Language,” Eire/Ireland, vol. IV, no. 4 (1969), p. 139.
8. Curriculum Questionnaire Analysis, 1976, p. 24.
9. For criticism of the effects of the new curriculum on the level of attainment in Irish in the National Schools, see L. S. Andrews, A Black Paper on Irish Education: The Decline of Irish as a School Subject in the Republic of Ireland, 1967–1977 (Dublin: Gaelic League, 1978).
10. Fisher, Broadcasting in Ireland, p. 107.
11. In 1979 such companies as Guinness and Toyota advertised in Irish on television and in the press.
12. Report of the Committee on Irish Language Attitudes Research (Dublin: 1975), p. 293. I am grateful to Professor M. Ó Murchú, who made the report available to me.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., pp. 293–94.
15. Ibid., p. 294.
16. Ibid., p. 305.
17. Ibid., p. 297.
18. Ibid., p. 298.
19. Ibid., p. 24.
20. Such an identification of Irish with middle-class success was not without risks, however. As the researchers discovered, some working-class feeling was directed against the language since parents of children in inadequate schools in working-class districts felt that Irish was a discriminatory weapon wielded by the middle class against their children, who had little chance of finishing the linguistic obstacle race society set them. Such feeling had received fuel in 1966 when a study had presented evidence (of a highly technical kind, open to question and criticism) that Irish linguistic policy had impeded educational attainment in the National Schools. See John MacNamara, Bilingualism and Primary Education (Edinburgh University Press, 1966). The findings of this work were widely broadcast in the late 1960s and early 1970s by a group known as the Language Freedom Movement, and such polemics against the revival policy undoubtedly helped to reinforce for some Irish people the fairly common belief that Irish and backwardness were somehow inextricably intertwined. That some few individuals in Irish society could be seen to have done well while retaining a high regard for the language perhaps did not, in such a context, do much to increase general regard for the language. It may easily have had the reverse effect, in sometimes increasing class resentments of the kind researchers found in the 1970s.
21. Report, p. 307.
22. Ibid., p. 308.
23. Ibid., p. 315.
24. Brendan Breathnach, “Not a Revivalist Fad but a Living Music,” Irish Times, 27 September 1977, p. 1.
25. David Hammond, “The Popular Tradition in Ireland Today,” in Four Centuries of Music in Ireland, ed. Brian Boydell (London: BBC, 1979), p. 56.
26. See John A. Murphy, “Identity Change in the Republic of Ireland,” Etudes Irlandaises, no. 1, n.s. (December 1976), pp. 149–50, for a more sanguine view of the significance of such popular expressions of Irish national identity in the 1970s.
27. Seán Ó Tuama, “The Gaelic League Idea in the Future,” in The Gaelic League Idea (Cork and Dublin: Mercier Press, 1972), pp. 99–100.
28. Michael Hartnett, A Farewell to English and Other Poems (Dublin: Gallery Press, 1975), p. 34.
29. Ibid., p. 33.
30. Nationalism, as Wilbert E. Moore has remarked, can supply “a high degree of national integration” which is necessary to “the rapid and deliberate change that forms the contemporary pattern of modernization.” It provides “a kind of non-rational focus of identification and rationale for the extensive disruption of the traditional order.” Wilbert E. Moore, Social Change (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 2nd ed. 1974), p. 99. See also Ernest Gellner, Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965), for an excellent theoretical study of the role of nationalism in the process of modernization.
31. Donald S. Corkery, The Irish, p. 241.
32. What precisely were the components of Irish public opinion in the 1970s on the Northern Ireland question, and on issues related to it, was the concern of various surveys and polls in the period. The fullest of these, and the one that caused the most controversy, seemed to confirm that ambivalence and lack of consistency were implicit in the attitudes of many Irish people to the Northern Ireland question. See “Attitudes in Republic to Northern Ireland Problem,” Irish Times, 16 October 1979, p. 4. The article summarized the findings of an attitude survey conducted by R. Sinnott and E. E. Davis under the aegis of the Economic and Social Research Institute.
33. One is forced to use this rather cumbersome term to take account of the dual aspect of official Irish ideology in the decades since the Treaty. That ideology had its historic ancestry both in the republicanism of the late eighteenth century and the nationalism of the nineteenth. The ideology has as a result tended to express both an instinct for an Irish republic of diverse elements under the common name Irishman and a nationalist irrendentism in relation to the six counties of Northern Ireland.
34. A classic example of such Jacobite sentimentality is Aodh de Blacam’s book, The Black North: An Account of the Six Counties of Uncovered Ireland (Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, 1938 and 1940). This book expressed the republican nationalist ideology in a popular form with the imprimatur of a foreword by Eamon de Valera.
35. “Unhappy and at Home,” interview with Seamus Heaney by Seamus Deane, Crane Bag, vol. I, no. 1 (1977), p. 64.
36. John A. Murphy, “Further Reflections on Irish Nationalism,” Crane Bag, vol. II, nos. 1 and 2 (1978), p. 157.
37. Helen Mulvey, “Thirty Years’ Work in Irish History,” Irish Historical Studies, vol. XVII, no. 66 (September 1970), p. 183.
38. Francis Shaw, “The Canon of Irish History – A Challenge,” Studies, vol. LXI (Summer 1972), p. 117.
39. Ibid., p. 142.
40. Ibid., p. 145.
41. Ibid., pp. 117–18.
42. Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Eradicating the Tragic Heroic Mode,” Irish Times, 22 August 1975, p. 10.
43. Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Politics and the Poet,” Irish Times, 21 August 1975, p. 10. See also Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Ireland Will Not Have Peace,” Harpers, vol. CCLIII, no. 1519 (December 1976), pp. 33–42; Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Liberalism in Ireland,” Sunday Press, 25 September 1977, p. 2, and Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Nationalism and the Reconquest of Ireland,” Crane Bag, vol. 1, no. 2 (1977), pp. 8–13.
44. Murphy, “Further Reflections,” p. 159.
45. Ibid., p. 160.
46. For an excellent study of the emergence of nationalist historiography and the sense of the past in nineteenth-century Ireland, see Oliver MacDonagh, “Time’s Revenges and Revenge’s Time: A View of Anglo-Irish Relations,” Anglo-Irish Studies, IV (1979), pp. 1–19.
47. Liam de Paor, “The Ambiguity of the Republic,” Atlantis, no. 3 (November 1971), p. 1.
48. Ibid.
49. See F. S. L. Lyons, “The Dilemma of the Irish Contemporary Historian,” Hermathena, no. CXV (Summer 1973), pp. 44–55. See also F. S. L. Lyons, “The Shadow of the Past,” Irish Times, 11 September 1972, p. 12, where Lyons criticized Father Shaw for ignoring in his essay on Pearse the degree to which Irish historians had subjected Pearse, and the entire period leading to the Rising, to analytic examination since 1961 when “Professor F. X. Martin published Eoin MacNeill’s memoranda of the Rising in Irish Historical Studies.”
50. T. W. Moody, “Irish History and Irish Mythology,” Hermathena, no. CXXIV (Summer 1978), p. 23. For a warmly sympathetic assessment of T. W. Moody’s contribution to the development of Irish historical studies, see F. S. L. Lyons, “T.W.M.,” in F. S. L. Lyons and R. A. J. Hawkings, eds., Ireland under the Union: Varieties of Tension (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 1–33.
51. Moody, “Irish History,” p. 7.
52. For information on Irish history in education, I am indebted to Kenneth Milne, New Approaches to the Teaching of Irish History (London: Historical Association, no. 43, 1979).
53. Denis Meehan, “An Essay in Self-Criticism,” Furrow, vol. VIII, no. 4 (April 1957), p. 211.
54. John C. Kelly, SJ, “Solid Virtue in Ireland,” Doctrine and Life, vol. IX, no. 5 (October/November 1959), p. 120.
55. James Scott, “The Intellectual Life,” Furrow, vol. XIII, no. 4 (April 1962), p. 204.
56. Peter Connolly, “Censorship,” Christus Rex, vol. XII, no. 3 (1959), p. 170.
57. Peter Connolly, “Turbulent Priests,” Hibernia, vol. XXVII, no. 2 (February 1964), p. 9.
58. Adams, Censorship, p. 158.
59. That the Jesuit Irish periodical Studies since the 1960s published many critical essays on twentieth-century literature was evidence of the new openness to literary insight. Furthermore, the publication in 1969 in that journal of a sternly critical analysis of Professor Magennis’s famous Senate speech on censorship was evidence of a new attitude among the Catholic intelligentsia. See Andrew F. Comyn, “Censorship in Ireland,” Studies, vol. LVIII (Spring 1969), pp. 42–50. This article was in striking contrast to an earlier piece which appeared in Studies in vigorous defence of the Irish Censorship Board. See P. J. Gannon, SJ, “Art, Morality and Censorship,” Studies, vol. XXXI, no. 124 (December 1942), pp. 409–19.
60. John A. Dowling, “Lay Thoughts at Home,” Furrow, vol. XV, no. 3 (March 1964), p. 160.
61. David Thornley, “Irish Identity,” Doctrine and Life, vol. XVI, no. 4 (April 1966), p. 181.
62. Jeremiah Newman, “Ireland in the Eighties: Our Responsibility,” Christus Rex, vol. XXV, no. 3 (1971), p. 186.
63. Ibid., p. 190.
64. Thornley, “Irish Identity,” p. 186.
65. Ibid.
66. These studies are reported on and analyzed by Tom Inglis, “Decline in Numbers of Priests and Religious in Ireland,” Doctrine and Life, vol. XXX, no. 2 (February 1979), pp. 79–98.
67. Reported on in Inglis, ibid., p. 94.
68. Ibid., p. 95.
69. Ibid., p. 98.
70. These figures were supplied by Christina Murphy in a report, “Education, A Review of the Decade,” Irish Times, 28 December 1979, p. xiii.
71. Tom Inglis, “How Religious Are Irish University Students?” Doctrine and Life, vol. XXX, no. 7 (July 1979), p. 412. See also Maire Nic Ghiolla Phadraig, “Religion in Ireland – Preliminary Analysis,” Social Studies, vol. V, no. 2 (Summer 1976), pp. 113–80, and Michael Paul Gallagher, “Atheism Irish Style,” Furrow, vol. XXV, no. 4 (April 1974), pp. 183–92.
72. Inglis, “How Religious Are Irish University Students?” p. 419.
73. Ibid., p. 421.
74. Ibid., p. 414.
75. See Eunice McCarthy, “Women and Work in Ireland: The Present and Preparing for the Future,” in Margaret MacCurtain and Donncha Ó Corrain, eds., Women in Irish Society (Dublin: Arlen House, Women’s Press, 1978), pp. 103–17. See also Margaret MacCurtain, “Women – Irish Style,” Doctrine and Life, vol. XXIV, no. 4 (April 1974), pp. 182–92.
76. A detailed study of these developments in social legislation in relation to church teaching is the Epilogue to J. H. Whyte, Church and State in Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2nd ed. 1980).
77. Republished in Justice, Love, Peace: Pastoral Letters of the Irish Bishops, 1969–79 (Dublin: Veritas Publications, 1979), p. 128.
78. Ibid., p. 120.
79. An enthusiastic assessment of religious renewal in Ireland in the 1970s is Cahal B. Daly, then Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois, “The Future of Christianity in Ireland,” Doctrine and Life, vol. XXVII, no. 3 (March/April 1977), pp. 105–24. A less sanguine essay on the same subject is Peter Connolly, “The Church in Ireland since the Second Vatican Council,” Ireland at the Crossroads (Lille: Publications de l’Université de Lille III, 1978–79), pp. 87–99.
80. Donal Dorr, “Change – and the Irish Identity,” Doctrine and Life, vol. XXIV, no. 1 (January 1974), p. 8.
81. The most developed discussion of the concept of pluralism was in Studies in 1978.
82. Garret FitzGerald, “Seeking a National Purpose,” Studies, vol. LIII (Winter 1964), p. 1.
83. Garret FitzGerald, who was perhaps the most zealous in the propagation of the concept, admitted as much in 1976: “In the Republic…the concept of a pluralist society has yet to strike deep roots at a popular level; for many people the ideas is an abstract rather than an intellectual one at variance with a traditional inherited value system;” “Ireland’s Identity Problems,” Etudes Irlandaises, no. 1, n.s. (December 1976), p. 142. However, some conservative bishops were sufficiently alarmed by the possibility that it would become a popular notion to preach and lecture against it.
84. Kurt Bowen, Protestants in a Catholic State: Ireland’s Privileged Minority (Kingston and Montreal: McGill – Queen’s University Press, 1983), p. 207.
85. Ibid., p. 208.
1. Bryan MacMahon, “Culture in Rural Ireland,” Christus Rex, vol. XXII (1968), p. 324.
2. Government White Paper (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1965) p. 10.
3. Information on the Arts Council derived from the Council’s annual reports.
4. The membership of the Booksellers’ Association of Great Britain and Ireland in 1979 stood at 117 (44 in Dublin and its suburbs). Many of these were not fully fledged bookshops but general newsagents which sold some books. I am grateful to Miss Heather MacDougald for this information.
5. Cited in Maurice Harmon, The Poetry of Thomas Kinsella (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1974), pp. 11–12.
6. Maurice Harmon, “Generations Apart: 1925–1975,” in Rafroidi and Harmon, eds., The Irish Novel in Our Time, p. 56.
7. In 1978 the Abbey and the Peacock (the small theatre associated with the Abbey) received £518,000 in subsidy, the Gate Theatre £135,000. As the Arts Council Report for that year stated, however, such support, while a vast improvement on former days, made the Abbey Theatre the poor relation among European national theatres. The figure above scarcely covered the wage bill, and the report found that the low level of subsidy “seriously endangers the Abbey’s ability to fulfil its proper role as a centre of dramatic excellence” (Arts Council Report, 1979), p. 16.
8. Christopher Murray, “Irish Drama in Transition 1966–1978,” Etudes Irlandaises, no. 4. n.s. (December 1979), p. 289.
9. Leonard, “Drama, the Turning Point,” p. 78.
10. Murray, “Irish Drama in Transition,” p. 296.
11. Ibid., p. 291.
12. In 1978 and 1979 Irish Marketing Surveys conducted a study for the Arts Council on the living and working conditions of artists in Ireland. It reported that the average mean income for creative artists (which included writers as well as painters, composers, and sculptors) for the previous year was just less than £1,500 and that 50 percent of such persons had earned under £1,000 from their artistic endeavours. Three-quarters of all creative artists were found to have more than one occupation.
13. See, for example, Bruce Arnold’s chapter “Jack Yeats and the Moderns,” in A Concise History of Irish Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 2nd ed., 1977).
14. Dorothy Walker, Modern Art in Ireland (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1997), p. 115.
15. Thomas Kilroy, “Tellers of Tales,” Times Literary Supplement, 17 March 1972, p. 302.
16. Eavan Boland, “The Weasel’s Tooth,” Irish Times, 7 June 1974, p. 7.
17. See Seamus Deane, “Irish Poetry and Irish Nationalism,” in Douglas Dunn, ed. Two Decades of Irish Writing (Cheadle Hulme: Carcarnet Press, 1975), pp. 4–22; “The Appetites of Gravity,” Sewanee Review, vol. LXXXIV, no. 1 (1976), pp. 199–208, and “The Literary Myths of the Revival: A Case for their Abandonment,” in Joseph Ronsley, ed., Myth and Reality in Irish Literature (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1977), pp. 317–29.
18. Seamus Deane, “Postscript,” Crane Bag, vol. III, no. 2 (1979), p. 92.
19. Ibid., p. 94.
20. Ibid., p. 93.
1. Peter Neary, “The Failure of Economic Nationalism,” Ireland: Dependence and Independence, Crane Bag, vol. VIII, no. 1 (1984) p. 69.
2. See Padraig O’Malley, The Uncivil Wars: Ireland Today (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1983).
3. Irish Times, 23 August 1984, p. 1, citing an EEC Commission Report.
4. O’Malley, The Uncivil Wars, p. 392.
5. These figures are drawn from Noreen O’Donoghue and Sue Richardson, eds., Pure Murder…a Book About Drug Abuse (Dublin: Women’s Community Press, 1984), pp. 16–18.
6. See Paul Tansey, “No Sex Please, We’re Broke,” Sunday Tribune, 6 May 1984, p. 16.
7. Desmond Fennell, The State of the Nation: Ireland Since the Sixties (Swords: Ward River Press, 1983), pp. 15–16.
8. Frank Litton, Preface, Unequal Achievement: The Irish Experience, 1957–82 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1982).
9. Joseph Lee, “Society and Culture,” ibid., p. 16.
10. David B. Rottman and Philip J. O’Connell, “The Changing Social Structure in Ireland,” ibid., p. 85.
11. Thomas J. Barrington, “What Happened to Irish Government?” in ibid., p. 107.
12. Tom Garvin, “Change and the Political System,” ibid., p. 38.
13. Rottman and O’Connell, “The Changing Social Structure,” p. 72.
14. Ibid., p. 73.
15. White Paper on Educational Development (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1980), p. 111.
16. Rottmann and O’Connell, “The Changing Social Structure,” p. 74.
17. Irish Times, 26 July 1984, p. 1.
18. Rottman and O’Connell, “The Changing Social Structure,” p. 75.
19. Cited in O’Malley, The Uncivil Wars, p. 389.
20. White Paper on Educational Development, p. iv.
21. New Ireland Forum, Report of Proceedings, Irish Episcopal Conference Delegation (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1984), p. 15.
22. Ibid., p. 20.
23. Ibid., p. 23.
24. Ed Moloney has argued that these discussions did not represent any kind of volte face for Gerry Adams, President of Sinn Féin, because he had long been working towards a political settlement. In this reading of their discussions, Adams was open to dialogue with Hume since he had already embarked on a secret process of communication with the British through an intermediary which might have resulted in the earlier ending of violence than in fact occurred. See Ed Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA (London: Penguin, 2002), pp. 219–80.
25. Forum Report, p. 20.
26. Quoted in O’Malley, The Uncivil Wars, p. 407.
27. New Ireland Forum Report (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1984), p. 2.
28. Ibid.
29. Cited in Tim Pat Coogan, Disillusioned Decades: Ireland 1966–87 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1987), p. 107.
30. I am grateful to Senator David Norris, who made copies of these judgments available to me.
31. Liam Ryan, “Faith Under Survey,” Furrow, vol. XXXIV, no. 1 (January 1984), p. 6.
32. Ibid., p. 11.
33. See Peadar Kirby, Is Irish Catholicism Dying? (Cork: Mercier Press, 1984).
34. Ibid., p. 90.
35. The Action Plan for Irish, 1983–1986 (Dublin: Bord na Gaeilge, 1983), p. 2.
36. Ibid., p. 3.
37. Ibid., p. 12.
38. Máire Mhac an tSaoi, cited in Ireland and the Arts, ed. Tim Pat Coogan (London: Namara Press, nd), p. 80.
39. Alan Titley “Innti and Onward: the New Poetry in Irish,” in Irish Poetry Since Kavanagh, ed. Theo Dorgan (County Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996), p. 85.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Theo Dorgan, Introduction to Irish Poetry Since Kavanagh, p. 13.
43. The Irish Language in a Changing Society: Shaping the Future (Dublin: Bord na Gaeilge, 1986), p. 80.
44. Ibid., p. xxxiv.
45. Ibid., p. 80.
46. Ibid., p. xxxiv.
47. Brian P. Kennedy, Dreams and Responsibilities: The State and the Arts in Independent Ireland (Dublin: The Arts Council, nd), p. 221.
48. Ibid., p. 227.
49. See Cinema and Ireland, eds. Kevin Rockett, Luke Gibbons and John Hill (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1988). I am indebted to this work.
50. “Editorial,” Crane Bag, vol. II, no. 2 (1978), p. 5.
51. Richard Kearney, “Between Conflict and Consensus,” Crane Bag, vol. IX, no. 1 (1985), p. 89.
52. Cited by John Gray, “Field Day Five Years On,” Linen Hall Review, vol. II, no. 2 (Summer 1985). For a study of the early years of Field Day, see Marilyn Richtarik, Acting Between the Lines: Field Day Theatre Company and Irish Cultural Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).
53. Ibid., p. 5.
54. Ibid., p. 7.
55. See my “Translating Ireland,” Krino: An Anthology, eds. Gerald Dawe and Jonathan Williams (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1996), pp. 137–40. See also Michael Cronin, Translating Ireland: Translation, Languages, Cultures (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996).
56. Cited by Gray, “Field Day Five Years On,” p. 10.
57. Brendan Kennelly, Cromwell (Dublin: Beaver Row Press, 1983), p. 110.
58. Nicholas Grene, The Politics of Irish Drama: Plays in Context from Boucicault to Friel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 235–36.
59. Ibid., p. 236.
60. Michael O’Connell, Changed Utterly: Ireland and the New Irish Psyche (Dublin: Liffey Press, 2001), p. 30.
61. J. J. Lee, Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 521.
62. Ray Mac Sharry [sic] and Padraic A. White, The Making of the Celtic Tiger: The Inside Story of Ireland’s Economic Boom (Cork: Mercier Press, 2000), p. 371.
1. Brian Friel, Dancing at Lughnasa (London: Faber and Faber, 1990), p. 22.
2. Linda Connolly, The Irish Women’s Movement: From Revolution to Devolution (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2002), p. 193. This useful study shows how the women’s movement in Ireland in the 1970s and thereafter had its precursor in the vibrant suffragist activism of the pre-independence period. However, the issue of the rights of women had almost gone into eclipse during the first five decades of Irish independence. See also Mary E. Daly, “‘Oh, Kathleen Ni Houlihan, Your Way’s a Thorny Way!’ The Condition of Women in Twentieth-Century Ireland,” in Gender and Sexuality in Modern Ireland (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), pp. 102–26. Daly writes of the “doldrums into which feminism fell after 1920.” She acknowledges that this mirrored “developments in other countries where women gained the franchise” but notes “it also appears that Irish feminists found it difficult to replace the pre-war focus on equal rights with an ideology that might have been more in keeping with the culture of the independent state.” Daly, p. 119. She also argues that many Irish women working in the home for their large families simply did not have leisure for political activism: “It can be argued that it was only when the fertility patterns desired by Irish couples began to conflict with state legislation, and when a critical mass of suburban housewives existed, that the modern women’s movement could emerge in Ireland.” Ibid.
3. Linda Connolly, p. 190.
4. Gemma Hussey, Ireland Today: Anatomy of a Changing State (London: Viking, 1994), p. 19. See also John Horgan, Mary Robinson: An Independent Woman (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1997), to which I am indebted in this chapter.
5. Hussey, Ireland Today, p. 19.
6. Horgan, Mary Robinson, p. 177.
7. Greg Delanty, “We Will Not Play the Harp Backwards Now, No!” The Hellbox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 34.
8. See Justin O’Brien, The Modern Prince: Charles Haughey and the Quest for Power (Dublin: Merlin Press, 2002), pp. 133–46. O’Brien reveals that a complex strategy within Fianna Fail to oust Haughey was overtaken in 1992 when Haughey was forced to resign because of this old wire-tapping scandal.
9. Michael Peillon, “Carnival in Ireland,” in Memories of the Present: A Sociological Chronicle of Ireland, eds. Eamonn Slater and Michel Peillon (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 2000), p. 140.
10. Ibid., p. 133.
11. Ibid., p. 141.
12. See Tom Inglis, Moral Monopoly: The Rise and Fall of the Catholic Church in Modern Ireland (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2nd ed, 1998). I am indebted to this volume in this chapter. Inglis observes: “Until 1960 there was homology between the way bishops and priests viewed and understood the world and the way the world was portrayed in the media.” Ibid., p. 231.
13. See Emily O’Reilly, Masterminds of the Right (Dublin: Attic Press, 1988), pp. 98–125.
14. For studies of the abortion debate in Ireland and its social and legal contexts see The Abortion Papers Ireland, ed. Ailbhe Smyth (Dublin: Attic Press, 1992). Taoiseach Bertie Ahern’s government sought to resolve this conundrum in a further referendum in 2002, by seeking an amendment to the Constitution which would have excluded the threat of suicide by a prospective mother as grounds for an abortion. Once again the proposition was opposed by those adamantly against abortion in any circumstances and by those who supported the rights of women, which probably accounts in part for the fact that the proposed constitutional amendment was defeated by a small margin. The issue remains confused, with no government inclined to revisit the matter.
15. See Chris Moore, Betrayal of Trust, The Father Smyth Affair and the Catholic Church (Dublin: Marino Books, 1995). I am indebted to this work.
16. Ibid., p. 20.
17. Ibid., p. 229.
18. Enda McDonagh, “The Winter Name of Church,” Furrow, vol. LXIV, no. 1 (January 1995), p. 3.
19. Ibid., p. 8.
20. Mary Kenny, Goodbye to Catholic Ireland, revised and updated edition (Dublin: New Island Books, 2000), p. 309.
21. Ibid., p. 314.
22. Patrick O’Brien, “A Letter to the Papal Nuncio,” Furrow, vol. LXIV, no. 1 (January, 1995), p. 15.
23. Inglis, Moral Monopoly, p. 217.
24. Ibid., pp. 203–42.
25. Marguerite Corish, “Aspects of the Secularisation of Irish Society,” in Faith and Culture in the Irish Context, ed. Eoin G. Cassidy (Dublin: Veritas Publications, 1996), p. 151.
26. Ibid., p. 159.
27. O’Connell, Changed Utterly, p. 64.
28. This was reported on and analyzed in Bill Cosgrove, “Mass Attendance: Reflections on a Recent Survey,” Furrow, vol. XLIX, no. 12 (1998), pp. 681–89, from which these figures are derived.
29. Inglis, Moral Monopoly, p. 212.
30. Cited in O’Connell, Changed Utterly, p. 79.
31. Ibid., p. 81.
32. Ibid., p. 82.
33. Ibid., p. 149.
34. See Fintan O’Toole, Meanwhile Back at the Ranch: The Politics of Irish Beef (London: Vintage Books, 1995), pp. 275–82. O’Toole’s is a lucid account of a murky affair, which by its very complexity lacked the public impact of revelations that were to follow in the 1990s. For succinct summaries of this and other scandals in the 1990s, I am indebted to Gene Kerrigan and Pat Brennan, This Great Little Nation: The A-Z of Irish Scandals and Controversies (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1999). See also Paul Cullen, With a Little Help From my Friends (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2002).
35. O’Brien, Modern Prince, p. 156.
36. Kerrigan and Brennan, Great Little Nation, p. 109.
37. Ibid., p. 281.
38. Cited in O’Brien, Modern Prince, p. 166.
39. Figures drawn from Central Statistics Office, reported in the Irish Times 4 July 2001, p. 16.
40. Mac Sharry and White, Making of the Celtic Tiger, p. 360.
41. Ibid., p. 376.
42. Other studies of the “Celtic Tiger” phenomenon are Paul Sweeney, The Celtic Tiger: Ireland’s Economic Miracle Explained (Dublin: Oak Tree Press, 1998), Michael O’Connell, Changed Utterly: Ireland and the New Irish Psyche, and the highly unimpressed Kieran Allen, The Celtic Tiger: The Myth of Social Progress in Ireland (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000).
43. Figures drawn from the Central Statistics Office, reported in the Irish Independent, 5 October 2002, p. 7.
44. O’Connell, Changed Utterly, p. 142.
45. Allen, The Celtic Tiger, p. 69.
46. Mary P. Corcoran, “Mall City,” in Memories of the Present, p. 91.
47. Ibid., p. 92.
48. Ibid., p. 103.
49. Figures reported in the Irish Times, 24 January 2003, p. 4.
50. Ibid.
51. For a perceptive, amusing account of nouveau riche Ireland, see Anne Marie Hourihane, She Moved Through the Boom (Dublin: Sitric Books, 2000).
52. Michael Peillon, “Strangers in Our Midst,” in Memories of the Present, p. 106. See also Neil Middleton and Josephine Olusola, “Home to a Strange Land,” Furrow, vol. XLIX, no. 12 (1998), pp. 690–94, for a critical analysis of the state’s response to asylum-seekers.
53. In writing on the Irish peace process I am indebted to the following: Paul Arthur, Special Relationships: Britain, Ireland and the Northern Ireland Problem (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 2000); Seán Farren and Robert F. Mulvihill, Paths to a Settlement in Northern Ireland (Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire: Colin Smythe, 2000); Henry Patterson, The Politics of Illusion: A Political History of the IRA (London: Serif, 1997); Eamonn Mallie and David McKittrick, Endgame in Ireland (Great Britain: Coronet Books, 2001); Fionnuala O’Connor, Breaking the Bonds: Making Peace in Northern Ireland (Edinburgh and London: Mainstream Publishing, 2002); Ed Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA, and Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1993).
54. Farren and Mulivihill, Paths to a Settlement, p. 158. Ed Moloney records that Hume had embarked on these talks almost immediately after the earlier dialogue had seemed to run into the sands. See Ed Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA, p. 279.
55. O’Connor, Breaking the Bonds, p. 277.
56. Cited in John Goodby and Ivan Phillips, “Not Bad: the Spirit Level,” in The Art of Seamus Heaney, ed. Tony Curtis (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 2001), p. 260.
57. Seamus Heaney, “Cessation,” Finders Keepers: Selected Prose, 1971–2001 (London: Faber and Faber, 2002), p. 47.
1. Patrick Hanafin, “Legal Texts as Cultural Documents: Interpreting the Irish Constitution,” in Writing the Irish Republic: Literature, Culture, Politics, 1949–1999, ed. Ray Ryan (Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 2000), p. 150.
2. Ibid., p. 159.
3. Ibid., p. 161.
4. Declan Kiberd, Irish Classics (London: Granta Publications, 2000), pp. 629–30. For a detailed study of the implications for the South of the Good Friday Agreement, see John Coakley, “The Belfast Agreement and the Republic of Ireland,” in R. A. Willford, Aspects of the Belfast Agreement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 225–44. Coakley reckons that a poll of 1999 which showed that 96 percent of “those expressing a view of the matter would like a united Ireland” may be consistent with the 94 percent support of constitutional change in the referendum. This would lend “some credence to the view that the Agreement was seen in the South as a victory for nationalism – or that it was seen at least as being compatible with the traditional nationalist objective of unity.” Coakley, p. 225.
5. Kiberd, Irish Classics, p. 629.
6. Hanafin, “Legal Texts as Cultural Documents,” p. 161.
7. Fintan O’Toole, The Ex-Isle of Erin: Images of a Global Ireland (Dublin: New Island Books, 1997), pp. 20–21.
8. Ibid., p. 21.
9. Derek Mahon, The Yellow Book (Oldcastle, County Meath: Gallery Press, 1997), p. 15.
10. Christopher Morash, A History of Irish Theatre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 269.
11. Ibid.
12. Joseph Cleary, “Modernization and Aesthetic Ideology in Contemporary Irish Culture,” in Ryan, ed., Writing the Irish Republic, p. 126.
13. Ibid., p. 108.
14. Luke Gibbons, “The Global Cure? History, Therapy and the Celtic Tiger,” in Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society, and the Global Economy, eds. Peadar Kirby, Luke Gibbons and Michael Cronin (London: Pluto Press, 2002), p. 97. Gibbons draws here on the writings of Theodore Adorno.
15. Nicholas Grene, The Politics of Irish Drama, p. 253.
16. For an acerbic critique of the Angela’s Ashes phenomenon, see Roy Foster, The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making It Up in Ireland (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press, 2001), p. 1.
17. Roy Foster, “We Are All Revisionists Now,” Irish Review, no. 1 (1986), p. 1.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 4.
20. Ibid., p. 5.
21. Foster, The Irish Story, p. 44.
22. Seamus Deane, General Introduction, Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing (Dublin: Field Day Theatre Company, 1991), p. xxiii.
23. Seamus Deane, Strange Country (London: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 193. See also Joseph Cleary, “Fork-Tongued on the Border Bit: Partition and the Politics of Form in Contemporary Narratives of the Northern Conflict,” South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. XCV, no. 1 (Winter 1996), pp. 233–34.
24. See in particular Edna Longley, “Introduction: Revising Irish Literature,” in The Living Stream (Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1994), pp. 9–68.
25. See, for example, Tom Dunne, “New Histories: Beyond Revisionism,” Irish Review, no. 12 (Spring/Summer 1992), pp. 1–12. See also Ciarán Brady, ed., Ideology and the Historians (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1991) and Interpreting Irish History: the Debate on Historical Revisionism, 1938–1994 (County Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1994), for useful general and specific discussions of these issues.
26. See, in particular, Angela Bourke, The Burning of Bridget Cleary: A True Story (London: Pimlico, 1999) and David Fitzpatrick, Oceans of Consolation (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999).
27. Luke Gibbons and Kevin Whelan, “In Conversation with Stephen Rea,” Yale Journal of Criticism, vol. XV, no. 1 (2002), pp. 14–15. I am grateful to Kevin Whelan who made this publication available to me. See also Neil Jordan, Michael Collins: Screenplay and Film Diary (London: Vintage, 1996).
28. Quoted in Keith Hopper, “Cat-Calls from the Cheap Seats: The Third Meaning of Neil Jordan’s Michael Collins,” Irish Review, no. 2 (Autumn/Winter 1997), p. 2. I am indebted to this valuable article.
29. See Ruth Barton, “From History to Heritage: Some Recent Developments of Irish Cinema,” Irish Review, no. 21 (Autumn/Winter 1997), pp. 41–56, and Luke Gibbons, “The Global Cure?” p. 98.
30. See Brian Walker, Dancing to History’s Tune: History, Myth and Politics in Ireland (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1996), p. 74. Walker is cited by Ruth Barton in “From History to Heritage.” For an excellent study of historiography and of history as an institution in Ireland see J. J. Lee, “Irish History,” in The Heritage of Ireland, eds. N. Buttimer, C. Rynne and H. Guerin (Cork: Collins Press, 2000), pp. 114–36.
31. Barton, “From History to Heritage,” p. 53.
32. At some moments it was as if the Famine commemoration had become almost fashionable and had attracted the attention of the media and entertainment world in a way that risked seeming to commercialize the memory of the terrible anonymous sufferings of Ireland in the hungry 1840s.
33. Christine Kinealy, The Cult of Commemoration: The Great Famine – a Dangerous Memory? (Dublin: Cultures of Ireland, 1996), p. 4.
34. Luke Dodds, “Famine Echoes,” South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. XCV, no. 1 (1996), p. 98.
35. Foster, The Irish Story, p. 29.
36. See Louis Cullen, “The United Irishmen in Wexford,” in The Mighty Wave: The 1798 Rebellion in Wexford, eds. D. Keogh and N. Furlong (Dublin: Four Courts, 1996), p. 50. See also Gary Owens, “Nationalist Monuments in Ireland, 1870–1914: Symbolism and Ritual,” in Ireland, Art into History, eds. R. Gillespie and B. P. Kennedy (Dublin: Town House, 1994), pp. 103–17.
37. Ian McBride, “Review Article: Reclaiming the Rebellion: 1798 in 1998,” Irish Historical Studies, XXXVI, no. 123 (May 1999), p. 395.
38. Tom Dunne, “Wexford’s Comoradh ’98: Politics, Heritage and History,” History Ireland (Summer 1998), p. 49. See also Tom Dunne, “1798: Memory, History, Commemoration,” Journal of the Wexford Historical Society, no. 16 (1996–7), pp. 5–39.
39. Kevin Whelan, “Reinterpreting the 1798 Rebellion in Wexford,” in The Mighty Wave, p. 36.
40. Ibid., p. 34.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., p. 36.
43. Foster, The Irish Story, p. 225.
44. Tom Dunne, “Wexford’s” Comoradh, pp. 51–52.
45. Ibid., p. 52.
46. For a critique of attempts in the 1990s to situate Ireland as a present-day post-colonial society from a social and economic point of view, see Liam Kennedy, “Modern Ireland: Post-Colonial Society or Post-Colonial Pretensions,” Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1996), pp. 167–81. See, by contrast, Carol Coulter, Ireland: Between the First and the Third World (Dublin: Attic Press, 1990). The fullest analysis of the post-colonial turn in academic discourse in the 1990s is Stephen Howe, “Colonialism, Criticism, and Cultural Theory,” Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
47. See David Lloyd, Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Moment (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1993); David Lloyd, Ireland After History (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999), and Joseph Cleary, Literature, Partition and the Nation State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
48. Joseph Cleary, “Misplaced Ideas? Colonialism, Location and Dislocation in Irish Studies,” in Claire Connolly, ed., Theorizing Ireland (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 93.
49. Quoted by Howe in Ireland and Empire, p. 119.
50. Colin Graham, “‘Liminal Spaces’: Post-Colonial Theories and Irish Culture,” Irish Review, no. 16 (Autumn/Winter 1994), p. 36.
51. Ibid., p. 41.
52. Howe, Ireland and Empire, p. 142.
53. Peter Clinch, Frank Convery and Brendan Walsh, After the Celtic Tiger: Challenges Ahead, (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2002), p. 27.
54. Cleary, “Misplaced Ideas?” p. 95.
55. Stephen Howe draws attention to the Derry origins of Field Day in Ireland and Empire, pp. 119–20.
56. Seamus Deane, Introduction, The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing (Derry: Field Day Theatre Company, 1991), p. xx.
57. Ibid. p. x.
58. It was not, it should be stressed, that the emancipation of women in the Republic, the issue of Northern Ireland, and the related issue of national identity could not be brought together in feminist discourse in the period. Rather, the main feminist agenda, at a time of institutional consolidation was addressing matters of immediate import in the Southern state – divorce, abortion, the tax status of women in the workforce and in the home, the prevalence of domestic violence. For a series of pamphlets which engage with feminism and nationalism and with republicanism and the Northern question see Eavan Boland, A Kind of Scar: The Woman Poet in a National Tradition (Dublin: Attic Press, 1989); Edna Longley, From Cathleen to Anorexia: The Breakdown of Irelands (Dublin: Attic Press, 1990), and Gerardine Meaney, Sex and Nation: Women in Irish Culture and Politics (Dublin: Attic Press, 1991). It is perhaps salient in this context that a pioneering collection of essays by various hands on gender and sexuality in modern Ireland ignored the Northern issue. See Gender and Sexuality in Modern Ireland, eds. Anthony Bradley and Maryann Valiulis (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997). It is only marginally present in another pioneering work on gender matters – Éibear Walshe, ed. Sex, Nation and Dissent in Irish Writing (Cork: Cork University Press, 1997).
59. Theo Dorgan, “Looking Over the Edge,” Irish Poetry Since Kavanagh, p. 156.
60. See Joan Mc Breen, The White Page/An Bhileag Bhán: Twentieth-Century Irish Women Poets (Cliffs of Moher, County Clare: Salmon Publishing, 1999).
61. Anne Fogarty, “Deliberately Personal? The Politics of Identity in Contemporary Irish Women’s Writing,” Nordic Irish Studies, vol. I (2002), p. 1.
62. Ibid., p. 3.
63. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
64. Ibid., p. 4.
65. Eavan Boland, Collected Poems (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995), p. 200.
66. Reported in the Sunday Times 12 January 2003, p. 21.
67. Ibid.
68. Clinch et al., After the Celtic Tiger, p. 58.
69. Figures reported in the Irish Times, 17 February 2003, p. 6. This report of the findings of a government-appointed advisory commission noted that such expenditure had risen to 1.42 percent of gross domestic product. This still lagged “well behind the EU average” and was markedly less than the proportion of GDP spent in a similar knowledge-based economy, Finland, where 3.22 percent is the equivalent figure.
70. See Nicholas Allen, George Russell (AE) and the New Ireland, 1905–1930 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003), pp. 223–27.
71. See G. T. Wrixon, “Irish Science and Technology: The Changing Role of the Universities,” Irish Review, no. 17/18 (Winter 1995), pp. 118–26; “‘Lords of Ether and Light:’ The Irish Astronomical Tradition of the Nineteenth Century,” Irish Review, no. 17/18 (Winter 1995), pp. 127–41; Seán Lysaght, “Themes in the Irish History of Science,” Irish Review, no. 20 (Spring/Summer 1996), pp. 87–97; Gretta Jones, “Catholicism, Nationalism and Science,” Irish Review, no. 20 (Spring/Summer 1997), pp. 47–61.
72. John Wilson Foster, Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1997), p. ix.
73. Ibid.
74. Nicholas Whyte, Science, Colonialism and Ireland (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999), p. 6.
75. Ibid., p. 190.
76. Foster, Nature in Ireland, p. xi.
77. Dorothy Walker, Modern Art in Ireland (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 1997).
78. Ibid., p. 157.
79. Caoimhín Mac Giolla Léith, “Strategic Representations: Notes on Irish Art since the Sixties,” in When Time Began to Rant and Rage: Figurative Painting from Twentieth Century Ireland, ed. James Christen Steward (London: Merrell Holberton, 1998), p. 113.
80. Peter Murray, ed., Introduction, 0044 (Cork: Crawford Municipal Art Gallery, 1999), p. 9.
81. Ibid.
82. Claire Schneider, “Kathy Prendergast: Lost Maps…& Other ‘Limbo’ States,” in Murray, ed., 0044, p. 129.
83. Ibid., p. 132.