| Nehemiah (445 BCE) | PERSIAN PERIOD (539–331 BCE) |
| Alexander defeats Darius III (331 BCE) Death of Alexander (323 BCE) Period of the Diadochi (323–281 BCE) | EARLY GREEK PERIOD (331–301 BCE) |
| Ptolemy II (282–246 BCE) | PTOLEMAIC RULE OF PALESTINE (301–200 BCE) |
| Zenon’s tour of Palestine (259 BCE) | |
| Activities of Joseph and Hyrcanus Tobiad (late 3rd century BCE) | |
| Antiochus III (223–187 BCE) | SELEUCID RULE OF PALESTINE (200–140 BCE) |
| Antiochus IV (175–164 BCE) | |
| Maccabaean Revolt (168–165 BCE) | |
| Death of Judas (161 BCE) | |
| Jonathan Maccabee (161–143 BCE) | HASMONAEAN RULE (140–63 BCE) |
| Simon Maccabee (143–135 BCE) | |
| John Hyrcanus I (135–104 BCE) | |
| Aristobulus I (104–103 BCE) | |
| Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE) | |
| Alexandra Salome (76–67 BCE) | |
| Aristobulus II/Hyrcanus II (67–63 BCE) | |
| Pompey takes Jerusalem (63 BCE) | ROMAN RULE (63 BCE–) |
| Herod the Great (40–4 BCE) | |
| Archelaus (4 BCE –6 CE) | |
| Roman province of Judaea (6–41 CE) | |
| Agrippa I (41–44 CE) | |
| Roman province of Judaea (44– CE) | |
| Fall of Jerusalem (70 CE) | |
| Fall of Masada (73 CE) | |
| Jewish revolts in Egypt and Mesopotamia (115–117 CE) | |
| Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE) |