Introduction
1. The details of Montessori’s arrival are taken from articles which appeared in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and The Evening Post (New York) on December 3, 1913.
Chapter 1
1. For much of the material about Montessori’s background and childhood I am indebted to Mario Montessori and Ada Montessori-Pierson, who generously provided a chronology of events in the lives of Alessandro and Renilde Montessori and of Maria Montessori’s early school years based on documents in the possession of the Montessori family and in the files of the Association Montessori Internationale (personal communications, April 3, 1974, et seq.).
2. Both remarks are quoted in Helen Zimmern, The Italy of the Italians (New York, 1906), p. 23.
3. The anecdotal material on Montessori’s childhood in this chapter appears in Anna Maria Maccheroni, A True Romance: Dr. Maria Montessori as I Knew Her (Edinburgh, 1947) and E. M. Standing, Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work (London, 1957).
4. Standing, Maria Montessori, p. 23. The original edition of this work is out of print; page numbers refer to the reprint published by New American Library (Mentor Books, New York, 1962).
5. Bolton King and Thomas Okey, Italy Today (London, 1901), p. 233.
6. Ibid.
7. Some of the material on Montessori’s childhood is taken from an article by her grandson, Mario M. Montessori, Jr., “A Grand Old Lady,” published in Around the Child (Calcutta), vol. 10 (1965-66), pp. 12ff.
8. A. Gallenga, Italy, Present and Future (London, 1887), vol. 2, p. 29.
9. George B. Taylor, Italy and the Italians (Philadelphia, 1898), p. 301.
10. Gallenga, Italy, Present and Future, p. 152.
11. The Hon. Margaret Collier (Mme. Galletti di Cadilhac), Our Home by the Adriatic (London, 1886), p. 41
12. Luigi Villari, Italian Life in Town and Country (New York and London, 1902), pp. 254-255.
13. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 12.
14. The Globe (New York), December 3, 1913.
15. The Evening Mail (New York), December 3, 1913.
16. The New York Herald, December 4, 1913.
Chapter 2
1. Federico Garlanda, The New Italy (New York and London, 1911), p. 153.
2. Ibid., p. 154.
3. Villari, Italian Life, p. 249.
4. Ibid., p. 253
5. Gallenga, Italy, Present and Future, vol. 2., pp. 34-35.
6. Maria Montessori, Letter to Clara, 1896, from the personal papers of Maria Montessori in the possession of Mario Montessori, to whom I am indebted for permission to quote from it.
7. Anna Maria Maccheroni, “Maria Montessori,” AMI Communications, 1966, no. 3, p. 40.
8. Standing, Maria Montessori, p. 26.
9. Maccheroni, A True Romance, pp. 12-13.
10. Standing, Maria Montessori, p. 26.
11. Ibid., p. 25.
12. The events in Montessori’s medical-school years and early career (1892-1900) described in chapters 2, 3, and 4 are taken in large part from newspaper reports and magazine and journal articles in “Memorie,” a souvenir album of clippings assembled by Alessandro Montessori in 1900, now in the possession of Mario Montessori, to whom I am grateful for the opportunity to peruse its contents and to have photocopies made of many of its pages. Alessandro Montessori was clearly a scholar manqué. To him I am indebted for the painstaking recording of dates and sources illuminating these otherwise unrecorded chapters of Maria Montessori’s life.
13. Standing, Maria Montessori, p. 27.
14. Maria Montessori, Letter to Clara.
15. Villari, Italian Life, p. 255.
16. “Sul significato dei cristalli del Leyden nell’asma bronchiale,” Bollettino della Societa Lancisiana degli Ospedali di Roma, vol. 15, no. 2, Rome, 1896.
Chapter 3
1. Julia Maria, “Le Feminisme Italien: entrevue avec Mlle. Montessori,” L’Italie, Rome, August 16, 1896.
2. Maria Montessori, Letter to Alessandro and Renilde Montessori from Berlin, September 29, 1896, reprinted in “Maria Montessori: A Centenary Anthology,” Association Montessori Internationale, Amsterdam, 1970, p. 14.
3. Il Corriere della Sera, Milan, September 25/26, 1896.
4. Quoted in Don Chisciotte di Roma, October 6, 1896.
5. Ugo Sogliani, “La Settimana delle Donne,” L’Illustrazione Italiana, Milan, October 4, 1896.
6. Maria Montessori, Letter to Alessandro and Renilde Montessori, “Centenary Anthology,” p. 14.
7. Standing, Maria Montessori, p. 34.
8. Idiocy and Its Treatment by the Physiological Method (New York, 1866), p. 33.
9. Maria Montessori, The Montessori Method (New York, 1912), p. 31.
10. Jean Jacques Rousseau, Émile (New York, Everyman’s Library, 1911), p. 31.
11. Quoted in Ellwood P. Cubberley, History of Education (Boston, 1920), p. 539.
12. Giuseppe Sergi, “Il Movimento femminista,” Revista politica e letteraria, Rome, April 1898.
Chapter 4
1. Maria Montessori, “Miserie Sociali e nuovi ritrovati della scienza,” Il Risveglio Educativo, Milan, December 7 and December 17, 1898.
2. The speech as quoted here is taken from the version that appeared in Risveglio Educativo.
3. The material in this chapter on Montessori’s lectures is based on numerous newspaper accounts from various cities in Alessandro Montessori’s book of clippings, “Memorie.”
4. The Montessori Method, p. 35.
5. Ibid., p. 36.
Chapter 5
1. The Montessori Method, p. 32.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 36.
4. Ibid., p. 261.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 266.
7. Ibid., pp. 38-39.
8. Ibid., p. 37.
9. Ibid., p. 37-38.
10. Ibid., p. 33.
11. Ibid., p. 14.
12. Ibid., p. 41.
13. Ibid., pp. 32-33.
14. Milan, 1910.
15. Maccheroni, A True Romance, pp. 1-4.
16. Maria Montessori, Pedagogical Anthropology, (New York, 1913), p. 17.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 341.
19. Ibid., p. 443.
20. Ibid., pp. 414-415.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 453.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., pp. 302-303.
25. Ited., p. 125.
26. Ibid., p. 126.
27. Ibid., pp. 266-267.
28. Ibid., pp. 474-475.
29. Ibid., p. 473.
30. Ibid., p. 475.
31. Ibid., p. 449.
32. Ibid., pp. 449-450.
33. Ibid., p. 360.
34. “Ricerche batteriologiche sul liquido cefalo-rachidiano dei dementi paralitici,” Rome, 1897. “Sui caratteri antropometrici in relazione alle gerarchie intellettuali dei fanciulli nelle scuole,” Florence, 1904. “Influenza della condizioni di famiglia sul livello intellettuale degli scolari,” Bologna, 1904. “Caratteri fisici delle giovani donne del Lazio,” Rome, 1905. “L’importanza dell’etnologia regionale nell’antropologia pedagogica,” Milan, 1906.
Chapter 6
1. René Bazin, The Italians of Today (New York, 1897), p. 5.
2. Ibid., pp. 97ff.
3. Dorothy Canfield Fisher, A Montessori Mother (New York, 1912), p. 221.
4. Sheila Radice, The New Children (New York, 1920), pp. 140-141.
5. The Montessori Method, p. 43.
6. “‘How It All Happened’: Dr. Montessori Speaks,” AMI Communications, 1970, no. 2/3, p. 4.
7. Ibid.
8. Maria Montessori, The Secret of Childhood, p. 117. Since the original editions of The Secret of Childhood (London, 1936; New York, 1939) are long out of print, page numbers for this title refer to the reprint published by Ballantine Books (New York, 1972).
9. “How It All Happened,” p. 5.
10. Ibid.
11. Secret of Childhood, p. 119. (Bracketed words are my translation.—Au.)
12. “How It All Happened,” p. 5.
13. Secret of Childhood, pp. 123-124.
14. Ibid., p. 126.
15. Ibid., pp. 126-127.
16. The Montessori Method, p. 82.
17. Ibid., p. 93.
18. Ibid., p. 88.
19. Ibid., pp. 92-93.
20. Ibid., p. 93.
21. Ibid., pp. 70-71.
22. Ibid., p. 95.
23. Ibid., pp. 96-97.
24. Ibid., p. 98.
25. Ibid., p. 102.
26. Ibid., p. 141.
27. Ibid., p. 172.
28. Ibid., p. 173.
29. Ibid., pp. 61-62.
Chapter 7
1. The quotations are taken from the inaugural address as it appears in Chapter II of The Montessori Method; the passages quoted are from the section between pages 55 and 69. Where I felt that the original translation did not serve to render Montessori’s real meaning to the modern reader, I have changed a specific word (“house” to “home”; “collectivity” to “community,” etc.). These words appear in brackets.
2. Secret of Childhood, p. 128.
3. The Montessori Method, p. 267.
4. Ibid., p. 287.
5. Ibid., p. 288. (Bracketed words are my translation.-Au.)
6. Ibid., pp. 288-289.
7. Ibid., p. 270.
8. Ibid., p. 298.
9. Ibid., p. 300.
10. Ibid.
Chapter 8
1. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 3.
2. Ibid., p. 5.
3. Ibid., p. 6.
4. Ibid., p. 7.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 9.
7. Fisher, Montessori Mother, p. 223.
8. Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child (Madras, 1948), p. 59.
9. The story of Montessori’s relations with Umanitaria is told in Marziola Pignatari, Maria Montessori e la sua riforma educativa (Florence, 1970), pp. 31ff.
10. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 28.
11. Ibid.
12. The Montessori Method, p. 28.
13. Ibid., pp. 29-30.
14. Ibid., p. 356.
15. Ibid., p. 358.
16. Quoted in Radice, New Children, p. 74.
17. The Montessori Method, p. 365.
18. Ibid., pp. 366-367.
19. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
20. Ibid., p. 8.
21. Ibid., p. 10.
22. Ibid., p. 24.
23. Ibid., p. 87.
24. Ibid., p. 106.
25. Ibid., p. 376.
26. Ibid., pp. 126-131.
27. Ibid., p. 154.
28. Ibid., p. 299.
29. Ibid., p. 191.
30. Ibid., p. 221.
31. Ibid., p. 110.
32. Ibid., p. 326.
33. Ibid., p. 45.
34. Ibid.
35. Radice, New Children, p. 137.
36. The Montessori Method, p. 46.
Chapter 9
1. Fisher, Montessori Mother, p. 229.
2. These quotes are from an interview which appeared in an English-language newspaper in 1947, a copy of which is among the clippings in the offices of the AMI but without the name of the newspaper or the date.
3. Anna Maccheroni, “Maria Montessori,” AMI Communications, 1966, no. 3, p. 39.
4. Josephine Tozier, “The Montessori Schools in Rome,” McClure’s Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 2 (December 1911), p. 133.
5. Ibid., p. 137.
6. Quoted in Tozier, “The Montessori Schools in Rome,” pp. 135-136.
7. Florence Elizabeth Ward, The Montessori Method and the American School (New York, 1913), p. 11.
8. The quotations from Merrill are taken from her series of articles which appeared in The Kindergarten-Primary Magazine, vol. 23, nos. 4-10 (December 1909-June 1910).
9. Standing, Maria Montessori, pp. 61-62.
Chapter 10
1. Josephine Tozier, “An Educational Wonder-Worker: The Methods of Maria Montessori,” McClure’s Magazine, vol. 37, no. 1 (May 1911), p. 21.
2. S. S. McClure, My Autobiography (New York, 1914), pp. 252-253.
3. McClure’s Magazine, vol. 37, no. 6 (October 1911), p. 702.
4. Ibid.
5. Josephine Tozier, “The Montessori Schools in Rome,” pp. 122-137.
6. Josephine Tozier, “The Montessori Apparatus,” McClure’s Magazine, vol. 38, no. 3 (January 1912), pp. 289ff.
7. Vol. 39, No. l, pp. 95ff.
8. Vol. 38, No. 2, p. 123.
9. Anne E. George, “Dr. Maria Montessori,” Good Housekeeping, vol. 55 (July 1912), p. 25.
10. Ibid.
11. Anne E. George, “The First Montessori School in America,” McClure’s Magazine, vol. 39, no. 2 (June 1912), p. 178.
12. Anne E. George, “The Montessori Movement America,” Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Education, Washington, D.C., 1914, vol. 1, ch. 15, pp. 355ff.
13. Ibid., p. 356.
14. George, “Dr. Maria Montessori,” p. 26.
15. George, “The First Montessori School in America,” p. 178.
16. “A School Without Desks, or Classes, or Recitations,” The New York Times, December 24, 1911.
17. Vol. 40, No. l, pp. 77ff.
18. The Bells’ involvement with the Montessori movement is discussed in Robert V. Bruce, Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude (Boston, 1973), which provided much of the material in the following pages.
19. McClure, Autobiography, p. 253.
20. William Boyd, From Locke to Montessori (New York, 1914), p. 14.
21. Ibid.
22. Alice Payne Hackett, Seventy Years of Best Sellers (New York, 1967), pp. 108-109.
23. The sales figure is from a letter to Montessori from Frederick Stokes, her New York publisher, January 1913, quoted in “Centenary Anthology,” p. 24.
24. Mary Antin, The Promised Land (Boston, 1912), p. 353.
25. “Preface to the American Edition,” The Montessori Method (New York, 1912), pp. vii-viii.
26. All of the quotations from Professor Henry W. Holmes are taken from his “Introduction” to the 1912 American edition of The Montessori Method, pp. xvii-xxxvii.
27. Ward, Montessori Method and the American School, pp. xi-xii.
28. I am indebted for many details having to do with the vicissitudes of the Montessori movement in America to the authors of two unpublished doctoral dissertations: Phyllis Appelbaum, “The Growth of the Montessori Movement in the United States, 1909-1970,” New York University, 1971; and Mary L. K. Wills, “Conditions Associated with the Rise and Decline of the Montessori Method of Kindergarten-Nursery Education in the United States from 1911-1921,” Illinois University, 1966. Appelbaum’s work was particularly helpful in citing the documents relating to Montessori in the McClure Collection at Indiana University and the Bell Collection at the National Geographic Society.
29. Maria Montessori, Telegram to S. S. McClure, June 5, 1912, McClure Manuscripts, Personal Correspondence and Documents: Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.
30. Fisher, Montessori Mother, pp. 52-53.
31. Ibid., p. 65.
32. Ibid., p. 64.
33. Ibid., p. 131
34. Ibid., p. 105.
35. Maria Montessori, Letter to the Editors, Times Educational Supplement (London), September 1, 1914.
36. Fisher, Montessori Mother, pp. 222; 224-226.
37. W. A. Baldwin, “The Conflicting Pedagogy of Madame Montessori,” Journal of Education, February 1913.
Chapter 11
1. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 39.
2. Ibid., p. 40.
3. The 1913 course is described in a memoir by one of the Americans who attended it: Leocadia Casademont, “The Italian Past and the American Present,” American Montessori Society News, vol. 2 (1971), no. 3.
4. Quoted in personal communication to the author from Helen Parkhurst, September 1972.
5. Radice, New Children, p. 35.
6. Ibid., p. 34.
7. The New York Times, July 13, 1913.
8. Myron T. Scudder, Letter to S. S. McClure, October 3, 1912. McClure Manuscripts.
9. The New York Times, August 10, 1913.
10. The New York Times, July 24, 1913.
11. The New York Times, August 1, 1913.
12. S. S. McClure, Letter to Harriet Hurd McClure, November 15, 1913. McClure Manuscripts.
13. S. S. McClure, Letter to Harriet Hurd McClure, November 7, 1913. McClure Manuscripts.
14. S. S. McClure, Letter to Harriet Hurd McClure, November 11, 1913. McClure Manuscripts.
15. “Memoranda of Agreements entered into between the Dottoressa Maria Montessori of 5 Via Principessa Clotilde, Roma, and S. S. McClure of 126 E. 24th Street, New York City on the 14th of November 1913.” McClure Manuscripts.
16. The New York Times, November 20 and 21, 1913.
17. McClure Manuscripts.
Chapter 12
1. New York Tribune, December 3, 1913.
2. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 3, 1913.
3. The Times (London), December 5, 1913.
4. The New York Times, December 7, 1913.
5. Margaret Naumburg, “Maria Montessori, Friend of Children,” Outlook, December 13, 1913, p. 796.
6. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 3, 1913.
7. The quotations that follow are from “Dr. Montessori Talks of Her Mode of ‘Auto-education,’” The New York Times, December 7, 1913.
8. The New York Herald, December 4, 1913.
9. New York Tribune, December 4, 1913.
10. The New York Herald, December 7, 1913.
11. Ibid.
12. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 7, 1913.
13. Ibid.
14. The Sun (New York), December 9, 1913.
15. Quoted in the New York Tribune, December 9, 1913.
16. Quoted in The New York Times, December 9, 1913.
17. The occasion is described in “When Helen Keller Met Montessori,” Literary Digest, vol. 48, January 17, 1914, pp. 134ff.
18. The New York Times, December 12, 1913.
19. Quoted in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 12, 1913.
20. Ibid.
21. New York Tribune, December 14, 1913.
22. Quoted in The New York Times, December 16, 1913.
23. Ibid.
24. Quoted in the New York Tribune, December 16, 1913.
25. Ibid.
26. New York Tribune, December 15, 1913. The quotations that follow are from the same source.
27. Quoted in The New York Times, December 24, 1913.
28. The Times (London), January 28, 1914.
29. Peter Lyon, Success Story: The Life and Times of S. S. McClure (New York, 1913), p. 351.
30. McClure Manuscripts.
31. Lyon, Success Story, p. 351.
32. The clippings (undated) were enclosed in a letter from McClure to Montessori dated March 12, 1914, in the collection of the AMI.
33. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 46.
34. Robert McClure, Letter to S. S. McClure, April 5, 1914. McClure Manuscripts.
35. Ibid.
36. McClure, Autobiography, pp. 251-253.
37. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Letter to Mabel Bell, December 4, 1914. Bell Collection: Personal Correspondence and Documents. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
38. Maria Montessori, Dr. Montessori’s Own Handbook, (New York, 1914), p. 17.
39. Ibid., p. 77.
Chapter 13
1. West Side News (New York), April 25, 1915.
2. San Francisco Chronicle, April 27, 1915.
3. Helen Parkhurst, “The Legacy of Maria Montessori,” tape recording of a talk delivered in June 1965 at a seminar held by the American Montessori Society at the New York Hilton Hotel. From the files of the AMS.
4. Ibid. The anecdotes and quotations throughout this chapter are taken from the AMS tape and from a tape-recorded interview with Parkhurst also made in 1965, now in the library of the Whitby School, Greenwich, Connecticut.
5. San Francisco Chronicle, September 11, 1915.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., August 18, 1915.
8. (Cambridge, 1965), p. xxv.
9. The letter is in Mario Montessori’s collection of personal papers of Maria Montessori, Amsterdam.
10. “Education in Relation to the Imagination of the Little Child.” See Note 13.
11. “My System of Education.” See Note 13.
12. Ibid.
13. Montessori’s four lectures at the NEA meetings—“My System of Education,” “Education in Relation to the Imagination of the Little Child,” “The Organization of Intellectual Work in the School,” and “The Mother and the Child”—appeared in the Journal of Proceedings and Addresses of the National Education Association (vol. 53, 1915, pp. 64ff., 661ff., 717ff., and 1121ff.) and were reprinted as separate pamphlets by the House of Childhood for the National Montessori Promotion Fund in 1915.
14. Letter from Bailey Willis, n.d. Bell Collection.
15. Bell Collection.
16. “Home Notes,” September 29, 1915, pp. 19ff. Bell Collection.
17. Mario Montessori, “A Long Letter to Montessorians in America, In Answer to Some of the Many Questions I Receive,” pamphlet distributed to members of the American Montessori Society, May 1963, unpaged.
18. Whitby tapes.
Chapter 14
1. Current Opinion, vol. 56 (February 1914), p. 127.
2. William Heard Kilpatrick, The Montessori System Examined (Boston, 1914), pp. 27-29.
3. Ibid., p. 52.
4. Ibid., pp. 63-64.
5. Ibid., pp. 63 and 66.
6. Elizabeth Harrison, “The Montessori Method and the Kindergarten,” U.S. Bureau of Education, Bulletin, 1914, No. 28.
7. Kilpatrick, “Montessori and Froebel,” Kindergarten Review, vol. 23 (April 1913), pp.491ff.
8. “Dr. Maria Montessori and the Montessori Movement: A General Bibliography of Materials in the English Language, 1909-1961,” compiled by Gilbert E. Donahue, appears in Nancy McCormick Rambusch, Learning How to Learn: An American Approach to Montessori (Baltimore and Dublin, 1962), pp. 139ff.
Chapter 15
1. Edmond Gore A. Holmes, The Montessori System of Education, Great Britain Board of Education, Educational Pamphlets, No. 24. London, 1912.
2. Times Educational Supplement [hereafter abbreviated as TES] (London), November 5, 1912.
3. Ibid.
4. Quoted in “Centenary Anthology,” p. 17.
5. Theodate L. Smith, The Montessori System in Theory and Practice (New York, 1912).
6. TES, November 5, 1912
7. London, 1914.
8. London, 1913; New York, 1914.
9. TES, November 4, 1913.
10. Quotations from The Times (London), November 18, 1912.
11. Thel imes (London), December 3, 1912.
12. Ibid.
13. Parents’ Review (London), December 1912.
14. TES, January 7, 1913.
15. TES, December 3, 1912.
16. The Times (London), January 3, 1913.
17. TES, January 7, 1913.
18. The Times (London), January 11, 1913.
19. Ibid.
20. TES, May 6, 1913.
21. TES, March 4, 1913.
22. The Times (London), January 20, 21, 23, 26, 28, 1914.
23. Quoted in The Times (London), January 7, 1914.
24. Quoted in The Times (London), January 5, 1917.
25. London, 1913.
26. TES, February 3, 1914.
27. Ibid.
28. Quoted in The Times (London), February 26, 1914.
29. Ibid.
30. The Times (London), January 9, 1914.
31. TES, June 2, 1914.
32. TES, August 4, 1914.
33. Ibid.
34. TES, May 10, 1916.
35. TES, January 5, 1915.
36. Quoted in TES, March 2, 1915.
37. The Times (London), January 6, 1916.
38. Quoted in The Times (London), May 22, 1915.
Chapter 16
1. Articles on Montessori schools and societies in various European countries appeared in the TES, March 3 and April 7, 1914, and the Westminster Gazette, January 20, 1923, as well as in various other newspaper articles in the collection of the AMI, Amsterdam.
2. The Times (London), November 11, 1920.
3. Patau’s activities are recorded by Eladio Homs in “Maria Montessori ‘Barcelonina,’” in Maria Montessori: cittadina del Mondo, Marziola Pignatari, ed. (Rome, 1967), pp. 257ff. Reprinted from Vita dell’Infanzia, Rome, vol. 1, no. 5/6/7 (May/June/July, 1952).
4. Helen Parkhurst in AMI Communications, 1966, no. 3. p. 15.
5. From a letter to C. A. Bang written by a student at the Barcelona course in the spring of 1916, in the collection of the AMI.
6. A number of articles describing the 1916 course and the Montessori school at Barcelona appeared in the TES throughout March, April, and May of 1916.
7. Letter to C. A. Bang. Note 5, above.
8. The school at Barcelona was described in an article in the TES, May 1, 1919.
9. Homs, “Maria Montessori ‘Barcelonina,’” pp. 260-261. Note 3, above.
10. Jerome S. Bruner, Toward a Theory of Instruction (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), p. 34
11. Montessori’s proposal for the White Cross and its influence in the establishment of schools in France are discussed in articles which appeared in The Times (London), September 24, 1917, and in the TES, January 16, 1919.
12. TES, January 10, 1918.
13. Reprinted in the TES, January 31, 1918.
14. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 63.
15. Montessori’s arrival was described in The Times (London), September 1, 1919.
16. Quoted in TES, September 4, 1919.
17. Radice, New Children, pp. 33-34.
18. TES, October 23, 1919.
19. Ibid.
20. Radice, New Children, p. 46.
21. Ibid., p. 47.
22. Ibid., p. 60.
23. Sigmund Freud, An Autobiographical Study (London, 1935), p. 22.
24. Radice, New Children, p. 60.
25. Ibid., p. 30.
26. Ibid., p. 105.
27. Ibid., p. 65.
28. Ibid., p. 21.
29. Ibid., pp. 28-29.
30. TES, July 10, 1919.
31. Nursery World (London), September 18, 1929.
32. Radice, New Children, p. 49.
33. TES, October 2, 1919.
34. Radice, New Children, p. 101.
35. Ibid., p. 106.
36. Maccheroni, Letter to the Editors, TES, November 20, 1919.
37. Radice, New Children, pp. 141-142.
38. TES, December 4, 1919.
39. Sir Percy Nunn, quoted in TES, December 4, 1919.
40. Dr. Crichton Miller, quoted in Radice, New Children, p. 139.
41. Dr. Wildon Carr, quoted in TES, December 18, 1919.
42. TES, December 18, 1919.
43. Quoted in TES, December 18, 1919.
44. Quoted in TES, January 29, 1920.
Chapter 17
1. Maria Montessori, “The ‘Erdkinder’ and the Functions of the University: The Reform of Education During and After Adolescence,” Association Montessori Internationale, Amsterdam, 1939. Reprinted as From Childhood to Adolescence (New York, 1973).
2. Maria Montessori, Letter to the Editors, TES, February 12, 1920.
3. Much of this material is based on newspaper clippings of articles about and interviews with Montessori in scrapbooks and in the files of the AMI in Amsterdam. Many of the articles are undated, and sometimes the name of the periodical is missing as well.
4. TES, December 30, 1920.
5. TES, December 23, 1920.
6. TES, January 13, 1921.
7. TES, January 20, 1921.
8. TES, July 2, 1921.
9. Quoted in TES, October 1, 1921.
10. TES, October 22, 1921.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. TES, December 17, 1921.
14. TES, January 21, 1922.
15. TES, December 10, 1921.
16. TES, December 17, 1921.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Punch (London), December 14, 1921.
20. TES, October 22, 1921.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. TES, January 21, 1922.
24. Quoted in TES, June 3, 1922.
Chapter 18
1. Quoted in TES, June 24, 1922.
2. TES, November 4, 1922.
3. TES, December 23, 1922.
4. Mario Montessori’s letter and Maria Montessori’s subsequent meeting with Mussolini, as well as many other details in this chapter, were reported in the Italian press in articles and interviews preserved in the files of the AMI in Amsterdam.
5. Quoted in TES, May 17, 1924. Further details concerning the society appeared in TES, November 29, 1924.
6. TES, April 4, 1925.
7. TES, March 13, 1926.
8. TES, June 16, 1926.
9. Elise Braun Barnett, “My Personal Contacts with Dottoressa Maria Montessori,” unpublished manuscript.
10. The account of the activities of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft and the Vienna Montessori School as well as much of the material on the development of the Montessori movement in Vienna is based on “In Memory of Lili Peller,” unpublished manuscript of a talk given by Emma N. Plank at a memorial meeting of Peller’s friends and colleagues at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City on December 17, 1966, and on conversations with Mrs. Plank in New York in May of 1975, as well as on Elise Braun Barnett’s unpublished memoir cited above, an interview by the author with Mrs. Barnett in New York on December 5, 1972, and an interview by the author with Maria H. Mills in New York on May 23, 1973.
11. TES, July 23, 1921.
12. Maria Mills, interview.
13. Plank, “In Memory of Lili Peller,” pp. 3-4.
14. Ibid., p. 4.
15. Much of the material on the Dutch Montessori activities in this and following chapters is based on Rosa Joosten-Chotzen, untitled article dealing with the history of the Montessori movement in Holland, AMI Communications, 1966, no. 3, pp. 17ff., on an unpublished manuscript by Mrs. Joosten on the history of the Amsterdam Montessori Society in the files of the AMI, and on various publications of the Dutch Montessori Society also in the AMI files in Amsterdam.
Chapter 19
1. TES, January 20, 1919.
2. TES, January 25, 1936.
3. Teacher’s World (London), April 18, 1923.
4. Reported in TES, July 25, 1925.
5. R. J. Fynne, Montessori and Her Inspirers (London, 1924).
6. Reported in TES, February 16, 1924.
7. TES, February 7, 1925.
8. See Note 15, chapter 18.
9. Quoted in Standing, Maria Montessori, pp. 80-81.
10. The Times (London), March 30, 1927.
11. Quoted in TES, May 27, 1927.
12. See note 4, chapter 18.
13. Quoted in TES, June 11, 1927.
14. The New York Times, December 19, 1927.
15. The Times (London), May 18, 1929.
Chapter 20
1. Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child (Madras, 1948), p. ix.
2. Ibid., p. viii.
3. Edinburgh, November 1929.
4. Teacher’s World (London), August 28, 1929.
5. Elise Braun Barnett, Interview.
6. Ibid.
7. Barnett, “My Personal Contacts with Dottoressa Maria Montessori,” p. 4.
8. Barnett, Interview.
9. Barnett, “My Personal Contacts,” p. 4.
10. Barnett, Interview.
11. New York Herald (Paris edition), October 25, 1929.
12. See Note 4, chapter 18.
13. Glasgow Herald, October 14, 1929.
14. Barnett, “My Personal Contacts,” p. 4.
15. Barnett, Interview.
16. Ibid.
17. The material in the following pages is based on an interview with Catherine Pomeroy Collins in New York in May 1973.
18. Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 102.
19. Barnett, “My Personal Contacts,” p. 5.
Chapter 21
1. Ernst L. Freud, ed., The Letters of Sigmund Freud (New York, 1960), pp. 319-320.
2. Maria Mills, Interview.
3. Plank, “In Memory of Lili Peller,” p. 7.
4. Quoted in Rudolf Ekstein, “Lili E. Peller’s Psychoanalytic Contributions to Teaching,” Reiss-Davis Clinic Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1967), pp. 6ff.
5. Ibid., p. 7.
6. The New York Times, March 15, 1931.
7. Quoted in TES, January 16, 1932.
8. Quoted in TES, September 7, 1935.
9. Ibid.
10. I am indebted to Emma N. Plank for the information about the fate of the Montessori schools in Austria.
11. David Elkind discusses “Piaget and Montessori” in the Harvard Educational Review (Cambridge, Mass.), Fall 1967.
12. I interviewed Margaret Homfray in New York in July 1973.
Chapter 22
1. TES, August 8, 1936.
2. Ibid.
3. The Times (London), August 14, 1936.
4. Ibid.
5. Quoted in TES, August 22, 1936.
6. Quoted in The New York Times, July 26, 1936.
7. Quoted in Time Magazine, August 16, 1937.
8. Standing, Maria Montessori, p. 85.
9. Quoted in The Times (London), March 13, 1939.
Chapter 23
1. Much of the material on Montessori’s activities in India was provided by K. Sankara Menon, Co-director of Kalakshetra in Madras, in a personal communication to the author, May 19, 1973. Another source of information about the years in India was Mario Montessori, “Impressions of India,” AMI Communications, 1968, no. 1/2 (January/February), pp. 12ff. In addition, clippings of articles from the Anglo-Indian press (in many cases without title of publication or date) preserved in scrapbooks in the AMI offices in Amsterdam also described various events during those years.
2. The Times (London), June 15, 1940.
3. “Centenary Anthology,” p. 47.
4. Barnett, Interview.
5. Mills, Interview.
6. Lena Wickramaratne, “The Maria Montessori I Knew,” AMI Communications, 1970, no. 2/3, pp. 7-9.
7. “Centenary Anthology,” p. 49.
8. Barnett, Interview.
9. “Centenary Anthology,” p. 19.
10. The material that follows is based on an interview with Margaret Homfray in New York in July 1973.
11. Mills, Interview.
12. Quoted in The Times (London), September 4, 1946.
13. Interview with Mother Isabel Eugenie, R.S., in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in May 1973.
14. “Centenary Anthology,” p. 50.
15. Interview with Mario Montessori, Amsterdam, August 1973.
16. See Note 2, chapter 9.
17. Time Magazine, October 20, 1947.
18. “Centenary Anthology,” p. 20 (my translation).
19. Maria Remiddi, “Vision of Mankind Transformed: Maria Montessori and Education for Peace,” The UNESCO Courier, April 1964, p. 16.
Chapter 24
1. TES, April 21, 1950.
2. Ibid.
3. “Centenary Anthology,” p. 57.
4. Ibid., p. 56 (my translation).
5. Quotations from TES, May 11, 1951.
6. Ibid.
7. Geneva, 1951.
8. Quoted in a letter from Claude A. Claremont in TES, May 30, 1952.
9. Quoted in TES, June 9, 1923; also in Maccheroni, A True Romance, p. 42.
10. TES, May 18, 1951.
11. Ibid.
12. The Evening Standard (London), December 5, 1951.
13. The Times (London), May 7, 1952.
14. Extracts from the will left by Maria Montessori appeared in AMI Communications, 1953, no. 1/2 (January/February) [my translation].