INTRODUCTION: THE WAR AGAINST HITLER (PP. 1–11)
1. Mark Harrison, “The Economics of World War II: An Overview,” in Mark Harrison (ed.) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge, 1998) 7, 8, 13. John Ellis, Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War (New York: Viking, 1990). For a more complex analysis of victory, see Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (London: Pimlico, 1995) and Paul Kennedy, Engineers of Victory: The Problem Solvers Who Turned the Tide in the Second World War (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2013).
2. For casualties by service, see C.P. Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1970) 66. Stacey calculates 42,042 deaths. Added to this are another 1,629 Canadian and Newfoundland merchant mariners who lost their lives. See W.A.B. Douglas, Roger Sarty, and Michael Whitby, No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943 (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2002) 634.
3. Barney Danson, Not Bad for a Sergeant: The Memoirs of Barney Danson (Toronto: Dundurn, 2002) 10.
4. Roger Sarty, “Uncle Bill’s Service in Bomber Command, 1942–1944, Family Memory and the Written Record,” Canadian Military History 15.3&4 (Summer–Autumn, 2006) 94–5.
5. Thomas G. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories: Canadian Sailors and the Battle of the Atlantic (Halifax: Atlantic Chief and Petty Officers Association, 1993) 178.
6. Barbara Dundas, A History of Women in the Canadian Military (Montreal: Art Global, 2000) 52.
7. J.L. Granatstein, Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993) 191.
8. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, interview, Yvonne Jukes.
9. Carolyn Gossage, Greatcoats and Glamour Boots: Canadian Women at War (1939–1945) (Toronto: Dundurn, 1991) 127.
10. See Jeffrey A. Keshen, Saints, Sinners and Soldiers: Canada’s Second World War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004) 178–9; Ruth Russell, Proudly She Marched: Training Canada’s World War II Women in Waterloo, Volume I: Canadian Women’s Army Corps (Kitchener: Canadian Federation of University Women, 2006) 45–6, 50; Quote from Gossage, Greatcoats and Glamour Boots, 47.
11. Canadian War Museum [hereafter CWM] oral history interview, 31D 5 FLEMING, page 7.
12. Bill McNeil, Voices of a War Remembered: An Oral History of Canadians in World War Two (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1991) 31–2.
13. McNeil, Voices of a War Remembered, 37.
14. See Cynthia Toman, An Officer and a Lady: Canadian Military Nursing and the Second World War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007).
15. See Ruth Roach Pierson, They’re Still Women after All: Canadian Women and the Second World War (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1986).
16. Stanley Scislowski, Not All of Us Were Brave (Toronto: Dundurn, 1997) 11.
CHAPTER 1: RELUCTANTLY TO WAR (PP. 13–30)
1. See Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (London: Penguin, 2013); Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (London: Harper, 2013).
2. On inflation, see Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (London: Penguin, 2005) 5.
3. On veterans, see Deborah Cohen, The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914–1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
4. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000) xliii.
5. See Richard Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism: The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany, 1925–1934 (Yale: Yale University Press, 1984); Ian Kershaw, The “Hitler Myth”: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
6. On Great War tactics and fighting, see Bill Rawling, Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914–1918 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992) and Tim Cook, Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War, 1917–1918, volume II (Toronto: Viking, 2008).
7. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010) 53, 81.
8. Robert Bothwell and John English, “‘Dirty Work at the Crossroads’: New Perspectives on the Riddell Incident,” Historical Papers 7.1 (1972); Brock Millman, “Canada, Sanctions and the Abyssinian Crisis of 1935,” The Historical Journal 40.1 (March 1997).
9. See James S. Corum, The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
10. Robert H. Whealey, Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1989).
11. Jurgen Forster, “From ‘Blitzkrieg’ to ‘Total War’: Germany’s War in Europe,” in Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, and Bernd Greiner (eds.) A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 96.
12. Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000) 13.
13. Max Hastings, All Hell Let Loose: The World at War (1939–45) (London: HarperCollins, 2012) 14.
14. Democracy at War: Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War: The Hamilton Spectator and Its Archive, 4 September 1939, www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/hamilton_e.shtml.
15. Tim Cook, Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War, 1917–1918, volume II (Toronto: Viking, 2008) 611–20.
16. J.L. Granatstein and J.M. Hitsman, Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1977).
17. J.L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, “‘A Self-Evident National Duty’: Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935–1939,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3 (1975), 222.
18. S.W. Dziuban, The Military Relations between the United States and Canada, 1939–1945 (Washington: United States Army in the World War II, Special Studies, 1959) 4.
19. Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada: From Champlain to Kosovo, Fourth Edition (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999) 178.
20. Roger Sarty, “Mr. King and the Armed Forces,” in Norman Hillmer, et al. (eds.), A Country of Limitations: Canada and the World in 1939 (Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War, 1996) 217–46.
21. J.L. Granatstein, The Last Good War: An Illustrated History of Canada in the Second World War, 1939–1945 (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2005) 6; Library and Archives Canada [hereafter LAC], digitized diary, William Lyon Mackenzie King personal diary, 14 November 1938 [hereafter “King diary”].
22. John Marteinson and Michael R. McNorgan, The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps (Toronto: Robin Brass, 2000) 77–8.
23. House of Commons debates [hereafter Hansard], 30 March 1939.
24. See Terry Copp, “Ontario 1939: The Decision for War,” Ontario History 86.3 (1994) 269–78.
25. On guiding Canada into the war, see Lita-Rose Betcherman, Ernest Lapointe: Mackenzie King’s Great Quebec Lieutenant (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002); King diary, 1–10 September 1939; Tim Cook, Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King, and Canada’s World Wars (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2012) 208–13.
26. See Irving Abella and Harold Troper, None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1982).
27. J.K. Chapman, River Boy at War (Fredericton: Goose Lane, 1985) 11–13.
28. Robert Crozier, Looking Backward: A Memoir (self-published, 1998) viii.
29. Gordon Brown and Terry Copp, Look to Your Front … Regina Rifles: A Regiment at War, 1944–1945 (Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, 2001) 4.
30. Terry Copp, Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003) 15–16.
31. See Jonathan F. Vance, “Understanding the Motive to Enlist,” in Sherrill Grace, et al. (eds.), Bearing Witness: Perspectives on War and Peace from the Arts and Humanities (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012) 28–40.
32. Mathias Joost, “Racism and Enlistment: The Second World War Policies of the Royal Canadian Air Force,” Canadian Military History 21.1 (Winter 2012) 17–19, 22.
33. Scott Sheffield, “Fighting a White Man’s War?”: First Nations Participation in the Canadian War Effort, 1939–1945,” Geoffrey Hayes, et al. (eds.), Canada and the Second World War: Essays in Honour of Terry Copp (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Press, 2012) 71.
34. Whitney Lackenbauer, “ ‘A Hell of a Warrior’: Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince,” Journal of Historical Biography 1 (Spring 2007) 31.
35. Cynthia Commacchio, “‘To Hold on High the Torch of Liberty’: Canadian Youth and the Second World War,” in Geoffrey Hayes, et al. (eds.), Canada and the Second World War: Essays in Honour of Terry Copp (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Press, 2012) 35–6.
36. George S. MacDonell, One Soldier’s Story (1939–1945) From the Fall of Hong Kong to the Defeat of Japan (Toronto: Dundurn, 2002) 3, 6.
37. Ian Miller, “Toronto’s Response to the Outbreak of War, 1939,” Canadian Military History 11.1 (Winter 2002) 10–11.
38. David J. Bercuson, The Patricias: The Proud History of a Fighting Regiment (Toronto: Stoddart, 2001) 152.
39. Terry Copp, No Price Too High: Canadians and the Second World War (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996) 39.
40. C.P. Stacey, Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1955) 34.
41. Stephen J. Harris, Canadian Brass: The Making of a Professional Army, 1860–1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
42. Stacey, Six Years of War, 50; Jonathan Vance, Maple Leaf Empire: Britain, Canada, and the Two World Wars (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2011) 149.
43. Robert Bryce, Canada and the Cost of World War II: The International Operations of Canada’s Department of Finance, 1939–1947 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005) 22–3; King diary, 18 September 1939.
CHAPTER 2: THE FALL OF FRANCE (PP. 31–44)
1. Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (London: Allen Lane, 2012) 84. Also see Alex B. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003).
2. Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed, 105.
3. On King’s cabinet, see J.L. Granatstein, Canada’s War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939–1945 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975).
4. Toronto Daily Star, 18 January 1940.
5. For the campaign, see J. Murray Beck, Pendulum of Power: Canada’s Federal Elections (Scarborough: Prentice-Hall of Canada, 1968) 223–40.
6. Brown and Copp, Look to Your Front, 3, 7.
7. John Marteinson (ed.), We Stand on Guard: An Illustrated History of the Canadian Army (Montreal: Ovale Publications, 1992) 227.
8. Bercuson, The Patricias, 157.
9. LAC, RG24, National Defence, v. 13721, “Report on a Press Clipping,” December 1939.
10. LAC, RG24, National Defence, v. 6917, CMHQ Report No. 51, “Censorship of Mail, Canadian Army Overseas. Field Censors’ Notes as Material for History,” 31 October 1941.
11. Melynda Jarratt, War Brides: The Stories of the Women Who Left Everything Behind to Follow the Men They Loved (Toronto: Dundurn, 2009) 15.
12. Michael Pearson Cessford, Hard in the Attack: The Canadian Army in Sicily and Italy, July 1943–June 1944 (Ph.D. dissertation, Carleton University, 1996) 29.
13. R.H. Roy, The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, 1919–1965 (Vancouver: The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, 1969) 78.
14. Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London: Allen Lane, 2006) 371.
15. For the failure of the French army, see Robert Doughty, The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919–1939 (Hamden: Archon Books, 1985); and Eugenia C. Kiesling, Arming Against Hitler: France and Limits of Military Planning (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996).
16. Karl-Heinz Frieser (with J.T. Greenwood), The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005) 90.
17. For the campaign, see Julian Jackson, The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
18. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 NIXON, page 6.
19. King diary, 23 and 24 May 1940.
20. Norman Gelb, Dunkirk (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1989) 309; and W.J.R. Gardner (ed.), The Evacuation from Dunkirk: Operation Dynamo, 26 May–4 June 1940 (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
21. See Martin S. Alexander, “After Dunkirk: The French Army’s Performance against ‘Case Red’, 25 May to 25 June 1940,”War In History 14.2 (April 2007) 219–264; Hastings, All Hell Let Loose, 67.
22. J.L. Granatstein, Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002) 262.
23. CWM, 1982624-001, Composition of Advance Party, no date.
24. Alta R. Wilkinson (ed.), Ottawa to Caen: Letters from Arthur Campbell Wilkinson (Ottawa: Tower Books, 1947) 24.
25. See various reports in LAC, RG 24, v. 10854, 232.C1 (D8).
26. G.W.L. Nicholson, The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, volume II (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967) 72.
27. Ashley Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War (New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2006) 1.
28. Daniel Byers, “Mobilising Canada: The National Resources Mobilization Act, the Department of National Defence, and Compulsory Military Service in Canada, 1940–1945,” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7.1 (1996); C.P. Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1970) 33–4.
CHAPTER 3: THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN (PP. 45–58)
1. Hugh Halliday, No. 242 Squadron: The Canadian Years (Stittsville: Canada’s Wings, 1981) 17–18.
2. Wayne Ralph, Aces, Warriors & Wingmen: Firsthand Accounts of Canada’s Fighter Pilots in the Second World War (Mississauga: John Wiley & Sons, 2005) 69.
3. Halliday, No. 242 Squadron, 37–8.
4. See David Ian Hall, Strategy for Victory: The Development of British Tactical Air Power, 1919–1943 (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008); Ian Gooderson, Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe 1943–45 (Routledge, 1998) 23–4.
5. The Canadians at War 1939/45 (Montreal: Reader’s Digest, 1969) 40.
6. Hastings, All Hell Let Loose, 72.
7. See Fred Pollock, “Roosevelt, the Ogdensburg Agreement, and the British Fleet: All Done with Mirrors,” Diplomatic History 5 (1981) 203–19.
8. See David Reynolds, “Churchill and the British ‘Decision’ to Fight on in 1940: Right Policy, Wrong Reasons,” in R. Langhorne (ed.), Diplomacy and Intelligence during the Second World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) 147–67.
9. See Anthony J. Cumming, The Royal Navy and the Battle of Britain (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2010).
10. Robert Jackson, Before the Storm: The Story of Bomber Command, 1939–1942 (London: Cassell & Co., 2001 [original 1972]) 117.
11. P.M.H. Bell, Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011) 21; Copp, No Price Too High, 48.
12. John Terraine, The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985) 194.
13. Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (London: HMSO, 1983) 80.
14. Robert Bracken, Spitfire: The Canadians (Erin: The Boston Mills Press, 1995) 11.
15. Brereton Greenhous and Hugh A. Halliday, Canada’s Air Forces, 1914–1999 (Montreal: Art Global, 1999) 59–60.
16. Richard Collier, Eagle Day: The Battle of Britain (London: Sphere, 1981) 128.
17. Arthur Bishop, The Splendid Hundred: The True Story of Canadians Who Flew in the Greatest Air Battle of World War II (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994) 40.
18. Jean Portugal, We Were There: A Record for Canada, volume 7 (Shelburne: The Royal Canadian Military Institute Heritage Society, 1998) 3239.
19. David Bashow, All the Fine Young Eagles: In the Cockpit with Canada’s Second World War Fighter Pilots (Toronto: Stoddart, 1997) 25.
20. Granatstein, The Last Good War, 42.
21. Horst Boog, “The Luftwaffe’s Assault,” in Paul Addison and Jeremy A. Crang (eds.), The Burning Blue: A New History of the Battle of Britain (London: Pimlico, 2000) 48.
22. Brian Bond, “Introduction,” in Paul Addison and Jeremy A. Crang (eds.), The Burning Blue: A New History of the Battle of Britain (London: Pimlico, 2000) 11.
23. On heroes, see Garry Campion in The Good Fight: Battle of Britain Propaganda and the Few (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2009).
24. Steven Casey, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War Against Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) 26.
25. Hastings, All Hell Let Loose, 187.
26. Tami Davis Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002); Phillip S. Meilinger, “Trenchard and ‘Morale Bombing’: The Evolution of Royal Air Force Doctrine Before World War II” The Journal of Military History 60.2 (1996); Tim Cook, “Against God-Inspired Conscience: Perceptions of Gas Warfare as a Weapon of Mass Destruction, 1915–1939,” War & Society 18.1 (May 2000) 47–69.
27. Keith Lowe, Inferno: The Fiery Destruction of Hamburg, 1943 (New York: Scribner, 2007) 52; Patrick Bishop, Bomber Boys: Fighting Back, 1940–1945 (London: Harper, 2007) 74. Also see Juliet Gardner, The Blitz: The British Under Attack (London: Harper, 2012).
CHAPTER 4: THE WAR IN THE FAR EAST (PP. 59–94)
1. On trucks, see Graham Broad, “Not Competent to Produce Tanks: The Ram and Tank Production in Canada, 1939–1945,” Canadian Military History 11.1 (Winter 2002) 26.
2. Paul Marsden, “The Costs of No Commitments: Canadian Economic Planning for War,” in Norman Hillmer, et al. (eds.), A Country of Limitations: Canada and the World in 1939 (Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War, 1996) 199–216; Robert Bothwell, “‘Who’s Paying for Anything These Days?’ War Production in Canada, 1939–1945,” in N.F. Dreisziger (ed.), Mobilization for Total War (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1981); Robert Bothwell and William Kilbourn, C.D. Howe: A Biography (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1979).
3. See Graham Broad, A Small Price to Pay: Consumer Culture on the Canadian Home Front, 1939–45 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2013).
4. Galen Perras, Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, 1933–1945 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998) 1–23.
5. For the ramifications, see Colonel C.P. Stacey, “The Canadian-American Permanent Joint Board on Defence, 1940–1945,” International Journal 9.2 (Spring 1954) 107–24; Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 489–90.
6. Geoffrey P. Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2000) 87.
7. Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany, Hitler, and World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 160.
8. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 424.
9. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941 (London: Macmillan, 1962) 506; Snyder, Bloodlands, 117.
10. Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command, 112–4.
11. For Stalin’s plans, see Viktor Suvorov, The Chief Culprit: Stalin’s Grand Design to Start World War II (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2008).
12. See William R. Trotter, A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1991).
13. MacGregor Knox, Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) 18–20.
14. Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (eds.), The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942 (Novato: Presidio, 1988) 244.
15. Evans, The Third Reich, 175.
16. R.L. DiNardo, Mechanized Juggernaut or Military Anachronism? Horses and the German Army of World War II (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991) 35–54.
17. For the failure of the German army in planning Barbarossa, see David Stahel, Operation Typhoon: Hitler’s March on Moscow, October 1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
18. For the German army, see Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front 1941–1945: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001) and Stephen G. Fritz, Ostkrieg: Hitler’s War of Extermination in the East (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011).
19. Hans-Neinrich Nolte, “Partisan War in Belorussa, 1941–1944,” in Chickering, et al., A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 275.
20. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 481; and see C.R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004).
21. Stig Forster and Myriam Gessler, “The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide,” in Chickering, et al., A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 66.
22. See Gotz Aly, et al., Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore: Hopkins Fulfillment Service, 1994).
23. Richard J. Overy, Russia’s War: A History of the Soviet War Effort, 1941–1945 (London: Penguin, 1997) 117; Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) 87; Snyder, Bloodlands, 175–7; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 184–5.
24. See Klaus Reinhardt, Moscow—The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler’s Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42 (Oxford: Berg, 1992).
25. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 214.
26. Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea, and Hans J. van de Ven (eds.), The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010) 115.
27. Sheldon H. Harris, Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–45 and the American Cover-Up (Northridge: California State University, 1994).
28. For the importance of Hong Kong as a primary port for the Chinese army, see Franco David Macri, Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations’ Proxy War with Japan, 1935– 1941 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012) 124.
29. Kent Fedorowich, “‘Cocked Hats and Swords and Small, Little Garrisons’: Britain, Canada and the Fall of Hong Kong, 1941,” Modern Asian Studies 37 (February 2003) 133.
30. Galen Roger Perras, “‘Our position in the Far East would be stronger without this unsatisfactory commitment’: Britain and the Reinforcement of Hong Kong, 1941,”Canadian Journal of History 30.2 (1995) 232–59; Christopher M. Bell, “‘Our most exposed outpost’: Hong Kong and British Far Eastern Strategy, 1921–1941,” Journal of Military History 60.1 (1996) 61–88.
31. For Canadian strategy in the Pacific, see Timothy Wilford, Canada’s Road to the Pacific War: Intelligence, Strategy, and the Far East Crisis (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011); Stacey, Six Years of War, 442; Macri, Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations’ Proxy War with Japan, 1935–1941, 273–85.
32. Paul Dickson, “Crerar and the Decision to Reinforce Hong Kong,” Canadian Military History 2.1 (Spring 1994) 102.
33. Richard J. Aldrich, Intelligence and the War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) 19–67.
34. See Terry Copp, “The Decision to Reinforce Hong Kong, September 1941,” Canadian Military History 20.2 (Spring 2011) 9–12.
35. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “Vince Calder’s Story,” 1, www.hkvca.ca.
36. George S. MacDonell, One Soldier’s Story, 1939–1945 (Toronto: Dundurn, 2002) 16.
37. Reader’s Digest, The Canadians at War, 1939/45 (Montreal: Reader’s Digest Association, 1986) 124. On deficiencies in defence, see David Macri (ed.), “The Fall of Hong Kong: The Condon Report,” Canadian Military History 20.2 (Spring 2011) 65.
38. Terry Copp, “The Defence of Hong Kong, December 1941,” Canadian Military History 10.4 (Autumn 2001) 10.
39. Oliver Lindsay, The Lasting Honour: The Fall of Hong Kong, 1941 (London: Hamilton, 1978) 13.
40. Tony Banham, Not the Slightest Chance: The Defence of Hong Kong, 1941 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003) 337, note 13.
41. John Dover, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986); S.W. Kirby, The War Against Japan, Volume 1: The Loss of Singapore (London: HMSO, 1957) 116; Directorate of History and Heritage, Ottawa [hereafter DHH], 503/ D33, Lieutenant-Colonel George Trist, Report on the Part Played by the Winnipeg Grenadiers in the Defence of Hong Kong, North Point Camp, April 1942.
42. British Broadcasting Corporation [hereafter BBC], WW2 People’s War, Maurice Parker Memoir, A4642887, no page.
43. See Alan D. Zimm, Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions (Philadelphia: Casement, 2011) for recent scholarship into the multiple debates and myths surrounding the battle.
44. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “Alfred Babin’s Story,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
45. Kirby, The War against Japan, Volume 1, 468.
46. Leo Paul Berard, 17 Days until Christmas (self-published, 1997) 67.
47. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, Bob Clayton’s Story, no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
48. BBC, WW2 People’s War, Maurice Parker Memoir, A4643255, no page.
49. Berard, 17 Days until Christmas, 75.
50. DHH, 593.013 (D10), Colonel Doi’s Battle Progress Report, 9–10.
51. DHH, 593 (D26), Notes on Interview, Major Nicholson with Lieutenant-Colonel H.B. Rose, 8 & 9 June 1946, page 2.
52. Major Kenneth G. Baird, Letters to Harvelyn: From Japanese POW Camps: A Father’s Letters to His Young Daughter during World War II (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2002) 21.
53. DHH, Hong Kong Honours and Awards file, E.I. Bennett.
54. Carl Vincent, No Reason Why: The Canadian Hong Kong Tragedy—An Examination (Stittsville: Canada’s Wings, 1981) 153.
55. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “Tom Marsh” [memoir], Chapter 4, “War in Earnest,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
56. Brereton Greenhous, “C” Force to Hong Kong: A Canadian Catastrophe, 1941–1945 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1997) 82–3.
57. Daniel Dancocks, In Enemy Hands: Canadian Prisoners of War, 1939–45 (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1983) 223–4.
58. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “William Bell’s Story—Battle and Capture,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
59. Cameron Pulsifer, “John Robert Osborn: Canada’s Hong Kong VC,” Canadian Military History 6.2 (Autumn 1997) 79–89.
60. MacDonell, This Soldier’s Story (1939–1945), 33.
61. Banham, Not the Slightest Chance, 121.
62. Nathan Greenfield, The Damned: The Canadians at the Battle of Hong Kong and the POW Experience, 1941–45 (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2010) 56; Copp, No Price Too High, 75.
63. See Tyler Wentzell, “Brigadier J.K. Lawson and Command of ‘C’ Force at Hong Kong,” Canadian Military History 20.2 (Spring 2011) 15.
64. Banham, Not the Slightest Chance, 318.
65. Vincent, No Reason Why, 203–4.
66. Stacey, Six Years of War, 482.
67. Oliver Lindsay, At the Going Down of the Sun: Hong Kong and South-East Asia, 1941–1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1981) 236.
68. Reader’s Digest, The Canadians at War, 1939/45 (1986) 112.
69. BBC, WW2 People’s War, Maurice Parker Memoir, A4643255, no page.
70. Nathan Greenfield, The Damned: Canadians at the Battle of Hong Kong and the POW Experience, 1941–45, (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2010) 163–4; Copp, “The Defence of Hong Kong, December 1941,” 17.
71. Fedorowich, “‘Cocked Hats and Swords and Small, Little Garrisons,’” 153.
72. Extract from the Report of the Historical Section, Cabinet Office, London, cited in Canadian Military History 2.2. (Autumn 1993) 113.
73. Winston Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950) 635.
74. Greenfield, The Damned, 218.
75. CWM, 20080086-001, Raymond Elliot, diary, 25 December 1941.
76. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “Vince Calder’s Account,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
77. Stacey, Six Years of War, 479.
78. CWM, 20050094-002, War Diary and Letters of A. Ray Squire, letter 22 February 1942.
79. Copp, No Price Too High, 76.
80. “Report by Miss Kathleen G Christie, Nurse with the Canadian Forces at Hong Kong, as given on board SS Gripsholm, November 1943,” Canadian Military History 10.4 (Autumn 2001) 30; Patricia Roy, et al., Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese during the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990) 68.
81. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “Alfred Babin’s Story,” no pagination; and Ibid., “Bob Clayton’s Story,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
82. Bill McNeil, Voices of a War Remembered: An Oral History of Canadians in World War Two (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1991) 101.
83. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 227.
84. Stacey, Six Years of War, 488.
85. Lawrence Lai Wai-Chung, “The Battle of Hong Kong: A Note on the Literature and the Effectiveness of Defence,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, 39 (1999) 123–7.
86. Greenhous, “C” Force, 98.
87. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “William Bell’s Story—Prisoner of War,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
88. CWM, 20050094-002, War Diary of A. Ray Squire, 29 March 1942.
89. Berard, 17 Days until Christmas, 121.
90. CWM, 19950077-001, John Oliver Payne, letter to mother, 19 August 1942.
91. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 234.
92. Berard, 17 Days until Christmas, 141.
93. CWM, D.L. Welsh, 19810684-004, diary, last entry.
94. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “Vince Calder’s Story,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
95. CWM, MHRC, J.N. Crawford, “A Medical Officer in Hong Kong” (1946), 7.
96. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 238.
97. MacDonell, One Soldier’s Story, 52.
98. Leonard Corrigan, A Hong Kong Diary Revisited: The Family Remembers (Baltimore, Ontario: Frei Press, 2008) 191.
99. LAC, A.G.L. McNaughton papers, MG 30 E133, v. 141, file 3-3-1, Conditions in Hong Kong P/W Camps, 4 July 1943.
100. Hong Kong Veterans Commemorative Association, “William Bell’s Story—Japan and Camp 3D,” no pagination, www.hkvca.ca.
101. CWM, MHRC, J.N. Crawford, “A Medical Officer in Hong Kong,” (1946) 6.
102. CWM, 19830038-001, Donald Geraghty, diary, page 14 [October 1942].
103. MacDonell, One Soldier’s Story, 51.
104. Patrick Brode, Casual Slaughter and Accidental Judgements: Canadian War Crime Prosecutions, 1944–1948 (Toronto: Osgoode Hall, 1997) 173.
105. For Wallis’s account, see Greenfield, The Damned, Appendix II, 385–92. For one of the Canadian responses, see DHH, 503 (D33), Lieutenant-Colonel George Trist, Report on the Part Played by the Winnipeg Grenadiers in the Defence of Hong Kong, North Point Camp, April 1942.
106. Carl Vincent, No Reason Why: The Canadian Hong Kong Tragedy (Stittsville: Canada’s Wings, 1981) 228.
107. Baird, Letters to Harvelyn, 180.
108. Mark Bourrie, The Fog of War: Censorship of Canada’s Media in World War Two (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2011) 142–55.
109. Ken Adachi, The Enemy That Never Was: A History of the Japanese Canadians, 2nd edition (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991); Stephanie Bangarth, Voices Raised in Protest: Defending North American Citizens of Japanese Ancestry, 1942–49 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008).
110. For the Hong Kong historiography, see Galen Perras, “Defeat Still Cries Aloud for Explanation: Explaining C Force’s Dispatch to Hong Kong,” Canadian Military Journal 11.4 (Autumn 2011) 37–47.
111. Colin Smith, Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II (London: Penguin Group, 2006); Brian Farrell and Sandy Hunter (ed.), Singapore, Sixty Years On (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2002).
112. Gerald F. Linderman, The World within War: American’s Combat Experience in World War II (New York, 1994) chapter 4.
CHAPTER 5: THE WAR AT SEA (PP. 95–131)
1. Michael Hadley and Roger, Tin-Pots and Pirate Ships: Canadian Naval Forces and German Sea Raiders, 1880–1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1991).
2. W.A.B. Douglas, et al, No Higher Purpose, 28.
3. Murray and Millett, A War to Be Won, 236.
4. John Keegan, The Second World War (London: Penguin, 1989) 105.
5. David Mason, U-Boat: The Secret Menace (Ballantine’s Illustrated History of World War II) (New York: Ballantine, 1986) 14.
6. W.A.B. Douglas, Roger Sarty, and Michael Whitby, No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943, volume II, part 1 (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2002) 55.
7. LAC, Ian Mackenzie papers, MG 27 III-B-5, v. 32, file X-51, Nelles to deputy minister, 30 September 1938.
8. Douglas, No Higher Purpose, 56.
9. See Arnold Hague, The Allied Convoy System, 1939–1945: Its Organization, Defence, and Operation (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2000).
10. H. Nelson Lay, Memoirs of a Mariner (Stittsville: Canada’s Wings, 1982) 100.
11. Eric J. Grove, Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping, 1939–1945 (Hull: Ashgate, 1997) 302; Holger H. Herwig, “Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic,” in Chickering, et al. (eds.), A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 75.
12. Richard H. Leir, “‘Big Ship Time’: The Formative Years of RCN Officers Serving in RN Capital Ships,” in James A. Boutilier (ed.), RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1982) 74.
13. David Zimmerman, “The Social Background of the Wartime Navy: Some Statistical Data,” in Michael Hadley (eds.), A Nation’s Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996) 256–79.
14. William Howard Pugsley, Saints, Devils and Ordinary Seamen: Life on the Royal Canadian Navy’s Lower Deck (Toronto: Collins, 1945) 19.
15. James Lamb, The Corvette Navy: True Stories from Canada’s Atlantic War (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1977) 11.
16. Richard Mayne, “The People’s Navy: Myth, Reality, and Life in Canada’s Naval Reserves 1939–1945,” in Richard Gimblett and Michael Hadley (eds.), Citizen Sailors: Chronicles of Canada’s Naval Reserves (Toronto: Dundurn, 2010) 58–9.
17. Canadian War Museum, Military History Research Centre, 20110062-014, Geoffrey Hughson, “I was going to write a book,” 10.
18. Murray and Millett, A War to Be Won, 239.
19. J.H.W. Knox, “An Engineer’s Outline of RCN History,” in James A. Boutilier, RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1982) 105.
20. Ken Macpherson and Marc Milner, Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy, 1939–1945 (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 1993) 6.
21. James B. Lamb, The Corvette Navy: True Stories from Canada’s Atlantic War (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1977) 1–2.
22. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 113.
23. Mark Lynch, Salty Dips, volume II (Ottawa: Naval Officers’ Associations of Canada, 1983) 102.
24. Edward O’Connor, The Corvette Years: The Lower Deck Story (Vancouver: Cordillera Publishing, 1995) 17.
25. Lawrence Paterson, The First U-boat Flotilla (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2002) 37.
26. Hal Lawrence, A Bloody War: One Man’s Memories of the Canadian Navy, 1939–45 (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1979) 46.
27. See Philip Goodhart, Fifty Ships That Saved the World (London: Heinemann, 1966) 144–66.
28. Roger Sarty, “Rear-Admiral L.W. Murray and the Battle of the Atlantic,” in Lieutenant-Colonel Bernd Horn and Stephen Harris (eds.), Warrior Chiefs: Perspectives on Canadian Military Leaders (Toronto: Dundurn, 2001) 170.
29. Thomas J. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories: Canadian Sailors and the Battle of the Atlantic (Halifax: The Atlantic Chief and Petty Officers Association, 1993) 78.
30. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 91.
31. King diary, 4 November 1940.
32. Murray and Millett, A War to Be Won, 239.
33. Thomas Lynch, Canadian Flowers: History of the Corvettes, 1939–1945 (Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 1983) 10.
34. LAC, RG 24, v.11929, file 00-220-3-6, Prentice to Captain (D), Newfoundland, 4 November 1941.
35. Mac Johnston, Corvettes Canada: Convoy Veterans of WWII Tell Their True Stories (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994) 36.
36. John Buckley, The RAF and Trade Defence, 1919–1945 (Keele: Ryburn Publishing, 1995) 123–4.
37. DHH, 79/446, BdU War Diary, 3 September 1942.
38. See Richard Goette, “Britain and the Delay in Closing the Mid-Atlantic ‘Air Gap’ during the Battle of the Atlantic,” The Northern Mariner 15.4 (October 2005) 19–41.
39. Lieutenant-Colonel Richard M. Ross, The History of the 1st Battalion Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (MG) (Ottawa: Published by the regiment, 1948) 15.
40. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, Harry Urwin, www.thememoryproject.com.
41. Frank Curry, War at Sea: A Canadian Seaman on the North Atlantic (Toronto: Lugus, 1990) 60; Roger Sarty, War in the St. Lawrence: The Forgotten U-boat Battles on Canada’s Shores (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2012) 47.
42. Charles Patrick Nixon, A River in September: HMCS Chaudière, 1943–1945 (Montreal: John Mappin, 1995) 5.
43. CWM oral history interview, 31D 3 BURBRIDGE, page 18.
44. Mike Parker, Running the Gauntlet: An Oral History of Canadian Merchant Seamen in World War II (Halifax: Nimbus, 1994) 28.
45. Johnston, Corvettes Canada, 65.
46. Marc Milner, “The Accidental Enemy: Navy, Part 41,” The Legion online, October 2010.
47. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 92.
48. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 32.
49. William Horrocks (ed.), In Their Own Words (Ottawa: Rideau Veterans Home Residents Council, 1993) 168.
50. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, Anthony Griffin, www.thememoryproject.com.
51. Alan Easton, 50 North: An Atlantic Battleground (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1963) 65.
52. Captain Dudley King, Reminiscences (self-published, 1999) 90–1.
53. Allan W. Stevens, Glory of Youth: A Narrative of My Experiences as an Officer in the Royal Canadian Navy from 1939 to 1945 (self-published, 1995) 68.
54. David Zimmerman, The Great Naval Battle of Ottawa (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988); F.A. Kingsley (ed.), The Development of Radar Equipment for the Royal Navy, 1935–1945 (London: Macmillan Press for the Naval Radar Trust, 1995).
55. Marc Milner, “The Implications of Technological Backwardness: The Royal Canadian Navy, 1939–1945,” Canadian Defence Quarterly 19.3 (Winter 1989) 48.
56. W.A.B. Douglas, Roger Sarty, and Michael Whitby, Blue Water Navy: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943–1945, volume II, part 2 (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2007) 568–9.
57. Historica-Dominion Institute, We Were Freedom: Canadian Stories of the Second World War (Toronto: Key Porter, 2010) 33.
58. DHH, Bio File, William Acheson, diary, 6 November 1940.
59. Jean Portugal (ed.), We Were There: The Navy, the Army and the RCAF: A Record for Canada, volume I (Shelburne: Battered Silicon Dispatch Box, 1998) 176; CWM oral history interview, 31D 3 STEWART, 5–6.
60. Curry, War at Sea, 59.
61. Horrocks (ed.), In Their Own Words, 162.
62. On the interception, see David Syrett, “The Battle for Convoy HX 133, 23–29 June 1941,” The Northern Mariner 12.3 (July 2002) 44.
63. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 95.
64. Christopher Bell, Churchill & Sea Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012) 224.
65. Roger Sarty, Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic (Montreal: Art Global, 1998) 68.
66. For the battle, see W.A.B. Douglas and Jurgen Rohwer, “‘The Most Thankless Task’ Revisited: Convoys, Escorts, and Radio Intelligence in the Western Atlantic, 1941–1943,” in James A. Boutilier (ed.) RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1982) 187–234; and Bernard Edwards, Attack and Sink!: The Battle for Convoy SC 42 (Wimborne Minster: New Guild, 1995).
67. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 51.
68. Donald Graves, In Peril on the Sea: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle of the Atlantic (Toronto: Published for the Canadian Naval Memorial Trust by Robin Brass Studio, 2003) 96.
69. RG 24, v. 11334, file 8280-SC 42, Report of Proceedings, Moose Jaw, 6 November 1941.
70. RG 24, v. 6901, NSS 8910-339/21, Report of the Boarding Party; Marc Milner, “The Fate of Slow Convoy 42: Navy, part 33,” Legion Magazine (18 June 2009) online, no page.
71. Douglas, No Higher Purpose, 255.
CHAPTER 6: LIFE ON A CORVETTE (PP. 133–152)
1. CWM oral history interview, 20110062-014, Geoffrey Hughson, “I was going to write a book,” 12.
2. Frank Curry, War at Sea: A Canadian Seaman on the North Atlantic (Toronto: Lugus, 1990) 42.
3. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 BOWEN, G, page 11.
4. Mac Johnston, Corvettes Canada: Convoy Veterans of WWII Tell Their True Stories (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1994) 113–14.
5. Latham B. Jenson, Tin Hats, Oilskins & Seaboots: A Naval Journey, 1938–1945 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000) 184.
6. Allan W. Stevens, Glory of Youth (self-published, 1995) 49.
7. John Margison, H.M.C.S. Sackville, 1942–1943: Memoirs of a Gunnery Officer (Cobalt: Highway Book Shop, 1998) 20.
8. Jenson, Tin Hats, Oilskins & Seaboots, 201.
9. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 REID, 14.
10. Easton, 50 North, 192.
11. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 REID, 14.
12. Bill Rawling, Death Their Enemy: Canadian Medical Practitioners and War (self-published, 2001) 167.
13. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, George Richmond.
14. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 25.
15. Ray Culley, His Memories Can Survive (self-published, 2003) 20.
16. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 PETERSON, page 9.
17. Curry, War at Sea, 27.
18. Harry B. Barrett, The Navy & Me (self-published, 2003) 126.
19. DHH, Bio file, Clifford Ashton, interview (April 1993) 6.
20. Lynch (ed.) Fading Memories, 74.
21. CWM, 20110062-014, Geoffrey Hughson, “I was going to write a book,” 3.
22. CWM, MHRC, Richard C. Pearce, “Recollections,” 9.
23. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 Patrick Nixon, page 14.
24. Jenson, Tin Hats, Oilskins & Seaboots, 200.
25. Jeffry Brock, The Dark Broad Seas: Memoirs of a Sailor, Volume I (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1981) 38.
26. Johnston, Corvettes Canada, 104.
27. William H. Pugsley, Saints, Devils and Ordinary Seamen: Life on the Royal Canadian Navy’s Lower Deck (Toronto: Collins, 1945) 4.
28. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 BOWEN, G, page 11.
29. A.G.W. Lamont, Guns Above, Steam Below in Canada’s Navy of WW II (Ely: Melrose Books, 2006) 47.
30. Margison, H.M.C.S. Sackville, 1942–1943: Memoirs of a Gunnery Officer, 16.
31. Barrett, The Navy & Me, 124.
32. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 115–16.
33. Pugsley, Saints, Devils and Ordinary Seamen, 83.
34. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 BOWEN, G, page 12.
35. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 59.
36. Curry, War at Sea, 67.
37. Johnson, Corvettes Canada, 30.
38. Horrocks (ed.), In Their Own Words, 169.
39. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 11.
40. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 12.
41. Jenson, Tin Hats, Oilskins & Seaboots, 116.
42. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 BOWEN, G, page 12
43. CWM, 20110062-014, Geoffrey Hughson, “I was going to write a book,”4.
44. Jenson, Tin Hats, Oilskins & Seaboots, 175.
45. Curry, War at Sea, 71.
46. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 72.
47. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 11.
48. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 PETERSON, page 22.
49. Brock, The Dark Broad Seas, 159.
50. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 VRADENBURG, page 18.
51. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 VRADENBURG, page 18. Also see CWM oral history interview, 31D 3 STEWART, page 6.
52. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 BOWEN, G, page 12.
53. Jenson, Tin Hats, Oilskins & Seaboots, 176.
54. Lamont, Guns Above, Steam Below, 74.
55. Curry, War at Sea, 70.
56. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 PETERSON, page 18.
57. Portugal, We Were There, volume 1, 150–1.
58. Culley, His Memories Can Survive, 30.
59. Zarn, Prairie Boys Afloat, 86.
60. Johnston, Corvettes Canada, 16.
61. RG 24, v. 11929, file 00-220-3-6, Stevens to Commanding Officer, Newfoundland, 16 October 1941.
62. Milner, North Atlantic Run, 80.
63. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 36.
64. CWM oral history interview, 31D 3 BURBRIDGE, page 17.
65. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 82.
66. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 78.
67. O’Connor, The Corvette Years, 53.
CHAPTER 7: BOMBER COMMAND (PP. 153–172)
1. Bishop, Bomber Boys, 48; also see Sir Martin Gilbert, Finest Hour—Winston Churchill, 1939–1941 (London: Heinemann, 1983) 655–6.
2. Richard Overy, “Allied Bombing and the Destruction of German Cities,” in Chickering, et al., A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 288. On Churchill and bombing, see Christopher Harmon, “Are We Beasts?” Churchill and the Moral Question of World War II “Area Bombing” (Newport: Naval War College, 1991) 8–10.
3. See Les Allison, Canadians in the Royal Air Force (Roland: L. Allison, 1978).
4. Norman Shannon, “The Cattle Boat Brigade,” Airforce (October 1996) 9.
5. Jonathan Vance, “Their Duty Twice Over: Canadians in the Great Escape,” Canadian Military History 3.1 (1994) 111.
6. Peter Gray, “The Gloves Will Have to Come Off: A Reappraisal of the Legitimacy of the RAF Bomber Offensive Against Germany,” Air Power Review 13.3 (Autumn/Winter 2010) 24–5.
7. Denis Richards, Portal of Hungerford (London: Heinemann, 1977) 160.
8. Richard Overy, The Bombing War: Europe, 1939–1945 (Penguin: Allan Lane, 2013) 84.
9. Randall Wakelam, “Strike Hard, Strike Sure: Bomber Harris, Precision Bombing, and Decision Making in RAF Bomber Command,” in Geoffrey Hayes, et al. (eds.), Canada and the Second World War: Essays in Honour of Terry Copp (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Press, 2012), 161.
10. Arthur B. Wahlroth, “Wellington Pilot,” Canadian Aviation Historical Society (CAHS) 19.2 (1981) 55.
11. William J. Wheeler, Flying Under Fire: Canadian Fliers Recall the Second World War (Calgary: Fifth House, 2001) 12, 28.
12. Overy, The Bomber War, 257–9.
13. Bernie Wyatt, Maximum Effort: The Big Bombing Raids (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 1986) 153.
14. Overy, The Bomber War, 180–1.
15. Ron Peel, My Time at War … and a Little Bit More (self-published, 2004) 57–8.
16. Blake Heathcote, Testaments of Honour: Personal Histories from Canada’s War Veterans (Toronto: Doubleday, 2002) 119.
17. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 WAHLROTH, page 1.
18. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 CHENEY, page 1.
19. CWM, 20020026-003, D.J.R. Humphreys, A Personal Memoir, 1939–1945 (self-published, 2000) 1.
20. CWM, 20020026-003, D.J.R. Humphreys, A Personal Memoir, 1939–1945 (self-published, 2000) 3.
21. Michael Paris, From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism and Popular Cinema (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995) 142–3.
22. For air mindedness, see Jonathan Vance, High Flight: Aviation and the Canadian Imagination (Toronto: Penguin, 2002).
23. For other challenges, see Andrew Stewart, “The 1939 British and Canadian ‘Empire Air Training Scheme’ Negotiations,” Round Table 93 (2004) 739–54.
24. J.L. Granatstein and Dean F. Oliver, The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2011) 64.
25. Brereton Greenhous and Hugh A. Halliday, Canada’s Air Forces, 1914–1999 (Montreal: Art Global, 1999) 55.
26. F.J. Hatch, Aerodrome of Democracy: Canada and the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (Ottawa: Directorate of History, 1983) foreword.
27. Les Perkins, Flight into Yesterday: A Memory or Two from Members of the Wartime Aircrew Club of Kelowna (Victoria: Trafford, 2002) 25.
28. Bill McRae, “Bed and Breakfast: A Canadian Airman Reflects on Food and Quarters during the Second World War,” Canadian Military History 9.1 (2000) 61.
29. Robert Collins, The Long and the Short and the Tall: An Ordinary Airman’s War (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1986) 18.
30. Cy Torontow (ed.), There I Was: A Collection of Reminiscences by Members of the Ottawa Jewish Community Who Served in World War II (Ottawa: Jewish War Veterans and the Ottawa Jewish Historical Society, 1999) 54.
31. DHH, Bio file, Alan Frederick Avant, citation of award, n.d; and Avant to W.A.B. Douglas, 2 June 1981.
32. CWM, 19770102-006, Miller Gore Brittain, letters, May 15th, 1943.
33. Granatstein and Oliver, The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History, 64.
34. CWM, 20010200-002, Thomas Reid, letter, 26 February 1941.
35. Glen Hancock, Charley Goes to War: A Memoir (Kentville: Gaspereau Press, 2004) 70.
36. Granatstein and Oliver, The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History, 64.
37. Howard Hewer, In for a Penny, in for a Pound: The Adventures and Misadventures of a Wireless Operator in Bomber Command (Toronto: Anchor Canada, 2004) 14.
38. Martin Cybulski-Ross, “Wanderers by Night,” CAHS Journal 25.2 (1987) 46.
39. Harlo Jones, Bomber Pilot: A Canadian Youth’s War (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2001) 88–9.
40. CWM, 20080118-007, Joseph Harrison, An unexpected enemy, 3.
41. CWM, 20030316-001, G. Stuart Brown, My Life in the R.C.A.F., 7.
42. Queen’s University, Charles Power papers, box 64, file D1086, Morale Survey, by Parks and Vlastos, [1942].
43. Queen’s University, Charles Power papers, box 64, file D1086, Morale Survey, by Parks and Vlastos, [1942].
44. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 WAHLROTH, page 7.
45. Robert C. Kensett, A Walk in the Valley (Burnstown: General Store Pub. House, 2002) 35.
46. David Bashow, None but the Brave: The Essential Contributions of RAF Bomber Command to Allied Victory during the Second World War (Kingston: Canadian Forces Defence Academy, 2009) 66.
47. Hancock, Charley Goes to War, 163.
48. Martin Francis, The Flyer: British Culture and the Royal Air Force, 1939–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) 24–5.
49. Peel, My Time at War, 35.
50. Stan Coldridge, Recollections of Stan Coldridge (Halifax Pilot) (self-published, 2008) 1.
51. Jones, Bomber Pilot, 115–16.
52. Walter Irwin, World War II Memoirs (self-published, 1998) 3.
53. Stephen L.V. King (ed.), Your Loving Son: Letters of an RCAF Navigator (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 2002) 74.
54. Walter R. Thompson, Lancaster to Berlin (London: Goodall, 1985) 54.
55. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, interview, Andy Carswell.
56. Terraine, Right of the Line, 681–2.
57. Emily Gann, “Correspondence, Camaraderie, and Community: The Second World War for a Mother and Son,” Carleton University: MA thesis, 2013, Erle Miller to Gladys Miller, 25 April 1941.
58. Sir Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive (London: Greenhill Books, 1990, first published 1947) 263–5.
CHAPTER 8: THE STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE (PP. 173–198)
1. Marc Milner, “Fighting the U-boats, 1939–45,” in Richard H. Gimblett (ed.), The Naval Service of Canada: 1910–2010 (Toronto: Dundurn, 2010) 87.
2. LAC, RG 24, v.11929, file 00-220-3-6, Strain on personnel … , 16 October 1941.
3. LAC, RG 24, v.3892, NSS 1033-6-1, Commanding Officer, HMCS Chambly, to captain D, Newfoundland, 4 November 1941.
4. Robert C. Fisher, “The Impact of German Technology on the Royal Canadian Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1942–1943,” The Northern Mariner 7.4 (October 1997) 2.
5. Sarty, “Rear-Admiral L.W. Murray and the Battle of the Atlantic,” 177.
6. DHH, Bio file, Clare L. Annis, interview, [1979], 7.
7. Brereton Greenhous and W.A.B. Douglas, Out of the Shadows, 78.
8. Larry Millberry and Hugh Halliday, The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945 (Toronto: Canav Books, 1990) 106.
9. See Richard Goette, “Squadron Leader N.E. Small: A Study of Leadership in the RCAF’s Eastern Air Command, 1942,” Canadian Military Journal (Spring 2004) 44–5; W.A.B. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, volume II (Toronto: University of Toronto Press and the Department of National Defence, 1986) 519–21.
10. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 541.
11. Duncan Redford, “Inter and Intra-Service Rivalries in the Battle of the Atlantic,” Journal of Strategic Studies 32.6 (2009) 899–928.
12. T.C. Pullen, “Convoy O.N. 127 & the Loss of HMCS Ottawa, 13 September 1942: A Personal Reminiscence,” The Northern Mariner 2.2 (April 1992) 6.
13. Bell, Churchill and Sea Power, 254–82; Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour (London: Cassell, 1949) 598.
14. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 47.
15. Sarty, Battle of the Atlantic, 98; David M. Kennedy, The American People in World War II: Freedom from Fear, Part Two: Freedom, 141.
16. Michael L. Hadley, “The Popular Image of the Canadian Navy,” in Michael Hadley, et al. (eds.) A Nation’s Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996) 44–6.
17. Milner, “RCN Participation in the Battle of the Atlantic,” 163.
18. Michael Whitby, “The Strain of the Bridge: The Second World War Diaries of Commander A.F.C. Layard, RN,” in Colonel Bernd Horn (ed.) Intrepid Warriors: Perspectives on Canadian Military Leaders (Toronto: The Dundurn Group, 2007) 84.
19. William Glover, “The RCN: Royal Colonial or Royal Canadian Navy,” in Michael Hadley, et al. (eds.), A Nation’s Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996) 71–90.
20. Jenson, Tin Hats, 172.
21. Michael Whitby (ed.), The Admirals: Canada’s Senior Naval Leadership in the Twentieth Century (Toronto: Dundurn, 2006) 22.
22. Serge Durflinger, “‘Nothing Would Be Too Much Trouble’: Hometown Support for H.M.C.S. Dunver, 1943–1945,” The Northern Mariner, Vol. XII, No. 4, October 2002, 1–12.
23. RG 24, v. 3990, file 1057-1-5, Municipal Clerk to Minister of National Defence, 6 April 1943.
24. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 103.
25. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 5. Also see Thomas G. Lynch and James B. Lamb, Gunshield Graffiti: Unofficial Badges of Canada’s Wartime Navy (Halifax: Nimbus, 1984).
26. Jürgen Rohwer, Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999) 92–9; Robert Goralski and Russell Freeburg, Oil and Water (New York, 1987) 112.
27. Robert Fisher, “We’ll Get Our Own’: Canada and the Oil Shipping Crisis of 1942,” The Northern Mariner 3.2 (1993) 33–39.
28. Douglas, et al., No Higher Purpose, 412.
29. Hal Lawrence, A Bloody War (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1979) 98–103.
30. On censorship, see Mark Bourrie, The Fog of War: Censorship of Canada’s Media in World War Two (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2011).
31. Hugh Halliday and Brereton Greenhous, Canada’s Air Forces, 1914–1999 (Montreal: Art Global, 1999) 87.
32. Fisher, “The Impact of German Technology,” 5.
33. Shawn Cafferky, “A Useful Lot, These Canadian Ships: The Royal Canadian Navy and Operation Torch, 1942–1943,” The Northern Mariner 3.4 (October 1993) 1–17.
34. Milner, “Fighting the U-boats, 1939–45,” 94.
35. Douglas How, Night of the Caribou (Hantsport: Lancelot Press, 1988) 276–9.
36. Douglas, Creation of a National Air Force, 501–2; Douglas, No Higher Purpose, 449–451 and 461–2.
37. See Roger Sarty, War in the St. Lawrence: The Forgotten U-boat Battles (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2012); and Roger Sarty, “Ultra, Air Power, and the Second Battle of the St. Lawrence, 1944,” in Timothy J. Runyan and Jan M. Copes (eds.), To Die Gallantly: The Battle of the Atlantic (Boulder: Westview, 1994) 186–209; and House of Commons, Debates, 17 March 1943, 1344.
38. Tony German, The Sea Is at our Gates: The History of the Canadian Navy (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990) 192.
39. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, volume I (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950) 505.
40. Parker, Running the Gauntlet, 65.
41. Jay White, “Hardly Heroes: Canadian Merchant Seamen and the International Convoy System,” The Northern Mariner 5.4 (1995) 27–8.
42. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 127.
43. Parker, Running the Gauntlet, 64.
44. White, “Hardly Heroes,” 27–8.
45. Halford, The Unknown Navy, 71–76.
46. Doug Fraser, Postwar Casualty: Canada’s Merchant Navy (Lawrencetown Beach, NS: Pottersfield Press, 1997) 32, 116.
47. Graves, In Peril on the Sea, 130; David Edgerton, Britain’s War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War (London: Allan Lane, 2011) 161.
48. Granatstein, The Last Good War, 41.
49. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 143.
50. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, Roy Ernest Eddy.
51. Easton, 50 North, 94.
52. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, Joseph Dempsey.
53. CWM, 20030169-013, “DEMS, Wrens, R.C.N.S and Little Green Apples,” 1.
54. Max Reid, DEMS at War! Defensively Equipped Merchants Ships and the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Commoners’ Publishing Society, 1990) 1.
55. Douglas, et al., No Higher Purpose, 297.
56. Graves, In Peril on the Sea, 59.
57. Halford, The Unknown Navy, 27.
58. CWM oral history interview, 31D 3 SMITH, 26.
59. Parker, Running the Gauntlet, 71.
60. Parker, Running the Gauntlet, 30.
61. Watt, In All Respects Ready, viii.
62. Horrocks (ed.), In Their Own Words, 171.
63. Clay Blair, Hitler’s U-boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1944 (New York: Random House, 1996) 552–4.
64. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, Elwyn Elliot
65. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 VRADENBURG, page 16.
66. Torontow (ed.), There I Was, 17.
67. B.B. Schofield and L.F. Martin, The Rescue Ships (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons) 1968.
68. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 31–2.
69. Stevens, Glory of Youth, 76.
70. Horrocks (ed.), In Their Own Words, 166.
71. Brock, The Dark Broad Seas, 127.
72. For a list of merchant ships sunk, see Robert Fisher, “Canadian Merchant Ship Losses, 1939–1945,” The Northern Mariner 5.3 (1995) 57–73.
CHAPTER 9: STRIKING BACK (PP. 199–221)
1. Hancock, Charley Goes to War, 201.
2. Hewer, In for a Penny, in for a Pound, 55–6.
3. Richard Overy, Bomber Command, 1939–1945 (London: HarperCollins, 1997) 76.
4. Greenhous, et al., The Crucible of War, 531.
5. On bombing, see W. Hays Parks, “‘Precision’ and ‘Area’ Bombing: Who Did Which and When?,” Journal of Strategic Studies 18.1 (1995) 145–74.
6. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 6: Finest Hour, 1939–1941, 1205.
7. Stephen J. Harris, “The Halifax and Lancaster in Canadian Service,” Canadian Military History 15.3 & 15.4 (Summer–Autumn, 2006) 10–12.
8. See Peter Lewis, The British Bomber since 1914: Fifty Years of Design and Development (London: Putnam, 1967).
9. For the constant search for improvement by Harris and Bomber Command, see Randall T. Wakelam, The Science of Bombing: Operational Research in RAF Bomber Command (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009) and Henry Probert, Bomber Harris: His Life and Times (London: Greenhill Books, 2003) 104.
10. Richard Overy, “Allied Bombing and the Destruction of German Cities,” in Chickering, et al., A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 277.
11. Webster and Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, volume IV, Appendix 8.
12. Peter Lee, “Return from the Wilderness: An Assessment of Arthur Harris’ Moral Responsibility for the German City Bombings,” Air Power Review 16.1 (2013) 70–90.
13. CWM, 20070044-008, Warren Alvin Duffy, letters, July 25 1942.
14. Historica-Dominion Institute, We Were Freedom, 77.
15. Murray Peden, A Thousand Shall Fall (Stittsville: Canada’s Wings, 1979) 250–1.
16. Williamson Murray, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983) 190.
17. Peel, My Time at War, 127.
18. For squadron names, see John G. Armstrong, “RCAF Identity in Bomber Command: Squadron Names and Sponsors,” Canadian Military History 8.2 (Spring 1999) 43–52.
19. Greenhous, et al., The Crucible of War, 575.
20. Jackson, Before the Storm, 188.
21. Lowe, Inferno, 57.
22. Silver, Last of the Gladiators, 14.
23. Rob Stuart, “Leonard Birchall and the Japanese Raid on Colombo,” Canadian Military Journal (Winter 2006–2007) 69.
24. Lynch, Salty Dips, volume II, 51.
25. Bernie Wyatt, Two Wings and a Prayer (Erin: The Boston Mills Press, 1984) 50.
26. Historica-Dominion Institute, We Were Freedom, 110.
27. Douglas, et al., The Crucible of War, 899.
28. Atholl Sutherland Brown, “Forgotten Squadron: Canadian Aircrew in Southeast Asia, 1942–1945,” Canadian Military History 8.2 (Spring 1999) 59.
29. T.W. Melnyk, Canadian Flying Operations in South East Asia, 1941–1945 (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 1976) 166; Les Allison and Harry Hayward, They Shall Not Grow Old, a Book of Remembrance (Brandon: The Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum, 1991); and Atholl Sutherland Brown, Silently into the Midst of Things (Lewis, UK: The Book Guild, 1997).
30. Overy, Bomber Command, 1939–1945, 65.
31. Portugal, We Were There, volume 7, 3306.
32. Greenhous, et al., The Crucible of War, 212.
33. Ralph, Aces, Warriors & Wingmen, 174.
34. Portugal, We Were There, volume 7, 3280.
35. Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War, 129.
36. Dan McCaffery, Hell Island: Canadian Pilots and the 1942 Air Battle for Malta (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1998) 184–5.
37. Wyatt, Two Wings and a Prayer, 59.
38. Brian Nolan, Hero: The Buzz Beurling Story (Toronto: Lester & Orpen, 1981) 84.
39. CWM, 20010200-002, Thomas Reid, letter, 12 June 1942.
40. John Patterson, World War II: An Airman Remembers (Burnstown: General Store, 2000) 75.
41. Wyatt, Two Wings and a Prayer, 69.
42. See Air Vice-Marshal D.C.T. Bennett, Pathfinder: A War Autobiography (Manchester: Crecy, 1983).
43. Irwin, World War II Memoirs, 15.
44. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 327.
45. Douglas and Greenhous, Out of the Shadows, 180–1.
46. Bishop, Bomber Boys, xxxiv.
CHAPTER 10: A SORTIE AGAINST A CITY (PP. 223–250)
1. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 35.
2. Peden, A Thousand Shall Fall, 425.
3. B. Graham McDonald, Have No Fear: “B.G.” Is Here (self-published, 2007) 124.
4. McDonald, Have No Fear, 153.
5. DHH, Bio file, Douglas Baird, Interview, 28 January 1983, page 23.
6. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 38.
7. J. Douglas Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts: A Knees-up, Wheels-up Chronicle of World War II (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1981) 51.
8. CWM oral history interview, 31D 4 BARONI, page 18.
9. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 35.
10. CWM, 20060191-003, Leslie McCaig diaries, 28 August 1943; Arthur B. Wahlroth, “Wellington Pilot,” CAHS 19.2 (1981) 57–8. On the groundcrews, see Mary C. Pletsch, “The Guardian Angels of this Flying Business: RCAF Ground Crew in 6 Group,” (MA thesis, Royal Military College of Canada, 2002).
11. Caitlin McWilliams, “Camaraderie, Morale and Material Culture: Reflections on the Nose Art of No. 6 Group Royal Canadian Air Force,” Canadian Military History 19.4 (Autumn 2010) 30. Also see Steven Fochuk, Metal Canvas: Canadians and World War II Aircraft Nose Art (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2000).
12. CWM oral history interview, 31D 4 BARONI, page 7.
13. Peden, A Thousand Shall Fall, 427–8.
14. CWM, 20060191-003, Leslie McCaig diaries, 1 September 1943.
15. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 17.
16. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 18.
17. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 57.
18. Murray Winston Bishop and Arthur Adelbert Bishop, The Bishop Brothers of New Minas in World War Two (self-published, 2003) 33, 29.
19. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 WAHLROTH, page 12.
20. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 48.
21. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 47.
22. Kensett, A Walk in the Valley, 53.
23. George Kutyn, Diary of R.C.A.F. Serviceman Michael Kutyn (self-published, second edition, 2010) 22.
24. Jack W. Singer, Grandpa’s War in Bomber Command (Ottawa: The War Amps, 2012) 63.
25. Dave McIntosh, Terror in the Starboard Seat (Don Mills: General Publishing, 1980) 50.
26. CWM, 20060191-003, Leslie McCaig diaries, 23 May 1943.
27. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 48.
28. Kensett, A Walk in the Valley, 51.
29. HDI, Memory Project, Interview, Fraser Muir.
30. CWM oral history interview, 31D 4 CHANCE, page 13.
31. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 67.
32. Les Morrison, Of Luck and War: From Squeegee Kid to Bomber Pilot in World War II (Burnstown: General Store, 1999) 116.
33. Patterson, World War II: An Airman Remembers, 56.
34. Thompson, Lancaster to Berlin, 86.
35. Coldridge, Recollections, 1.
36. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 CHENEY, page 14.
37. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 CHENEY, page 13.
38. Irwin, World War II Memoirs, 17.
39. Morrison, Of Luck and War, 130.
40. Bill Rawling, Death their Enemy: Canadian Medical Practitioners and War (self-published, 2001) 136–7.
41. CWM, 19770102-006, Miller Gore Brittain, letters, November 8th, 1944.
42. McDonald, Have No Fear, 124.
43. CWM, 20040074-004, Memoirs of Sergeant Harold Edison DeMone, 2.
44. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 133.
45. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 WAHLROTH, pages 14–15.
46. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 CHENEY, page 13.
47. Morrison, Of Luck and War, 107.
48. Historica-Dominion Institute, We Were Freedom, 31.
49. Perkins, Flight into Yesterday, 311.
50. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 57.
51. CWM, 20060191-003, Leslie McCaig diaries, 18 October 1943.
52. Patterson, World War II: An Airman Remembers, 64.
53. CWM oral history interview, 31D 4 CHANCE, page 25.
54. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 97.
55. Jones, Bomber Pilot, 121.
56. CWM oral history interview, 31D 1 FINNIE, page 9.
57. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 83.
58. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 44.
59. Morrison, Of Luck and War, 89.
60. John Irwin Clark, My Memoirs of the War Years (self-published, 2005) 58.
61. Patterson, World War II: An Airman Remembers, 82–3.
62. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 136.
63. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 131.
64. Kensett, A Walk in the Valley, 99.
65. [no author], Memories on Parade (Winnipeg: Wartime Pilots’ and Observers’ Association, 1995) 7.
66. Irwin, World War II Memoirs, 25.
67. George Stewart, “I’ll Never Forget … ,” CAHS Journal 12.4 (1974) 117.
68. Peden, A Thousand Shall Fall, 247.
69. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 89.
CHAPTER 11: DAY OF DESTRUCTION (PP. 251–285)
1. For the Canadians in England, see DHH, CMHQ, Report No. 119, Canadian Relations with the People of the United Kingdom and the General Problem of Morale, 1939–1944; John Maker, “Home Away from Home: Citizenship and National Identity in the Canadian Army Overseas, 1939–1943” (Ph.D. University of Ottawa, 2010); and C.P. Stacey and Barbara Wilson, The Half Million: the Canadians in Britain, 1939–1946 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987).
2. Copp, “The Defence of Hong Kong, December 1941,” 5.
3. William Hardy McNeill, American, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict, 1941–1946 (London: Oxford University Press, 1952) 189–90.
4. For supplies, see D.M. Glantz and J.M. House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1995); Hubert Van Tuyll, Feeding the Beer: American Aid to the Soviet Union, 1941–1944 (New York, 1989); Wieviorka, Normandy, 132.
5. Bell, Churchill and Sea Power, 207. And see Bernard Ferguson, The Watery Maze: The Story of Combined Operations (London: Collins, 1961).
6. Brereton Greenhous, Dieppe, Dieppe (Montreal: Art Global, 1992) 48.
7. For the primary importance of the Marine raid, see David O’Keefe, One Day in August: The Untold Story Behind Canada’s Tragedy at Dieppe (Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2013).
8. John Hughes-Hallet, “The Mounting of Raids,” Royal United Services Institute Journal 95 (November 1950) 585.
9. Ross Munro, Gauntlet to Overlord (Toronto: Macmillan, 1945) 305–6.
10. See Brian Villa, Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1989 (1994)).
11. For Churchill and the raid, see Winston Churchill, The Second World War: The Hinge of Fate, volume IV (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1950) 444; and Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph: A Firsthand and Revealing Critical Account of the Most Controversial Battle of World War II (Whitby: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1992) 227.
12. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,765, D126, Crerar to McNaughton, 11 August 1942.
13. Paul Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General: A Biography of General H.D.G. Crerar (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007) 206.
14. S.W. Roskill, The War At Sea, 1939–1945, volume II (London: HMSO, 1956), 129–30.
15. T. Murray Hunter, Canada at Dieppe (Ottawa: Canadian War Museum Historical Publication No. 17, 1982) 16.
16. LAC, RG24, Vol.10870, File 232C2 (D2), “Report by the Military Force Commander— Operation Jubilee, 27 August 1942.”
17. See Will Fowler, The Commandos at Dieppe: Rehearsal for D-Day (London: Collins, 2002).
18. DHH, CMHQ Report 83, 4.
19. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 27.
20. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix D, 1.
21. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 27.
22. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix D, 1.
23. LAC, RG 24, v.10870, 232c2 (D4), Report of Weapons, Jubilee.
24. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, 4.
25. Munro, Gauntlet to Overlord, 325–8.
26. Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General, 205–6.
27. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix E, 3.
28. LAC, RG 24, v.10870, 232c2 (D4), Dieppe Raid, 19 Aug 1942, Report on Weapons and Tactics Pourville and Green Beach Area, 1 Sep 1942.
29. Mark Zuehlke, Tragedy at Dieppe: Operation Jubilee, August 19, 1942 (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2012) 250.
30. RG 24, v. 10873, 232.C2 (D65), Cameron Highlanders of Canada, personal accounts, 125.
31. Rollie Bourassa (ed.), One Family’s War: The Wartime Letters of Clarence Bourassa, 1940– 1944 (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 2010) 410.
32. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix G, 4.
33. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix H, 3.
34. Whitaker and Whitaker, Dieppe, 242.
35. WD, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, August 1942, Appendix 18, 24.
36. RG 24, v. 10873, (D53) 232.C2 (D57), Extract of letter from Lt. Col. F.K. Jasperson, commander of Essex Scottish, 23 Aug 1942.
37. See Sandy Antal and Kevin Shackleton, Duty Nobly Done: The Official History of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment (Windsor: Walkerville, 2006) 408–9.
38. RG24, vol.10, 872, file 232.C2(D36), Lieutenant-Colonel C.C. Mann, “Observations Upon the Outline Plan,” 3–4.
39. Hugh Henry, “The Calgary Tanks at Dieppe,” Canadian Military History 4.1 (Spring 1995) 69.
40. A.J. Kerry and WA. McDill, The History of the Corps of the Royal Canadian Engineers, Volume 2: 1936–1946 (Ottawa: Military Engineers Association of Canada, 1966) 108–9.
41. John Marteinson and Michael McNorgan, The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2000) 138.
42. DHH Bio file, Edwin Bennett, Interview 30 September 1973, page 3.
43. Trafford Leigh-Mallory, “Air Operations at Dieppe: An After-Action Report,” Canadian Military History 12.4 (2003) 57.
44. CWM oral history interview, 31D 5 MAFFRE, page 22.
45. CWM oral history interview, 31D 5 MAFFRE, page 24.
46. Silver, Last of the Gladiators, 143–5.
47. Milberry and Halliday, The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945, 216.
48. For the air battle, see Norman Franks, The Greatest Air Battle: Dieppe, 19 August, 1942 (London: W. Kimber, 1979); Ross Mahoney, “The support afforded by the air force was faultless’: The Royal Air Force and the Raid on Dieppe, 19 August 1942,” Canadian Military History 21.4 (Autumn 2012) 17–32; Casualties in Greenhous, et al., Crucible of War, 242. For the official report, see RG 24, v.10870, 232c2 (D5), Report by the Air Force Commander on the Combined Operation Against Dieppe, August 19, 1942.
49. DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix F, 2.
50. Greenhous, Dieppe, Dieppe, 108.
51. Dollard Menard and C.B. Wall, “The Meaning of Bravery,” The Canadians at War, 1939/45, volume I (Montreal: Reader’s Digest Assoc. (Canada), 1969) 196-7.
52. For Dumais’s story, see DHH, CMHQ Report 89, Appendix C, 1–3.
53. Whitaker and Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph, 247.
54. RG24, v.10873, File 232C2(D62), Lieutenant-Colonel R.R. Labatt, “Narrative of Experiences at Dieppe,” 10.
55. Granatstein, The Last Good War, 74.
56. DHH, CMHQ Report 98, 12; LAC, RG 24, v. 10873, (D53) 232c2 (D56), Medical Observations during Combined Operations.
57. The Canadians at War 1939/45 (Montreal: Reader’s Digest, 1969) 192.
58. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands, 33.
59. Charles G. Roland, “On the Beach and in the Bag: The Fate of Dieppe Casualties Left Behind,” Canadian Military History 9.4 (Autumn 2000) 12.
60. Hugh Henry, Dieppe through the Lens of the German War Photographer (London: After the Battle, 1993); and David Ian Hall, “The German View of the Dieppe Raid,” Canadian Military History 21.4 (Autumn 2012) 3–16.
61. For casualties, see Stacey, The Canadian Army, 1939–1945, 80.
62. On selling the mission, see Timothy Balzer, “‘In Case the Raid Is Unsuccessful …’ Selling Dieppe to Canadians,” The Canadian Historical Review 87.3 (2006) 409–30.
63. RG 24, v.10870, 232c2 (D2), Report of Operation Jubillee, from GOC 2nd Cdn Div to 1 Cdn Corps, 20 Aug 1942.
64. For Dieppe in memory, see Béatrice Richard, La Mémoire de Dieppe: Radioscopie d’un mythe (Montreal: VLB Éditeur, 2002); Peter Henshaw, “The Dieppe Raid: A Product of Misplaced Canadian Nationalism?” Canadian Historical Review 77.2 (1996) 250–66; Brian Villa and Peter Henshaw, “The Dieppe Raid Debate,” Canadian Historical Review 79.2 (1998) 304–15.
65. Nathan Miller, War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) 314.
66. Robin Neillands, The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition (London: Aurum Press, 2005) 267.
67. LAC, RG24, v.12319, file 4/Censor/4/8, Field Censor (Home) Report, 20 August–3 September 1942.
68. Stacey, Six Years of War, 405.
CHAPTER 12: BACKS TO THE WALL (PP. 287–308)
1. See Robert C. Fisher, “Tactics, Training, Technology: The RCN’s Summer of Success, July–September 1942,” Canadian Military History 6.2 (Autumn 1997) 7–20.
2. Alan Riley, A Sparker’s War (self-published, 2005) 31.
3. Horrocks (ed.), In Their Own Words, 166.
4. Riley, A Sparker’s War, 32.
5. LAC, RG 24, v.11020, COAC 7-2-1, pt. 4, HMCS Assiniboine, Report of Proceedings, 10 August 1942.
6. Robert C. Fisher, “Heroism: On the North Atlantic,” The Legion online (May 2002).
7. Lay, Memoirs of a Mariner, 142–3.
8. Riley, A Sparker’s War, 22.
9. Curry, War at Sea, 53.
10. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 72.
11. Tony German, The Sea Is at Our Gates: The History of the Canadian Navy (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990) 112.
12. Lamb, The Corvette Navy, 90.
13. Barrett, The Navy & Me, 79.
14. Steven High (ed.), Occupied St. John’s: A Social History of a City at War, 1939–1945 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2010) 106.
15. Curry, War at Sea, 53.
16. Jenson, Tin-Hats, 125.
17. McDonald, Have No Fear, 54.
18. Zarn, Prairie Boys Afloat, 124.
19. Lawrence, A Bloody War, 75.
20. Captain Dudley King, Reminiscences (self-published, 1999) 79.
21. Johnston, Corvettes Canada, 85.
22. David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939–1943 (Boston, 1991); and W.J.R. Gardner, Decoding History: The Battle of the Atlantic and Ultra (London: Macmillan Press, 1999).
23. Guy Hartcup, The Effect of Science on the Second World War (Basingstoke: St. Martin’s, 2000) 47–9.
24. Jenson, Tin-Hats, 134.
25. Lynch (ed.), Fading Memories, 115.
26. T.C. Pullen, “Convoy O.N. 127 & the Loss of HMCS Ottawa, 13 September 1942: A Personal Reminiscence,” The Northern Mariner 2.2 (April 1992) 14.
27. Jenson, Tin-Hats, 136.
28. Dominion Institute, The Memory Project, oral history, Sid Dobing.
29. James Goodwin, “Our Gallant Doctor”: Enigma and Tragedy: Surgeon Lieutenant George Hendry and HMCS Ottawa, 1942 (Toronto: Dundurn, 2007) 171.
30. Jenson, Tin-Hats, 138.
31. King, Reminiscences, 85.
32. Milner, North Atlantic Run, 164.
33. Sarty, Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic, 126.
34. Paul Kennedy, Engineers of Victory: The Problem Solvers Who Turned the Tide in the Second World War (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2013) 7.
35. Milner, “The Implications of Technological Backwardness,” 51.
36. John F. Hilliker (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations XI: 1942–1943 (Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1980) 355.
37. Michael L. Hadley, “The Popular Image of the Canadian Navy,” in Michael Hadley, et al. (eds.), A Nation’s Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996) 40.
38. Milner, “Fighting the U-boats, 1939–45,” 100.
39. W.G.D. Lund, “The Royal Canadian Navy’s Quest for Autonomy in the North West Atlantic, 1941–1943,” in James A. Boutilier, RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1982) 148.
40. See Edgerton, Britain’s War Machine, 165; Hastings, All Hell Let Loose, 274.
41. Richard Oliver Mayne, “Bypassing the Chain of Command: The Political Origins of the RCN’s Equipment Crisis of 1943,” Canadian Military History 9.3 (Summer 2000) 19.
42. Marc Milner, “More Royal than Canadian? The Royal Canadian Navy’s Search for Identity, 1910–68,” in Philip Buckner (ed.) Canada and the End of Empire (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2005) 275.
43. David Syrett, The Defeat of the German U-boats: The Battle of the Atlantic (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994) 25.
44. Marc Milner, “Royal Canadian Navy Participation in the Battle of the Atlantic Crisis of 1943,” in James A. Boutilier, RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1982) 159.
45. Milner, Canada’s Navy, 124.
46. W.A.B. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Volume 2 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986) 537–9, 545–51.
47. Millberry and Halliday, The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945, 104.
48. Eayrs, In Defence of Canada, volume III, 57; Milner, Canada’s Navy, 126; Sarty, Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic, 132. Also see Robert Fisher, “Axis Submarines Lost to Canadian Forces, 1939–45: Revised List,” Argonauta 14.1 (January 1997).
49. Greenhous and Douglas, Out of the Shadows, 61.
50. Holger H. Herwig, “Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic,” in Chickering, et al. (eds.), A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 82.
51. Correlli Barnett, Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (New York: Norton, 1991) 613; Karl Dönitz, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959) 338–41.
CHAPTER 13: MAKING AN IMPACT (PP. 309–328)
1. Webster and Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945, volume II (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1961) 14.
2. Bashow, No Prouder Place, 456–7.
3. Greenhous, Crucible of War, Introduction, 14.
4. Morrison, Of Luck and War, 28.
5. Field Censor (Home) Report, 2–15 February 1942, LAC, RG24, National Defence, Volume 12319, File 4/Censor/4/5.
6. Alta R. Wilkinson (ed.), Ottawa to Caen: Letters from Arthur Campbell Wilkinson (Ottawa: Tower Books, 1947) 17.
7. Emily Gann, “Correspondence, Camaraderie, and Community: The Second World War for a Mother and Son,” (Masters: Carleton University, 2012) 33–4.
8. Arthur B. Wahlroth, “Wellington Pilot,” CAHS Journal 19.2 (1981) 54.
9. John A. Blythe, “The Bomber Offensive, Youth, and Canadian Nationalism,” Canadian Defence Quarterly 7.3 (Winter 1977) 46.
10. McDonald, Have No Fear, 123.
11. Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare, 214.
12. Greenhous, Crucible of War, 680, 757.
13. CWM, 20030316-001, G. Stuart Brown, My Life in the R.C.A.F., 12.
14. See Gray, “A Culture of Official Squeamishness?,” 1367–71; David Hall, “Black, White and Grey: Wartime Arguments for and against the Strategic Bombing Offensive,” Canadian Military History 7.1 (Winter 1998) 7–19.
15. Laurie Peloquin, “A Conspiracy of Silence? The Popular Press and the Strategic Bombing Campaign in Europe,” Canadian Military History 3.2 (1994) 23.
16. Vincenzo Field, “Explaining Armageddon: Popular Perceptions of Air Power in Canada and Britain and the Destruction of Germany, 1939–45,” (MA thesis, University of New Brunswick, 2003) 68.
17. Tim Cook, Clio’s Warriors: Canadian Historians and the Writing of the World Wars (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006) 115–19.
18. “Britons Back Raids on Reich Yet Want to Share Post-War Food,” Canadian Institute of Public Opinion (January 10, 1944); “Canadians and Americans See Eye to Eye on Allied Bombing of Nazi-Held Shrines,” Canadian Institute of Public Opinion (June 3, 1944).
19. Murray and Millett, A War to Be Won, 374–5.
20. Laurie Peloquin, “Area Bombing by Day: Bombing Command and the Daylight Offensive, 1944–1945,” Canadian Military History 15.3 & 15.4 (Summer–Autumn, 2006) 31–2; Bruce Robertston, Lancaster—The Story of a Famous Bomber (Hertfordshire: Harleyford, 1964) 126.
21. Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare, 243.
22. W.F. Craven and James Lea Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, volume 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958) 723.
23. For a recent claim to American superiority, see Randall Hansen’s Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany 1942–1945 (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2008).
24. CLIP, James Baker, letter, 12 January 1943.
25. Overy, Bomber Command, 1939–1945, 152; Greenhous, Crucible of War, 681.
26. Perkins, Flight into Yesterday, 326.
27. Greenhous, Crucible of War, 680.
28. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 16–17.
29. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 157.
30. Douglas and Greenhous, Out of the Shadows, 188.
31. Copp, No Higher Price, 113.
32. Peter Gray, “A Culture of Official Squeamishness? Britain’s Air Ministry and the Strategic Air Offensive against Germany,” Journal of Military History 77.4 (October 2013) 1366.
33. Christopher M. Rein, The North African Air Campaign: U.S. Army Air Forces from El Alamein to Salerno (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012) 143.
34. Greenhous, The Crucible of War, 292.
35. Kennedy, Engineers of Victory, 202.
36. Phillips O’Brien, “East versus West in the Defeat of Nazi Germany,” Journal of Strategic Studies 23.2 (2000), 89–113.
37. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 442.
38. Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988) 17–18.
39. Wieviorka, Normandy, 153–4; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 597–8 and 600.
40. Reader’s Digest, The Canadians at War, 1939/45, 278.
41. Martin Middlebrook, The Battle of Hamburg: Allied Bomber Forces against a German City in 1943 (London: Allen Lane, 1980) 266–7.
42. Lowe, Inferno: The Fiery Destruction of Hamburg, 1943, 209–10.
43. Hastings, Bomber Command, 246.
44. Murray, The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945, 177–80.
45. Hastings, All Hell Let Loose, 487–8.
46. Evans, The Third Reich at War, 465.
47. CWM, 20060191-003, Leslie McCaig diaries, 2 June 1943.
48. Hewer, In for a Penny, in for a Pound, 92.
49. DHH, Bio file, D.C.T. Bennett, interview, 17 June 1976, page 13.
50. CWM, 20020026-003, D.J.R. Humphreys, A Personal Memoir, 1939–1945 (self-published, 2000) 52.
51. Chapman, River Boy at War, 57.
52. Hibbert (ed.), Fragments of War, 218.
53. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 148.
54. Jones, Bomber Pilot, 141.
55. McDonald, Have No Fear, 137.
56. Jones, Bomber Pilot, 155.
57. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 148.
58. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 62.
59. Peel, My Time at War, 63.
60. Milberry and Halliday, The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945, 192.
61. Harvey, Boys, Bombs, and Brussels Sprouts, 141–2.
62. Georgina Matthews (ed.), Wartime Letters of Flt. Lieut. D.J. Matthews to His Wife 1943–1945 (Guelph: Georgina H. Matthews, 2003) 30.
63. Wyatt, Maximum Effort, 23.
64. CWM,19910181-043, George Joseph Chequer, letters, March 19, 1943.
65. CWM, 20060058-001, Second World War Letter Collection of Norma Lee, June 27, 1944.
66. G.W.L. Nicholson, Canada’s Nursing Sisters (Toronto: A.M. Hakkert, 1975) 121.
67. Bashow, None but the Brave, 93.
68. Peel, My Time at War, 36.
CHAPTER 14: TEST OF BATTLE (PP. 329–375)
1. Niall Barr, Pendulum of War: Three Battles at El Alamein (Woodstock: Overlook, 2005).
2. Alan J. Levine, The War against Rommel’s Supply Lines, 1942–1943 (Westport: Praeger, 1999) 30.
3. David Rolf, The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa. November 1942–May 1943 (London: Greenhill, 2001); Douglas Porch, The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theatre in World War II (New York: 2004) 412–14.
4. H.W. Koch, “The Spectre of a Separate Peace in the East: Russo-German ‘Peace Feelers,’ 1942–1944,” Journal of Contemporary History 10 (1975) 531–49; Mark Perry, Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace (New York: Penguin, 2007) 146–51.
5. DHist, CMHQ Report, No. 123, page 6; DHH, CMHQ, Report No. 119, “Canadian Relations with the People of the United Kingdom and the General Problem of Morale, 1939–1944.”
6. For an account of these debates, see Brandey Barton, “Public Opinion and National Prestige: The Politics of Canadian Army Participation to the Invasion of Sicily, 1942–1943,” Canadian Military History 15.2 (Spring 2006) 22–34.
7. C.P. Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict, Vol. II (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), 349.
8. John Rickard, The Politics of Command: Lieutenant-General A.G.L. McNaughton and the Canadian Army 1939–1943 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010) 20. Also see Paul Dickson, “Harry Crerar and an Army for Strategic Effect,” Canadian Military History 17.1 (Winter 2008) 46.
9. Wilfred I. Smith, Code Word: Canloan (Toronto: Dundurn, 1992).
10. DHH, AHQ Report No. 14, The Sicilian Campaign, Information from German Sources, 8–9.
11. Ralph Bennett, Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the War with Germany, 1939–1945 (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994) 202–5; Michael Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Volume V, Strategic Deception (London: HMSO, 1990) 86–92.
12. G.R. Stevens, The Royal Canadian Regiment, volume II (London: London Print & Lithographing Co., 1967) 66.
13. Vance, Maple Leaf Empire, 186.
14. CWM, 19910163-014, Ben Malkin, “Sicily Invasion 20 years after.”
15. DHH, 159.91013(D1) The Voyage to Sicily, [by A.T. Sesia].
16. Granatstein, Canada’s Army, 181.
17. Horrocks, In Their Own Words, 157.
18. DHist, CMHQ Report, No. 123, page 10.
19. See DHH, CMHQ Report No. 123, Battle Drill Training. Also see Timothy Harrison Place, Military Training in the British Army, 1940–1944: From Dunkirk to D-Day (London: Frank Cass, 2000) and John A. English, Failure in High Command: The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign (Ottawa: Golden Dog, 1995).
20. Ian Gooderson, A Hard Way to Make War: The Italian Campaign in the Second World War (London: Conway, 2008) 133.
21. See, for example, DHH, CMHQ Report, No. 11, Canadian Corps Exercise Fox; DHH, CMHQ Report, No. 34, South-Eastern Command Exercise Waterloo.
22. Kenneth B. Smith, Duffy’s Regiment (Don Mills: T.H. Best, 1983) introduction.
23. Dick Malone, Missing from the Record (Toronto: William Collins Ltd, 1946) 33.
24. John Buckley, Monty’s Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013) 117.
25. G.W.L. Nicholson, The Gunners of Canada: The History of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, volume II (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967) 127.
26. CWM, MHRC, 19910163-014, Ben Malkin, “Sicily Invasion 20 years after.”
27. CMHQ Report 126, 79.
28. Some of these rumours were captured in an amusing ship paper published by a number of war correspondents known as the Zig Zag. For a surviving copy, see CWM, 19820624-001.
29. Farley Mowat, And No Birds Sang (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1979) 58.
30. Bill McAndrew, Canadians and the Italian Campaign, 1943-1945 (Montreal: Art Global, 1996) 38.
31. W.G.F. Jackson, Alexander of Tunis as Military Commander (London: Batsford, 1971) 212.
32. Nigel Hamilton, Monty: Master of the Battlefield (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1985) 245–84.
33. Carlo D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York: Harper, 1995) 494.
34. Copp, No Price Too High, 123.
35. W.R. Feasby, Official History of the Canadian Medical Services, 1939–1945, volume I (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, Queen’s Printer, 1953), 129.
36. Gooderson, A Hard Way to Make War, 40.
37. D’Este, Bitter Victory, 86.
38. See DHH, 181.003 (D3004), General Summary of Military and Air Situation in Mediterranean, July 1943.
39. David Bashow, No Prouder Place: Canadians and the Bomber Command Experience, 1939 to 1945 (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 2005) 143.
40. Fred Turnbull, The Invasion Diaries (Kemptville: Veterans Publications, 2007) 30. Also see, LAC, A.G.L. McNaughton papers, MG 30 E133, v. 135, ME Instructional Circular No. 17, Notes from Sicily, 1.
41. Robert L. McDougall, A Narrative of War: From the Beaches of Sicily to the Hitler Line with the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, 10 July, 1943– 8 June 1944 (Kemptville: Golden Dog Press, 1996) 12.
42. George A. Reid, Speed’s War: A Canadian Soldier’s Memoir of World War II (Royston: Madrona Books and Publishing, 2007) 8.
43. “The RCRs in Sicily,” Canadian Military History 12.3 (Summer 2003) 74.
44. DHH, CMHQ report 127, 12.
45. DHH, 145.2L4051 (D1), Planning and Op Husky, by Major C.F. Richardson, 4.
46. DHH, 321.009(D60), Visits—Reports, 1943, Continuation of Lt. Col Gilbride’s account, 13.
47. Strome Galloway, Some Died at Ortona: The Royal Canadian Regiment in Action in Italy (London, ON: Royal Canadian Regiment, 1983) 34.
48. CWM, MHRC, 20100088-030, Campbell to mother, 25 July 1943.
49. War Diary, Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, 11 July 1943.
50. Albert Kesselring, Kesselring: A Soldier’s Record (New York: William Morrow, 1954) 196; also see Harry Yeide, Fighting Patton: George S. Patton Jr. Through the Eyes of His Enemies (Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2011) 204.
51. Major General David Belchem, All in the Day’s March (London, ON: The Royal Regiment of Canada, 1978) 167.
52. Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier’s Story (New York: Modern Library, 1999) 135.
53. Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (New York: Henry Holt, 2007) 125.
54. Lee Windsor, “‘The Eyes of All Fixed on Sicily: Canada’s Unexpected Victory, 1943,” Canadian Military History 22.3 (Summer 2013) 13.
55. DHH, CMHQ Report No. 135, 6.
56. Mowat, And No Birds Sang, 98.
57. LAC, A.G.L. McNaughton papers, MG 30 E133, v. 135, Canadian Operations in Sicily, Series 4, 7.
58. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,450, file 212C1.011 (D1), Battle Experience Questionnaire, no. 18, Captain M. Pariseault. Also see LAC, A.G.L. McNaughton papers, MG 30 E133, v. 135, ME Instructional Circular No. 17, Notes from Sicily, 7.
59. MHRC, Robert Thexton, Times to Remember: Some Recollections of Four and a Half Years Service with the West Nova Scotia Regiment during 1940–1944 (self-published, 2008) 26.
60. Galloway, Some Died at Ortona, 75.
61. Ronald Cormier (ed.), The Forgotten Soldiers: Stories from Acadian Veterans of the Second World War (Fredericton, NB: New Ireland Press, 1992) 22.
62. Galloway, Some Died at Ortona, 78.
63. Mowat, And No Birds Sang, 112–13.
64. Windsor, “The Eyes of All Fixed on Sicily,” 22; Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 99.
65. Eric McGeer, Terry Copp, with Matt Symes: The Canadian Battlefields in Italy: Sicily and Southern Italy (Waterloo: Canadian Battlefields Foundation, 2008) 24.
66. “The Hasty Pees in Sicily,” Canadian Military History 12.3 (Summer 2003) 68–9.
67. Mowat, And No Birds Sang, 133.
68. LAC, A.G.L. McNaughton papers, MG 30 E133, v. 135, ME Instructional Circular No. 17, Notes from Sicily, Extract from the Royal Canadian Regiment diary, 5.
69. Kim Beattie, Dileas: History of the 48th Highlanders of Canada, 1929–1956 (Toronto: published by the regiment, 1957) 271.
70. DHH, AHQ Report No. 14, The Sicilian Campaign, Information from German Sources, Appendix, Panzerdivision Hermann Goering, Brief Experience Report on the Fighting, 3.
71. Reid, Speed’s War, 13.
72. Howard Mitchell, My War (self-published, n.d.) 81.
73. LAC, RG 24, Vol. 15,156, WD Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, “Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, Italian Campaign—Leonforte,” July 1943.
74. DHH, CMHQ Report No. 135, 26.
75. Terry Copp, “From Leonforte to Agira: Army, Part 61,” The Legion online, no page.
76. Marteinson and McNorgan, The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps, 151.
77. G.W.L. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy,1943–1945 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1955) 110.
78. McDougall, A Narrative of War, 29-30.
79. DHH, CMHQ Report No. 135, 35.
80. F.H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, volume III, part 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979) 92–4.
81. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 110.
82. DHH, AHQ Report No. 14, The Sicilian Campaign, Information from German Sources, 23; and Ibid., Appendix, Panzerdivision Hermann Goering, Brief Experience Report on the Fighting, 3.
83. WD, Royal Canadian Regiment, 24 July 1943.
84. DHH, 142.5M1009 (D9), Artillery Lessons Learned from Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, “Artillery Lessons, First Year of the Italian Campaign.”
85. DHH, AHQ Report No. 14, The Sicilian Campaign, Information from German Sources, Report of the 15th German Panzer Grenadier Division on the Sicilian Campaign, 1–2.
86. Grant N. Barry, “Beyond the Consensus: 1st Canadian Infantry Division at Agira, Sicily, 24-28 July 1943,” Canadian Military History 19.2 (Spring 2010) 43.
87. WD, Saskatoon Light Infantry, 23 July 1943.
88. William McAndrew, “Fire or Movement? Canadian Tactical Doctrine, Sicily—1943,” Military Affairs 51.3 (July 1987) 142–5.
89. G.R. Stevens, The Royal Canadian Regiment, volume II (1933–1966) (London: London Printing, 1967) 79.
90. WD, 12th Canadian Armoured Regiment, Appendix, Captain W.T. Hunter’s Report, 25 July 1943.
91. WD, Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, 25 July 1943.
92. Galloway, Some Died at Ortona, 68.
93. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,775, Statement by Lt. Col. R.A. Lindsay, 30 July 1943; Nicholson, The Gunners of Canada, volume II, 150.
94. Jack Wallace, “Shermans in Sicily: The Diary of a Young Soldier, Summer 1943,” Canadian Military History 7.4 (Autumn 1998) 66.
95. WD, Loyal Edmonton Regiment, 28 July 1943.
96. DHH, AHQ Report No. 14, The Sicilian Campaign, Information from German Sources, Appendix, Panzerdivision Hermann Goering, Brief Experience Report on the Fighting, 3.
97. Mark Zuehlke, Operation Husky: The Canadian Invasion of Sicily, July 10–August 7, 1943 (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2008) 345.
98. Geoffrey Hayes, “The Canadians in Sicily: Sixty Years On,” Canadian Military History 12.3 (Summer 2003) 16.
99. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy 1943–1945, 134; CMHQ Report No. 135, 64; Cessford, “Hard in the Attack,” 181.
100. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 147.
101. Feasby, Official History of the Canadian Medical Services, 1939–1945, volume I, 143.
102. McDougall, A Narrative of War, 58.
103. “Pooch” [C.E. Corrigan] Tales of a Forgotten Theatre (Winnipeg: D Day Publishers, 1969) 11.
104. Feasby, Official History of the Canadian Medical Services, 1939–1945, 139–42.
105. Denis Dubord, “Unseen Enemies: An Examination of Infectious Diseases and Their Influence upon the Canadian Army in Two Major Campaigns during the First and Second World Wars,” (Ph.D. Thesis: University of Victoria, 2009) 262; G.W.L. Nicholson, Seventy Years of Service (Ottawa: Borealis Press, 1977) 165.
106. Sir Basil Liddel Hart, History of the Second World War (London: Pan, 1977) 465.
107. Robert Citino, The Wehrmacht Retreats: Fighting a Lost War, 1943 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012) 195; Gooderson, A Hard Way to Make War, 100.
108. Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002) 438.
109. Rein, The North African Air Campaign, 158–66.
110. Atkinson, The Day of Battle, 165–7; D’Este, Bitter Victory, 505–35.
111. DHH, 181.003 (D3004), General Summary of Military and Air Situation in Mediterranean, July 1943.
112. Porch, The Path to Victory, 445; Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 174.
113. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 174–5.
114. DHH, CMHQ Report No. 135, 1.
115. Galloway, Some Died at Ortona, 108.
116. Hamilton, Monty: Master of the Battlefield, 309.
CHAPTER 15: THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN (PP. 377–417)
1. Citino, The Wehrmacht Retreats, 246–8; Evans, The Third Reich at War, 471.
2. Martin Blumenson, Salerno to Cassino (Washington: US Army Centre of Military History, 1993) 69.
3. MHRC, Robert Thexton, Times to Remember: Some Recollections of Four and a Half Years Service with the West Nova Scotia Regiment during 1940–1944 (2008) 36–7.
4. RG 24, v. 10787, 224C1.093 (D3), RCAF Participation in the Italian Campaign, September 3rd to December 31st, 1943.
5. Brigadier C.J.C. Molony, The Mediterranean and the Middle East, volume V (London: HMSO, 1973) 325.
6. Martin Blumenson, Patton: The Man behind the Legend, 1885–1945 (New York: William Morrow, 1985) 210.
7. D’Este, Eisenhower, 455.
8. Atkinson, The Day of Battle, 184.
9. Trumbull Higgins, Soft Underbelly: The Anglo-American Controversy Over the Italian Campaign, 1939–1945 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968) 122.
10. For an introduction to Kesselring, see Shelford Bidwell, “Kesselring,” in Correlli Barnett (ed.), Hitler’s Generals (London: Phoenix, 1995) 265–92.
11. Bruce Lee, Marching Orders (New York: Crown Publishers, 1995) 190. Also see Ralph S. Mavrogordato, “Hitler’s Decision on the Defense of Italy,” in Kent Roberts Greenfield (ed.), Command Decisions (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1959).
12. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 412–13.
13. Lee Windsor, “Anatomy of Victory: Allied Containment Strategy and the Battle for the Gothic Line,” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Brunswick, 2006) 46–7; Heinz Magenheimer, Hitler’s War: Germany’s Key Strategic Decisions, 1940–1945 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1997) 237.
14. Atkinson, The Day of Battle, 185, 255.
15. For German orders, see DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 17–18.
16. LAC, RG 24, v. 10788, 224C1.2.6013 (D1), History of RCASC—1 Canadian Corps, 1943–1944, 7–8.
17. DHH, 321.009(D60), Visits—Reports, 1943, Extracts on mines.
18. Howard Mitchell, My War (self published, n.d.) 83.
19. Stanley Scislowski, Not All of Us Were Brave (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997) 143.
20. Portugal, We Were There, volume II, 772–3.
21. Mitchell, RCHA: Right of the Line, 108.
22. Cormier, The Forgotten Soldiers, 35.
23. Lee Windsor, “Boforce”: 1st Canadian Infantry Division Operations in Support of the Salerno Bridgehead, Italy, 1943,” Canadian Military History 4.2 (1995) 51–60.
24. Reid, Speed’s War, 22.
25. Cormier, The Forgotten Soldiers, 14.
26. Mitchell, RCHA—Right of the Line, 107.
27. CWM, 20050097-001, Kenneth MacNeil collection, letter to wife, 14 January 1945, 4.
28. Harold Russell, “24th Canadian Field Ambulance: Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps,” Canadian Military History 8.1 (Winter 1999) 71.
29. Feasby, The Canadian Medical Services, 160.
30. Mowat, And No Birds Sang, 185.
31. DHH, 78/361, Operational Feeding: The Use of Field Rations, 1942 (Canada: HMSO, 1942).
32. CWM oral history interview, 31D 4 WALKER, pages 10–11.
33. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,450, file 212C1.011 (D1), Battle Experience Questionnaire, no. 18, Captain M. Pariseault.
34. CWM oral history interview, 31D 4 WALKER, pages 10–11.
35. Scislowski, Not All of Us Were Brave, 147.
36. MHRC, Jack Shepherd, March to Fear (self-published, 2003) 32.
37. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,450, file 212C1.011 (D1), Battle Experience Questionnaire, no. 10, no. 16, no. 18.
38. Galloway, Some Died at Ortona, 83.
39. MHRC, Herbert Hoskin, Sometimes with Laughter: Recollections 1929–1964 (self-published, 1982) 24.
40. Charles Comfort, Artist at War (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1956) 50.
41. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,779, file 224.C1.013 (D8) Medical History of the War, [ca. 1 July 1944], 6.
42. “Pooch” [C.E. Corrigan] Tales of a Forgotten Theatre, 13.
43. Mowat, And No Birds Sang, 204.
44. Lee Windsor, “Overlord’s Long Right Flank: The Battles for Cassino and Anzio, January–June 1944,” in Hayes, et al. (eds.), Canada and the Second World War: Essays in Honour of Terry Copp (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Press, 2012) 224.
45. Terry Copp, “The Advance to the Moro: Army, Part 66,” The Legion (1 September 2006), unpaginated [online].
46. Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield, 446.
47. John O’Brien, Through the Gates of Hell and Back: The Private War of a Footslogger from “The Avenue” (Halifax: New World Publishing, 2010) 102.
48. Daniel Dancocks, The D-Day Dodgers: The Canadians in Italy, 1943-1945 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991) 125.
49. CMHQ Report No. 165, 22.
50. WD, RG 24, v. 15256, Seaforth Highlanders, December 1943, Appendix 7, report by Lt. Col. J.D. Forin.
51. Mitchell, RCHA—Right of the Line, 98.
52. DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 51.
53. CMHQ Report No. 165, 28.
54. Bercuson, The Patricias, 208.
55. G.R. Stevens, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, 1919-1957 (Montreal: Southam Printing, 1957) 128.
56. DHH, 145.2H1013(D1), Battle of Moro River, report of the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, 1–2.
57. DHH, 145.2H1013(D1), Battle of Moro River, report of the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, 2.
58. Nicholson, The Gunners of Canada, volume II, 166.
59. Mowat, And No Birds Sang, 225.
60. CMHQ Report No. 165, 39.
61. CWM, oral history, 31D 1 MEDD, page 9.
62. DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 50.
63. Beattie, Dileas: History of the 48th Highlanders of Canada, 423.
64. DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 53.
65. See C.P. Stacey, A Date with History: Memoirs of a Canadian Historian (Ottawa: Deneau, 1983).
66. See Dean F. Oliver and Laura Brandon, Canvas of War: Painting the Canadian Experience, 1914 to 1945 (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2000).
67. Comfort, Artist at War, 81.
68. CMHQ Report No. 165, 42.
69. WD, Royal Canadian Artillery, 10 December 1943.
70. Daniel Dancocks, The D-Day Dodgers: The Canadians in Italy, 1943-1945 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991) 162.
71. CMHQ Report No. 165, 47.
72. CMHQ Report No. 165, 47.
73. Bill McAndrew, Canadians and the Italian Campaign, 1943–1945 (Montreal: Art Global, 1996) 72.
74. WD, 1st Division, A and Q headquarters, December 1943, Appendix 10.
75. DHH, 145.2E2011 (D1), account by Lt. Col. J.C. Jefferson, 12. 1. 1944, 1.
76. Scislowski, Not All of Us Were Brave, 110.
77. Cessford, “Hard in the Attack,” 227.
78. O’Brien Through the Gates of Hell and Back, 107.
79. War Diary, West Nova Scotia Regiment, 13 December 1943.
80. War Diary, Carlton and Yorks Regiment, 13 December 1943.
81. Nicholson, The Gunners of Canada, volume II, 170.
82. DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 57.
83. G.C. Case, “Trial by Fire: Major-General Christopher Vokes at the Battles of the Moro River and Ortona, 1943,” Canadian Military History 16.3 (Summer 2007) 21.
84. Thomas Raddall, West Novas: A History of the West Nova Scotia Regiment (Liverpool, NS: no publisher listed, 1947) 161–2.
85. Case, “Trial by Fire,” 25.
86. DHH, 142. 4F3 (D28), Battle Drill and the PIAT, 1–2.
87. Cormier, The Forgotten Soldiers, 38.
88. RG 24, v. 10,881, 234C1.013 (D1), Crossing of the Moro and Capture of Ortona, HQ 1 Cdn Inf Div, 16 March 1944, 4.
89. John MacFarlane, Triquet’s Cross: A Study of Military Heroism (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009).
90. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,982, Account by Captain R.D. Price, 26 January 1944.
91. DHH, 321.009(D60), Visits—Reports, 1943, Canadian Operations in the Mediterranean Area, July–October 1943 [interview of Vokes by Historical Officer Sam Hughes], 5 January 1944, 1.
92. Mitchell, My War, 94.
93. See Brereton Greenhous, “Would It Not Have Been Better to Bypass Ortona Completely?,” Canadian Defence Quarterly 19 (April 1989) 51–5.
94. See Doug Delaney, The Soldiers’ General: Bert Hoffmeister at War (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2005).
95. Ian Gooderson, “Assimilating Urban Battle Experience—The Canadians at Ortona,” Canadian Military Journal (2007–2008) 66.
96. Carl Bayerlein, Alex MacQuarrie (trans.), “Parachute Engineers in Combat, Ortona 1943: A German Perspective,” Canadian Military History 8.4 (Autumn 1999) 47.
97. DHH, 780.023 (D1), German Anti-Tank Weapons, Ortona, 16 April 1951.
98. RG 24, v. 10841, 230.c1 (D15) Extract from Intelligence Log, The Edmonton Regiment, 21 Dec 1943.
99. Shaun R.G. Brown, “‘The Rock of Accomplishment’: The Loyal Edmonton Regiment at Ortona,” Canadian Military History 2.2 (1993) 16.
100. Bayerlein, “Parachute Engineers in Combat, Ortona 1943,” 49.
101. DHH, 145.2E2011 (D1), account by Lt. Col. J.C. Jefferson, 12. 1. 1944, 4.
102. Roy, The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, 272.
103. RG 24, v. 10841, 230.c1 (D15) Report of the Historical Section, General Staff Branch, Ortona, 16 Feb 1944, Appendix B, Company commander’s Story Illustrating the Use of Beehives.
104. Robert Wallace, The Italian Campaign (Alexandria: Time-Life, 1981) 107.
105. Brown, “‘The Rock of Accomplishment,’” 20.
106. Mitchell, My War, 95.
107. Mark Zuehlke, Ortona Street Fight (Victoria: Raven Books, 2011) 137.
108. Sarah Klotz, “Shooting the War: The Canadian Army Film Unit in the Second World War,” Canadian Military History 14.3 (2005) 28.
109. RG 24, v. 15,114, Mathew Halton, Ortona transcript broadcast, 4 January 1944. On the technical nature of broadcasting from the front, see A.E. Powley, Broadcast from the Front: Canadian Radio Overseas in the Second World War (Toronto: Hakkert, 1975) 55–6, 61–9.
110. I would like to thank David Halton for letting me read a manuscript that he has prepared on his father, Matthew Halton.
111. Douglas Delaney, “When Leadership Really Mattered: Bert Hoffmeister and Morale During the Battle of Ortona, December 1943,” in Horn (ed.) Intrepid Warriors, 143.
112. We Were Freedom, 58.
113. DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 65.
114. DHH, Historical Report No. 18, “The Campaign in Southern Italy, Sep–Dec 1943, Information from German Military Documents,” 64.
115. DHH, 145.2H1013(D1), Battle of the Bulge, report of the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, 1.
116. Bayerlein, “Parachute Engineers in Combat, Ortona 1943,” 50.
117. LAC, RG 24, v. 17505, War Diary, 1 Cdn Fd Hist Section, 28 December 1943.
118. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 338; RG 24, v. 10,881, 234C1.013 (D1), Crossing of the Moro and Capture of Ortona, HQ 1 Cdn Inf Div, 16 March 1944, 9.
119. Eldon S. Davis, An Awesome Silence: A Gunner Padre’s Journey through the Valley of the Shadow (Carp, ON: Creative Bound, 1991) 64.
120. Terry Copp and Bill McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939–1945 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1990) 56.
121. LAC, RG 24, v. 10,450, file 212C1.011 (D1), Battle Experience Questionnaire, No. 23, Acting Captain R.R. Johnston.
122. See Copp and McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion, 56–62.
123. Galloway, Some Died at Ortona, 217–18.
CONCLUSION: THE END OF THE BEGINNING (PP. 419–423)
1. Kim Beattie, Dileas: History of the 48th Highlanders of Canada, 1929–1956 (Toronto: published by the regiment, 1957) 420.
2. Bashow, No Prouder Place, 456–7.
3. Hastings, All Hell Let Loose, 454.