Abortion issue, 292
Addams, Jane, 39, 60–61, 93, 107, 108, 199
Adler, Felix, 99
AFL, see American Federation of Labor
Altegeld, John, 63, 70, 83, 86
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 106
American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, 199
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 13, 21–22, 31–35, 47, 89, 98, 181, 201, 252
effects of Red Scare on, 200
Flynn criticizes, 104–5
formed, 33–35
growing conservatism of ( 1900s), 92–93
ILGWL’ compared with, 218
LFLU and, 54–55
Lawrence strike and, 241, 264–65, 269
Uprising of Thirty Thousand and, 227
WTULand, 102–6, 108, 109, 115, 118, 120–23
during World War I, 199
1894 convention of, 88
1903 convention of, 96
1907 convention of, 102
1915 convention of, 122–23
See also specific affiliated unions
American Federalitmisl (newspaper), 52, 91, 231
Anarchist movement, 12, 32, 49, 232
Asacog House, 115
Ashleigh, Charles, 132–33, 179–80
Asiatic immigration exclusion bill (1909), 105, 109
Association of Waist and Dress Manufacturers, 227
Atlantic Cotton Mill (firm), 244
Autonomous women’s movement, 14, 289–93
Barnum, Gertrude, 62–63, 110, 117–18, 170
Beldner, Sophie (Vasilio), 129–31
Bellamy, Edward, 146
Belmont, Alva (earlier Alva Vanderbilt), 167, 229–30
Belmont, Oliver Hazard Perry, 229
Berger, Victor, 194, 195, 259, 271, 272
Birth control, 140, 180, 197, 280, 292
Bisno, Abraham, 28, 35, 79–81, 86, 138–39, 300n
Black women, 32, 169, 223–27, 279–80
See also Racism
Blackwell, Henry, 166
Blatch, Harriet Stanton, 169–70
Bloody Sunday (1905), 147
Bloor, Ella Reeve, 192
Bourgeois feminists, 11–13, 20, 21, 284, 321n
in control of contemporary movement, 288–89
in Illinois Woman’s Alliance, 66, 73, 84, 88, 89
importance of vote to, 179–80
in Knights of Labor, 46
leading suffrage movement, 164, 167, 168, 170, 174
problems of unity with, 12–13
in Working Women’s Society, 98, 99
Bradley, Kate, 87
Branstetter, Winnie, 194–95
Breslau-Hunt, Gertrude, 73
Brisbane, Arthur, 99
Brown, Corinne, 54, 56, 66, 68, 72–73, 77, 84–85, 93
Buhle, Mari Jo and Paul, 167
Bullard, Arthur, 258
Byrne, Ethel, 157
Capital (Marx), 34
Cardullo, Rose, 256
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 157, 170
Charity work, Illinois Woman’s Alliance and, 84
Chicago Federation of Labor, 268
Chicago Eight-Hour League, 45
Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly (CT&LA), 35, 43, 47, 48, 51, 60, 70
lllinios Woman’s Alliance and, 67, 68, 73–74, 78–80, 83, 87
Chicago University Settlement, 96
Chicago Women’s Club, 73
Illinois Woman’s Alliance opposes, 21, 56, 66, 69, 71–72, 77–82
Knights of Labor oppose, 46
in Lawrence textile mills, 242, 243
suffrage movement and, 168
Clark, Sue Ainslie, 267
Class consciousness
development of, 16
role of labor movement in development of, 19
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 146
Communist Party USA, 162, 179, 289
women membership in, 295n–96n
Community organizing, workplace organization and, 126–30, 285
See also Lawrence strike
Compulsory education
Illinois passes first bill on (1879), 47
Illinois Woman’s Alliance supports, 21, 56, 66, 69, 71–77, 82
Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (Engels), 81
Congressional Union (National Woman’s Party), 93, 199–201, 229
Connolly, James, 147
Consumer education work of Working Women’s Society, 99
Consumer’s League, 99
Cook County Suffrage Association, 68, 84
Cooperatives, 34, 100, 120, 269, 300n
Cross-class alliances, see United front of women
CT&LA, see Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly
DeLeon, Daniel, 37
Dell, Floyd, 139
Democratic Party, 164, 166, 170
Dennett, Mary Ware, 157
Depression(s)
1877 and 1903, 26
1907–1909, 91–92
1913, 274
1914, 26
Dickinson, Fanny, 69
Dock, Lavinia, ľ70
Dodge, Grace, 59
Domestic workers
IWW organizes, 134–37
See also Housewives
Downing, Agnes, 198
Dreier, Mary, 109, 115, 118–19, 123, 177, 206, 215–16
Drury, Victor, 97
DuBois, W. E. B., 226
Dutcher, Elizabeth, 226
Eastman, Crystal, 164, 198, 201
Ebert, Justus, 180
Education, see Compulsory education
Eight-hour day movement, 45, 46, 49–51, 59, 82–87, 98–99
Elliot, Laura, 111–12
Employment agencies (“sharks”), 135–37, 150, 152
Engels, Friedrich, 34, 36, 81, 145, 146, 186
Equal Rights Amendment, 22, 200–1, 292
Equality League of Self-Supporting Women (later Women’s Political Union), 170
ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 22, 200–1, 292
Ethical Culture Society, 99
Ettor, Joe, 148, 247–49, 251, 266, 267–70, 272–73
Evans, Elizabeth Glendower, 266–68
Far and Near (magazine), 60
Federal unions, AFL and function of, 54–55
Fifteenth Amendement (1920), 166, 200
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 12, 104, 125, 128, 129, 132, 140–62, 287
background of, 144–49
birth control issue and, 157–58, 160–61
in free speech campaigns, 151–52
joins Communist party, 162
and Lawrence strike, 243, 244, 249–52, 255–56
sexual freedom and, 140–42, 156–57
suffrage movement and, 179, 181–82
women’s rights and, 153–57
Forberg, Lillian, 132
Ford, Henry, 123
Foster, William Z., 282
Free speech campaigns of IWW (1908), 149–52
Frick, Henry Clay, 26
Friends of Irish Freedom, 97
dependent on cheap female labor, 92
immigrant workers in (1900s; 1910s), 29–30, 211–12
WTUL organizing in, 96
working conditions in, 29–30, 41–42;
see also Sweatshops Working Women’s Union and, 41
See also Uprising of Thirty Thousand
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 87, 168
See also Women’s clubs
General strike
See also Strike(s); Uprising of Thirty Thousand
George, Henry, 33
Gillespie, Mabel, 266–67
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 170, 184, 292
Giovannitti, Arturo, 248, 249, 251, 266, 272–73
Gluck, Sherna, 201
Goins, Irene, 226
Golden, John, 264–67
Gompers, Samuel, 34–36, 48, 54, 71, 88, 98, 184, 237
and Asiatic immigration exclusion bill, 105
M. Kenney and, 61–62
and minimum wage for women, 118
and Uprising of Thirty Thousand, 206, 208, 222, 231–33
WTULand, 102
Gordon, Linda, 157
Harriman, Edward H., 26
Hart, Schaffner and Marx (firm), 268
Haymarket Square riot (1886), 43, 49–51, 54, 59, 72–73, 121
Lawrence strike and, 243, 246, 249–50, 252, 261, 268
Henry, Alice, 12
Henry Street Settlement, 97, 99, 100, 170
Heterodoxy Club, 142–3
Hill, James, 26
Hillquit, Morris, 218, 231, 269
Hinchey, Maggie, 174–78
Holmes, Lizzie Swank, 45–46, 49–54, 63, 67, 68, 91
Holmes, William, 52
Homestead strike (1892), 62
Housewives, 279–80
in socialist movement, 19–20
in suffrage movement, 167
in Working Women’s Union, 45
Howe, Julia Ward, 168
Howe, Marie Jenney, 142
Huberman, Leo, 26
Hubert, Jean Baptiste, 97
Hughes, Charles Evans, 183
Hughes, Langston, 293
Hull House, 60–63, 81–83, 96, 300n
Hyde, Mrs. Floyd, 140–42
ILGWU, see International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
Illinois Woman’s Alliance, 14, 63, 65–89, 98, 201
campaigns against child labor, 21, 56, 71–72, 77–82
campaigns for compulsory
education, 21, 56, 66, 69, 71–73, 76–77
as crossroad in history of women’s movement, 291
member organizations of, 301n
police brutality fought by, 56, 66, 69–71, 74
strength of left-wing forces in, 12, 287
workplace and community organization by, 285
Asiatic immigration exclusion bill, 105, 109
exploitation of, 11
in garment industry, 29–30, 211–12; see also Uprising of Thirty Thousand
NAWSA position on, 168–69
number of (1887), 27
number of ( 1910), 29
in textile industry, 242–43; see also Lawrence strike
used as strikebreakers, 27
Industrial unionism, see Industrial Workers of the World
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW; Wobblies), 13, 14, 19, 21, 93, 114, 125–63
birth control issue and, 128, 156–63, 281
domestic workers organized by, 134–37
feminist movement distrusted by, 12
free speech campaign of, 149–50
ILGWU compared with, 218
Lawrence strike and, see Lawrence strike
members of, arrested (World War I), 22
1912 split in Socialist Party and, 194
organizing women in, 126–34
sexual freedom issue and, 137–42
suffrage movement and, 164, 179–84, 281
and united front of women, 281, 282
women’s work in, 287
World War I opposed by, 199
Industrialization, post-Civil War, 25–26
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 14, 106, 178, 237–40, 317n
See also Uprising of Thirty Thousand
Irwin, Inez Haynes, 143
Italian Socialist Federation, 258
IWW, see Industrial Workers of the World
Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 98
Jane Club, 61
Jewish Daily Forward (newspaper), 206, 208, 237
Joan of Arc Assembly, 47
jungle, TA« (Sinclair), 146
Kaneko, Josephine Conger, 186, 196–97
Kavanaugh, Fannie, 69–70, 74, 84, 85
Kelley, Florence, 63, 80–83, 86, 99, 170
Kenney, Mary, see O’Sullivan, Mary Kenney
Kessler-Harris, Alice, 93
King, Edward, 99
Knights of Labor, 32–34, 46, 49–51, 97
Konikow, Antoinette, 157
Korngold, Janet, 195
Kotsch, Georgia, 157
Kropotkin, Peter, 146
Labor movement
early days of, 34–37
links between women’s movement and, 14–15
need to reunite socialist, feminist, and, 291, 292
post-World War I, 22
pre-World War I, 13
socialist view of, 19
and united front of women, 16–18, 20–21, 280–81 See also specific labor unions
Ladies’ Federal Labor Union (LFLU), 52, 54–64, 66, 67, 70, 73, 77, 86–88
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 34, 35, 301n
Lawrence strike (1912), 14, 102, 105, 125, 133, 152, 158, 203, 223, 241–75
background to, 241–46
beginning of, 245–46
democratic character of, 253
effects of, on women, 253–54
exodus of children during, 258–61
God-and-country offensive following, 273–75
mass meetings during, 251–52
mass picketing developed in, 247–48
police in, 248–49, 254–55, 260–62
running of, 252–53
support for, 264–71
success of, 263–64
workplace and community organization during, 285
Legere, Ben, 140
Leiserson’s (firm), 206, 209, 213–14, 218
See also Uprising of Thirty Thousand
Lemlich, Clara, 236
suffrage movement and, 171, 174, 177–78
and Uprising of Thirty Thousand, 207–9, 214, 218, 230, 240
Lewis, Lena Morrow, 188, 193, 270
LFLU (Ladies’ Federal Labor Union), 52, 54–64, 57, 58, 70, 73, 77, 86–88
Life and Labor (magazine), 110
Liss, Josephine, 256
Little, Frank, 130
Long Day, The (Richardson), 117
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 146
Lopezza, Anna, 248
Lowe, Caroline, 194
Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 98
Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, 44
Malkiel, Theresa, 11, 192, 196, 230
Malone, Maud, 157
Manufacturers’ Association (Chicago, Ill.), 86–87
Mao Tse-tung, 277
Marot, Helen, 107, 114–15, 118, 219, 221–23, 227, 236, 239
Marvin, Gertrude, 260
Marx, Karl, 34, 97, 112, 145, 146
Marxism, 184
in early days of AFL, 34
in labor unions (1880s to World War I), 16–17
and relation between class and sex, 277–79
in suffrage movement, 14
See also Class consciousness; Class struggle; Socialism and socialist movement; Socialists
Marxist history, 14–16
men in, 14–15
women in, 15–16
Mass picketing in Lawrence strike, 247–48
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 97
Miller, Francis, 249
Mindell, Fania, 157
Minimum wage for women, WTUL and, 118
Mining industry, 127–28
Mitchell, John, 218
Monopoly capital, post-Civil War concentration of, 26
Morgan, Elizabeth, 47–48, 52–54, 56, 66–68, 74–77, 79, 82–88, 93
Morgan, Tommy, 36, 47–48, 67, 83, 87, 88
Mother Jones, 126
Moyer, Charles, 147
National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 93, 167–71, 174, 189–90, 192–93, 198–200, 229–30
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 97, 224
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 201
National Guard in Lawrence strike, 246–48, 262, 264
National liberation movements, 13, 22, 280, 292
National Ripsaw (newspaper), 157
National Woman’s Party (Congressional Union), 93, 183, 199–201, 229
National Women’s Trade Union
League, see Women’s Trade Union League
NAWSA (National American
Women’s Suffrage Association), 93, 167–71, 174, 189–90, 192–93, 198–200, 229–30
Nelson, Caroline, 157
New York Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), 108, 111, 113–15, 118, 120, 226, 233
New York Socialist Party, 258
O’Brien, Joe, 263
O’Hare, Kate Richards, 157, 188, 192, 197
O’Neill, William, 121
Oppenheim, James, I, 241
O’Reilly, Leonora, 18, 199, 231
suffrage movement and, 170–73, 175–77
WTUL and, 95–124
O’Reilly, Mary, 205
Organizing
becomes a career, 121–22
community, workplace and, 285
O’Sullivan, Jack, 63
O’Sullivan, Mary Kenney, 96, 111, 121
Illinois Woman’s Alliance and, 79, 83, 85, 86
LFLU and, 54–64
Lawrence strike and, 265–66, 268
Ovington, Mary White, 224
Pacific Mills (firm), 246
Pacifist movement, 22, 97, 199
Palmer raids (1919), 200
Paris Commune (1871), 42, 97, 251
Parsons, Elsie Clews, 157
Parsons, Lucy, 41–43, 45, 49, 52
Party organizations
women’s work in, 286–88
See also specific parties
Paterson strike (1913), 125, 158, 268, 271
Paul, Alice, 199
Pettibone, George, 147
Police repression
Illinois Woman’s Alliance campaigns against, 56, 66, 69–71, 74
in Lawrence strike, 248–49, 254–55, 260–62
in Uprising of Thirty Thousand, 221, 231
of women organizers (1880s), 42–43
Political Equality Association, 230
Powderly, Terence, 51
Progress and Poverty (George), 33
Progressive Woman (Socialist Women; magazine), 19, 186, 188, 195
Prostitutes
Illinois Woman’s Alliance opposes victimization of, 21, 66, 69–71
and employment “sharks,” 137, 150
used as strikebreakers, 214
women organizers viewed as, 42
Public education, see Compulsory education
Public institutions, Illinois Woman’s Alliance and, 56, 69
Rabinowitz, Matilda (Matilda Robbins), 132, 140, 142, 160
Racism
IWW opposes, 125–26
Knights of Labor oppose, 46
NAWSA and, 168
Railroads
building of, 26
Rankin, Mildred, 226
Rauh, Florence, 198
Red Scare, 200
Reitman, Ben, 157
Repression, see National Guard; Palmer raids; Police repression
Richardson, Dorothy, 117, 298n
Robbins, Matilda (Matilda Rabinowitz), 132, 140, 142
Robins, Margaret Dreier, 183, 226, 233
WTULand, 102–4, 107, 115, 116, 118–19
Robins, Raymond, 107, 109, 233
Robinson, William J., 157
Rockefeller, John D., 26
Rodgers, Elizabeth, 41–43, 45, 47, 51, 53
Rodgers, George, 47
Rosen Brothers (firm), 206, 213
Rudnitsky, Anna, 110–11
Russell, Phillips, 275
Russian Revolution (1917), 200
Ruth, Yetta, 220
Salvation Army, 150
Sanger, Margaret, 157–61, 163, 258, 259
Sanger, William, 157
Schepps, Mollie, 172
Schneiderman, Rose, 102, 108–10, 113, 116, 120, 170, 176, 177, 235–36
Second International, 185, 188
Settlement workers, 20, 32, 96, 100–1 See also specific settlement houses
Sex, relation between class and, 277–79
Sexual freedom issue, 8, 140, 280
IWW and, 137–42
Shaw, Anna Howard, 230
Shirtwaist makers’ strike, see Uprising of Thirty Thousand
Simons, Algie, 193
Smedley, Agnes, 157
Social class
relation between sex and, 277–79
suffrage movement and, 166–67, 170–77
unity and, 12–13
WTULand, 106–19
See also Bourgeois feminists; Working-class men; Working-class women
Socialist Labor Party, 21, 32, 42, 88, 93, 126
Socialism and socialist movement, 11, 13, 286
links between labor movement, women’s movement and, 14–15
need to reunite labor movement, women’s movement and, 291, 292
participation in ( 1880s–1918), 18–20
role of, 18–19
See also specfic socialist organirations
Socialist Party, 13, 18, 93, 97, 142, 209, 249
Haywood breaks with, 269–71
IWW and, 126
Lawrence strike and, 264, 268–71, 320n
membership in ( 1912), 19
suffrage movement and, 164, 170, 183–98, 287, 313n
and united front of women, 281, 282
Uprising of Thirty Thousand and, 217, 227–28, 230–31, 233
women’s work in, 286–87
World War I opposed by, 199
Socialist revolution, relation between woman’s liberation and, 277–79
Socialist Suffrage Societies, 193–94
Socialist Trades and Labor Alliance, 88
Socialist Women (Progressive Woman; magazine), 19, 186, 188, 195
Socialists
in pacifist movement (World War I), 22
and birth control issue, 157
division between feminists and (1900s), 94
and early days of labor movement, 34–36
in Illinois Woman’s Alliance, 66, 72–73, 81, 108
in Knights of Labor, 33
in 1960s movement, 288–92, 321n–22n
and organizing women alongside men (1900s), 37
place of women’s movement as seen by, 14–15
support organizations of women (1880s), 36–37
in Working Women’s Union, 42–45, 48–49
Sovereigns of Industry, 48
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 166, 169
Starr, Ellen Gates, 83
Stern, Meta, 186
Stevens, Alzina, 41–45, 47, 53, 63, 81
Stone, Lucy, 166
Street, Jane, 134–38
Strike(s)
1891 Chicago shoemakers’, 85
1892 Homestead, 62
1893 Chicago garment, 62
1905 Fall River, 305n–6n
1911 maintenance workers’, 171, 244, 268
1912 laundry workers’, 174, 249
1913 Paterson, 125, 158, 268, 271
1916 iron workers’, 128
1926 Passaic, 178
height reached by IWW, 162
immigrants used as strikebreakers, 27–28
IWW position on general, 125, 126
led by Knights of Labor, 46, 51
Pittsburgh (California) fishermen’s, 128
pledge of no, during World War I, 199
prostitues used as strikebreakers, 214
See also Lawrence strike; Uprising of Thirty Thousand
Suffrage movement, 32, 33, 93, 140, 156, 164–201
birth control issue and, 157
conservatism of, 164–69
ERA and, 200–1
M. Kenney and, 61
R. Morgan’s support for, 47
L. O’Reilly in, 97
social class and, 166–67, 170–77
Socialist Party and, 164, 170, 183–98, 287, 313n
as united front, 14
Uprising of Thirty Thousand and, 229–30
WTUL and, 170, 174, 176–79, 199, 201
and World War I, 199–200
Sullivan, Louis, 39
Swank, Lizzie (later Lizzie Swank Holmes), 39–43, 45–46, 49–53, 63, 67, 68, 91
Sweatshops, 29–30
Illinois Woman’s Alliance campaigns against, 66–69, 71, 73–75, 77–83
Textile industry, 32, 44, 125, 127
See also Lawrence strike; Paterson strike
Tewksbury, Anna, 179
Thompson, James, 150, 242, 244–45, 249
Trade unions, see American Federation of Labor
Trautman, Bill, 249
Tresca, Carlos, 140
Triangle Waist Company, 206, 212, 214, 215
fire at, 234–35
strike against, see Uprising of Thirty Thousand
Typographical Union, 44
UGW (United Garment Workers of America), 100–3, 268, 284
Union Label League, 103–5
Unions, see Labor movement
United front of women, 11–12
autonomous women’s movement and, 14, 288–93
contradictions inherent in, 89, 96
defining, 13–14
labor movement and, 16–18, 20–21, 280–81
left wing of, eliminated (post-World War I), 22
successes and failures of, 20–21
theory of, 279–83
See also specific organizations
United Garment Workers of America (UGW), 100–3, 268, 284, 298n, 304n
United States capitalism, effects of World War I on, 21–22
United Textile Workers (UTW), 264–65
Uprising of Thirty Thousand (shirtwaist makers’ strike; 1909–1910), 14, 20, 93, 171, 177, 178, 190, 203–40, 264, 285
black women in, 223–26
called, 215–16
and conditions in shirtwaist industry, 209–12
end of, 234
meeting preceding, 206–7
police and court treatment of strikers, 220–21
purpose of, 217–18
strikes preceding, 212–14
support for, 227–33
Urosova, Natalya, 216
UTW (United Textile Workers), 264–65
Valesh, Eva McDonald, 61, 97–98, 231–33
Vanderbilt, William K., 167, 229
Victorian ideology in suffrage movement, 168
Vorse, Mary Heaton (Mary Heaton), 250, 251, 253, 258, 263
Wage Earner’s Suffrage League, 171–74
Wages, 30–31
effects of AFL stand on women on, 106
effects of child labor on, 72
in 1890s, 27
in garment industry, 29–31, 45
“iron law of,” 301n
minimum, WTULand, 118
in shirtwaist industry, 209–11
in textile industry, 44, 242, 245
Wald, Lillian, 99–101
Walling, William English, 96, 116
Wealth distribution (1896), 27
Welsenbach, Annie, 256
Western Federation of Miners, 126, 147
Willard, Emma, 47
Williams, Ben, 140, 148, 271–72
Wilson, Woodrow, 175, 183, 199–200
Wobblies, see Industrial Workers of the World
Wolfson, Theresa, 119
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 146
Woman Rebel (magazine), 159
Woman Suffrage Party (WSP), 170–71, 174–77
Woman and Socialism (Bebel), 37, 146
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WGTU), 32, 33, 47
See also General Federation of Women’s Clubs
Women’s National Committee (of Socialist Party), 185, 187, 188, 193–97
Women’s Political Union (Equality League of Self-Supporting Women), 170
Women’s Shoemakers’ Union, 86
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), 7, 12, 13, 18, 19, 62, 63, 95–124, 142, 183
AFL and, 102–6, 108, 109, 115, 118, 120–23
cross-class alliances and, 13
failures of, 281
Lawrence strike and, 264–68
1907 depression and, 91–92
social class and, 106–19
Socialist Party and, 184
suffrage movement and, 170, 174, 176–79, 199, 201
Triangle Waist Company fire and, 235, 236
Uprising of Thirty Thousand and, 214, 215, 217, 223, 226–33
Wool Trust, 242
Working-class men
and accepting tvomen as equal partners in class struggle, 17
in Marxist history, 14–15
organizational history of, compared to that of women, 18
Working-class women, 11–13, 39–43, 184
development of class consciousness among, 17
in LFLU, 56, 62; see also Ladies’ Federal Labor U nion
major allies of, 20
need for research in history of, 7–8
number of, in labor force (1880; 1910), 29
in suffrage movement, 171–73, 176–78, 180–82 ; see also Su f f rage movement
in united front, 20, 21 ; see also United front of women
in WTUL, 102, 107–18, 120; see also Women’s Trade Union League
See also Domestic workers; Housewives; Lawrence strike; Uprising of Thirty Thousand
Working conditions
of domestic workers, 134
in garment industry, 29–30, 41–42; see also Sweatshops
in stores. Working Women’s Society exposes, 98–99
Working Girls Clubs, 59–60, 88, 111
Working Women’s Society, 61, 81, 97–99
Working Women’s Union, 41–43, 45–49, 52, 54
Workplace organization, community organization and, 126–30, 285; see also Lawrence strike
WSP (Woman Suffrage Party), 170–71, 174–77
WTUL, see Women’s Trade Union League
World War I (1914–1918), 21–22, 199–200