Notes

Introduction

1. Ken Kesey, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (New York: Penguin, 2002), 9.

2. Ibid., 15.

3. Richard G. Frank and Sherry A. Glied, Better but Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 126.

4. E-mail exchange with Michigan Department of Corrections. See also www.michigan.gov/corrections/0,4551,7–119–1441_1513—,00.html.

5. Iowa Department of Corrections, Mental Health Information Sharing Program, January 2017, http://idph.iowa.gov/Portals/1/Meetings/MeetingFiles/OtherFiles/95/8d8a73aa-da57-475e-b44f-77c91800cbd0.pdf.

6. Frank R. Baumgartner et al., Deadly Justice: A Statistical Portrait of the Death Penalty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 238.

7. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, “Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics, revised December 14, 2006.

8. Jennifer Bronson and Marcus Berzofsky, “Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011–12,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2017.

9. E-mail exchange with New York City Department of Corrections. See also Mayor’s Task Force on Behavioral Health and the Criminal Justice System Action Plan 2014, 5, www1.nyc.gov/assets/criminaljustice/downloads/pdfs/annual-report-complete.pdf.

10. Sentencing Project, “Criminal Justice Facts,” www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts. These data are based on projections made by the US Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2001. Among other things, incarceration rates and racial disparities have both dropped slightly since then, but these remain the best projections available.

11. Jeffrey Draine et al., “Role of Social Disadvantage in Crime, Joblessness and Homelessness Among Persons with Serious Mental Illness,” Psychiatric Services 53, no. 5 (2002): 565–573.

12. “Fatal Force,” Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2016.

13. “Improving Outcomes for People with Mental Illnesses Involved with New York City’s Criminal Court and Corrections System,” Council of State Governments Justice Center, December 2012, 3, https://csgjusticecenter.org/mental-health/publications/improving-outcomes-for-people-with-mental-illnesses-involved-with-new-york-citys-criminal-court-and-correction-systems; Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, “Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, September 2006, revised December 2006, 8, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf.

14. J. R. Goss et al., “Characteristics of Suicide Attempts in a Large Urban Jail System with an Established Suicide Prevention Program,” Psychiatric Services 53, no. 5 (2002): 574–579.

15. Kesey, One Flew, 13–14.

16. Pew Charitable Trusts, “The Effects of Changing Felony Theft Thresholds: More Evidence That Higher Values Have Not Led to Increased Property Crime or Larceny Rates,” April 12, 2017, www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2017/04/the-effects-of-changing-felony-theft-thresholds.

17. “State Marijuana Laws in 2017 Map,” www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html.

18. Jerome Mertens et al., “Differential Responses to Lithium in Hyperexcitable Neurons from Patients with Bipolar Disorder,” Nature, October 28, 2015, 95–99.

19. Aswin Sekar et al., “Schizophrenia Risk from Complex Variation of Complement Component 4,” Nature, February 11, 2016, 177–183.

Author’s Note

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 160–161.

2. National Institute of Mental Health, “Major Depression Among Adults,” https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adults.shtml.

3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 123–127.

4. National Institute of Mental Health, “Bipolar Disorder Among Adults,” https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/bipolar-disorder-among-adults.shtml.

5. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 87–111; National Institute of Mental Health, “Schizophrenia,” https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/schizo phrenia.shtml.

6. E-mail exchange with Levi Fishman, associate director, Public Affairs Correctional Health Services NYC Health + Hospitals, August 18, 2017.

Chapter 1 Jail Is the Only Safe Place

1. Jamie Fellner, “A Corrections Quandary: Mental Illness and Prison Rules,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 41, no. 2 (2006): 391–412.

2. I tried to obtain the records of Sanderson’s incarceration in South Carolina and was told that they had been destroyed. However, other records and interviews with his mother did confirm the story he told me.

3. Sabriya Rice, “State Increasingly Trying to Protect Health-Care Workers from Violence,” Modern Healthcare, February 14, 2014, www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20140214/NEWS/302149971.

4. This tool is known as the Sequential Intercept Model and was developed by Mark Munetz and Patricia Griffin. For further information, see The Sequential Intercept Model and Criminal Justice, ed. Patricia A. Griffin et al. (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015).

5. The Bible has numerous references to plucking out eyes. In Matthew 18:9, for example, Jesus says, “And if your eye causes you to stumble, tear it out and throw it away; it is better for you to enter life with one eye than to have two eyes and to be thrown into the hell of fire.”

Chapter 2 The Largest Psych Ward in America

1. Bob Herman, “Los Angeles Goes After Patient-Dumping for a Third Time,” Modern Healthcare, August 14, 2014, www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20140828/NEWS/308289960.

2. Council of State Governments, “Improving Outcomes for People with Mental Illnesses Involved with New York City’s Criminal Court and Corrections Systems,” December 2012, https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/CTBNYC-Court-Jail_7-cc.pdf.

3. US Department of Justice, letter to Anthony Peck, Esq., and Stephanie Jo Regan, Esq., RE: Mental Health Care and Suicide Prevention Practices at Los Angeles County Jails, June 4, 2014, 13.

4. Sarah L. Desmarais et al., “Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults with Mental Illnesses,” American Journal of Public Health, December 2014.

5. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, Custody Division Year End Review 2015, 3, www.la-sheriff.org/s2/static_content/info/documents/PMB_YER2015.pdf.

6. US Department of Justice, letter, 15.

7. Ibid.

8. Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities, 3rd ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2016), 5.

9. Alexander L. Bednar, “HIPAA’S Impact on Prisoners’ Rights to Healthcare,” 2003, https://www.law.uh.edu/healthlaw/perspectives/Privacy/030128HIPAAs.pdf; Wesley D. Bizzell, “The Protection of Inmates’ Medical Records: The Challenge of HIPAA Privacy Regulations,” CorrectionsOne.com, February 24, 2003, www.corrections.com/articles/11103-the-protection-of-inmates-medical-records-the-challenge-of-hipaa-privacy-regulations.

10. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, “Mental Health Problems of Jail and Prison Inmates,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2006.

11. Robert C. Schwartz and David M. Blankenship, “Racial Disparities in Psychotic Disorder Diagnosis: A Review of Empirical Literature,” World Journal of Psychiatry, December 22, 2014, 133–140.

12. US Department of Justice, letter, 9.

13. Ibid., 15.

14. Ibid., 24.

Chapter 3 The Asylum Fallacy

1. Lionel S. Penrose, “Mental Disease and Crime: Outline of a Comparative Study of European Statistics,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 18, no. 1 (1939): 1–15.

2. Richard G. Frank and Sherry A. Glied, Better but Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 123–127.

3. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate (New York: New Press, 2006), 20.

4. Anne Parsons, “From Asylum to Prison: The Story of Lincoln, Illinois,” Journal of Illinois History 15 (Winter 2011).

5. Frank and Glied, Better but Not Well, 123–124.

6. Steven Raphael and Michael A. Stoll, “Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate,” Journal of Legal Studies 42, no. 1 (2013): 200.

7. Henry J. Steadman et al., “The Impact of State Mental Hospital Deinstitutionalization on United States Prison Populations, 1968–1978,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75, no. 2 (1984): 474–490.

8. Benjamin Franklin, “Some Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital, [May 28, 1754],” The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 5, July 1, 1753, Through March 31, 1755, ed. Leonard W. Labaree (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962), 283–330.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Kristen A. Graham, A History of the Pennsylvania Hospital (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2008), 20, 38–39.

12. www.liquisearch.com/eastern_state_hospital_virginia/francis_fauquier_and_the_enlightenment.

13. Shomer S. Zwelling, Quest for a Cure: The Public Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia, 1773–1885 (Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1985), 3–5.

14. Norman Dain, Disordered Minds: The First Century of Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia, 1766–1866 (Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1971), 17–18.

15. Ibid., 17–19.

16. Zwelling, Quest for a Cure, 14–15.

17. Gerald Grob, The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America’s Mentally Ill (New York: Free Press, 1994), 15.

18. Dain, Disordered Minds, 22–23; Zwelling, Quest for a Cure.

19. Zwelling, Quest for a Cure.

20. www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/brush.html.

21. David J. Rothman, “Perfecting the Prison: United States, 1789–1865,” in The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, ed. Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 101.

22. https://www.easternstate.org/sites/easternstate/files/inline-files/ESP-history-overview.pdf.

23. Mauer, Race to Incarcerate.

24. Grob, The Mad Among Us, 43.

25. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Board of Managers of the Prison Discipline Society, Boston, May 1839 (Boston: published at the Society’s Rooms, 1839).

26. Already in the nineteenth century, most prisoners and state hospital patients were poor first- or second-generation immigrants. In Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America, David Rothman writes that 50 percent of the patients at the asylum in Worcester, Massachusetts, were immigrants or children of immigrants; at McLean, barely 10 percent were. At the asylum on Blackwell’s Island in New York City, the figure was 86 percent, while the private Bloomingdale asylum had only 31 percent.

27. Alex Beam, Gracefully Insane: Life and Death Inside America’s Premier Mental Hospital (New York: PublicAffairs, 2001), 21.

28. Ibid., 22.

29. Ibid.

30. Margaret Fuller, Essays on American Life and Letters (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 278.

31. Judith Mattson Bean and Joel Myerson, eds., Margaret Fuller, Critic: Writings from the New-York Tribune, 1844–1846 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 101.

32. Dorothea Dix, “‘I Tell What I Have Seen’—The Reports of Asylum Reformer Dorothea Dix,” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470564.

33. Dorothea Dix, On Behalf of the Insane Poor (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001).

34. Grob, The Mad Among Us, 24.

35. Ibid., 42.

36. Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation (London: Chapman and Hall, 1842), 1:109–110.

37. Grob, The Mad Among Us, 67.

38. Mary Jane Ward, The Snake Pit (New York: Random House, 1946), 157.

39. Grob, The Mad Among Us, 49.

40. Ibid., 106.

41. David Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (New York: Transaction, 2002), 29.

42. Grob, The Mad Among Us, 48.

43. Frank and Glied, Better but Not Well, 124.

44. Marle Woodson, Behind the Door of Delusion (New York: Macmillan, 1932), 209.

45. Gerald Grob, From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 72.

46. Mike Gorman, “Misery Rules in State Shadowland,” Daily Oklahoman, September 22, 1946.

47. Albert Q. Maisel, “Most U.S. Mental Hospitals Are a Shame and a Disgrace,” Life, 1946, https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/bedlam-life1946.pdf.

48. Ibid.

49. Grob, From Asylum to Community, 71.

50. Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, “Public Psychiatric Hospitals,” report no. 5, April 1948, http://gap-dev.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/assets/000/000/154/original/reports_public_psychiatric_ho.pdf?1429591315.

51. Ward, The Snake Pit, 91–92.

52. Maisel, “Most U.S. Mental Hospitals.”

53. George S. Stevenson, “Needed: A Plan for the Mentally Ill. Plea for an Enlightened System of Public Psychiatry to Remove a Blight on Society,” New York Times, July 27, 1947.

54. Robert Whitaker, Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Treatment of the Mentally Ill (New York: Basic, 2002), 144–145.

55. Andrew Scull, Madness in Civilization: A Cultural History of Insanity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 380.

56. Whitaker, Mad in America, 144–145.

57. Ibid., 150–151.

58. Scull, Madness in Civilization, 367.

59. Mental Health and the Role of States: A Report from the Pew Charitable Trusts and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 2015, 6, www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2015/06/mentalhealthandroleofstatesreport.pdf.

60. US Department of Health and Human Services, Mental Health United States 2010, SAMHSA, 32, www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/MHUS2010/MHUS2010/MHUS-2010.pdf.

61. Grob, The Mad Among Us, 233.

62. https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-047–045.aspx.

63. https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title19/1905.htm.

64. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/benefits/bhs/index.html.

65. Frank and Glied, Better but Not Well, 126.

66. www.cookcountysheriff.com/MentalHealth/MentalHealth_main.html.

67. Abby Sewell, “Mentally Ill Inmates Are Swamping the State’s Prisons and Jails,” Los Angeles Times, June 19, 2016, www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-mentally-ill-inmate-snap-story.html.

68. www1.nyc.gov/site/criminaljustice/work/bhtf.page.

69. Ibid.

70. David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 9.

71. Richard A. Oppel, Jr., “States Trim Penalties and Prison Rolls, Even as Sessions Gets Tough,” New York Times, May 18, 2017.

72. Joel E. Miller, “Too Significant to Fail: The Importance of State Behavioral Health Agencies in the Daily Lives of Americans with Mental Illness, for Their Families, and for Their Communities,” National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 2012, www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Too%20Significant%20To%20Fail%287%29.pdf.

73. Albert Deutsch, Shame of the States (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1948), 93.

Chapter 4 Jail as Hospital

1. CBS, 60 Minutes, May 21, 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cook-county-jail-sheriff-tom-dart-on-60-minutes.

2. Tom Dart, “A Mental Health Template for American Jails: Saving Lives and Money Through Commonsense Reform,” July 2016, www.cookcountysheriff.org/pdf/MentalHealthTemplate_072116.pdf.

3. “Mayor de Blasio to Triple Intensive-Care Mental Health Units on Rikers Island,” press release, April 26, 2016, www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/394-16/mayor-de-blasio-triple-intensive-care-mental-health-units-rikers-island.

4. www1.nyc.gov/site/criminaljustice/work/bhtf.page.

5. “Mayor de Blasio to Triple.”

6. Marianna Napoles, “Mental Hospital Planned for CIM,” Chino Champion, April 1, 2017.

7. Monroe Correctional Complex Special Offender Unit Officer Orientation Handbook, https://www.law.umich.edu/special/policyclearinghouse/Documents/WA%20-%20Monroe%20Corr.%20Complx%20Orientation%20Manual%201980.pdf.

8. Emily Lane, “Plans Call for New Jail Building, 89 New Beds to House New Orleans’ Mentally Ill Inmates,” Times Picayune, January 5, 2017, www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2017/01/plans_revealed_for_new_jail_bu.html.

9. Wendy Culverwell, “Benton County Wants $5M Jail Unit for Mentally Ill Inmates,” Tri-City Herald, April 1, 2017, www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/article142224979.html.

10. American Medical Association, House of Delegates Proceedings, Annual Session, 1930, 41, http://ama.nmtvault.com/jsp/viewer.jsp?doc_id=ama_arch%2FHOD00001%2F00000021&query1=&recoffset=0&collection_filter=All&collection_name=1ee24daa-2768–4bff-b792-e4859988fe94&sort_col=publication%20date&CurSearchNum=-1.

11. B. Jaye Anno, “Correctional Health Care: Guidelines for the Management of an Adequate Delivery System,” National Commission on Correctional Health Care, December 2001, http://static.nicic.gov/Library/017521.pdf.

12. US Department of Justice, “Survey of Inmates of Local Jails, 1972,” http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED099549.pdf.

13. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (No. 75-929), opinion of Thurgood Marshall, 104, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/429/97#writing-USSC_CR_0429_0097_ZO.

14. Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities, 3rd ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2016), 3.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid., 35.

17. Robert M. A. Hirschfeld et al., Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder, 2nd ed., 2002, http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar.pdf.

18. Marvin Zalman, “Prisoners’ Rights to Medical Care,” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 63, no. 2 (1972): 185–199.

19. Douglas Shenson, Nancy Dubler, and David Michaels, “Jails and Prisons: The New Asylums?” American Journal of Public Health 80, no. 6 (1990): 655–656.

20. Associated Press, “Union Claims Prison Employees Pressured to Fake Suicide-Watch Records at Stockton Medical Facility,” July 31, 2014, http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/07/31/union-claims-prison-employees-pressured-to-fake-suicide-watch-records-at-stockton-medical-facility.

21. Lane, “Plans Call for New Jail Building.”

Chapter 5 Destined to Fail

1. Roughly a third: 40 percent of those in jail and 30 percent of those in prison. See Andrew P. Wilper et al., “The Health and Healthcare of US Prisoners: Results of a Nationwide Survey,” American Journal of Public Health 99 (April 2009): 666–672.

2. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, “Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, September 2006, 1.

3. Oklahoma Justice Reform Task Force Final Report, February 2017, 7, https://s3.amazonaws.com/content.newsok.com/documents/OJRTFFinalReport%20 (1).pdf.

4. Ibid., 12.

5. Jennifer Palmer, “Adding Beds Isn’t Enough to Address Oklahoma Prison Overcrowding, Experts Say,” Oklahoman, October 25, 2015, http://newsok.com/article/5455820.

6. Craig Haney, “The Wages of Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Psychological Consequences and Dysfunctional Correctional Reactions,” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 22, no. 1 (2006): 265–293.

7. Brown, Governor of California, et al. v. Plata, Supreme Court of the United States, October Term 2010, 11, www.cdcr.ca.gov/News/docs/USSC-Plata-opinion09-1233.pdf.

8. Ibid.

9. Ralph Coleman, et al. v. Arnold Schwarzenegger, et al., no. CIV S-90-0520 LKK JFM P, Three Judge Court Opinion and Order, August 4, 2009, www.cand.uscourts.gov/filelibrary/204/Opinion%20and%20Order.pdf.

10. Ibid.

11. “Supplemental Expert Report of Pablo Stewart MD,” 4, http://rbgg.com/wp-content/uploads/_Stewart,%20Pablo%20MD,%20Supp%20Report%20%283221%29,%2010-30-08,%20OCR.PDF.

12. E. Ann Carson and Elizabeth Anderson, “Prisoners in 2015,” US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, 16, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p15.pdf.

13. Hannah Sabata et al. v. Nebraska Department of Correctional Services, Class Action Complaint for Injunctive and Declaratory Relief, August 16, 2017, https://www.aclunebraska.org/sites/default/files/sabata_v_ndoc_complaint.pdf.

14. Mary Jane Ward, The Snake Pit (New York: Random House, 1946), 253–254.

15. Victor Parsons et al. v. Charles Ryan et al., no. CV 12-00601-PHX-DKD, filed in United States District Court, District of Arizona, August 29, 2014, declaration of Pablo Stewart, MD, 9, https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/parsons-v-ryan-stewart-expert-report.

16. Ibid., 20–22.

17. Sarah Mueller, “Florida Senators Call Staffing Shortages in State Prisons a Crisis,” WUSF News, March 17, 2017, http://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/post/florida-senators-call-staffing-shortages-state-prisons-crisis#stream/0.

18. Andrew Knittle, “Oklahoma Corrections Department Officials Say Prison Doctors Aren’t Shackled by Past Problems,” Daily Oklahoman, September 27, 2016.

19. Danny Robbins, “Georgia Hires Prison Doctors with Troubled Pasts,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 13, 2014.

20. Sasha Abramsky and Jamie Fellner, Ill-Equipped: U.S. Prisons and Offenders with Mental Illness, Human Rights Watch, October 2003, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1003/usa1003.pdf.

21. Tara F. Bishop et al., “Population of US Practicing Psychiatrists Declined, 2003–13, Which May Help Explain Poor Access to Mental Health Care,” Health Affairs, July 2016.

22. Don Thompson, “Some California Prison Doctors Could Get Big Raise: Doctors Who Work in Certain California State Prisons Could Be in Line for a Big Raise,” Associated Press, March 2, 2017, https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/cali fornia/articles/2017-03-02/some-california-prison-doctors-could-get-big-raise.

23. Adam Ashton, “New Contract Raises Pay by 24 Percent for California Prison Doctors,” Sacramento Bee, March 2, 2017, www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/the-state-worker.

24. Greg Trotter, “Cook Jail Seeking to Attract More Psychiatrists to Staff,” Chicago Tribune, July 10, 2015.

25. Steve Bousquet, “If You’re a Florida State Employee, Do You Know How Much Your Raise Will Be?” Miami Herald, June 14, 2017, www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article156155204.html.

26. Pew Charitable Trust and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, State Prison Health Care Spending: An Examination, 2014, 3, www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2014/07/stateprisonhealthcarespendingreport.pdf.

27. B. Jaye Anno, “Prison Health Services: An Overview,” Journal of Correctional Healthcare 10, no. 3 (2004): 287–301.

28. Lauren Galik, Leonard Gilroy, and Alexander Volokh, “Annual Privatization Report: 2014 Criminal Justice and Corrections,” Reason Foundation, 2004, 21, http://reason.org/files/apr-2014-criminal-justice.pdf.

29. Beth Kutscher, “Rumble Over Jailhouse Healthcare: As States Broaden Outsourcing to Private Vendors, Critics Question Quality of Care and Cost Savings,” Modern Healthcare, August 31, 2013, www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20130831/MAGAZINE/308319891.

30. Maura Ewing, “The Corizon CEO on Losing Its Contract with Rikers,” Marshall Project, June 16, 2015, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/06/16/ceo-of-private-medical-provider-corizon-on-losing-its-contract-with-rikers#.3G5CftlJG.

31. “Request for Proposal: Alabama Department of Corrections Mental Health Services, 2013,” 27, www.documentcloud.org/documents/1263950-adoc-medical-services-rfp-2013.html#document/p4.

32. www.mhm-services.com.

33. McCreary et al. v. The Federal Bureau of Prisons et al., Class Action Complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, filed June 9, 2017.

34. Expert report of Kathryn A. Burns, MD, MPH, mental health expert, Dunn v. Dunn, submitted July 5, 2016, 37, https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/documents/doc._555-5_-_expert_report_of_dr._kathyrn_a._burns.pdf.

35. Psychiatric Services in Correctional Facilities, 3rd ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2016).

36. Allen J. Beck and Laura M. Maruschak, “Mental Health Treatment in State Prisons, 2000,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, July 2001.

37. James and Glaze, “Mental Health Problems.”

38. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, letter to the Honorable Carlos A. Gimenez, Mayor, Miami-Dade County, Re: Investigation of the Miami-Dade County Jail, August 24, 2011, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-sdf1/legacy/2012/12/31/110829-01.FindingsLetter.pdf.

39. “Analysis: Large Part of Prison Rx Spending Goes Toward Anti-Psychotics,” California Healthline, May 1, 2013, http://californiahealthline.org/morning-breakout/analysis-large-part-of-prison-rx-spending-goes-toward-anti-psychotics.

40. Don Thompson, “California Spends Big on Anti-Psychotics,” Associated Press, May 1, 2013.

41. Council of State Governments, Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project, June 2002, 136, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/197103.pdf.

Chapter 6 Sanctioned Torture

1. Elizabeth Ford, Sometimes Amazing Things Happen: Heartbreak and Hope on the Bellevue Hospital Psychiatric Prison Ward (New York: Regan Arts, 2017).

2. Trial testimony by Raymond Castro, former corrections officer, United States of America v. Terrence Pendergrass, December 10, 2014.

3. United States of America v. Terrence Pendergrass, sealed complaint, Southern District of New York, 3, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-sdny/legacy/2015/03/25/Pendergrass%2C%20Terrence%20Complaint.pdf.

4. Michael Schwirtz, “$2.25 Million Settlement for Family of Rikers Inmate Who Died in Hot Cell,” New York Times, October 31, 2014.

5. Patrick Wilson, “McAuliffe Calls Jail Death of Jamycheal Mitchell ‘Beyond Comprehension,’” Virginian-Pilot, March 31, 2016, http://pilotonline.com/news/government/politics/virginia/mcauliffe-calls-jail-death-of-jamycheal-mitchell-beyond-comprehension/article_ace90d0d-8579-5769-afaf-bc603be10dc9.html.

6. Roxanne Adams, Administrator of the Estate of Jamycheal M. Mitchell, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. Naphcare, et al., United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Norfolk Division), Case 2:16-cv-00229-RBS-LRL.

7. Julie K. Brown, “Behind Bars, a Brutal and Unexplained Death,” Miami Herald, May 17, 2014, www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1964620.html.

8. Julie K. Brown, “Graphic Photos Stir Doubts About Darren Rainey’s ‘Accidental’ Prison Death,” Miami Herald, May 6, 2017, www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article149026764.html.

9. For a number of reasons, there is no precise count of people in solitary confinement in the US criminal justice system. Eighty thousand is a frequently cited number; it comes from a 2005 census done by the US Bureau of Justice Statistics. See James J. Stephan, “Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2008. More recently, the Yale Law School, along with the Association of State Correctional Administrators, conducted a survey that concluded somewhere between 80,000 and 100,000 people were in solitary in 2014, a number that does not include local jails, juvenile facilities, or military or immigration detention. See “Time-in-Cell: The ASCA-Liman 2014 National Survey of Administrative Segregation in Prison,” August 2015, https://law.yale.edu/system/files/documents/pdf/asca-liman_administrative_segregation_report_sep_2_2015.pdf.

10. American Civil Liberties Union Texas, A Solitary Failure: The Waste, Cost, and Harm of Solitary Confinement, February 2015, 11, https://www.aclutx.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/SolitaryReport_2015.pdf.

11. Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation (London: Chapman and Hall, 1842), 1:242.

12. Keramet Reiter, 23/7: Pelican Bay Prison and the Rise of Long-Term Solitary Confinement (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 24.

13. Testimony of Professor Craig Haney, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights Hearing on Solitary Confinement, June 19, 2012, 6, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12-6-19HaneyTestimony.pdf.

14. Dickens, American Notes, 239.

15. Jeffrey L. Metzner and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in US Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 38, no. 1 (2010), https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/03/01/solitary-confinement-and-mental-illness-us-prisons-challenge-medical-ethics#_edn8.

16. Fatos Kaba et al., “Solitary Confinement and Risk of Self-Harm Among Jail Inmates,” American Journal of Public Health, March 2014, http://ajph.apha publications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301742.

17. Disability Rights Network of Pennsylvania v. Wetzel, 1:13-cv-00635-JEJ (M.D. Pa.), 16–17, https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=12719.

18. Haney testimony, 9.

19. Expert report of Kathryn Burns, for the Southern District of Illinois East St. Louis Division, Brian Nelson and Robert Boyd, Defendants.

20. Juan Méndez, Interim Report Prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, presented to the United Nations on August 5, 2011.

21. Michael Schwirtz, “$2.5 Million Settlement for Family of Rikers Inmate Who Died in Hot Cell,” New York Times, October 31, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/nyregion/settlement-for-family-of-rikers-inmate-who-died-in-overheated-cell.html?_r=0.

22. US Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Use of Restrictive Housing for Inmates with Mental Illness, July 2017, https://www.themarshallproject.org/documents/3893449-Review-of-the-Federal-Bureau-of-Prisons-Use-of#.3Qpz31aUP.

23. Testimony by Jack Beck, Director, Prison Visiting Project, the Correctional Association of New York, Before the Hearing of the Assembly’s Corrections and Mental Health Committees, Mental Health Services in NY Prisons, December 6, 2011, www.correctionalassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/12-6-2011_beck-testimony-mental-health1.pdf.

24. New York Consolidated Laws, Correction Law 401, Section 3.

25. Ibid.

26. Craig Haney, Reforming Punishment: Psychological Limits to the Pain of Imprisonment (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2006), 199.

27. Sarah Glowa-Kollisch et al., “Data-Driven Human Rights: Using Dual Loyalty Trainings to Promote the Care of Vulnerable Patients in Jail,” Health and Human Rights 17, no. 1 (2015): 124–135.

28. Ibid.

29. Ross MacDonald, Amanda Parsons, and Homer D. Venters, “The Triple Aims of Correctional Health: Patient Safety, Population Health, and Human Rights,” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 24 (2013): 1226–1234.

30. Ibid.

Chapter 7 Better Off Dead

1. Edward Braggs et al. v. Jefferson S. Dunn, the District of the United States for the Middle District of Alabama, Northern Division, Liability Opinion and Order as to Phase 2A Eighth Amendment Claim, June 27, 2017, 24.

2. www.doc.state.al.us/docs/AdminRegs/AR633.pdf, 6.

3. Joshua Dunn et al. v. Jefferson Dunn, expert report of Professor Craig Haney, PhD, JD, 68–69, https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/documents/doc._555–6_-_expert_report_of_dr._craig_haney.pdf.

4. Dunn v. Dunn, Civil Action No. 2:14-cv-00601-WKW-TFM, First Amended Complaint, 26, https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/d6_legacy_files/downloads/case/first_amended_complaint.pdf.

5. Expert report of Kathryn A. Burns, MD, MPH, Mental Health Expert, Dunn v. Dunn, submitted July 5, 2016, 30, https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/documents/doc._555-5_-_expert_report_of_dr._kathyrn_a._burns.pdf.

6. “Justice Department Announces Statewide Investigation into Conditions in Alabama’s Prisons for Men,” October 6, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-statewide-investigation-conditions-alabama-s-prisons-men.

7. www.preventsuicide.com/#!suicide-prevention-products/ctcv.

8. https://www.grainger.com/category/penal-system-fixtures/toilets-urinals/plumbing/ecatalog/N-ab6.

9. Ashoor Rasho, et al. v. Director John R. Baldwin et al., Plaintiff’s Motion to Enforce the Settlement Agreement, October 10, 2017.

10. Dunn v. Dunn, testimony of Jamie Wallace, 9.

11. Ibid., 77.

12. “State Mental Health Agency (SMHA) Per Capita Mental Health Services Expenditures,” Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/smha-expenditures-per-capita/?currentTimeframe=0&selectedDistri butions=smha-expenditures-per-capita&selectedRows=%7B%7D.

13. www.mentalhealthamerica.net/issues/ranking-states.

14. Eric Velasco, “Son Admits Killing Mom, Officer Says Graysville Teen Goes to Grand Jury,” Birmingham News, April 29, 2009.

15. Jamie Wallace suicide report, MHM Services Inc., CQI Major Occurrence Report, December 15, 2016 (1038–1055), 46.

16. Ibid., 60.

17. www.doc.state.al.us/docs/AdminRegs/AR632.pdf, 3.

18. I tried several times to contact his criminal defense attorney, but he did not want to talk to me. He did talk to a local television reporter, telling her he believes that he failed by allowing Wallace to take the plea. But he also holds the prison responsible for what happened: “I blame myself in a lot of ways for his ultimate demise, but he could have been protected more if he were in the right facility.” See Beth Shelburne, “What Happened to Jamie Lee Wallace?” WBRC Fox 6 News, July 5, 2017.

Chapter 8 Guilty by Reason of Insanity

1. Gary B. Melton et al., Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers, 4th ed. (New York: Guilford, 2017).

2. Richard J. Bonnie, John C. Jeffries, Jr., and Peter W. Low, A Case Study in the Insanity Defense: The Trial of John W. Hinckley, Jr., 3rd ed. (New York: Thomson/Foundation, 2008), 139.

3. Melton et al., Psychological Evaluations for the Courts, 4–5.

4. Bonnie, Jeffries, and Low, A Case Study in the Insanity Defense, 10.

5. Ibid., 9–11.

6. Steven V. Roberts, “High US Officials Express Outrage, Asking for New Laws on Insanity Plea,” New York Times, June 23, 1982.

7. Christopher Slobogin, Minding Justice: Laws That Deprive People with Mental Disability of Life and Liberty (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 98–99.

8. Christopher Slobogin, “The Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Have Come,” George Washington Law Review 53, nos. 3–4 (1985): 494–526.

9. Ann O’Neill, “Theater Shooter Holmes Gets 12 Life Sentences, Plus 3,318 Years,” CNN, August 27, 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/us/james-holmes-aurora-massacre-sentencing/index.html.

10. “Theater Shooting Victims.”

11. William Blackstone, Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England. Book the Fourth—Chapter the Second: Of Persons Capable of Committing Crimes, 24, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk4ch2.asp.

12. Steve Poole, The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome Subjects (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2000), 91–92.

13. Old Bailey Proceedings Online, www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, October 23, 2017, April 1790, trial of John Frith (t17900417-1).

14. Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/362/402/case.html.

15. Justice Policy Institute, When Treatment Is Punishment: The Effects of Maryland’s Incompetency to Stand Trial Policies and Practices, October 2011, www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/jpi_when_treatment_is_punishment_national_factsheet.pdf.

16. www.dbhds.virginia.gov/library/forensics/ofo-restorationmanual.pdf.

17. Michael Braga, Anthony Cormier, and Leonora LaPeter Anton, “Definition of Insanity: Florida Spends Millions Making Sure the Mentally Ill Go to Court and Gets Nothing for It,” Tampa Bay Times, December 18, 2015, www.tampabay.com/projects/2015/investigations/florida-mental-health-hospitals/competency.

18. “Trial and Error,” Tampa Bay Times Herald Tribune, December 8, 2015, www.tampabay.com/projects/2015/investigations/florida-mental-health-hospitals/competency-game-show-video.

19. Braga, Cormier, and LaPeter Anton, “Definition of Insanity.”

20. Abby Sewell, “Defendants Declared Mentally Incompetent Face Lengthy Delays in Jails,” Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2015.

21. Vaidya Gullapalli, “Judged Incompetent to Stand Trial, People with Mental Illness Still Languish in Pennsylvania Jails,” Solitary Watch, November 19, 2015, http://solitarywatch.com/2015/11/19/judged-incompetent-to-stand-trial-people-with-mental-illness-still-languish-in-pennsylvania-jails.

22. https://www.aclupa.org/news/2016/01/27/aclu-pa-settles-lawsuit-over-unconstitutional-delays-treatme.

23. “Federal Judge in Seattle Orders End to Long Jail Holds for Mentally Ill,” Reuters, April 3, 2015, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-washington-inmates-idUSKBN0MU09020150403.

24. Martha Bellisle, “Report: Washington State Jails Spend Millions Housing Mentally Ill,” Associated Press, April 19, 2016, www.opb.org/news/article/ap-report-washington-state-jails-mentally-ill-spending.

Chapter 9 Inside Out

1. Jaclyn Cosgrove, “Epidemic Ignored: Oklahoma Treats Its Mental Health System Without Care,” Oklahoman, http://newsok.com/article/5474415.

2. http://kfor.com/2015/05/20/exclusive-inside-the-oklahoma-hospital-for-the-insane.

3. Richard G. Frank and Sherry A. Glied, Better but Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States Since 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 70–90.

4. “Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables,” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, September 8, 2016, https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.pdf.

5. Dominic A. Sisti, Andrea G. Segal, and Ezekiel J. Emmanuel, “Improving Long-Term Psychiatric Care: Bring Back the Asylum,” Journal of the American Medical Association 313, no. 3 (2015): 243–244.

6. Eric Dexheimer, “Defendants Fill, Linger in State’s Mental Health Facilities,” American-Statesman, May 27, 2012, www.statesman.com/news/news/special-reports/defendants-fill-linger-in-states-mental-health-f-1/nRn4m.

7. Robert Creigh Deeds, administrator of the estate of Austin Creigh Deeds, deceased v. Commonwealth of Virginia, et al., filed in the Circuit Court for the County of Bath, March 12, 2014.

8. W. Lawrence Fitch, Assessment #3: Forensic Mental Health Services in the United States, National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 2014, 12, https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Assessment%203%20-%20Updated%20Forensic%20Mental%20Health%20Services.pdf.

9. Ted Lutterman, “Virginia’s State Mental Health System: National Comparisons and Trends in State Mental Health Systems,” National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute, September 9, 2014, http://dls.virginia.gov/GROUPS/MHS/va%20system.pdf.

10. Edgar Walters, “State Spending More on Mental Healthcare, but Waitlist Grows,” Texas Tribune, May 1, 2016, www.texastribune.org/2016/05/01/despite-state-spending-dearth-pysch-hospital-beds.

11. A legal settlement in 2011 forced the state to streamline the process of evaluating defendants for competency to stand trial; the process now takes about a month, but it previously took more than three months. See Colorado Department of Human Services Office of Behavioral Health, “Needs Analysis: Current Status, Strategic Positioning, and Future Planning,” April 2015, 9, www.ahpnet.com/AHPNet/media/AHPNetMediaLibrary/White%20Papers/OBH-Needs-Analysis-Report2015-pdf.pdf.

12. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, “Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, September 2006, 9.

13. Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, “Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request,” January 2015, https://www.ok.gov/odmhsas/documents/FY16%20Budget%20Narrative%20-%20Updated.pdf.

14. Jaclyn Cosgrove, “Oklahoma Ranks Low in Mental-Health Funding,” September 26, 2015, http://newsok.com/article/5449521.

15. Frank and Glied, Better but Not Well, 6.

16. Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, “Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request.”

17. The Psychiatric Shortage: Causes and Solutions (Washington, DC: National Council for Behavioral Health, 2017), 12.

18. Beth Han et al., Data Review Receipt of Services for Behavioral Health Problems: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, September 2015, https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DR-FRR3–2014/NSDUH-DR-FRR3–2014/NSDUH-DR-FRR3–2014.htm.

19. The Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA) required group health plans to treat mental health care the same as they do physical care, namely by not imposing lifetime caps on mental health care that were more limiting than those on medical or surgical care. The act, which initially only applied to group health plans, was later amended to apply to individual insurance as well. For more information, see https://www.cms.gov/cciio/programs-and-initiatives/other-insurance-protections/mhpaea_factsheet.html.

20. Interim Report of the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2002, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/reports/Interim_Report.htm#P75_10348.

21. Liz Szabo, “Cost of Not Caring: Nowhere to Go,” USA Today, May 12, 2014.

22. L. Aron et al., Grading the States 2009: A Report on America’s Health Care System for Adults with Serious Mental Illness, National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2009, www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/Publications/Reports/NAMI_GTS2009_FullReport.pdf.

23. “Mental Health and the Role of States: A Report from the Pew Charitable Trusts and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation,” 2015, 3, www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2015/06/mentalhealthandroleofstatesre port.pdf.

24. https://www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/Publications/Reports/NAMIStateBudgetCrisis2011.pdf.

25. Tara F. Bishop et al., “Population of US Practicing Psychiatrists Declined, 2003–13, Which May Help Explain Poor Access to Mental Health Care,” Health Affairs, July 2016, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/7/1271.abstract.

26. Carol Peckham, Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2016, Medscape, April 1, 2016, www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/compensation/2016/public/overview#page=2.

27. www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150704/MAGAZINE/307049979.

28. Board of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services meeting, January 24, 2014, https://www.ok.gov/odmhsas/documents/BM%20January24%202014.pdf. See also Clifton Adcock, “Oklahoma’s Mental-Health System Has Strict Criteria to Get Treatment,” Oklahoma Watch, June 21, 2015, http://newsok.com/article/5428983.

Chapter 10 The Cycle

1. Ross MacDonald et al., “The Rikers Island Hot Spotters: Defining the Needs of the Most Frequently Incarcerated,” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 11 (2015): 2262–2268.

2. Amy Blank Wilson et al., “Examining the Impact of Mental Illness and Substance Use on Recidivism in a County Jail,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 34 (2011): 264–268.

3. MacDonald et al., “The Rikers Island Hot Spotters.”

4. The book was published under his legal name, not Kyle Muhammad.

5. Gerald Grob, Mental Illness and American Society, 1875–1940 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 9.

6. Ibid., 288.

7. Marc Abramson, “The Criminalization of Mentally Disordered Behavior: Possible Side-Effect of a New Mental Health Law,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 23, no. 4 (1972): 101–105.

8. Mary Jane Ward, The Snake Pit (New York: Random House, 1946), 136.

9. Jillian K. Peterson et al., “How Often and How Consistently Do Symptoms Directly Precede Criminal Behavior Among Offenders with Mental Illness?” Law and Human Behavior 38, no. 5 (2014): 439–449.

10. William H. Fisher et al., “Patterns and Prevalence of Arrest in a Statewide Cohort of Mental Health Care Consumers,” Psychiatric Services 57, no. 11 (2006): 1623–1628.

11. Allison G. Robertson et al., “Patterns of Justice Involvement Among Adults with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Key Risk Factors,” Psychiatric Services 65, no. 7 (2014): 931–938.

12. Greg Greenberg et al., “Criminal Justice Involvement Among People with Schizophrenia,” Community Mental Health Journal 47 (2011): 727–736.

13. National Alliance on Mental Illness, Road to Recovery: Employment and Mental Illness, July 2014, https://www.nami.org/work.

Chapter 11 Shooting the Victim

1. Christina Haley, “EMTs Testify in Day Four of Bryon Vassey Trial,” Port City Daily, April 23, 2016.

2. “Database of Police Shootings,” Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings.

3. Jennifer Wadsworth, “Every San Jose Police Shooting in 2017 Has Involved Suspect with a History of Mental Illness,” San Jose Inside, May 30, 2017, www.sanjoseinside.com/2017/05/30/every-san-jose-police-shooting-in-2017-has-involved-suspects-with-a-history-of-mental-illness.

4. “Deadly Force: Police and the Mentally Ill,” Portland Press Herald, February 2012, www.pressherald.com/interactive/maine_police_deadly_force_series_day_2.

5. Alex Emslie and Rachael Bale, “More Than Half of Those Killed by San Francisco Police Are Mentally Ill,” KQED News, September 30, 2014, http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/30/half-of-those-killed-by-san-francisco-police-are-mentally-ill.

6. Skyler Swisher, “Fatal Encounters: Instead of Helping, Police Sometimes Shoot the Mentally Ill,” Daytona Beach News-Journal, 2015, http://creative.news-journalonline.com/shotsfired/lethal.html.

7. https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3146953/Living-With-Schizophrenia-by-Deborah-Danner.pdf.

8. “Cherokee County Teen Shot by Police Sniper, Parents Speak Out,” CBS46.com, October 25, 2012, www.cbs46.com/story/19917831/teen-shot-by-police-sniper-parents-talk-only-to-cbs-atlanta-news.

9. Jonathan Edwards, “Norfolk Officers Testify That David Latham Never Threatened Them Before He Was Shot, Killed,” Virginian-Pilot, September 28, 2016.

10. Lynn Thompson, “Seattle Police Fatally Shoot Black Seattle Mother; Family Demands Answers,” Seattle Times, June 18, 2017.

11. “Database of Police Shootings.”

12. Cindy Rodriguez, “New York’s Kindest,” WNYC Radio, December 23, 2015, www.wnyc.org/story/new-yorks-kindest.

13. Darren DaRonco and Carli Brosseau, “Many in Mental Crisis Call Tucson Police: Health Agency to Help TPD Prioritize Queries Starting This Summer,” Arizona Daily Star, April 14, 2013, http://tucson.com/news/local/crime/many-in-mental-crisis-call-tucson-police/article_a03800d9-6608-5907-9fc4-74ad7f9c441a.html.

14. Written testimony of Alfonza Wysinger, First Deputy Superintendent, Chicago Police Department, Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, “Law Enforcement Responses to Disabled Americans: Promising Approaches for Protecting Public Safety Hearing,” April 29, 2014, www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/04-29-1WysingerTestimony.pdf.

15. Norman Dain, Disordered Minds: The First Century of Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia, 1766–1866 (Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1971), 17.

16. Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, “Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request,” January 2015, https://www.ok.gov/odmhsas/documents/FY16%20Budget%20Narrative%20-%20Updated.pdf.

17. J. Ruiz and C. Miller, “An Exploratory Study of Pennsylvania Police Officers’ Perceptions of Dangerousness and Their Ability to Manage Persons with Mental Illness,” Police Quarterly 7, no. 3 (2004): 359–371.

18. Linda Teplin and Nancy S. Pruett, “Police as Streetcorner Psychiatrist: Managing the Mentally Ill,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 14 (1992): 139–156.

19. Egon Bittner, “Police Discretion in Emergency Apprehension of Mentally Ill Persons,” Social Problems 14, no. 3 (1967): 278–292.

20. “Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division Thomas E. Perez Speaks at the City of Portland, Ore. Press Conference,” September 13, 2012, www.justice.gov/opa/speech/assistant-attorney-general-civil-rights-division-thomas-e-perez-speaks-city-portland-ore.

21. Jasmine Turner, “Bryon Vassey Takes the Stand in Day 11 of the Trial,” WECT, May 3, 2016, www.wect.com/story/31874924/bryon-vassey-takes-the-stand-in-day-11-of-trial.

22. Force Review Board Findings 2017-219301 spdblotter.seattle.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SPD-Force-Review-Board-Officer-Involved-Shooting.pdf

23. Ashley Luthern, “City of Milwaukee Reaches Tentative $2.3 Million Settlement in Dontre Hamilton Case,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 9, 2017.

24. Jonathan Edwards and Eric Hartley, “Norfolk Family Agrees to Settle for $1.5 Million After Officer Killed Mentally Ill Relative,” Virginian-Pilot, October 4, 2017.

Chapter 12 The Good-Cop Solution

1. Steve Osborne, True Tales from the Life of a New York City Cop (New York: Doubleday, 2015), 34.

2. Amy C. Watson and Anjali J. Fulambarker, “The Crisis Intervention Team Model of Police Response to Mental Health Crises: A Primer for Mental Health Practitioners,” Best Practices in Mental Health 8, no. 2 (2012): 71.

3. Barbara A. Burch and Celeste Williams, “Fatal Police Fire Hits Man 10 Times: Stabbing Report Sparks Disputed Confrontation,” Commercial Appeal, September 25, 1987.

4. John Beifuss, “Police-Citizen Link Rattled by Killing: Holt Will Hear Silent Partners,” Commercial Appeal, October 1, 1987.

5. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=71.

6. Egon Bittner, “Police Discretion in Emergency Apprehension of Mentally Ill Persons,” Social Problems 14, no. 3 (1967): 278–292.

Chapter 13 Disorder in the Court

1. James C. McKinley, Jr., “New York’s Top Judge Picks Bronx as Site to Detail Courts’ Flaws and Gains,” New York Times, February 22, 2017.

2. https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/CTBNYC-Court-Jail_7-cc.pdf.

3. John F. Pfaff, Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration and How to Achieve Real Reform (New York: Basic, 2017), 133.

4. Ibid., 130–131.

Conclusion

1. State of Louisiana v. Isaiah Doyle, Omnibus Motion for a New Trial, for Arrest of Judgment, to Bar the Death Penalty and for Relief from Discrimination in Jury Selection, July 25, 2011.

2. Ibid.

3. Paul Purpura, “Harvey Man Guilty of First-Degree Murder for Killing Store Clerk in Marrero Robbery,” Times-Picayune, March 24, 2011.

4. William Blackstone, Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England. Book the Fourth—Chapter the Second: Of Persons Capable of Committing Crimes, 24, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk4ch2.asp.

5. Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (No. 85–5542), https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/477/399#writing-USSC_CR_0477_0399_ZO.

6. www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-rall-san-quentin-death-row-mental-hospit-001-photo.html.

7. Gerald Grob, From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 91.