Bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
Ailloud, Henri. Suétone, Vies des douze Césars, volume 2. Paris: Société D’Edition “Les Belles Lettres,” 1932.
Aland, Barbara, Matthew Black, et al., eds. The Greek New Testament . 4th ed. New York: United Bible Societies, 1994.
Boer, W. den. Scriptorum Paganorum I-IV Saec. De Christianis Testimonia . Rev. ed. Textus Minores 2. Leiden: Brill, 1965.
Borret, Marcel. Origène: Contre Celse. SC 132, 136,147, 150, 227. Paris: Cerf, 1967-76.
Cureton, W. Spicelegium Syriacum . London: Rivington, 1855.
Gaster, Theodore. The Dead Sea Scriptures . 3d ed. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1976.
Giebel, M. C. Velleius Paterculis, Historia Romana. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1989.
Graves, Robert. The Twelve Caesars. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1957.
Harmon, A. M. Lucian. LCL. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936.
Ihm, M. C. Suetoni Tranquilli Opera. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1978.
Jackson, J. Tacitus : The Annals XIII-XVI. LCL. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956.
Jakoby, F. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker . II B. Leiden: Brill, 1962.
Koestermann, E. Cornelius Tacitus Annalen, Band 4, Buch 14-16. Heidelberg: Winter, 1968.
Koetschau, Paul. Die Textüberlieferung der Biicher des Origenes gegen Celsus in der Handschriften dieses Werkes und der Philokalia . GCS 2, 3. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1889.
Rolfe, J. C. Suetonius . 2d ed. LCL. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Römer, F. P. Corneli Taciti , Annalium Libri XV-XVI. Wiener Studien 6. Vienna: Böhlaus 1976.
Thackeray, Henry St. J., Ralph Marcus, and Louis Feldman. Josephus. LCL 186, 203, 21 242, 281, 326, 365, 410, 433, 456. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926-∈
Vermes, Geza. The Dead Sea Scrolls in English . 3d ed. Baltimore: Penguin, 1987.
Wellesley, K. Cornelius Tacitus 1.2 , Annales XI-XVI. Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana. Leipzig: Teubner, 1986.
Wuilleumier, P. Tacite , Annales livres XIII-XVI. Collection des Universités de France. Paris: Société D’Edition “Les Belles Lettres,” 1978.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Abegg, Martin G., Jr. “Messianic Hope and 4Q285: A Reassessment.” JBL 113 (1994) 81-91.
Achtemeier, Paul J. “Toward the Isolation of Pre-Marcan Miracle Catenae.” JBL 89 (1970) 265-91.
————. “Origin and Function of Pre-Markan Miracle Catenae.” JBL 91 (1972) 198- 211.
Alexander, Loveday. The Preface to Luke’s Gospel . SNTSMS 78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Allegro, John M. “Jesus and Qumran.” In Jesus in Myth and History , edited by R. Joseph Hoffmann and Gerald A. Larue, 90-97. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1986.
————. The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross . Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970.
Allen, P. S. “The Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls.” Arch 44:1 (1991) 72-73.
Allen, W., et al. “Nero’s Eccentricities before the Fire (Tac. Ann . 15:37).” Numen 9 (1962) 99-109.
Allen, Woody. “The Scrolls.” The New Republic , August 31, 1974, 18-19.
Anderson, J. N. D. Christianity: The Witness of History. London: Tyndale, 1969.
Attridge, Harold W. “Josephus and His Works.” In Jewish Writings of the Second-Temple Period , edited by Michael Stone, 185-232. CRINT 2.2. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.
Bagnani, G. “Peregrinus Proteus and the Christians.” Historia 4 (1955) 107-12.
Baigent, Michael, and Richard Leigh. The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception . New York: Summit, 1991.
Bammel, Ernst. “A New Variant Form of the Testimonium Flavianum.” In Judaica, 190- 93. WUNT 37. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1986.
————. “Eine übersehene Angabe zu den Toldetoth Jeschu.” NTS 35 (1989) 479-80.
Bauer, Bruno. Christus und die Caesaren: Der Ursprung des Christentums aud dem römischen Griechentum. Berlin: Grosser, 1877. Reprint, Hildesheim: Olds, 1968.
Kritik der Evangelien und Geschichte ihres Ursprungs. Berlin: Hempel, 1851-52. Reprint, Aalen: Scientia, 1983.
————. Kritik der Evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes. Bremen: Schünemann, 1840. Reprint, Hildesheim: Olds, 1990.
—. Kritik der Evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker. Leipzig: Wigand, 1841-42. Reprint, Hildesheim: Olds, 1990.
————. Kritik der paulinischen Briefen. Berlin: Hempel, 1850-52.
Belle, Gilbert van. The Signs Source in the Fourth Gospel : Historical Survey and Critical Evaluation of the Semeia Hypothesis . BETL 116. Louvain: Leuven University Press, 1994.
Benario, Herbert W. “Recent Work on Tacitus.” Classical World 58 (1964) 80-81; 63 (1970) 264-65; 71 (1977) 29-30; 80 (1986) 138-39; 89 (1995) 146-47.
Benko, Stephen. “The Edict of Claudius of A.D. 49.” TZ 25 (1969) 406-18.
————. Pagan Rome and the Early Christians . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
Betz, Hans Dieter. “Jesus and the Cynics: Survey and Analysis of a Hypothesis.” JR 74 (1994) 453-75.
————. “Lukian von Samosata und das Christentum.” NovT 3 (1959) 226-37.
————. Lukian von Samosata und das Neue Testament . TU 76. Berlin: Akadamie, 1961.
Bienert, Wolfgang A. Das ä/teste nichtchristliche Jesusbericht: Josephus über Jesus . Halle, 1936.
————. “The Witness of Josephus (Testimonium Flavianum).” In New Testament Apocrypha , edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher, English translation edited by R. McL. Wilson, 1:489-91. Rev. ed. 2 vols. Cambridge: James Clarke; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991.
Bilde, P. Josephus between Jerusalem and Rome . Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1988.
Birdsall, J. Neville. “The Continuing Enigma of Josephus’ Testimony about Jesus.” BJRL 67 (1984-85), 609-22.
Blass, Friedrich. “XPI∑TIANO∑-XPH∑TIANO∑.” Hermes 30 (1895) 468-70.
Blinzler, Joseph. The Trial of Jesus . London: Sheed & Ward, 1965.
Bockmuehl, Marcus. “A ‘Slain Messiah’ in 4Q Serekh Milhama (4Q285)?” TynBul 43 (1992) 155-69.
Bornkamm, Günter. Jesus of Nazareth . New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
Botermann, Helga. Das Judenedikt des Kaisers Claudius . Hermes Einzelschriften 71. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1996.
Bousset, Wilhelm. “Ist das vierte Evangelium eine literarische Einheit?” TRu 12 (1909) 1-12, 39-64.
————. “Der Verfasser des Johannesevangeliums.” TRu 8 (1905) 225-44, 277-95.
————. Was Wissen Wir von Jesus ? Halle: Gebauer-Schwetschke, 1904.
Boyd, Gregory. Cynic Sage or Son of God ? Wheaton, Ill.: Victor, 1995.
Brandenburger, Egon. Markus 13 und die Apokalyptik . FRLANT 134. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984.
Brandon, S. G. F. Jesus and the Zealots. New York: Scribner, 1967.
Branham, R. Bracht, and Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé, eds. The Cynics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Brooks, Stephenson H. Matthew’s Community : The Evidence of His Special Sayings Material. JSNTSup 16. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1987.
Brown, Raymond E. “The Babylonian Talmud on the Execution of Jesus.” NTS 43 (1997) 158-9.
————. The Death of the Messiah : From Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives of the Gospels . ABRL. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1994.
————. “The Gospel of Peter and Canonical Gospel Priority.” NTS 33 (1987) 321-43.
————. “The Gospel of Thomas and St. John’s Gospel.” NTS 9 (1962-63) 155-77.
————. Introduction to the New Testament . ABRL. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
————. “The Relationship of ‘the Secret Gospel of Mark’ to the Fourth Gospel.” CBQ 36 (1974) 466-85.
Brown, Raymond E., and John P. Meier. Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity. New York: Paulist, 1983.
Bruce, F. F. “Christianity under Claudius.” BJRL 44 (1961) 309-26.
————. Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament . London: Hodder & Stoughton; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
Büchner, K. “Tacitus über die Christen.” In Humanitas Romana . Heidelberg: Winter, 1957.
Bultmann, Rudolf. Das Evangeliums des Johannes . KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1941.
————. Jesus and the Word . 2d ed. New York: Scribners, 1958.
Burke, Gary Tapp. “Celsus and Late Second-Century Christianity.” Dissertation, University of Iowa, 1981.
Burkitt, F. C. “Josephus and Christ.” TT 47 (1913) 135-44.
Burnett, Fred W. “‘M’ Tradition.” In Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels , edited by Joel B. Green and Scot McKnight, 511-2. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1992.
Cameron, Ron. “The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Origins.” In The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester , edited by Birger A. Pearson, 381- 92. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991.
Carson, Donald A. “Source Criticism of the Fourth Gospel: Some Methodological Questions.” JBL 97 (1978) 411-29.
Catchpole, David. The Quest for Q. Edinburgh: Clark, 1993.
Case, Shirley J. The Historicity of Jesus . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1912.
Chadwick, Henry. Origen: Contra Celsum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Charlesworth, James H., and Craig A. Evans, “Jesus in the Agrapha and Apocryphal Gospels.” In Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research , edited by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans, 483-91. NTTS 19. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
————, ed. Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls . ABRL. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Chilton, Bruce. “The Gospel of Thomas a Source of Jesus’ Teaching.” In Jesus Traditions Outside the Gospels , edited by David Wenham, 95-127. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 1982.
Chilton, Bruce, and Craig A. Evans, eds. Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research . NTTS 19. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
Clarke, Andrew D. “Rome and Italy.” In The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting, edited by D. W. J. Gill and C. Gempf. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994.
Clarkson, K. L., and D. J. Hawkin. “Marx on Religion: The Influence of Bruno Bauer and Ludwig Feuerbach on His Thought.” SJT 31 (1978) 533-55.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. Josephus in Galilee and Rome : His Vita and Development as a Historian . Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 8. Leiden: Brill, 1979.
Collins, John J. “Wisdom, Apocalypticism, and Generic Compatibility.” In In Search of Wisdom: Essays in Memory of John G. Gammie , edited by Leo G. Perdue, Bernard B. Scott, and W. J. Wiseman, 165-86. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1993. Reprinted in John J. Collins, Seers, Sibyls , and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism, 385-408. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Conybeare, Frederick C. The Historical Christ . London: Watts, 1914.
Cotter, Wendy. “The Collegia and Roman Law: State Restrictions on Voluntary Associations, 64 B.C.E.-200 C.E.” In Voluntary Associations in the Greco-Roman World , edited by J. S. Kloppenborg and S. G. Wilson, 72-85. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
Cragg, Kenneth. Jesus and the Muslim . London: Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Crossan, John D. The Cross That Spoke : The Origins of the Passion Narrative . San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1988.
————. The Historical Jesus . New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Dalman, G. H. The Words of Jesus . Edinburgh: Clark, 1902.
Daniel-Rops, Henri. “The Silence of Jesus’ Contemporaries.” In F. Amiot et al., The Sources for the Life of Christ , 10-21. London: Burns & Oates, 1962.
Davies, Stevan L. The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom. New York : Seabury, 1983.
DeHandschutter, Boudewijn. “Recent Research on the Gospel of Thomas.” In The Four Gospels , edited by F. van Segbroeck et al., 3:2257-62. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1992.
De Vries, Simon J. Bible and Theology in the Netherlands . Wageningen: Veenman, 1968.
Dornseiff, Franz. “Zum Testimonium Flavianum.” ZNW 46 (1955) 245-50.
Downing, F. Gerald. Cynics and Christian Origins . Edinburgh: Clark, 1994.
————. “Deeper Reflections on the Jewish Cynic Jesus.” JBL 117 (1998) 97-104.
————. “The Social Context of Jesus the Teacher.” NTS 33 (1987) 439-51.
Drews, Arthur. Die Christusmythe . Jena: Diederich, 1909-11. English translation, The Christ Myth . London: Unwin, 1910. Reprint, Buffalo: Prometheus, 1998.
————. The Existence of Christ Disproved. London: Heatherington, 1841.
————. Die Leugnung der Geschichtlichkeit Jesu in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart . Karlsruhe: Braun, 1926.
Drews, Robert. “The Lacunae in Tacitus’ Annales Book Five in the Light of Christian Traditions.” AJAH 9 (1984) 112-22.
Dupont-Sommer, A. The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Preliminary Survey. New York: Macmillan, 1952.
Dupuis, C. F. Origene de tous les cultes . Paris: Chasseriau, 1794. English translation, The Origin of All Religious Worship . New York: Garland, 1984.
Eddy, Paul R. “Jesus as Diogenes?” JBL 115 (1996) 449-69.
Edwards, Richard A. A Theology of Q. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1976.
Eisenman, Robert. James the Brother of Jesus . New York: Viking, 1997.
————. James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher . SPB 35. Leiden: Brill, 1986.
Eisenman, Robert, and Michael O. Wise. Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered . Shaftesbury, Dorset, UK: Element, 1992.
Eisler, Robert. IĒSOUS BASILEUS OU BASILEUSAS. Heidelberg: Winter, 1929-30.
Evans, Craig A. “Jesus in Gnostic Literature.” Bib 62 (1981) 406-12.
————. “Jesus in Non-Christian Sources.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels , edited by Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, and I. H. Marshall, 364-68. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1992.
————. “Jesus in Non-Christian Sources.” In Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research , edited by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans, 443- 78. NTTS 19. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
Farmer, William R. “The Statement of the Hypothesis.” In The Interrelations of the Gospels , edited by David L. Dungan, 67-82. BETL 95. Leuven: Peeters, 1990.
Farrer, A. M. “On Dispensing with Q.” In Studies in the Gospels , edited by D. E. Nineham, 55-88. Oxford: Blackwell, 1957.
Feine, Paul. Eine vorkanonische Uberlieferung des Lukas in Evangelium und Apostelgeschichte . Gotha: Perthes, 1891.
Feldman, Louis. Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
————. “Josephus.” In ABD, 3:981-98.
————. Josephus and Modern Scholarship . Berlin: de Gruyter, 1984.
————. “The Testimonium Flavianum: The State of the Question.” In Christological Perspectives , edited by R. F. Berkey and S. A. Edwards, 179-99. New York: Pilgrim, 1982.
Ferrua, A. “Una nova iscrizione montanista.” RivArcChr 31 (1955) 97-100.
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. “The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Latest Form of Catholic Bashing.” America, 15 February 1992, 119-22.
————. The Gospel according to Luke . AB 28-28A. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1981- 85.
Fortna, Robert T. The Fourth Gospel and Its Predecessor: From Narrative Source to Present Gospel . Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988.
————. The Gospel of Signs . SNTSMS 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
France, Richard. The Evidence for Jesus . Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1982.
Franklin, Eric. “A Passion Narrative for Q?” In Understanding, Studying and Reading: New Testament Essays in Honour of John Ashton , edited by Christopher Rowland and Crispin H. T. Fletcher-Louis, 30-47. JSNTSup 153. Sheffied: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998.
Franzmann, Majella. Jesus in the Nag Hammadi Writings . Edinburgh: Clark, 1996.
Frend, W. H. C. Martydom and Persecution in the Early Church . New York: New York University Press, 1967.
Freudenberger, Rudolf. Das Verhalten der romischen Behörden gegen die Christen im 2 . Jahrhundert dargestellt am Brief des Plinius an Trajan und den Reskripten Trajans und Hadrians. 2d ed. Munich: Beck, 1969.
Fuchs, Albert. Das Petrusevangelium. SNTSU 2. Linz, Austria: Plöchl, 1978.
Fuller, Roy D. “Contemporary Judaic Perceptions of Jesus.” Dissertation, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1992.
Gallagher, Eugene V. Divine Man or Magician? Celsus and Origen on Jesus . SBLDS 64. Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1982.
Garnet, Paul. “If the Testimonium Flavianum Contains Alterations, Who Originated Them?” In Studia Patristica 19 (1989), edited by E. A. Livingstone, 57-61. Leuven: Peeters, 1989.
Geiger, Abraham. “Bileam und Jesus.” Jüdische Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Leben 6 (1868) 31-37.
Gero, Stephen. “The Secret Gospel of Mark.” ANRW II.25.5 (1988) 3976-78.
Gibson, Elsa. The “Christians for Christians” Inscriptions of Phrygia . HTS 32. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1978.
Gignac, F. T. A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods . Testi e documenti per lo studio dell’antichita 55. Milan: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino-La Goliardica, 1976.
Giles, Kevin. “The ‘L’ Tradition.” In Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels , edited by Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, and I. Howard Marshall, 431-32. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1992.
Glare, P. G. W. Oxford Latin Dictionary. 3d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1982.
Goodspeed, Edgar. Modern Apocrypha . Boston: Beacon, 1956.
Goguel, Maurice. Jesus the Nazarene: Myth or History. London: Fisher & Unwin, 1926.
————. The Life of Jesus . London: Allen & Unwin, 1933.
Goldstein, Morris. Jesus in Jewish Traditions . New York: Macmillan, 1950.
Goud, T. E. “Latin Imperial Historiography Between Livy and Tacitus.” Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1996.
Goulder, Michael. “Is Q a Juggernaut?” JBL 115 (1996) 667-81.
————. Luke: A New Paradigm . JSNTSup 20. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 1989.
————. “The Pre-Marcan Gospel.” SJT 47 (1994) 453-71.
Grant, Michael. A Historian’s Review of the Gospels . New York: Scribners, 1977.
Green, Joel. “The Gospel of Peter.” ZNW 78 (1987) 293-301.
Gruber, E., and H. Kirsten. The Original Jesus: The Buddhist Sources of Christianity. Shaftesbury, Dorset, U.K.: Element, 1995.
Grundmann, Walter. “Chrio.” TNDT 9 (1974) 577-79.
Habermas, Gary. Ancient Evidence for the Life of Jesus . Nashville: Nelson, 1984.
Hagner, Donald A. The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus . Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
Hall, J. Lucian’s Satire . New York: Arno, 1981.
Hanslik, R. “Der Erzählungskomplex vom Brand Roms und der Christenverfolgung bei Tacitus.” WS 76 (1973) 92-108.
Harris, Murray. “References to Jesus in Classical Authors.” In Jesus Traditions Outside the Gospels , edited by David Wenham, 275-324. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 1982.
————. Three Crucial Questions about Jesus . Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.
Heininger, Bernhard. Metaphorik, Erzälhlungsstruktur und szenisch-dramatische Gestaltung in den Sondergutgleichnissen bei Lukas . NTAbh 24. Münster: Aschendorff, 1991.
Herford, R. Travers. Christianity in Talmud and Midrash . London: Williams & Norgate, 1903. Reprint, Clifton, N.J.: Reference Books Publishers, 1966.
Herrmann, E. Chrestos . Paris: Gabalda, 1975.
Hertz-Eichenrode, Dieter. Der Junghegelianer Bruno Bauer im Vormärz. Berlin, 1959.
Hochart, P. De l’authenticité des Annales et des Histoires de Tacite . Bordeaux, 1890.
Hoffmann, R. Joseph. Celsus , On the True Doctrine : A Discourse Against the Christians . New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
————. Jesus Outside the Gospels . Buffalo: Prometheus, 1984.
Hoffmann, R. Joseph, and Gerald A. Larue, eds. Jesus in Myth and History . Buffalo: Prometheus, 1986.
Hofius, Otfried. “Isolated Sayings of the Lord.” In New Testament Apocrypha, edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher, English translation edited by R. McL. Wilson, 1:88-91. Rev. ed. 2 vols. Cambridge: James Clarke; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991.
————. “Unknown Sayings of Jesus.” In The Gospel and the Gospels , edited by Peter Stuhlmacher, 336-60. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Horbury, William. “A Critical Examination of the Toledoth Jeshu.” Dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1970.
————. “The Trial of Jesus in Jewish Tradition.” In The Trial of Jesus , edited by Ernst Bammel, 103-16. SBT 2d series 13. London: SCM, 1970.
Hosking, K. V. Yeshua the Nazorean. London: Janus, 1995.
Howard, G. “The Beginings of Christianity in Rome.” ResQ 24 (1981) 175-7.
Howatson, M. C., ed. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature . 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Jackson, J. G. Christianity before Christ. Austin: American Atheist Press, 1985.
Jackson, Howard M. “Why the Youth Shed His Cloak and Fled Naked: The Meaning and Purpose of Mark 14:51-52.” JBL 116 (1997) 273-89.
Jensen, Peter. Hat der Jesus der Evangelien wirklich gelebt? Frankfurt: Neuer Frankfurter Verlag, 1910.
Jeremias, Joachim. Jesus’ Promise to the Nations . London: SCM, 1958.
————. The Unknown Sayings of Jesus . 2d ed. London: SPCK 1964.
Jones, C. P. Culture and Society in Lucian. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Jones, F. Stanley. An Ancient Christian Jewish Christian Source on the History of Christianity: Pseudo-Clementine Recognitios 1.27-71 . SBLTT 37. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.
Jonge, Marinus de. “Christ.” In ABD, 1:919-22.
Jülicher, Adolf. Hat Jesus Gelebt? Marburg: Elwert, 1910.
Kalthoff, Albert. Das Christus-Problem: Grundlinien zu einer Sozial-Theologie. Leipzig: Diederich, 1903.
————. Was Wissen Wir von Jesus? Eine Abrechnung mit Professor D. Bousset in Göttingen. Berlin: Lehmann, 1904.
Kazantzakis, Nikos. The Last Temptation of Christ . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.
Kilpatrick, G. D. The Origins of the Gospel of St. Matthew . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946.
Kirk, Alan. The Composition of the Sayings Source . NovTSup 91. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
————. “Crossing the Boundary: Liminality and Transformative Wisdom in Q.” NTS 45 (1999) 1-18.
————. “Examining Priorities: Another Look at the Gospel of Peter’s Relationship to the New Testament Gospels.” NTS 40 (1994) 572-95.
————. “Some Compositional Conventions of Hellenistic Wisdom Tests and the Juxtaposition of 4:13; 6:20b-49; and 7:1-10 in Q.” JBL 116 (1997) 257.
Klausner, Joseph. Jesus of Nazareth . London: Macmillan, 1925.
————. Das Leben Jesu nach jüdischen Quellen . Berlin: Calvary, 1902.
Klein, Hans. Barmhertzigkeit gegenüber den Elenden und Geächteten: Studien zur Botschaft des lukanischen Sondergutes . Biblisch-theologische Studien 10. Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1987.
Klijn, A. F. J. Jewish-Christian Gospel Tradition . Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 17. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
————. “The Study of Jewish Christianity.” NTS 20 (1974) 419-31.
Kloppenborg, John S. The Formation of Q. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987.
————. “The Sayings Gospel Q and the Quest of the Historical Jesus.” HTR 89 (1996) 325-338.
————. The Shape of Q. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1994.
Koester, Helmut. Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development . Philadelphia : Trinity Press International; London: SCM, 1990.
————. “Apocryphal and Canonical Gospels.” HTR 73 (1980) 105-30.
————. “The Sayings of Q and Their Image of Jesus.” In Sayings of Jesus: Canonical and Non-Canonical , edited by William Petersen et al., 137-54. NovTSup 89. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Koestermann, E. “Ein folgenschwerer Irrtum des Tacitus?” Historia 16 (1967) 456-69.
Kraus, Samuel. Das Leben Jesu nach jüdischen Quellen . Berlin: Calvary, 1902.
Kummel, Werner G. The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its Problems. Nashville: Abingdon, 1972.
Laible, H. Jesus Christ in the Talmud, Midrash, Zohar , and the Liturgy of the Synagogue . Cambridge: Deighton & Bell, 1893.
Lauterbach, Jacob Z. “Jesus in the Talmud.” In idem, Rabbinic Essays, 473-570. New York: Ktav, 1973.
Levick, Barbara. Claudius. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Linck, Kurt. De antiquissimis veterum quae ad Jesum Nazarenum spectant testimoniis. Giessen: Töpelmann, 1913.
Linnemann, Eta. “The Lost Gospel Q—Fact or Fantasy?” Trinity Journal 17 (1996) 3- 18.
Lockshin, Martin I. “Translations as Polemic: The Case of Toledot Yeshu.” In Minhah leNahum , edited by M. Brettler and M. Fishbane, 227-41. JSOTSup 154. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1993.
Lüdemann, Gerd. Paulus, der Heidenapostel. FRLANT 130. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
————. Virgin Birth? London: SCM, 1995.
Lührmann, Dieter. Die Redaktion der Logienquelle. WMANT 33. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1969.
MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Mack, Burton. The Lost Gospel Q . San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993.
Mah, Harold. The End of Philosophy, the Origin of “Ideology”: Karl Marx and the Crisis of the Young Hegelians . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Maier, Johann. Jesus von Nazareth in der Talmudischen überlieferung. ErFor 82. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978.
Mailer, Norman. The Gospel According to the Son. New York: Random House, 1997.
Manson, T. W. The Teachings of Jesus . 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1935.
Marshall, 1. Howard. The Gospel of Luke. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.
Martin, Michael. The Evidence against Christianity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
Martin, R. Tacitus. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1994.
Martin, Ralph P. Carmen Christi : Philippians ii.5-11 in Recent Interpretation and in the Setting of Early Christian Worship . SNTSMS 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
Martyn, J. Louis. Galatians . AB 33A. New York: Doubleday, 1997.
————. The Gospel of John in Christian History. New York: Paulist, 1978.
————. History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel. 2d ed. Nashville: Abingdon, 1979.
Mason, Steven. Josephus and the New Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1992.
Meadors, Edward P. Jesus the Messianic Herald of Salvation. WUNT 72. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995.
————. “The ‘Messianic’ Implications of the Q Material.” JBL 118 (1999) 255-77.
Meier, John P. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, vol. 1. New York: Doubleday, 1991.
Mellor, Ronald. Tacitus. New York: Routledge, 1993.
Miller, Norma P. Tacitus: Annals XV. London: Macmillan, 1973.
Momigliano, A. Claudius . Cambridge: Heffer, 1934.
Moreau, P. Témoinages sur Jésus. Paris: Cerf, 1935.
Morford, Mark. “The Neronian Books of the ‘Annals:’”ANRW II.33.2, 1610-18.
Morrice, William. The Hidden Sayings of Jesus . London: SPCK, 1997.
Mottershead, J. Suetonius: Claudius . Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1986.
Neill, Stephen, and N. T. Wright. The Interpretation of the New Testament, 1861-1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Neuman, Abraham A. “A Note on John the Baptist and Jesus in Josippon .” HUCA 23 (1951) 136-49.
Neusner, Jacob. From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Newman, Hillel. “The Death of Jesus in the Toledoth Yeshu Literature.” JTS 50 (1999) 59-79.
Nicol, W. The Semeia in the Fourth Gospel: Tradition and Redaction . NTSup 32. Leiden: Brill, 1972.
Nodet, Etienne. “Jésus et Jean-Baptiste selon Josèphe.” RB 92 (1985) 320-48, 497-524.
Noy, D. Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, vol. 2, The City of Rome . Cambridge: University Press, 1995.
O’Callaghan, José. “Papiros neotestamarios en la cueva 7 de Qumran?” Bib 53 (1972) 91-100.
Oort, Johannes van. “New Light on Christian Gnosis.” LS 24 (1999) 23-31.
Osier, J.-P. L’évangile du ghetto. Paris: Berg, 1984.
Paffenroth, Kim. The Story of Jesus according to L. JSNTSup 147. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.
Page, M. Britain’s Unknown Genius : The Life and Work of J. M. Robertson . London: South Place Ethical Society, 1984.
Pagels, Elaine. “Gnostic and Orthodox Views of Christ’s Passion: Paradigms for the Christian’s Response to Persecution?” In The Rediscovery of Gnosticism , edited by Bentley Layton, 1:262-83. SHR 41. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
————. The Gnostic Gospels. New York: Vintage, 1979.
Painter, John. Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.
Patterson, S. “Q, the Lost Gospel.” BibRev 9 (October 1993) 59-64.
Petzke, Gerd. Das Sondergut des Evangeliums nach Lukas. ZWB. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag, 1990.
Pierson, Allard. De Bergrede en andere synoptishce fragmenten. Amsterdam: van Kampen & Zoon, 1878.
Pines, Shlomo. An Arabic Version of the Testimonium Flavianum and Its Implications . Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1971.
Piper, Ronald A. The Gospel Behind the Gospels: Current Studies on Q . NovTSup 75. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
————. Wisdom in the Q-Tradition. SNTSMS 61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Pittner, Bertram. Studien zum lukanischen Sondergut: Sprachliche, theologische , und formkritische Untersuchungen zum Sonderguttexten in Lk 5—19. ETS 18. Leipzig: Benno, 1991.
Prigent, P. “Thallos, Phlegon et le Testimonium Flavianum: Témoins de Jésus?” In Paganism , Judaïsme, Christianisme, 329-34. Paris: Boccard, 1978.
Rajak, Tessa. Josephus: The Historian and His Society . London: Duckworth, 1983.
Reicke, Bo. The Roots of the Synoptic Gospels . Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986.
Renahan, R. “Christus or Chrestus in Tacitus?” PP 23 (1968) 368-70.
Riesner, Rainer. Paul’s Early Period. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
Riley, Gregory J. Resurrection Reconsidered: Thomas and John in Controversy. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.
Robertson, John M. Christianity and Mythology . London: Watts, 1900.
————. The Historical Jesus. London: Watts, 1916.
————. The Jesus Problem: A Restatement of the Myth Theory. London: Watts, 1917.
————. Pagan Christs. London: Watts, 1903.
————. A Short History of Christianity. London: Watts, 1900.
Robinson, James M. “Building Blocks in the Social History of Q.” In Reimagining Christian Origins : A Colloquium Honoring Burton L. Mack, edited by Elizabeth A. Castelli and Hal Taussig, 87-112. Valley Forge, Penn: Trinity Press International, 1996.
————, ed. The Nag Hammadi Library in English. 3d ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.
Rouge, Jean. “L‘incendie de Rome en 64 et l’incendie de Nicomédie en 303.” In Mélanges d’histoire ancienne offerts à William Seston, 433-41. Paris: Boccard, 1974.
Rosen, Zvi. Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1977.
Russell, Bertrand. Why I Am Not a Christian. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957.
Sandmel, Samuel. “Christology, Judaism, and Jews.” In Christological Perspectives , edited by R. F. Berkey and S. A. Edwards, 170-185. New York: Pilgrim, 1982.
Sato, M. Q und Prophetie. WUNT 2/29. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1988.
Saumange, C. “Tacite et saint Paul.” RH 232 (1964) 67-110.
Schaeffer, Susan E. “The ‘Gospel of Peter,’ the Canonical Gospels, and Oral Tradition.” Dissertation, Union Theological Seminary, New York, 1990.
Schaberg, Jane. The Illegitimacy of Jesus : A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives . Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
Schlichting, Günter. Ein jüdisches Leben Jesu: Die vorschollene Toledot-Jeschu-Fassung Tam ū-mū’ād . WUNT 24. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1982.
Schmitt, John J. “In Search of the Origin of the Siglum Q.” JBL 100 (1981) 609-11.
Schnackenburg, Rudolf. The Gospel according to John . HTKNT. Freiburg: Herder; Montreal: Palm, 1968.
Schnelle, Udo. The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.
Schoeps, Hans Joachim. Theologie und Geschichte des Judenchristentums. Tübingen: Mohr, 1949.
Schonfield, Hugh. The Passover Plot. New York: Random House, 1965.
Schulthess, F. “Der Brief des Mara bar Serapion.” ZDMG 51 (1897) 365-91.
Schultz, Siegfried. Q—Die Spruchquelle . Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1972.
Schürer, Emil. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. 3 vols., vol. 3 in two parts. Revised and edited by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar, Matthew Black, and Martin Goodman. Edinburgh: Clark, 1973-87.
Schweitzer, Albert. The Quest of the Historical Jesus . Rev. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Schweizer, Eduard. “Zur Frage der Quellenbenutzung durch Lukas.” In idem, Neuen Testament und Christologie in Werden, 80-86. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982.
Seely, David. “Jesus and the Cynics: A Response to Hans Dieter Betz.” JHC 3 (1996) 284-90.
————. “Jesus and the Cynics Revisted.” JBL 116 (1997) 704-12.
Setzer, Claudia. Jewish Responses to Early Christians : History and Polemics, 30-150 C.E. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.
Sherwin-White, A. N. Fifty Letters of Pliny. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
————. The Letters of Pliny. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Shotter, D. C. Nero. London: Routledge, 1997.
Silberman, Louis H. “Once Again: The Use of Rabbinic Material.” NTS 42 (1996) 153- 5.
Slingerland, H. Dixon. Claudian Policymaking and the Early Imperial Repression of Judaism at Rome. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
————. “Suetonius Claudius 25:4, Acts 18, and Paulus Orosius’ Historiarum adversum paganos libri vii: Dating the Claudian Expulsion(s) of Roman Jews.” JQR 83 (1992) 127-44.
Smith, D. Moody. The Composition and Order of the Fourth Gospel. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1953.
————. “The Milieu of the Johannine Miracle Source: A Proposal.” In Jews, Greeks and Christians: Religious Cultures in Late Antiquity: Essays in Honor of William David Davies, edited by Robert Hamerton-Kelly and Robin Scroggs, 164-80. SJLA 21. Leiden: Brill, 1976.
Smith, Morton. Clement of Alexandria and a Secret Gospel of Mark. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.
————. The Secret Gospel: The Discovery and Interpretation of the Secret Gospel According to Mark. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
Smith, William Benjamin. Ecce Deus : The Pre-Christian Jesus. Boston: Roberts, 1894.
————. Die Religion als Selbstbewusstein Gottes. Jena: Diedrich, 1906. 2d ed., 1925.
————. The Silence of Josephus and Tacitus . Chicago: Open Court, 1910.
————. Der vorchristliche Jesus . Giessen: Topelmann, 1906.
Soards, Marion L. “The Question of a Pre-Marcan Passion Narrative.” Appendix IX in Raymond E. Brown, The Death of the Messiah : From Gethsemane to the Grave : A Commentary on the Passion Narratives of the Gospels, 2:1492-1524. ABRL. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1994.
Soden, Herman von. Hat Jesus Gelebt? Berlin: Protestantischer Schriften-Vertrieb, 1910.
Stanton, Graham N. Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels . Valley Forge, Penn.: Trinity Press International, 1995.
————. The Gospels and Jesus . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
. “Jesus of Nazareth: A Magician and a False Prophet Who Deceived God’s People?” In Jesus of Nazareth: Lord and Christ, edited by Joel B. Green and Max Turner, 159-75. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994.
Stokes, Samuel E. The Gospel according to the Jews and Pagans . London: Longmans, Green, 1913.
Stoops, R. F., Jr. “Apostolic Apocrypha: Where Do We Stand with Schneemelcher’s Fifth Edition?” 1993 SBL Abstracts , 170.
Streeter, B. H. The Four Gospels. London: Macmillan, 1924.
Stroker, William D. “Agrapha.” In ABD, 1:92-95.
————. Extracanonical Sayings of Jesus. SBLRBS 18. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.
Suerbaum, W. “Zweiundvierzig Jahre Tacitus-Forschung: Systematische Gesamtbibliographie zu Tacitus’ Annalen, 1939-1980.” ANRW II.33.2, 1394-99.
Syme, Ronald. Tacitus . 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1958.
Tabor, J. D. “A Pierced or Piercing Messiah?—The Verdict Is Still Out.” BARev 18:6 (1992) 58-59.
Taylor, Joan E. The Immerser: John the Baptist within Second Temple Judaism . Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Teicher, J. L. “Jesus in the Habakkuk Scroll.” JJS 3 (1952) 53-55.
Thackeray, Henry St. J. Josephus: The Man and the Historian. New York: Jewish Institute of Religion, 1929.
Theissen, Gerd. Sociology of Early Palestinian Christianity . Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978.
Theissen, Gerd, and Annette Merz. The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide. Minneapolis : Fortress, 1998.
Thiede, Carsten P. The Earliest Gospel Manuscript? London: Paternoster, 1992.
Thiering, Barbara. The Gospels and Qumran. Sydney: Theological Explorations, 1981.
————. Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls. San Francisco: Harper, 1992.
. Redating the Teacher of Righteousness . Sydney: Theological Explorations, 1979.
Troelsch, Ernst. Die Bedeutung der Geschichtlichkeit Jesu für den Glauben . Tübingen: Mohr, 1911.
Tuckett, Christopher M. “A Cynic Q?” Bib 70 (1989) 349-76.
. Nag Hammadi and the Gospel Tradition . Edinburgh: Clark, 1986.
————. Q and the History of Early Christianity . Edinburgh: Clark, 1995.
Twelftree, Graham. “Jesus in Jewish Traditions.” In Jesus Traditions Outside the Gospels , edited by David Wenham, 290-325. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 1982.
Urbach, Ephraim E. The Sages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Vaage, Lief. Galilean Upstarts: Jesus’ First Followers according to Q . Valley Forge, Penn: Trinity Press International, 1994.
Van Voorst, Robert E. The Ascents of James . SBLDS 112. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.
————. “Extra-canonical Accounts of the Death of Jesus.” In The Death of Jesus in Early Christianity, edited by John Carroll and Joel B. Green, 148-61. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1995.
Verdière, R. “À verser au dossier sexuel de Néron.” PP 30 (1975) 5-22.
Vermes, Geza. “The Jesus-Notice of Josephus Re-examined.” JJS 38 (1987) 1-10.
————. “The Oxford Forum for Qumran Research Seminary on the Rule of War from Cave 4 (4Q285).” JJS 43 ( 1992) 85-90.
Volney, C.-F. Les ruines, ou Meditations sur les revolutions des empires. Paris: Desenne, 1791.
Voltaire, F.-M. “De Jesus.” In Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire , 33:270-78. Paris: Société Littéraire- Typographique, 1785.
Von Wahlde, Urban C. The Earliest Version of John’s Gospel. GNS 30. Wilmington, Del.: Glazier, 1989.
Vos, Johan S. “Das Agraphon ‘Seid kundige Geldwechsler!’ bei Origenes.” In Sayings of Jesus: Canonical and Non-Canonical, edited by William Petersen et al., 277-302. NovTSup 89. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Wagenseil, Johann C. Tela ignea Satanae. Altdorf: Noricum, 1681.
Weiss, B. Die Quellen des Lukasevangeliums. Stuttgart: Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, 1907.
Weiss, Johannes. Jesus von Nazareth, Mythus oder Geschichte? Tübingen: Mohr, 1910- 11.
Weiss, K. “Chrestos.” TDNT 9 (1974) 480-89.
Wells, George A. Did Jesus Exist? London: Pemberton, 1975.
————. The Historical Evidence for Jesus. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1982.
————. The Jesus of the Early Christians . London: Pemberton, 1971.
————. The Jesus Legend. Chicago: Open Court, 1996.
————. J. M. Robertson. London: Pemberton, 1987.
————. Who Was Jesus? Chicago: Open Court, 1989.
Wenham, David. Jesus Traditions Outside the Gospels . Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 1982.
Whiston, William. The Works of Josephus , Complete and Unabridged. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1987.
Wilford, John N. “Messianic Link to Christianity Is Found in the Dead Sea Scrolls.” The New York Times, 8 November 1991, p. A8.
Wilken, Robert. The Christians as the Romans Saw Them . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
Williamson, G. A. The World of Josephus . Boston: Little, Brown, 1964.
Wilson, A. N. Paul: The Mind of the Apostle . London: Norton, 1997.
Wilson, Edmund. The Scrolls from the Dead Sea. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955.
Wilson, Ian. Jesus: The Evidence . San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984.
Winter, B. W. “Acts and Roman Religion: The Imperial Cult.” In The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting, edited by D. W. J. Gill and C. Gempf. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994.
Winter, Paul. “Excursus II: Josephus on Jesus and James: Ant. xviii 3, 3 (63-4) and xx 9, 1 (200-3).” In Emil Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. 3 vols., vol. 3 in two parts. Revised and edited by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar, Matthew Black, and Martin Goodman, 1:428-41. Edinburgh: Clark, 1973-87.
————. “Tacitus and Pliny on Christianity.” Klio 52 ( 1970) 497-502.
————. “Tacitus and Pliny: The Early Christians.” JHistStud 1 (1967-68) 31-40.
Witherington, Ben III. The Jesus Quest : The Third Search for Jesus of Nazareth. Downers Grove, III.: InterVarsity, 1995.
————. Jesus the Sage . Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.
Wood, Herbert G. Did Christ Really Live? London: SCM, 1938.
Woodberry, J. Dudley. “The Muslim Understanding of Christ.” WW 16 (1996) 173-78.
Wrege, Hans T. Das Sondergut des Matthäus-Evangeliums. ZWB. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag, 1991.
Wright, N. T. The New Testament and the People of God . London: SPCK, 1992.
Wright, R. A. “Christians, Epicureans, and the Critique of Greco-Roman Religion.” Dissertation, Brown University, 1994.
Yarbro Collins, Adela. “The Son of Man Sayings in the Saying Source.” In To Touch the Text: Biblical and Related Studies in Honor of Joseph A. Fitzmer, S.J., edited by Maurya P. Horgan and Paul J. Kobelski, 375-82. New York: Crossroad, 1989.
Zeitlin, Solomon. “The Halaka and the Gospels and Its Relation to the Jewish Law in the Time of Jesus.” HUCA 1 (1924) 370-75.