(Page numbers refer to print edition.)
a priori knowledge, 32, 36
abduction, 72, 77
access, 42, 83, 91, 97-100, 103, 135
cognitive, 99, 102-3, 110-11
direct, 43, 89, 91-92, 136-37, 154
epistemic, 16, 101-2
immediate, 80-81, 83, 86, 91
Alston, William, 167
ancient evidence, 143
ancient world, 32, 38, 56
anthropic principle, 137
antirealism, 83, 89
approach
balanced, 110-11
methodological, 150
Aquinas, Thomas, 45, 118, 130-31, 136
arguments, 15, 17, 57, 60, 64, 67-69, 72, 97-98, 102, 107, 131, 134, 136, 141-42, 151
circular, 110, 142
deductive, 15, 68-69
sound, 68
valid, 67-68
Aristotle, 56, 66, 71, 115-18, 165
arrogance, 122, 126
assumptions, 13, 71, 80, 110, 147
assurance, 44, 122, 160-63
axioms, most general, 39, 71
Bacon, Francis, 11, 14, 39-40, 70-71
Barth, Karl, 132, 139
basic beliefs, 104-9, 159, 169
basis, experiential, 73, 134
belief claims, 157
belief coherence, 110
belief criterion, 24
beliefs, 14-20, 22-30, 34-35, 49, 52-55, 59-60, 95-113, 124, 127, 141, 145, 147-48, 151-52, 157, 159-62
common-sense, 148
false, 22, 54, 56, 108
fictional, 55
first, 104, 110
foundational, 104-5
incorrigible, 105
initial, 111-12
irrational, 96, 101
justified, 96, 98-100
justifying, 154
nonbasic, 104-6, 108
primary, 138
problematic, 99
rational, 96, 102, 145
reasonable, 102, 155
religious, 101, 129
self-evident, 105
true, 20, 28, 54, 112, 120
unjustified, 96, 99
warranted, 22
believers, 14, 28, 45-46, 99, 101, 107, 147, 158
believing, 17, 20, 22, 24-26, 28, 56, 74-75, 95-98, 100-102, 104, 106-11, 127, 139, 143, 145
Bible, 17, 23, 45, 74-75, 129, 132, 136-42, 145-46
status of, 139-41
Big Bang theory, 73
body, 33-36, 51, 75-76, 87-88, 144
brain event, 86
capacities, cognitive, 118
carefulness, 124-25
categories, 20, 41, 80, 109, 149, 152-53, 161
causality, idea of, 153
certitude, 19, 33, 71-72
change, 32-33, 36, 111, 124
Christ, 17, 45-46, 75, 132, 136, 138-39, 141, 143-46
Christian(s), 7, 12-13, 44-46, 49, 57, 120, 129-30, 136-38, 140, 161
Christianity, 12-13, 57, 129-30, 137-40, 144, 161, 169
church, 23, 75-76, 124, 130
circularity, 109-10
circumstantial evidence, 12, 13, 74
claims, 15, 19, 22-25, 27-28, 31, 37-38, 41, 43-44, 52, 59-60, 64-65, 97, 126, 147-49, 159-61
evidentialist, 99
externalist, 100
internalist, 101, 111
metaphysical, 41, 149, 153
reliabilist, 29
scientific, 23
Clifford, W. K., 99-100
coherence, 52, 58, 60, 110
coherentism, 15, 52-54, 58-61, 95, 104, 108-10, 113
theories of truth of, 52
coherentists, 15, 52, 54, 56-57, 61, 108
condition, 26, 28, 59, 71, 116, 137
necessary, 15, 26, 28-29, 59-61
sufficient, 15, 26-27, 29, 59
connection, 153
Cooper, John M., 21, 34, 56, 116, 166
Copernicus, 124
correspondence, 56-58
courage, 17, 116, 119-20, 124, 126
cowardice, 116-17
creation, 53, 130, 132, 138
Darwin, Charles, 133
data, empirical, 36, 40, 104
death, 12, 33, 38, 96, 124, 142-45
deduction, 39, 66, 69-71, 77
defeaters, 28, 101, 107, 162
deficiency, 116, 162
degrees, 24, 37, 72, 122, 130, 162
Descartes, Rene, 14, 32, 34-36, 147, 149, 151-52, 165
design, 4, 131, 136-37
dialogue, 20-21, 31, 57
discoveries, 7, 11, 39, 125, 133, 167
doctrine, 32-33, 75, 139-40
doubt, 36, 152, 161
empiricism, 38-40
empiricists, 37-38, 40, 42, 87
Epicureanism, 38
Epicureans, 38-39
epistemologists, 17, 31, 37, 43, 83, 88, 95, 97, 106, 113, 115, 119, 129
virtue, 115, 119-20
epistemology, 5, 7-11, 13, 15, 17-18, 35, 38, 63, 89, 102, 106, 115, 119-20, 125, 165
assumptions in, 7, 13
error in, 17, 76-77, 125
issues in, 9, 29, 95
questions in, 10-11, 147
Reformed, 107, 112
virtue, 5, 17, 112, 115, 117, 119-21, 123, 125-27, 167
ethics, 9, 38, 115, 118
eudaimonia, 116-17
evidence, 15-17, 25, 63-66, 69-70, 72-73, 75-76, 95-103, 105, 107-8, 110-12, 123-24, 126-27, 134, 136-37, 142-44
forensic, 73
insufficient, 99-100
positive, 99
scientific, 93
sufficient, 100
testimonial, 42
evidentialism, 99
excess, 116-17
existence, 33, 36, 42, 53, 60, 73, 83, 85, 89, 98, 107, 112, 131, 134, 152, 154-56
experience, 14, 32-33, 35-38, 40-43, 45-47, 57, 63-64, 66, 70-72, 76, 79, 86-87, 104, 107, 134
common, 32, 36
justifying, 37
experimentation, 39
explanations, best, 72-73, 167
external world, 32, 37, 40, 79, 83-92, 110
externalism, 95, 100-103, 112-13
externalists, 16-17, 101-3, 107-8, 110-11
eyewitnesses, 12-13
faith, 14, 45-47, 105, 112, 132, 135
fiction, 53
firmness, 119-20
foundationalism, 95, 104-6, 113
classical, 105, 108
modest, 105-8
foundationalists, strong, 107-8, 159
freedom, 9, 151
Galileo, 124
generosity, 119-20
Gettier, Edmund L., 25-28, 127
Gettier problem, 14, 29-30, 59, 126-27
God, 8-12, 14, 16-17, 23, 42, 44-46, 98, 101-2, 106-8, 111-12, 129-43, 145-46, 154-56, 160-62, 169
existence of, 12, 45, 132, 152, 154
knowledge of, 44-45, 129-30, 154
Gospels, 142-43
grace, 138-39
Groothuis, Douglas, 52, 57, 166
Habermas, Gary, 143-44
habits, 117, 119
good belief-forming, 127
happiness, 116-17
health, 33, 116-17
hearing, 80-82, 88
heart, 39, 58, 71, 73-74
history, 14, 18, 23, 31, 35, 50, 52, 54, 56, 68, 71, 73, 124, 130, 140, 142
honesty, 17, 119-20, 122-23, 126
human beings, 10, 37, 49-50, 52, 75, 79-80, 90, 102, 111, 129, 138
humble, 121
Hume, David, 14, 18-19, 40-42, 45, 133-36, 152-54, 166
humility, 17, 119-22, 126
epistemic, 121, 157
ideas, 19, 22-23, 32, 35-38, 40-41, 49-50, 54, 60, 67, 85-86, 88-90, 108-9, 124, 149, 151-53
basic, 103, 120, 148
complex, 40
natural, 40
illusion, 36, 42, 80, 154, 156
imaginary, 55, 157
imagination, 34-35
immediacy, 83
impressions, 23, 41, 90, 122
incarnation, 136, 138, 141, 145
induction, 15, 39, 69-73, 77, 167
inferences, 5, 7, 15-16, 63-69, 71, 73-77, 124-25, 134, 166-67
abductive, 16, 72-73
deductive, 15, 66, 69, 71
improper, 66, 77
inductive, 15, 69, 71-75, 77
invalid, 27
nature of, 15, 66
spot, 64
information, reliable, 102-3, 142
instruction, 140
internalism, 16, 95, 97, 99-100, 103, 107, 111-13
internalists, 16-17, 97-99, 101, 103, 108, 110
Jesus, 11, 17, 45-46, 138-39, 141-45
Jews, 144
judgments, 9, 38, 84, 150-51, 156, 166
justice, 116, 123
justification, 5, 14, 16, 20-30, 93, 95-105, 107-13, 115, 120, 127, 167
criteria of, 24-25
epistemic, 10, 16, 95, 167
evidential, 97
insufficient, 23
internalist, 101, 111
system of, 110
ultimate, 110
justified true belief, 14, 20-22, 24-31, 126-27
reliable, 84
suspending, 44
justify, 18, 23, 97, 100-104, 106-7, 109-10, 154, 157
Kant, Immanuel, 18, 45, 134-36, 154-55, 166
knowledge, 9-14, 18-38, 40-47, 49, 63, 70-71, 76-77, 79, 95, 118, 120-27, 134, 149-50, 152-60, 165-67
of Christ, 46
definition of, 14, 19-20, 24, 27, 29-30
divine, 129, 135
empirical, 153
of God, 130
human, 34, 66, 77, 149
nature of, 20, 29, 95
nonbasic, 28
personal, 168
proper, 160
propositional, 20
pursuit of, 36, 120-21, 125
source of, 31-32, 34, 36, 43-47
theory of, 10, 33-38
traditional definition of, 21, 24-25, 31
knowledge claims, 15, 36-37, 126, 147-53, 156-57, 160
language, 57, 132
laws, 42, 55, 59, 90, 155
light, 15-16, 19, 30, 69-70, 72, 74, 81-82, 107, 131, 137
limitations, 50, 122, 162
Locke, John, 14, 40, 85-87, 166
love, 53, 64-65, 96, 130, 139
Lucretius, 14, 38
McGrath, Alister, 51, 58, 135, 161-62, 168
memories, 97, 101-2, 111, 143
Meno, 21
metaphysics, 9, 32-36, 44, 54, 56, 133-35, 149-50, 154, 156, 158
knowledge in, 135, 154-5, 158
knowledge claims in, 150
skepticism in, 18, 149, 154, 163
method, new, 11, 39
methodology, 71, 92, 149
mind, 19, 21, 23, 32, 35-36, 40-41, 43, 50, 57, 82-91, 102, 115-16, 130-32, 150-54, 156
morality, 9, 112, 115, 118
motives, 120-21
movies, 53
Nash, Ronald, 105-6
nature, 7, 9-10, 21-23, 38-39, 44-45, 50-51, 56, 58, 63, 71, 85, 104-5, 129-33, 135-39, 162
human, 161, 166
nonbelievers, 142-43, 158
objections, 58, 131-32, 146
philosophical, 17, 132-33
objects, 16, 23, 32-34, 51, 60, 80-91, 134, 155, 160, 162
external, 83, 85, 88-90
intermediary, 81, 85
mind-independent, 89
particular, 60, 69, 81
physical, 23, 32-33, 42, 85, 89, 152
observations, 14, 23, 39-40, 42, 50, 70-72, 81
Old Testament, 45, 141-43, 145
opinion (true), 21-22
oppositions, 124
Paley, William, 131
particulars, 39
patients, 125
perceptions, 10, 16, 20, 33, 37, 43, 50, 58, 79-93, 115, 152, 155, 167
direct realist theory of, 83-84
mental, 80
nature of, 79-80
physical, 80, 83
sense, 34, 41, 80, 84, 149, 154, 167
sound, 82
theories of, 79, 81, 83-85, 92-93
visual, 81-82, 84
perspectives, 13-14, 16, 56-58, 85, 87-88, 90-91, 95, 156, 159, 162
Phaedo, 33-34
phenomena, 41, 73, 89, 135
phenomenalism, 83, 89-91, 93
philosophers, 7, 9-10, 13-16, 20, 22-24, 26-31, 37, 45-46, 56-57, 91, 100, 105-6, 126-27, 147, 155-56
empirical, 82-83
postmodern, 58, 156
philosophy, 7, 9, 13, 28, 31-32, 35-36, 54, 68, 92, 99, 118, 120, 132, 156, 169
Hellenistic, 151
Plantinga, Alvin, 101, 107, 167
Plato, 14, 20-22, 24, 31-34, 36, 56, 115-17, 166
theory of knowledge of, 33, 35
Pojman, Louis, 86, 97, 165
position, 15, 33, 50, 74, 91, 99-100, 102, 106, 110-11, 125, 151, 157
pragmatism, 15, 52-54, 56, 58-61, 72
pragmatists, 54-55
praise, 122
predicates, 152-53
primary qualities, 87
process, 63, 74-75, 77, 85, 95, 133, 154
cognitive, 76, 102, 134, 162
inferential, 69-70
mental, 87-88
reliable, 29
properties, physical, 32
proposition, 15, 20, 22, 25, 41, 50, 52, 104, 106, 153, 161
self-evident, 161
prudence, 118-20
pursuit, 121-22, 148
Pyrrho of Ellis, Pyrrhonians, 18, 150-51
qualities, 17, 32, 40, 87, 116-18, 134
secondary, 87
rashness, 116-17
rationale, 17, 23, 139, 141-43
rationalists, 32
realism
direct, 16, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90-93
indirect, 16, 83, 85, 88-93
realists, indirect, 16, 85, 88
reason, pure, 134, 154-35, 166
reasoning, 34, 42, 69, 156, 166
relationship, 15, 19, 37, 46, 74, 103, 105, 109, 119
three-part, 81-82
two-part, 81
relativism, 14, 55
religions, 130, 157, 166, 168
representationalism, 16, 83, 85-86, 89
representations, 16, 51, 86, 88-89, 130, 134
mental, 16, 40, 58, 86, 91
visual, 16
resemblance, 32-33
resurrection, 17, 144-45
revelation, 5, 14, 17, 44-47, 129-33, 135, 137-39, 141, 143, 145, 168
divine, 13-14, 17, 44-46, 129, 140-41, 145, 158
natural, 17, 45, 129-33, 136, 138, 140, 145
special, 17, 129-30, 138, 141, 145-46
righteousness, 140
Roberts, Robert, 120, 122, 167
skeptics, 150-51
science, 39-40, 60, 71, 73, 92, 118, 124, 149, 154, 160, 169
modern, 11, 23, 39, 49, 51, 57, 71, 90-91
natural, 40, 51, 58, 90, 124, 158
scientists, 7, 22, 31, 39, 74, 83, 90, 132, 137, 147
Scripture, 45, 74, 132, 140
self-defeating, 100, 150, 157
sensations, 43, 83, 87-89, 92
sense data, 37, 86, 91-92, 134, 154
sense organs, 85-6
Sextus Empiricus, 18, 151
skepticism, 18, 29, 147-51, 155-56, 158-60, 162-63, 168
common-sense, 148, 156
methodological, 18, 149-52, 163
philosophical, 151, 168
Pyrrhonian, 18, 150, 163
unmitigated, 157
skeptics, 18, 36, 41, 143-44, 148-52, 154, 156, 158, 163
global, 149-50
mitigated, 150, 157
smell, 40, 79, 81-82, 84, 91, 135
Socrates, 20-21, 33-34, 67-68, 70
Son, divine, 138, 142-43, 145
soul, 9, 20, 33-34, 38, 46, 111, 116, 121, 149, 153
sound, 68, 80-82, 135
soundness, 67-68
sources, 14, 31, 44, 46, 138, 141, 153
structure justification, 113
studiousness, 17, 119-20
Summa Theologica, 118, 130-31, 136, 140
support, 8, 17, 96-104, 108, 111, 130, 134, 139, 141-42
evidential, 102
taste, 82-83, 85, 91, 135-36
testimony, 14, 42-47, 166
personal, 42-43
tests, 41, 51-52, 59, 61, 106
Thales, 23
theologians, 7, 22-23, 74, 131-32, 135-36, 139-40
natural, 135-36
theology, 74-75, 92, 132, 169
natural, 129, 131-38, 140, 145-46, 168
theories, 39, 58-59, 69-71, 73-74, 83-85, 92, 104, 143-44, 147
realist, 83, 85
scientific, 40, 58
thinkers, 32, 35, 38, 57, 160
postmodern, 50-51, 55, 61
touch, 82, 85, 91, 135-36
Trinity, 75, 130, 136, 139
Trout, J. D., 37, 44, 165-66
trust, 45, 92, 104-5, 158
truth, 5, 10, 14-15, 20, 22, 24-26, 28, 32, 46, 49-61, 118, 120-26, 138, 166, 168
absolute, 49-50
correspondence theory of, 15, 52, 56-57, 61
defining, 53
identifying, 58-61
nature of, 15, 56-57, 59, 61, 108
objective, 61
self-evident, 161
theories of, 54, 55-56, 108
truth claims, 20, 50-52, 54, 56, 59-61, 92
identifying, 15, 52
testing, 58
truth statements, 58
truth value, 20
truthfulness, 29, 68
universe, 40, 73, 124, 130, 132-34, 136-37
validity, 67-68
vanity, 122
vices, 17, 115-19, 121, 127
virtues, 17, 21, 26, 85, 115-22, 127, 167
epistemological, 10, 77, 93
intellectual, 17, 115, 118-27, 167
knowledge of, 21
moral, 118-19
nature of, 122, 167
warrant, 12, 80, 101, 107, 167
weaknesses, 19, 29, 31, 75, 87, 92-93, 116, 144
web, 52, 109
well-being, 17, 116-17, 121
Wood, Jay, 106, 119-20, 122, 159, 167
Word of God, 45, 141-43, 145
world, 10-11, 15, 17, 33, 37, 41-42, 49-51, 56-58, 71-72, 84-86, 88-93, 102-3, 138, 158, 160-62
modern, 37, 124, 150
natural, 44, 131, 149
physical, 33-34, 36-39, 51, 126, 131, 133, 135, 145
real, 58, 85-86, 92, 110
worldview, naturalistic, 144
worry, 38, 44