NOTES

CHAPTER 1: SLEEPWALKING

1. Hector Becerra, “Widow of Church Deacon Killed by Tagger Asks Public for Help,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 2012, www.latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/11/church-widow.html.

CHAPTER 2: PARTY BUS

1. “The Custody Division Mission Statement,” introduction, Custody Division Manual, Section 1-00/000.00, Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (July 2021), http://pars.lasd.org/Viewer/Manuals/14249/Content/12551.

CHAPTER 3: PERSONAL STATEMENT

1. Christine White, “Putting Resilience and Resilience Surveys Under the Microscope,” ACEs Too High News, Feb. 5, 2017, https://acestoohigh.com/2017/02/05/__trashed-4.

2. Ira Glass, “Back to School,” This American Life, NPR, Sept. 14, 2012, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/474/transcript.

CHAPTER 4: I DIDN’T HAVE ANY TEARS

1. Jorja Leap, Project Fatherhood: A Story of Courage and Healing in One of America’s Toughest Communities (Boston: Beacon Press, 2015).

2. Jorja Leap, Stephanie Benson, and Callie Davidson, A New Way of Life Reentry Project: A Case Study (Los Angeles: California Endowment, 2016).

3. Jason Baker et al., “Mother-Grandmother Co-Parenting Relationships in Families with Incarcerated Mothers: A Pilot Investigation,” Family Process 49, no. 2 (June 2010): 164–84.

4. Joyce Arditti and April Few, “Maternal Distress and Women’s Reentry into Family and Community Life,” Family Process 47, no. 3 (2008): 303–21.

5. Annalisa Enrile, Ending Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery: Freedom’s Journey (Los Angeles: Sage, 2017).

CHAPTER 5: I THOUGHT HE WOULD TAKE CARE OF ME

1. Gini Sikes, 8 Ball Chicks: A Year in the Violent World of Girl Gangsters (New York: Anchor Books, 1997).

2. “Gender” is used as a binary concept. While this reflects the past organization of gang activity, it will be important to consider nonbinary views of gender in future gang research. Karen Joe and Meda Chesney-Lind, “Just Every Mother’s Angel: An Analysis of Gender and Ethnic Variations in Youth Gang Membership,” Gender & Society 9, no. 4 (1995): 408–31; Tara Sutton, “The Lives of Female Gang Members: A Review of the Literature,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 37 (2017): 142–52.

3. Joe and Chesney-Lind, “Just Every Mother’s Angel.”

4. Sam Quinones, “The Queen of Florencia,” Los Angeles Magazine, Sept. 25, 2017, https://www.lamag.com/longform/arlene-rodriguez-queen-of-florencia.

5. Rachel Snyder, No Visible Bruises: What We Don’t Know About Domestic Violence Can Kill Us (New York: Bloomsbury, 2019).

6. Snyder, No Visible Bruises.

7. Joanne Belknap, The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice (Boulder, CO: Wadsworth, Cengage, 2007).

8. Sarah Halpern-Meekin et al., “Relationship Churning, Physical Violence, and Verbal Abuse in Young Adult Relationships,” Journal of Marriage and the Family 75 (2013): 2–12; Johanne Vézina and Martine Hébert, “Risk Factors for Victimization in Romantic Relationships of Young Women: A Review of Empirical Studies and Implications for Prevention,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 8, no. 1 (Jan. 2007): 33–66.

9. Victoria Folette et al., “Cumulative Trauma: The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse, Adult Sexual Assault and Spouse Abuse,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1996): 25–35.

10. Azmaira Maker, Markus Kemmelmeier, and Christopher Peterson, “Child Sexual Abuse, Peer Sexual Abuse, and Sexual Assault in Adulthood: A Multi-Risk Model of Revictimization,” Journal of Trauma Stress 14, no. 2 (Apr. 2001): 351–68.

11. David Fergusson, Joseph Boden, and John Horwood, “Exposure to Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Adjustment in Early Adulthood,” Child Abuse & Neglect 32, no. 6 (2008): 607–19; Terri Messman-Moore and Patricia J. Long, “Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15, no. 5 (May 2000): 489–502.

12. Tamerra Moeller, Gloria Bachmann, and James Moeller, “The Combined Effects of Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse During Childhood: Long-Term Health Consequences for Women,” Child Abuse and Neglect 17, no. 15 (1993): 623–40.

13. Alytia Levendosky et al., “Trauma Symptoms in Preschool Age Children Exposed to Domestic Violence,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 17, no. 2 (2002): 150–64.

CHAPTER 6: BABY PRISON

1. In 2010, the LA County Probation Department initiated a new program at Camp Scott to meet young women’s needs for trauma-informed care. Despite positive responses from the young women detained there, at the same time problems at the camp site emerged, including a crime involving a probation officer who was convicted of molesting four young women detained at the camp. See James Queally, “L.A. County Probation Officer Pleads Guilty to Assaulting Inmates at a Juvenile Hall,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 20, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-probation-officer-sexual-assault-20170920-story.html.

2. Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, “The Gendering of Social Control: Sex Delinquency and Progressive Juvenile Justice in Denver,” in Governing Childhood, ed. Anne McGillivray (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1997), 1901–27.

3. Kimberly Flemke and Katherine Allen, “Women’s Experience of Rage: A Critical Feminist Analysis,” Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 34, no. 1 (2008): 58–74, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00053.x; Kimberly Flemke, “Triggering Rage: Unresolved Trauma in Women’s Lives,” Contemporary Family Therapy 31 (2009): 123–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9084-8.

4. Flemke, “Triggering Rage.”

5. Flemke, “Triggering Rage.”

6. Meda Chesney-Lind, “Imprisoning Women: The Unintended Consequences of Mass Imprisonment,” in Invisible Punishment: The Unintended Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, ed. Marc Mauer and Meda Chesney-Lind (New York: Free Press, 2002), 79–94.

7. John Dilulio, “The Coming of the Super-Predators,” Washington Examiner, Nov. 27, 1995, www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-coming-of-the-super-predators; Carroll Bogert and Lynnell Hancock, “Superpredator: The Media Myth That Demonized a Generation of Black Youth,” Marshall Project, Nov. 20, 2020, www.themarshallproject.org/2020/11/20/superpredator-the-media-myth-that-demonized-a-generation-of-black-youth.

8. Eileen Poe-Yamagata and Jeffrey Butts, Female Offenders in the Juvenile Justice System, Statistics Summary (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, June 1996), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/femof.pdf.

9. Margaret Zahn et al., The Girls Study Group—Charting the Way to Delinquency Prevention for Girls, report (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2008), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/223434.pdf.

10. Meda Chesney-Lind, “Girls and Violence: Is the Gender Gap Closing?” VAWnet.org, National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence (NRCDV), Aug. 2004, https://vawnet.org/material/girls-and-violence-gender-gap-closing.

11. Melissa Sickmund et al., Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2017).

12. American Civil Liberties Union, “Casey A., et al. v. Robles, et al.,” Mar. 16, 2011, https://www.aclu.org/cases/casey-et-al-v-robles-et-al.

13. Solitary confinement in federal prisons for youth was banned by President Barack Obama in 2016. However, as of 2020, only eleven states and the District of Columbia prohibit or limit solitary youth confinement; the remaining thirty-nine states have some form of solitary confinement. See Eli Hager, “Ending Solitary for Juveniles: A Goal Grows Closer,” Marshall Project, Aug. 2, 2017, www.themarshallproject.org/2017/08/01/ending-solitary-for-juveniles-a-goal-grows-closer; Anne Teigen, “States That Limit or Prohibit Juvenile Shackling and Solitary Confinement,” National Conference of State Legislatures, Jan. 29, 2020, www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/states-that-limit-or-prohibit-juvenile-shackling-and-solitary-confinement635572628.aspx.

14. Chesney-Lind, “Girls and Violence: Is the Gender Gap Closing?”

15. Chesney-Lind, “Girls and Violence: Is the Gender Gap Closing?”

CHAPTER 7: CROSSOVER KIDS

1. Dorothy Roberts, “Prison, Foster Care, and the Systemic Punishment of Black Mothers,” Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law 432 (August 2012); Eli Hager and Anna Flagg, “How Incarcerated Parents Are Losing Their Children Forever,” Marshall Project, Dec. 3, 2018, www.themarshallproject.org/2018/12/03/how-incarcerated-parents-are-losing-their-children-forever.

2. Mary Dodge and Mark Pogrebin, “Collateral Costs of Imprisonment for Women: Complications of Reintegration,” Prison Journal 81, no. 1 (2001): 42–54; Ross Parke and K. Alison Clarke-Stewart, “Effects of Parental Incarceration on Young Children,” in From Prison to Home (Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Dec. 1, 2001), https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/effects-parental-incarceration-young-children.

3. Stephen Demuth, “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes: A Comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White Felony Arrestees,” Criminology 41, no. 3 (2003): 873–908, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01007.x.

4. Mikaela Rabinowitz, Incarceration Without Conviction: Pretrial Detention and the Erosion of Innocence in American Criminal Justice (New York: Routledge, 2021).

5. Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner, Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020, report, Prison Policy Initiative, Mar. 24, 2020, www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html.

6. Wendy Sawyer and Wanda Bertram, “Jail Will Separate 2.3 Million Mothers from Their Children This Year,” Prison Policy Initiative, May 13, 2018, www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2018/05/13/mothers-day-2018.

7. Sawyer and Bertram, “Jail Will Separate 2.3 Million Mothers from Their Children This Year”; Lauren Glaze and Laura M. Maruschak, “Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children,” US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008; Pew Charitable Trusts, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility, report (Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010); Sarah Schirmer, Ashley Nellis, and Marc Mauer, Incarcerated Parents and Their Children: Trends 1991–2007 (Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 2009), www.sentencingproject.org.

8. Throughout this book, the words “gang,” “hood,” “neighborhood,” and “barrio” are used interchangeably, depending on the individual’s terminology.

9. “Connections with Youth in the Child Welfare System,” Youth.gov, https://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice/connections-youth-child-welfare-system.

10. MacLaren Hall Survivors, “About Us,” April 15, 2011, www.maclarenhallsurvivors.wordpress.com/about.

11. Eli Hager and Anna Flagg, “How Incarcerated Parents Are Losing Their Children Forever,” Marshall Project, December 3, 2018, www.themarshallproject.org/2018/12/03/how-incarcerated-parents-are-losing-their-children-forever.

12. Hager and Flagg, “How Incarcerated Parents Are Losing Their Children Forever”; Steve Christian, “Children of Incarcerated Parents,” National Conference of State Legislatures, 2009; Susan George et al., “Incarcerated Women, Their Children, and the Nexus with Foster Care,” PsycEXTRA Dataset (2011), https://doi.org/10.1037/e725792011-001.

CHAPTER 8: SELF-MEDICATION

1. Sarah Stillman, “America’s Other Family Separation Crisis,” New Yorker, Oct. 29, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/05/americas-other-family-separation-crisis.

2. Wendy Guastaferro and Laura Lutgen, “Women with Substance Use Disorders Reentering the Community,” in Female Offenders and Reentry: Pathways and Barriers to Returning to Society, ed. Lisa Carter and Catherine Marcum (New York: Routledge, 2018), 76–107.

3. Barry Krisberg, Susan Marchionna, and Christopher Hartney, American Corrections: Concepts and Controversies (Los Angeles: Sage, 2014), 293.

4. Meda Chesney-Lind, “Girls and Violence: Is the Gender Gap Closing?” VAWnet.org, National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence (NRCDV), Aug. 2004, https://vawnet.org/material/girls-and-violence-gender-gap-closing.

5. Ruben Castaneda, “Why Do Alcoholics and Addicts Relapse So Often?” U.S. News & World Report, Apr. 24, 2017, https://health.usnews.com/wellness/articles/2017-04-24/why-do-alcoholics-and-addicts-relapse-so-often.

6. Stillman, “America’s Other Family Separation Crisis.”

7. Ann Loper and Elena Tuerk, “Parenting Programs for Incarcerated Parents: Current Research and Future Directions,” Criminal Justice Policy Review 17 (2006): 402–7; Joyce Arditti, Parental Incarceration and the Family: Psychological and Social Effects of Imprisonment on Children, Parents and Caregivers (New York: New York University Press, 2012).

8. Angela Moe and Kathleen Ferraro, “Criminalized Mothers: The Value and Devaluation of Parenthood Behind Bars,” Women & Therapy 29, no. 3–4 (2007): 135–64.

CHAPTER 9: HALFWAY IS JUST THAT

1. Audrey Begun, Theresa Early, and Ashley Hodge, “Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Engagement by Men and Women During Community Reentry Following Incarceration,” Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 43 (2016): 207, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-015-0632-2.

2. Nora Wikoff, Donald Linhorst, and Nicole Morani, “Recidivism Among Participants of a Reentry Program for Prisoners Released Without Supervision,” Social Work Research 36, no. 4 (2012): 296, https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svs021.

3. Catherine Fuentes, “Nobody’s Child: The Role of Trauma and Interpersonal Violence in Women’s Pathways to Incarceration and Resultant Service Needs,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 28 (2013): 85–104, https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12058.

4. For additional research, see Kyle Ward and Mary Evans, “Mental Health Needs and Treatment,” in Female Offenders and Reentry: Pathways and Barriers to Returning to Society, ed. Lisa Carter and Catherine Marcum (New York: Routledge, 2017).

5. Barry Krisberg, Susan Marchionna, and Christopher Hartney, American Corrections: Concepts and Controversies (Los Angeles: Sage, 2014), 309.

6. Wendy Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?” Prison Policy Initiative, briefing, July 19, 2019, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/07/19/reentry.

7. Todd Minton and Zhen Zeng, “Census of Jails (COJ)” (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2019), https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/census-jails-coj.

8. According to PPI, five states—Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont—did not report jail data because jail systems are completely integrated into the state prison system.

9. Krisberg, Marchionna, and Hartney, American Corrections, 312.

10. “Women Released from Prison: Where Is Their Support?,” A New Way of Life, http://anewwayoflife.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SAFE-Housing-Network.jpg. The five states are Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.

11. For trans and gender-expansive individuals, the situation is even more dire. The plight of such individuals is beyond the scope of this book, but reliable information can be found at https://www.blackandpink.org.

12. Begun, Early, and Hodge, “Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Engagement by Men and Women During Community Reentry Following Incarceration,” 207.

13. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Alternative Custody Program, “Female Offender Programs and Services,” https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/adult-operations/acp.

14. The State of California gives each formerly incarcerated individual $200, an amount unchanged since 1973. Other states give less or nothing. See “What Gate Money Can (and Cannot) Buy,” Marshall Project, Sept. 10, 2019, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2019/09/10/what-gate-money-can-and-cannot-buy.

15. Roxanne Daniel and Wendy Sawyer, “What You Should Know About Halfway Houses,” Prison Policy Initiative, Sept. 3, 2020, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/09/03/halfway.

16. Ida Johnson, “Women Parolees’ Perceptions of Parole Experiences and Parole Officers,” American Journal of Criminal Justice 40, no. 4 (2014): 785–810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9284-0.

17. Begun, Early, and Hodge, “Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Engagement by Men and Women During Community Reentry Following Incarceration,” 207.

18. Fuentes, “Nobody’s Child,” 85–104.

19. Diane Fields and Laura Abrams, “Gender Differences in the Perceived Needs and Barriers of Youth Offenders Preparing for Community Reentry,” Child and Youth Care Forum 39, no. 4 (2010): 266, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9102-x.

CHAPTER 10: THE HOPE OF REENTRY

1. Stephanie Covington, “Women and the Criminal Justice System,” Women’s Health Issues 17, no. 4 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2007.05.004.

2. Jorja Leap, Stephanie Benson, and Callie Davidson, A New Way of Life Reentry Project: A Case Study (Los Angeles: California Endowment, 2016).

3. Pati Zarate eventually moved on to open her own restaurant, a long-held dream, and she was ably succeeded at Homegirl by Arlin Crane.

CHAPTER 11: THE STRUGGLES OF LIFE

1. Wendy Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?” Prison Policy Initiative, briefing, July 19, 2019, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/07/19/reentry, citing Holtfreder et al. (2004).

2. Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?”

3. Marilyn Brown and Barbara Bloom, “Reentry and Renegotiating Motherhood: Maternal Identity and Success on Parole,” Crime and Delinquency 55, no. 2 (2009): 313–36, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011128708330627.

4. Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?”

5. Brown and Bloom, “Reentry and Renegotiating Motherhood.”

6. Renny Golden, War on the Family: Mothers in Prison and the Families They Leave Behind (New York: Routledge, 2005).

7. Brown and Bloom, “Reentry and Renegotiating Motherhood.”

8. American Civil Liberties Union, “Facts About the Over-Incarceration of Women in the United States,” https://www.aclu.org/other/facts-about-over-incarceration-women-united-states.

9. Jorja Leap, Stephanie Benson, and Callie Davidson, A New Way of Life Reentry Project: A Case Study (Los Angeles: California Endowment, 2016).

10. Andrea Leverentz, The Ex-Prisoner’s Dilemma: How Women Negotiate Competing Narratives of Reentry and Desistance (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 138.

11. Leap, Benson, and Davidson, A New Way of Life Reentry Project.

CHAPTER 12: NEW LOVE

1. Andrea Leverentz, The Ex-Prisoner’s Dilemma: How Women Negotiate Competing Narratives of Reentry and Desistance (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 138.

2. Leverentz, The Ex-Prisoner’s Dilemma, 138.

3. The same study reported that lesbian and bisexual women are likely to receive longer sentences than straight women. See Aleks Kajstura, “Women’s Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019,” Prison Policy Initiative, Oct. 29, 2019, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2019women.html.

4. “Prison Rape Elimination Act,” National PREA Resource Center, https://www.prearesourcecenter.org/about/prison-rape-elimination-act. Passage of the legislation does not mean that rape of incarcerated women does not occur. There is a long-documented history of rape and molestation committed by guards and corrections officers in women’s juvenile and adult facilities. However, that subject is beyond the scope of this book. For a sensitive case study and discussion of this issue, see Celeste Fremon, “When LA County Probation Officials Got Repeated Reports That a Staff Member Sexually Assaulted a Teenager, Why Did They Do Nothing?” WitnessLA, July 8, 2021.

5. Cristina Rathbone, A World Apart: Women, Prison and Life Behind Bars (New York: Random House, 2005).

6. Christopher Hensley and Richard Tewksbury, “Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality: A Review of Empirical Studies,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 3, no. 3 (2002): 226–43, https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380020033005.

7. Given attitudes toward sexuality and the stigma placed on same-sex relationships in the 1960s, the number of same-sex relationships was most likely underreported.

8. Angela Perdue, Bruce Arrigo, and Daniel Murphy, “Sex and Sexuality in Women’s Prisons: A Preliminary Typological Investigation,” Prison Journal 91, no. 3 (2011): 279–304, https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885511409869.

9. Perdue, Arrigo, and Murphy, “Sex and Sexuality in Women’s Prisons.”

10. Ava Vidal, “Women Prisoners: Sex in Prison Is Commonplace, the Male Inmates Just Hide It More Than Girls,” Daily Telegraph, Feb. 26, 2014, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-politics/10662145/Women-prisoners-Sex-in-prison-is-commonplace-the-male-inmates-just-hide-it-more-than-girls.html.

11. Kate Johns, “Many Prison Inmates Are ‘Gay for the Stay,’” Independent, May 6, 2013, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/many-prison-inmates-are-gay-stay-8605173.html.

12. “Crossroads,” Charity Matters, May 2, 2020, https://charitymatters.com/2020/05/03/crossroads.

13. Most small organizations and halfway houses such as Claremont self-report rates of recidivism. They cannot afford program evaluation but at some point will require it. The source of this statistic and information about the program can be found at Crossroads, http://www.crossroadswomen.org/program.

CHAPTER 13: LOVE IN THE TIME OF REENTRY

1. Alma Backyard Farms, 2020, https://www.almabackyardfarms.com.

2. Interval House, http://www.intervalhouse.org/about.php.

CHAPTER 14: REDEMPTION BABY

1. Suzanne Godboldt, “Reunification with Family and Children During the Reentry Process,” in Female Offenders and Reentry: Pathways and Barriers to Returning to Society, ed. Lisa Carter and Catherine Marcum (New York: Routledge, 2018), 203–22.

2. Renny Golden, War on the Family: Mothers in Prison and the Families They Leave Behind (New York: Routledge, 2005), 118.

3. Godboldt, “Reunification with Family and Children During the Reentry Process,” 215.

4. Jenni Vainik, “The Reproductive and Parental Rights of Incarcerated Mothers,” Family Court Review 46 (2008): 640–94.

5. Sarah Schirmer, Ashley Nellis, and Marc Mauer, Incarcerated Parents and Their Children: Trends 1991–2007 (Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 2009); Christopher Mumola, “Incarcerated Parents and Their Children,” information bulletin, Aug. 30, 2000, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

6. “An Overview of Abortion Laws: As of July 1, 2021, State Laws and Policies,” Guttmacher Institute, https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/overview-abortion-laws.

7. “California Abortion Coverage in Medi-Cal and Private Insurance,” National Health Law, https://healthlaw.org/storage/documents/NHeLP-CAAbortionCoverageFactSheet-Web.pdf.

8. “An Overview of Abortion Laws”; Tracy Weitz et al., “Safety of Aspiration Abortion Performed by Nurse Practitioners, Certified Nurse Midwives, and Physician Assistants Under a California Legal Waiver,” American Public Health Association 103 (2013), https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301159; Elizabeth Fernandez, “Study: Abortions Are Safe When Performed by Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, Certified Nurse Midwives,” University of California San Francisco, Jan. 17, 2013, https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2013/01/13403/study-abortions-are-safe-when-performed-nurse-practitioners-physician-assistants.

9. “An Overview of Abortion Laws.”

10. “An Overview of Abortion Laws.”

11. An in-depth discussion of the history of race and reproductive justice can be found in Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).

12. Sarah Stillman, “America’s Other Family-Separation Crisis,” New Yorker, Oct. 29, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/05/americas-other-family-separation-crisis.

13. Wendy Sawyer and Wanda Bertram, “Jail Will Separate 2.3 Million Mothers from their Children This Year,” Prison Policy Initiative, May 13, 2018, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2018/05/13/mothers-day-2018.

14. “Who We Are: Hour Story,” Hour Children, https://hourchildren.org.

15. “Hour Working Women Program,” Hour Children, https://hourchildren.org/how-we-help/hour-working-women-program.

CHAPTER 15: THE LIGHT

1. Pretrial Justice: How Much Does It Cost? (Pretrial Justice Institute), https://university.pretrial.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=c2f50513-2f9d-2719-c990-a1e991a57303&forceDialog=0, accessed July 23, 2021.

2. Wendy Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?” Prison Policy Initiative, July 19, 2019, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/07/19/reentry.

3. “The State of Bail Reform,” Marshall Project, Oct. 30, 2020, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/30/the-state-of-bail-reform; Melissa Block, “What Changed After D.C. Ended Cash Bail,” Weekend Edition, NPR, Sept. 2, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/644085158/what-changed-after-d-c-ended-cash-bail.

4. Block, “What Changed After D.C. Ended Cash Bail?”

5. Cheryl Corley, “Illinois Becomes 1st State to Eliminate Cash Bail,” NPR, Feb. 22, 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/02/22/970378490/illinois-becomes-first-state-to-eliminate-cash-bail.

6. “Girls’ Courts/CSEC Courts Overview,” California Courts, Judicial Branch of California, https://www.courts.ca.gov/37353.htm.

7. “Treatment Courts,” Law Offices of Los Angeles County Public Defender, https://pubdef.lacounty.gov/treatment-courts.

8. “Diversion and Reentry Programs,” City of Philadelphia, https://philadelphiada.org/diversion-reentry-programs.

9. “Diversion and Reentry Programs.”

10. Jamie Gullen et al., “Supporting Women in the Criminal Legal System Through Access to Diversionary Programs,” Community Legal Services, https://clsphila.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Diversionary%20Programs%20Report%20(3).pdf.

11. Gina Fedock and Stephanie Covington, “Strengths-Based Approaches to the Treatment of Female Offenders,” Center for Gender and Justice, in press, https://www.centerforgenderandjustice.org/site/assets/files/1514/8-30-18_revised_fedock_covington_with_suggested_edits_8_30_2018.pdf.

12. Melissa Santos, “‘I Really Want Him to Have a Different Life’: How Some Female Inmates are Raising Babies Behind Bars,” News Tribune, Mar. 25, 2017, https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/politics-government/article140712783.html.

13. Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?”

14. As noted previously, information about Black and Pink National can be found at https://www.blackandpink.org.

15. Sawyer, “Who’s Helping the 1.9 Million Women Released from Prisons and Jails Each Year?”

16. Patricia Leigh Brown, “Leaving Gun Towers and Barbed Wires for a Healing House,” New York Times, Aug. 7, 2020.

17. I am indebted to Christopher Hawthorne, clinical professor of law and director of the Juvenile Innocence and Fair Sentencing Clinic at Loyola Law School, for this information.