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Entries in italics indicate maps.
Abbasid caliphate 224–5, 227
Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir of Córdoba 80–1, 83
Adam of Bremen 6, 19, 32, 86, 87, 88, 93, 103, 113, 120, 258, 263
Advice to an Emperor (Anon.) 292, 296
Aelfeah, Archbishop of Canterbury 29, 248, 260, 429
Aelfgar, Earl of East Anglia 285, 286, 412
Aelfgifu 249, 251, 253, 263, 409, 430
Aelfhelm, Ealdorman of Northumbria 246, 249
Aelfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia 241, 243
Aelfric, Ealdorman of East Anglia 244, 246, 250, 407
Aelle, King of Northumbria 29, 51, 52, 424
Aethelflaed 62, 64
Aethelred, King of Northumbria 10
Aethelred I, King of Wessex 53, 61, 62, 424
Aethelred II, ‘the Unready’, King of Wessex 1, 30, 59–60, 241–51, 252, 253, 257, 260, 280, 283, 287, 337, 406–7, 408 409, 429, 430
Aethelred, Ealdorman, Lord of Mercia 57, 62
Aethelstan, King of Wessex 43, 53, 64, 65, 66, 79, 98, 99, 150, 248, 249, 251, 408
Aethelweard 10, 373, 374
Aethelwold 53, 61, 62, 426
Aethelwulf, King of Wessex 49, 423
Aidan, St 9, 339, 364
al-Andalus, Islamic emirate of 80, 81, 379
Alain I of Brittany, Duke 42, 43
Alain II of Brittany, Duke 43
Alain III of Brittany, Duke 280
Alcuin of York 9–10, 380
Alexander II, King of Scotland 329–30
Alexander II, Pope 281–2, 313
Alexander III, King of Scotland 330
Alexander III, Pope 267
Alexander IV, Pope 266
Alexander VI, Pope 195
Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor 291, 297, 319, 320, 321, 431
Alexius III, Emperor 298
Alf, Bishop 187, 188, 433
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex 28, 44, 53–4, 55–6, 57–8, 59, 61, 62, 67, 96, 97–8, 241, 285, 287, 307, 426
Alt Clud (Dumbarton, capital of kingdom of Strathclyde) 50, 77–8, 424
Amatus of Montecassino 312, 319
Americas 82, 135, 140, 200, 203, 207, 211, 213, 214, 220, 317 see also North America and Vinland
Anglesey 50, 63, 68, 78, 133, 272, 326
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 31, 49, 52, 53, 56, 65–6, 78, 241, 244, 246, 250, 306, 307, 308
Anglo-Saxons 2, 18, 28, 31, 32, 39, 49, 51, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 77, 78, 80, 160, 239, 242, 243, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 255, 279, 282, 285–6, 297, 298, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 316, 320, 337, 339
Anna, Princess of Byzantium 237, 291
Annals of St Bertin 74–5, 223
Annals of Ulster 12, 75–6
Anskar 89, 101, 103, 105, 106, 265, 422, 423, 424
Anund Jakob, King of Sweden 256, 261, 262, 265, 299
Aquitaine 14, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 80, 422, 424
Arabs 3, 48, 80, 81, 121–4, 224–5, 226–7, 230, 232, 239, 293, 295, 321, 426
Arason, Bishop Guðmund 164–5
Armenia 291, 405, 415
Arnald, Bishop 175, 184–5, 432
Arnason, Ingólf 146–7, 150, 425
Arnesson, Kalv 270, 288
Arnold, Benedict 206, 207, 398, 399
Arnulf, King of East Francia 45, 86, 371, 425
art, styles of Viking 20, 90, 110, 135–8, 427, 429, 431
Åsa, Queen 95, 127
Ásbjörn 103, 137
Asgard 115, 116, 118
Asgrimsson, Thorhall 112
Ashdown, Battle of, (871) 28, 50, 53, 64, 424
Ashingdon, Battle of, (1016) 34, 240, 250–1, 409
Ask (first man) 114
Askold 227, 228, 229, 424
Asliefsson, Svein 327–9
Asser 53, 56, 57, 58
Asvaldsson, Thorvald 172
Atlantic Ocean 16, 17, 95, 133, 134, 139, 140, 144, 145, 190, 192, 197, 207, 211, 276, 317, 339
Aud the Deep-minded 141, 142, 151, 159
Aya Sofya (Hagia Sophia) mosque, Istanbul 110, 299
Baer, Battle of, (1236) 167, 432
Baku 221, 233
Baldr (god) 117, 118, 119
Baldwin V of Flanders, Count 253, 281, 284
Balkans 231, 294, 297, 320, 321
Baltic Sea 3, 16, 21, 33, 34, 94, 98, 130, 131, 132, 134, 221, 222, 223, 226, 260, 289, 221, 222, 223, 226, 260, 289
Barðarson, Earl Skuli 167
Bardarson, Ivar 180, 187, 433
Basil II, Emperor 237, 290, 291, 428
Battle Abbey, Sussex 309, 311, 312, 313
Battle Abbey Chronicle, The 312
‘Battle of Maldon Poem, The’ (eleventh century) 1–2, 243–4
Bayeux Tapestry 27, 307–8, 311, 416
Beaduheard 10
Bede 247
Belan, Battle of, (978) 321, 428
Beohrtric, King of Wessex 10, 30
Beowulf 18, 20, 21
Bishops’ Saga 153
Bjarkeyjarrétr (‘The laws of Björkö’) 106
Black Sea 221, 230, 232, 289, 296
‘blood-eagle’ (form of execution) 29, 52, 267
Boleslav of Wendland, King 257
Borgarthing Laws, The 25, 120–1
Borre (artistic style) 20, 135–6
Boruma, Brian, High King of Ireland 269, 322, 323, 324, 429
Brestirson, Sigmund 142
Brittany 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 78, 81, 144, 280, 281, 423, 425, 426, 427
Brodir of Man 323, 324
Brunanburh, Battle of, (937) 50, 65–6, 79, 150, 323, 427
Brusason, Rögnvald 270, 289, 413
Brusi 269, 270
Bulgaria 234, 235, 291, 294, 430
Burgred, King of Mercia 52, 54, 425
burhs 57–8, 64, 246
burial mounds 19–20, 43, 69, 72, 76, 87, 89, 90, 91, 99, 106, 108, 111, 112, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 136, 154, 157, 182, 225, 226, 239, 336, 432
Byrhtnoth, Ealdorman of East Anglia 1, 242, 243, 244, 428
Byzantine Empire 3, 35, 81, 83, 122, 223, 227, 229–31, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237–8, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 317, 318, 320, 321, 423, 426, 427, 428, 430, 431
Camp de Péran, Francia 43, 46
Canada 3, 181, 194, 195, 197, 208, 216, 220
Canerio map 211, 213
Cannae, Battle of, (1018) 317–18
Carlingford Lough, Ireland: Battle of, (852) 77, 423; Battle of, (926) 79, 427
Carloman II, King of Western Francia 44, 371
Carmen de Hastingae Proelio (William of Poitiers) 307, 312
Carolingian dynasty 13, 33, 38, 42, 46, 47, 48, 278, 337, 423
Caspian Sea 6, 221, 225, 232, 233, 238, 426, 427, 430
Celtic culture 17, 71, 141, 151, 171, 367
Ceolwulf, King of Mercia 54, 55, 57, 373, 425
Charlemagne, Emperor 9, 13, 14, 29, 35, 44, 46, 310, 422
Charles the Bald, Emperor 15, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 424
Charles the Fat, Emperor 44, 45, 48, 425
Charles the Simple, King of Western Francia 42, 45, 276–8, 423, 426
Chochilaichus, King of Denmark 21, 421
Christian I, King of Denmark 330, 331
Christian IV, King of Denmark 196
Christianity 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 25, 29, 33, 39, 55, 56, 57, 61, 69, 70, 80, 81, 83, 87–90, 96, 99–104, 106, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 137, 141, 144, 146, 152, 159–63, 174, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 193, 195, 196, 201, 205, 209, 215, 230, 236, 237, 238, 244, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 265, 268, 277, 278, 288, 316, 321, 330, 331, 355, 421, 428, 429, 431
Civitella, Battle of, (1053) 318
Clontarf, Battle of, (1014) 68, 269, 316, 323, 324, 429
Cnut, King 28, 29, 60, 110, 130, 240, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252–3, 254, 255, 256, 260, 261–2, 263, 264, 265, 271, 283, 284, 306, 315, 430
Codex Regius (‘Royal Codex’) 148, 149
St Columba 11, 12
Columbian Fair, Chicago, (1892) 208, 335
Columbus, Christopher 3, 133, 196, 208, 220
Comnena, Anna 319
Conan of Brittany, Duke 281
Constantine IX, Emperor 295–6, 318–19
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Emperor 231–2
Constantine, King of the Scots 64, 65, 79
Constantinople (‘Miklegard’) 3, 221, 223, 224, 227–8, 229, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 290, 291, 292, 297, 298, 299, 317, 423, 424, 426, 427
Coppergate 61
Corbridge, Battle of, (918) 50, 64, 426
Crovan, Godred 68–9, 303, 431
crusades 111, 112, 266, 297, 298, 321, 326
Cuarán, Olaf 67–8, 79–80, 321–2, 323, 427, 428
Cuerdale Hoard 62–3
Cuthbert, St 10, 339
Danegeld 254
Danelaw 43, 50, 55, 57, 59–60, 61, 62, 68, 245, 248, 250, 279, 314, 425, 426
Danevirke 21, 85, 91, 92, 104, 105, 421, 427
Danube, River xiv, 139, 221, 233, 234, 235, 240
De Mensura Orbis Terrae (‘On the Measurement of the World’) (Dicuil) 140–1
Denmark 38, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 55, 57, 60, 64, 67, 72, 81, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 110, 117, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 142, 148, 149, 157, 160, 170, 181, 184, 186, 188, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 205, 209, 222, 242, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255–6, 264, 265, 267, 277, 279, 282, 283, 284, 298, 299, 300, 301, 314, 315; archaeological record in 18; birth of Viking raids and 32–4; break from Iceland, (1946) 335; Britain, Danish kingdom in, (1013–42) 249–54; Britain, invasion of, (1069) 314; Britain, planned invasion of by Knut IV aborted, (1085) 315, 431; building of fortifications in 21, 85, 91–2, 105, 421, 427; Christianity in 14, 21, 87–92, 160, 255–6, 267, 316, 422, 423, 427, 428; coinage 255; Danelaw, region of Danish rule in Britain 43, 50, 55, 57, 59–60, 61, 62, 68, 245, 248, 250, 279, 314, 425, 426; early armies of 27–8; early development of 3; early royal families 20–1, 86–92, 138, 422; early ship technology 33, 34, 131, 132, 133; early society in 18, 20–1; early towns in 104, 105; early trade in 32–3; early Viking Age, (800–950) 86–92; end of the Viking Age and 5, 316, 330, 333, 335, 336, 338, 421, 422, 423, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433; Faroes and 142, 335; Franks and 13, 14, 35, 46, 47; Greenland and 186, 196; Henry the Fowler invades, (934) 87, 427; Iceland and 142, 149, 160, 335; Jelling Stone see Jelling Stone; landscape 15–16; maps showing xiv, 37, 85, 170, 198; mythology in 117; naming of 20; Normandy and 277, 279, 282; Norway, break from, (1397) 142, 186; Norway, break from, (1814) 142; Norway, break from, (1905) 335; Norway, secures control of, (1028) 255; Norwegian rule (1042–7) 256; political consolidation of 86–94; runic writing in 109, 110; Scandinavia and 4; treaty with Norway, (1064) 256, 431; unification of 36; Union of Kalmar with Norway, (1397) 142, 186, 433; urbanisation in 104–5; Varangian Guard and 298 see also under individual battle and monarch name
Dicuil (Irish monk) 140–2, 144
Dighton Rock 205
Dir 227, 228, 229, 424
Discovery of America by the Northmen, The (Beamish) 208
Dnieper 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 289, 290
Domesday Survey 60, 314
Don, River 232, 233
Dorestad, Frisia xiv, 15, 32, 33, 37, 46, 47, 423
Dorset culture 173, 179, 180, 214, 215, 216
Drengot, Rainulf 318, 430
Dublin xiv, 8, 12, 13, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 132, 139, 141, 151, 255, 269, 283, 316, 321, 322, 323, 324–5, 326, 329, 331, 337, 430
Dudo of Saint-Quentin 32, 83, 276, 277, 279
Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury 241
Dyle, River, Battle of, (891) 45, 86, 425
Dyrrachium, battle of, (1081) 297, 320–1, 431
Eadred of Wessex 67, 68, 408
Eadwulf, Earl of Bamburgh 65, 254
Ealdred of Bamburgh 64, 65, 68
Ealdred, Archbishop 285, 314
Ebbo of Rheims, Archbishop 14, 89, 422
Ecgbert’s Stone 56
Eddic poems 6, 334
Edgar, King of Scotland 272, 326
Edgar, King of Wessex 68, 241
Edgar the Atheling 285, 287, 313, 314
Edington, Battle of, (878) 44, 50, 57, 425
Edmund, King of Wessex 65, 66–7, 424, 427
Edmund Ironside, King of England 250, 251, 252, 280, 285, 430
Edward the Martyr, King of England 241, 249
Edward the Confessor, King of England 60, 249, 252, 253, 254, 265, 280, 281, 283–4, 285, 286–7, 430, 431
Edward the Elder, King of England 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 426
Edward the Exile 285
Edwin, Earl of Mercia 286, 302, 303, 314
Egbert, King of York 52, 54, 61, 424
Egede, Hans 194, 197
Egede, Niels 194
Egil, King 19, 153
Egil’s Saga 26, 33, 148, 150, 153, 166
Eindridi the Younger 297, 298
Eirik Bloodaxe, King of Norway 25, 67, 68, 80, 93, 241, 256, 268, 427, 428
Eirik Rauði (‘the Red’) 7, 172–5, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 191, 197, 199, 200, 203, 428
Eiriksson, Håkon 261, 262
Eiriksson, Leif 182, 194, 200–1, 210, 214, 215, 219
Eiriksson, Thjodhild 182, 183
Eiriksson, Thorvald 201, 202
Elizaveta (Ellisif), Princess 238, 290, 299
Embla (first woman) 114
Emma of Normandy, Queen 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 280, 284, 287, 429
emporia (trading stations) 32–3, 34–5, 46, 104, 105, 423
Encomium Emmae Reginae 129–30, 248, 255
England: early Viking raids/overwintering in 2, 3, 8, 9–11, 15, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 95, 140, 144, 423; Danelaw in 43, 50, 55, 57, 59–60, 61, 62, 68, 245, 248, 250, 279, 314, 425, 426; Danish kingdom in, (1013–42) 249–54; end of Viking age in 4, 316, 320, 331, 337, 338, 339; Great Heathen Army (micel here) in 31, 51–3, 58, 59, 70, 276, 424; Great Summer Army in 53–4; Harald Hardrada invades, (1066) 276, 301, 302, 303–6, 431; ‘Harrying of the North’ 314, 339; maps showing xiv, 8, 37, 50, 139; Norman conquest of 276, 281–7, 297, 306–15, 431; runic inscriptions in 110; St Brice’s Day Massacre, (1002) 245–6, 429; Viking empires in, (979–1150) 241–55, 256, 257, 260–1, 264, 272, 279, 280, 428, 429, 430; Viking occupations of, (865–954) 31, 50, 51–68, 241
Erik Segersäll (‘the victorious’) 102
Eriksson, King Magnus of Denmark 187–8
Erlendsson, Magnus, Earl of Orkney 272, 326, 328
Erling, Jarl 111, 430
Eskimos 173, 179, 195, 215, 216
Estrithsson, King Svein of Denmark 256, 264, 272, 282, 283, 284, 299, 300, 301, 314, 429, 430, 431
Eustace of Boulogne 284, 312, 314
Eyrbyggja Saga 120
Eystein, King of Norway 272, 327
Eyvind the Plagiarist 98
Fadlan, Ibn 121–4, 127, 227, 426
Fall River skeleton 206
‘The Farm Beneath the Sand’, Greenland 178, 187, 219–20
Faroe Islands 71, 133, 139, 140–2, 143, 144, 145, 151, 179, 185, 240, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339, 422, 425, 430
Finland 16, 17, 266, 333
Finnboga Saga 25
Finnmark 16, 25, 85, 193
Fitjar, Battle of, (960) 93, 99, 428
‘Five Boroughs’, England 50, 55, 60, 62, 66, 248
Flanders 14, 253, 278, 281, 284, 286, 301, 310, 315, 422
Flateyjarbók 148, 149
Flatnose, Ketil 72, 151
Fontenoy, Battle of, (841) 41
Fornaldarsögur (mythical and heroic tales) 5
France 2, 15, 30, 31, 32, 35, 38, 43, 45, 46, 49, 81, 104, 212, 238, 253, 280, 281, 308, 316, 326
Francia, 11, 13–15, 31, 35, 37, 38–46, 48, 51, 58, 59, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 223, 317, 337, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426
Franks 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 14, 15, 21, 29, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 74, 80, 82, 85, 86, 89, 223, 227, 276, 277, 278, 279, 290, 310, 421, 423, 425
Frederick II, King of Denmark 196
Frederick III, King of Denmark 148
Frey 19, 103, 113, 114, 117, 119
Freydis 184, 203
Freyja (deity) 114, 115, 117, 161
Frisia 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 32, 37, 40, 46–9, 89, 104, 160, 278, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425
Frithiof’s Saga (Tegnér) 334
Frobisher, Martin 196, 433
Fulford, Battle of, (1066) 302, 303, 304, 431
futhark (runic alphabet) 109, 113
Fyn 15, 85, 91, 300
fyrd (army) 31, 53, 55–6, 57, 59, 61, 63–4, 242, 303
Gata family 141
Georgia 291
Gerbrand of Roskilde, Bishop 256
Gesta Danorum (‘The Deeds of the Danes’) (Saxo Grammaticus) 6, 20, 113, 294
Gilbert, Archdeacon of Lisieux 281–2
Gisli’s Saga 155
Gizur the White 160, 161, 163
Glenn Máma, Battle of, (999) 429
Gnupa, King 86, 87
Goddard Farm, Maine 213–14
Godfred, King of Denmark 13, 14, 21, 42, 44, 48, 86, 105, 422, 425
Godwine, Earl of Wessex 252, 253, 254, 283–4, 285, 431
Godwinson, King Harold of England 271, 276, 281, 282, 283, 284–5, 286, 287, 303–5, 306–7, 308, 309, 310, 312–13
Godwinson, Svein 284
Gokstad, ship-burial find in, Norway 43, 85, 108, 124–5, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 136, 208, 335
Gokstad replica ship 133, 208, 335
goðar 152, 153, 156, 157
Gorm ‘the Old’, King of Denmark 86–7, 90, 91, 98, 109, 427, 428
Gormflaith 269, 322, 323
Götar 100, 102, 265, 267, 429
Gothrith 79, 427
Gothrithsson, Blákári 80
Gothrithsson, Olaf 427
Götiska förbundet (Gothic Association) 333–4
Gotland 18, 34, 85, 100, 130, 135, 196, 210, 228, 239, 260, 288, 421
Goutoi (tribe) 18
Grágás (‘the Grey Goose Laws’) 156, 168–9
grave-goods 18, 20, 33, 43–4, 90, 106, 125, 126, 127–8
graves 18, 19–20, 24, 29, 33, 43–4, 54, 69, 71, 90, 91, 106, 108, 122, 125, 126, 127, 130, 136, 154, 182–3, 264, 266, 286, 300, 313, 338
Great Heathen Army (micel here) 51–3, 58, 59, 70, 276
Great Summer Army, The 53–4
Greek Fire 82, 230–1, 239, 299, 427
Greeks 17, 82, 109, 115, 223, 227, 229, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 239, 291, 292, 293, 296, 299, 317, 321, 421, 427
Greenland 4–5, 132–3, 134, 135, 145, 147, 163, 170, 171–97, 199, 200–5, 207, 211, 213–20, 316, 317, 329, 338, 339, 426, 428, 432, 433
Grenske, Harald 260
Grimkel, Bishop 263, 264
Grobina, Latvia xiv, 221, 222, 421
Grønlaender, Jon 196
Grundtvig, N. F. S. 334–5
Guiscard, Robert 294, 297, 319, 320, 321, 431
Gulathing Law 26, 120, 157, 263
Gunnhild 25, 98, 268
Guthfrith, Lord of York 57, 61
Guthroth, King 64, 65
Guthrothsson, King Rögnvald 67
Guthrum (Athelstan) 50, 54, 55, 56–8, 67, 294, 425
Guy of Brionne 280
Guy of Ponthieu, Count 281
Gyrth, Earl of East Anglia 285, 307, 310–11, 312
Gytha 307, 313
Hafgerðingadrápa 182
Hafrsfjord, Battle of, (871) 36, 85, 95, 425
Håkon of Hladir, Jarl 257, 258
Håkon the Good, King of Norway 92–3, 98, 99, 100, 263, 427, 428
Håkon the Old, King of Norway 329, 330
Håkon, Earl of Orkney 271, 272, 273, 328
Håkon’s Saga 207
Håkonarson, Jarl Eirik of Hladir 259, 260
Hakonsson, King Håkon of Norway 4–5, 167–8, 185–6, 432
Halfdan the Wide-Embracer 50, 51, 52, 53, 54–5, 57, 61
Halfdansson, Harald ‘Klak’ 14, 46, 47, 89, 278, 422, 423
Hamburg culture 16–17, 421
Hamburg-Bremen, Archbishops of 6, 86, 101, 107, 255, 424
Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark 36, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 160, 242, 244, 256, 265, 427, 428
Harald Finehair, King of Norway 20, 25, 26, 36, 70, 71, 72, 74, 93, 95–6, 98, 127, 141, 146, 149, 150, 169, 242, 256, 260, 267, 287, 424, 425, 427
Harald Greycloak, King of Norway 93, 98–9, 100, 256, 428
Harald Hardrada, King of Norway (Harald Sigurdsson) 7, 15, 26, 27, 28, 105, 163, 238, 239, 255, 256, 260, 263, 265, 270, 271, 276, 282, 283, 286, 287–90, 292–6, 298, 299–301, 302, 303–5, 306, 309, 316, 325, 430, 431
Haraldsson, Erlend 328
Haraldsson, King Olaf of Norway 111, 134, 160, 163, 238, 247, 252, 255–6, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265, 269, 270, 279–80, 287–90, 300, 306, 430
Harold Harefoot 252–4, 255, 256
Harthacnut, King of Denmark 252, 253, 254, 256, 264, 283, 301, 430
Hasteinn 39–40, 45, 58, 59, 82, 83, 84, 294, 424
Hastings, Battle of, (1066) 302, 307–13, 316, 320, 431
haugbui (‘mound-dwellers’) 121
Haugsnes, Battle of, (1246) 167–8, 432
Hausakljúfr (‘Skull-splitter’), Thorfinn 268
Hauteville, Drogo de 293, 318, 430
Hauteville, Tancred de 293, 318, 321
Hebrides 11, 70, 71, 72, 74–5, 77, 96, 144, 151, 174, 269, 270, 271, 303, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 339, 422, 432, 433
Heimskringla (‘History of the Norwegian Kings’) 6, 146, 149, 166, 287, 292, 293, 335
Hel 118, 119, 121
Helgason, Agnar 195
Helgö, Sweden 20, 85, 105–6, 421
Helluland (‘slab-land’) 200, 203, 214, 215, 219
Hemming 247, 422
Henry I, King of England 272
Henry I, King of France 238, 280, 281, 282
Henry II, Emperor 285
Henry III, Emperor 163, 285, 318
Henry IV, Emperor 282, 315, 321
Henry of Franconia, Duke 48
Henry of Huntingdon 304, 312
Henry the Fowler, Emperor 87, 427
Henry V, King of England 193
Henry VIII, King of England 339
Herder, Johann Gottfried 333
Hereward the Wake (or the Exile) 315, 431
Herjólfsson, Bjarni 135, 199–200, 201, 428
Himmler, Heinrich 336
Historia Normanorum (Amatus of Montecassino) 319
Historia Norwegiae (Saemund the Learned) 71, 165, 188, 215
Historiarum adversum paganos libri septem (‘Seven Books of History against the Pagans’) (Orosius) 96
History of the Franks (Gregory of Tours) 21
History of the Kings of England (Florence of Worcester) 68
Hjortspring Boat 34, 421
Hjørungavåg, Battle of, (986) 94, 100
hoards 20, 48, 62–3, 68, 73, 106, 112, 130, 136, 225, 228, 239, 268, 300, 421
Holand, Hjalmar 209
Hólar, Battle of, (1209) 432
Holberg, Ludvig 333
Holme, Battle of the, (902) 50, 62, 426
Holy Land 111, 189, 237, 253, 259, 273, 280, 297, 317, 321, 432
Holy River, Battle of, (1025) 252, 264, 432
Horik I, King of Denmark 14, 15, 81, 105, 423
Hrafnkels Saga Freysgoda 113
Hugh the Great, Duke 278–9
Hvalsey wedding, Greenland, (1408) 189, 195, 197, 433
Iberian peninsula 80–4, 423
Iceland xiv, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 24, 25, 29, 36, 69, 71, 73, 76, 95, 96, 110, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 140–69, 143, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189–90, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 239, 258, 264, 279, 292; Althing 152, 157–9, 161–3, 166, 168, 169; break from Denmark, (1946) 335; Christianity in 113, 121, 159–65, 429, 431, 433; discovery of 134, 144, 145–7, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427; divided into quarters, (962) 428; end of Viking world and 316, 317, 329, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339; erosion of fertility of island 151–2; genetic makeup of inhabitants 151; ‘Icelandic Commonwealth’ system of governance 149–50, 152–3, 156–8, 168–9; laws 149–50, 152–9, 161–3, 166, 168–9, 172, 279, 432, 433; legacy of Viking Age 338; naming of 145–6; Norwegian rule of, (1264) 4–5, 158, 168, 316, 432; pagan religion in 159–60; sagas/literature 120, 146–9, 150, 153–4, 157, 335, 432 see also under individual name of work; settlement of 145–7, 150–1, 156, 157; society 151, 152, 432; Viking exploration of North America and 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 212, 214, 219, 220, 433
Icelandic Annals 180, 184, 186, 212, 220
Icelandic Chronicle 188
Igor, King of Kiev 230, 231, 232, 233, 426, 427
immrama (voyage stories) 144
Inge, King of Sweden 103, 266, 431
Ingelheim 14, 47, 223
Ingigerd 112, 238
Ingimund, Bishop 174, 185
Ingstad, Helge 215–16
Inis Pátraic 8, 12
Inuit 170, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 187–9, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 215, 432, 433
Iona 8, 11–12, 74, 322, 422
Ireland xiv, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12–13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 31, 35, 38, 46, 49, 51, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68–9, 75–80, 81, 86, 95, 110, 128, 132, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 151, 171, 195, 207, 255, 268, 269, 270, 279, 284, 285, 316, 321–5, 327, 329, 333, 337, 338, 339, 422, 423, 425, 426
Irish Sea 8, 50, 51, 59, 61, 63, 64, 68, 75, 77, 79, 325
Iron Age 16, 17, 24, 32, 57, 73, 75, 111, 120, 130, 421
Ironside, Björn 40–1, 82, 83, 84
Ironside, Edmund 250, 252, 280, 285, 430
Islam/Islamic powers 35, 36, 80, 82, 83, 84, 106, 225, 228, 236, 239, 291, 421, 430 see also under individual nation name
Isle of Man 50, 68–9, 71, 77, 96, 136, 141, 268, 326, 328, 330, 331, 339, 431, 432
Isle of Thanet 49, 241–2, 423
Isle of Wight 59, 240, 245, 246, 249, 283, 286
Ísleif, Bishop 163, 164, 431
Íslendingasögur (family sagas) 5
Íslendingabók (‘The Book of the Icelanders’) 6, 146, 147–8, 149, 214–15, 260, 432
Italy 35, 83, 163, 291, 293, 317–19, 320, 321, 430, 431
Itil 221, 225, 227, 228, 234, 428
Ivar (or Ingvar) beinlausi (‘the Boneless’) 51, 52, 64, 67
Ivar Vidfadmi (‘the Far-Traveller’) 222
Ivar, Lord of Waterford 322, 424
Ivar, King of Dublin 77–9
Ivarsson, Sihtric, King of Dublin 59, 63, 64, 68, 78, 79, 269, 426
James II, King of Scotland 330, 331
jarl (nobility) 22, 23–4, 53, 65, 78, 94, 95, 96, 258, 325
Járnsiða (‘the Ironside Laws’) 169
Jelling Stone 90, 110, 136, 338
Jelling style (artistic style) 90–1, 136
Jerusalem 189, 239, 280, 298 see also Holy Land
Jomsvikings 93–4, 100
Jónsbók (law code) 169
Jörmungand (Midgard serpent) 115, 118, 119
Jorsalafar of Norway, King Sigurd 184
Jorsalafari (‘the Jerusalem Farer’), Björn Einarsson 189
Judith (wife of Tostig) 284, 286
Jutland 15, 17, 21, 32, 33, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 98, 104, 105, 109, 136, 240, 299, 300, 338, 421, 428
Kalf Scurfa (‘Scurvy’) 72
Kamban, Grim 141, 145, 425
Kampe, Bishop Vincenz 188, 196
karl (class of free farmers) 22
Karlsefni, Thorfinn 202, 203–5, 215, 429
Kaupang, Norway xiv, 33, 85, 97, 104, 107–8, 221, 422
Kensington Runestone 113, 209–10, 213, 215, 316, 335
Khazars 35, 224–5, 226, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 428
Kiev xiv, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 262, 264, 288, 289, 291, 296, 299, 338, 424, 425, 426, 428, 430
King Harald’s Saga 293, 304, 305
Kingitorssuaq Runestone 178–9, 205, 432
Knaresmed, Thorstein 288
Knud VI, King of Denmark 298
Knudsson, Martin 195, 196
Knudsson, Poul 188, 209, 433
Knut IV, King of Denmark 315
Knut, Bishop Jon 185
Knut, King of Sweden 266–7
Knut, King of York 62
Knútsdrápa (Þórðarson) 29
Kodransson, Thorvald (‘The Far Traveller’) 160
konungasögur (‘king’s sagas’) 5, 432
Krum, Khan 235–6
Kvalsund Boat 34, 421
Ladoga, Lake, Russia 106, 221, 225
L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland xiv, 139, 198, 209, 213, 215–18, 219, 316, 338
Landnámabók (‘The Book of Settlements’) 24, 120, 133, 146, 150–1, 155, 159, 171
‘Landwaster’ (Landøyðand) (banner) 28, 304, 305
Largs, Battle of, (1262) 330, 432
Laxdaela Saga 148, 151
Leo IX, Pope 271, 318–19
Leo the Deacon 233
Leo, Bishop of Trevi 242
Leofric, Ealdorman of Mercia 252, 253, 283, 285
Leofwine 310–11, 312
Life of Edward Confessor 286
Limfjord, Battle of, (974) 93, 100, 428
Lindisfarne xiv, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 21, 34, 55, 339–40, 422
Loire, France 11, 15, 31, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 81, 82–3, 276, 423, 424, 427
Loki 117, 118–19
Lombards 18, 317, 318
London 3, 8, 37, 49, 50, 57, 59, 139, 205, 212, 240, 244, 248, 249, 250, 257, 284, 294, 302, 303–4, 307, 313, 428
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 205–6
longhouses 21–2, 106, 142, 147, 172, 177, 178, 184
longphorts (fortified naval bases) 8, 30, 76, 79, 325, 423
longships 9, 74, 129–32, 300, 339
Longsword, William 278–9
Loðbrók, Ragnar (‘Hairy Britches’) 51, 52
Lothar I, Emperor 15, 38, 41, 47, 423
Lothar II, Emperor 48
Louis III, King of Francia 44, 425
Louis IV, King of Francia 278
Louis the German, King of Eastern Francia 15, 38, 47
Louis the Pious, King of the Franks 14–15, 38, 39, 46–7, 89, 223, 337, 422, 423
Louis the Stammerer, King of West Francia 41, 44
Madaddsson, Harold 327, 328
Maddaðarson, Earl Harald 111
Maeshowe, Orkney 111–12, 209, 332, 338, 432
Magnus III ‘Barelegs’, King of Norway 69, 271–2, 273, 325, 326, 329, 432
Magnus VI ‘Law Mender’, King of Norway 169
Magnus, Earl of Orkney 271, 272–3, 274
Magnus the Good, King of Norway 254, 255, 256, 264, 270, 271, 283, 288, 299–300, 301, 430, 431
Mälaren, Lake, Sweden 16, 18, 19, 20, 33, 85, 101, 105, 107, 265
Malcolm II, King of Scotland 255, 269, 285
Maldon, Battle of, (991) 1–2, 28, 242–4, 257, 428
Malger of Rouen, Archbishop 280–1
Mammen style (artistic style) 84, 136, 427
Maniaces, General Georgios 293, 294–5, 296
Manzikert, Battle of, (1071) 296–7
Markland 186, 200, 203, 205, 214, 219, 220, 433
Marston, Thomas 210, 212
Mercia 11, 35, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 63–4, 241, 246, 250, 251, 252, 253, 283, 285, 286, 337, 422, 424, 425, 426
Michael III, Emperor 227
Michael IV, Emperor 293, 294
Michael V, Emperor 292, 294, 295
Michael VII Ducas, Emperor 320
missionaries 21, 32, 88, 89, 101–2, 160–1, 163, 184, 194, 197, 296, 316
Mjölnir (hammer of Thor) 116, 117, 119
Mochonna, Gilla 322, 429
monasteries, assaults on 2, 9, 11, 12, 13, 28, 38, 39, 40, 42, 52, 54, 55, 128, 225, 294, 295, 339, 422
Morcar, Earl 286, 302, 303, 314, 315, 431
Mórda, King Máel of Leinster 322, 323, 324
Mstislav, King of Kiev 238, 289
Muirchertach Uí Brian, King of Ireland 324, 326
Muslims 81, 83, 84, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 317, 318, 320
mythology 7, 108–29, 155, 166, 334, 335 see also under individual god name
Myriocephalon, Battle of, (1176) 298
Naddod 145, 146
Nantes 37, 38, 42–3, 278, 423, 425, 426, 427
Nasjonal Samling 336
Native Americans 201–2, 204, 205, 206, 209, 213, 214–15, 216
Nazis 335–6
Nekor, emirate of 82, 83
Nesjar, Norway, battle at, (1016) 240, 261, 287, 430
Newfoundland xiv, 139, 177, 198, 215, 217, 218, 219, 338
Newport Tower, Rhode Island 206–7
Nicholas V, Pope 193–4, 433
Nissa, Battle of, (1062) 300–1, 431
Njál’s Saga 148, 153–4, 157
Noirmoutier, Francia 30, 37, 39, 422
Nordic Renaissance 333–6
Nørlund, Paul 184, 191, 192
Norman conquest 281–7, 306–15
Normandy, Duchy of 32, 35, 37, 42, 43, 45, 46, 63, 73, 139, 240, 242, 245, 246, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 260, 275, 276–87, 317, 318, 331, 337
Norn (form of Norse) 331–3
Norns (mystical women) 115
‘Norse’, term 4
Norse language 4, 109, 166, 205, 209–10, 279, 325, 331–3, 334
‘Norsemen’, term 4
North Africa 82, 135, 140, 145
North America 133, 135, 145, 179–81, 182, 186, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199–220, 316, 338, 428, 433 see also Vinland
North Sea xiv, 33, 46, 49, 72, 95, 134, 139, 252, 255, 306
Northumbria 9, 10, 11, 29, 35, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 79, 89, 240, 246, 248, 249, 251, 254, 282, 283, 284, 286, 304, 305, 337, 422, 424, 425, 426, 431
Norway 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 16, 24, 36, 71–2, 92–3, 94; artistic styles in 137; burial mounds in 19–20; Christianity in 99, 110–11, 137, 160, 161, 163, 185, 257, 258, 259, 263–4, 267, 288, 296, 316; civil war in, (1236) 167–8, 432; coastline of 16, 33–4, 134; Denmark, break from, (1397) 142, 186, 433; Denmark, break from, (1814) 142, 186; Denmark, break from, (1905) 335; Denmark, rule of (1042–7) 256; Denmark secures control of, (1028) 255–6; Denmark, independence from 257–65; early Viking age, (800–950) 92–100; emergence as independent country 256–67; emergence of kingdom 3, 16, 17; end of the Viking age and 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336; English throne and 247, 252, 254, 255, 282, 283, 301–6, 313, 426; Faroes and 141, 142, 145, 430, 431; Greenland and 132–3, 171, 172, 175, 182, 184–5, 186, 188, 189, 193, 195, 432; Iceland and 4, 146, 147, 151, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167–8, 169, 423, 432, 433; Isle of Man and 69; Jämtland, incorporation into, (1178) 103; Lindisfarne raids and 9, 11; maps showing xiv, 85, 139, 221; Normandy and 276, 279; North America and 199, 201, 208, 213; Orkney and 70, 71, 72, 271, 272, 325–7, 330, 331, 425; partitioned 259; political consolidation of 93–100, 141; runes in 109, 110–11, 112–13; Russia and 222, 288, 289, 290; Saami in 24, 25; Scotland and 4, 329, 330, 433; ship building in 124–35, 430; ship burials in 43, 124–30, 132–3, 135, 423; society 96–7, 152; sources for history of 6; terrain of 16; treaty between Denmark and, (1064) 256, 431; Treaty of Perth, (1266) 330; unification of 20, 36, 86, 94–6, 257–65; union with Denmark, (1397) 142, 186; urbanisation in 104, 107–8; Varangian Guard and 290, 292, 293, 296; Vinland and 209, 215; Yngling kings in 19–20 see also under individual battle and monarch name
Novgorod xiv, 221, 222, 224, 227, 238, 256, 257, 260, 338, 424, 425
Nydam Boat 34, 421
Odin (god) 19, 69, 88, 99, 103, 108–9, 114, 115–16, 117, 118, 119, 130, 277, 278
Odo of Bayeux, Bishop 308, 311
Ögmundarson, Bishop of Hólar, Jón 121, 164
Ohman, Olaf 208, 210
Ohthere 24, 96–7, 98, 107
Olaf (or Amlaib) 77, 78
Olaf the White, King of Dublin 141, 151, 161
Oleg, King of Novgorod and Kiev 228–9, 230, 425, 426
Olof Skötkonung of Sweden, King 102, 107, 238, 239, 257–8, 259, 261, 265, 267, 428, 429
Ongendus of the Danes, King 21, 89
Orkney xi, xiv, 4, 8, 69–70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 95, 96, 111–12, 136, 139, 141, 146, 151, 185, 207, 209, 240, 267–74, 289, 297, 303, 306, 323, 324, 325, 326–31, 332, 338, 339, 424, 425, 428, 429, 431, 432
Orkneyinga Saga 70, 71, 111, 141, 146, 269, 274, 289, 324, 327
Örlygsstaðir, battle of, (1238) 167
Ormen Lang (the ‘Long Serpent’) 129, 131–2, 259, 300
Orri, Eystein 304, 305
Orthodox religion 236, 237, 428
Osberht, King of Northumbria 51, 52
Oseberg, ship-burial find in, Norway 43, 85, 108, 124, 125–9, 131, 132, 135, 335, 423
Oslo, Norway 19, 85, 104, 108, 125, 126, 136, 209, 301, 336, 431
Oslofjord, Norway 3, 16, 85, 95, 97, 242, 260, 261, 430
Ostrogoths 110, 317
Otto I, King 92, 428
overwintering 8, 30, 40, 41, 44, 49, 51, 52, 54, 59, 75, 142, 175, 179, 231, 244, 245, 247, 307, 423, 424, 425
Palestine 224, 293, 326–7
papar (Irish Christian hermits) 144, 145–6
Paris 3, 31, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44–5, 51, 240, 275, 423, 425
Parrett, Viking fleet on, (848) 49
Pechenegs 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 289, 290, 428
Perth, Treaty of, (1266) 330
Perun 229, 237
Pevensey, Sussex, William lands at, (1066) 282, 302, 307, 308–9
Phocas, Emperor Nicephorus 234, 235–6, 290
Phocas, General Bardas 235, 238, 291
Photius, Patriarch 227, 228
Picts 35, 70–1, 72, 73, 74, 78, 270, 337, 423
Pippin II of Aquitaine 38, 39, 41, 42, 424
‘Poetic Edda’ (‘Elder Edda’) 113–14
Poland 93, 102, 134, 289
Pont de l’Arche, Francia 41, 44, 425
Poppo 88–9
Portland, Dorset 8, 10, 30, 49, 242, 284, 422, 423
Povest’ Vremennykh Let (‘The Chronicle of Bygone Years/Russian Primary Chronicle) 224, 225, 228, 230, 236
‘Prose Edda’ 113, 166, 333
Rafn, Carl Christian 205, 206, 208, 215, 298
Ragnar’s Saga 52
Ragnarók (battle at the end of the world) 108, 116, 118, 155
Ralph, Earl 283, 284, 285, 315
Ramundsberget Stone 136–7
Rauðabjorg, Battle of 270
Reading, Battle of, (871) 50, 53
Reykjavik, Iceland 143, 147, 149, 150, 151, 157, 164
Rhône, France 37, 82, 83
Ribble, River 50, 62, 63
Ribe, Denmark 33, 104, 105, 421, 423, 427
Richard I of Normandy, Duke 279, 280, 429
Richard II of Normandy, Duke 242, 245, 246, 251, 260, 279, 280, 284
Richard III of Normandy, Duke 280
Richard, Count of Aversa 318, 319
Ringerike style (artistic style) 95, 136–7, 429
Robert of Neustria 42–3, 278, 426
Robert of Normandy, Duke 253, 280, 430
Rogaland 16, 85, 95, 240, 259, 262
Rögnvald (grandson of Ivar the Boneless) 43, 64, 78, 426
Rognvald of Møre, Earl ‘Torf-Einar (‘Turf Einar’) 72–3, 96, 267, 273–4, 276, 424
Rögnvald-Kali, Earl 111, 112, 297–8, 326–7, 328, 329, 432
Rollo (Hrolf) 42, 45, 276–8, 279, 426
Roman Empire 17–18, 19, 29, 30, 35, 57, 59, 70, 90, 108, 109, 115, 138, 162, 224, 234, 242, 270, 274, 282, 304, 308, 317–18, 421
Romanus III, Emperor 293
Romanus IV, Emperor 296
Rome 54, 82, 83, 252, 256, 271, 273, 317, 324, 430, 431
Rorik 47, 48, 49, 423, 424
Roskilde, Denmark 85, 104, 132, 133, 240, 255, 262, 300, 336
Rouen, France 37, 38, 240, 275, 278, 279, 280, 281, 302
runestones 6, 69, 87, 90, 99, 102–3, 108–13, 130, 135, 136–7, 178–9, 205, 208–9, 210, 215, 238–9, 291–2, 298, 299, 316, 332, 333, 335, 432
Rurik 224, 227, 228, 229, 424
Russia/Rus 3, 5, 6, 33, 35, 62, 97, 106–7, 110, 121–4, 221, 222–39, 257, 262, 285, 288, 289, 290, 294, 316, 333, 334, 337–8, 339, 421, 424
Russian Primary Chronicle 6, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 236
Saami 24–6, 33, 97, 120
Saemund the Learned 165
Saga of Eirik the Red 179, 180, 199, 201, 202, 203, 219
Saga of Grettir the Strong 90, 121
Saga of the Faroese 141–2, 425
Saga of the Greenlanders 179, 182, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 214, 217, 219
Saga of the Jomsvikings 94
‘sagas’ 2, 5, 6, 18–19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 33, 36, 52, 70, 71, 90, 94, 95, 113, 117, 120, 121, 130, 134–5, 141–2, 147–9, 150, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 166, 169, 199, 205, 207–8, 211, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219, 220, 238, 242, 272, 287, 292, 293, 305, 330, 333, 334, 335, 339, 340
Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Treaty of, (911) 276–7
Saint-Denis monastery, attack on (845) 40
Saint-Germain-des-Prés monastery, attack on (845) 40
Saint-Martin-Tours, attack on, (853) 42
Saint-Wandrille monastery, France 38, 39, 40, 46
Salme II boat 34
Salomon, King 39–40, 42
Saucourt, battle of, (881) 44, 425
Saxo Grammaticus 6, 20, 113, 294
Saxony 14, 35, 46, 222, 267, 422
Scandinavia: agriculture in 17, 73, 104, 421; art in 135–8; assemblies (things) 23, 41, 63, 69, 76, 101, 106, 120, 142, 152, 156, 184, 200, 257, 261, 263, 334; Christianity and see Christianity; fertile regions 16; first settled 16–17; growth in power of monarchies 5, 36, 325; in the Early Viking Age 85, 86–138; language 4, 6, 109–10, 279, 325, 331–3, 334, 338; law-codes 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 59–60, 106, 120–1, 142, 150, 152–9, 160, 161–2, 164, 166, 168–9, 172, 175, 189, 224, 230, 247, 263, 266, 267, 279, 307, 328; mythology 6–7, 108–29, 155, 166, 334, 335; new empires in Britain and 241–75; runestones see runestones; first settled 16–21; size of 15; society, emergence of 17–27; term 4, 18; terrain 15–16; trade 10–11, 24, 32–4, 35, 38, 80, 96, 104, 106–7, 128, 132, 175, 178, 180, 181, 185, 186, 193, 194, 195, 203, 204, 214, 220, 222, 225, 228, 229, 433; tribes of 18; urbanisation 104–8 see also Vikings and under individual nation name
Scotland xiv, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 31, 35, 38, 46, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 96, 139, 140, 151, 195, 240, 255, 262, 264, 267, 268, 269, 272, 285, 286, 301, 306, 325, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 337, 338, 422, 425, 427, 433
Sechlainn, King Máel 321, 322, 323, 324
Seine, France 14, 15, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 81, 83, 275, 276, 277, 302, 423, 425
Seljuqs 296, 298
Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (‘Sermon of the Wolf to the English’) 247
Sheppey, Kent 8, 11, 30, 49, 50, 58, 423, 424
Shetland Islands xiv, 4, 8, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 133, 139, 140, 142, 185, 240, 268, 269, 303, 325, 329, 330–1, 332, 339, 433
ship burial/graves 20, 24, 43–4, 46, 108, 121–30, 131, 132, 135, 335, 423
ship-building 128–35, 208
Sicily 292, 294, 295, 296, 317, 318, 319–20, 321, 431
Sigfred, King of Denmark 44, 86
Sigfroth, King of York 62, 78
Sighvatsson, Sturla 167
Sigtuna, Sweden 85, 102, 103, 104, 107, 240, 265, 299, 428
Sigurd I, King of Norway 297, 432
Sigurd, Jarl of Hladir 98, 99, 100
Sigurd the Mighty, Earl of Orkney 72, 137, 267, 268, 269, 425
Sigurd the Stout, Earl of Orkney 323, 324, 428
Sigurdsson, Jarl of Lade Håkon 93, 94, 100
Sigurdsson, Harald see Hardrada, Harald
Sihtricsson, Olaf 66, 79–80
Silkenbeard, King Sihtric 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 428
Sineus 224, 227
Siward, Earl of Northumbria 254, 283
‘skaldic’ poetry 5, 7, 29, 113, 116, 166, 290, 292, 300
Skálholt, Iceland 143, 148, 163, 164, 192, 193, 433
Skåne, Sweden 16, 18, 32, 85, 86, 91, 93, 98, 133, 261
Skjalgsson, Erling 258, 259, 260, 261, 263
skraelings 179–80, 187, 188, 202, 204, 205, 214, 215, 216, 432, 433
Skuldelev vessels 132, 133, 430
Skye, Isle of 12, 74, 75
slaves 22, 23, 33, 38, 73, 80, 83, 93, 122, 123, 172, 173, 188, 194, 197, 226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 235, 256, 257, 267, 278, 279
Slavic people 5, 13, 33, 107, 124, 222–39, 289, 316, 424
Smiðkelssynir, Auðunn 155
Snaefrith 25, 26, 256
snekke (‘serpent’) (vessel) 132
Snorrason, Halldor 292, 295
Södermanland, Sweden 85, 120, 136–7
Sokkason, Einar 175, 184
Somme, France 39, 41, 51, 275, 281, 282, 302
Spain 80–4, 260, 423, 431
St Brice’s Day Massacre, (1002) 245–6, 429
St Olav’s Saga 260
Stamford Bridge, battle of, (1066) 7, 68, 271, 282, 302, 303–6, 307, 309, 310, 316, 431
Staraya Ladoga, Russia 106, 225, 421
Stenkil, King (‘the Heathen’) of Sweden 103, 107, 265
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury 285, 313
Stiklestad, Battle of, (1030) 27, 111, 238, 240, 252, 262, 264, 270, 288–9, 292, 306, 430
Storm, Professor Gustav 208–9, 215
Strangford Lough, Ireland, Battle of, (877) 55, 425; (926) 79, 427
Streona, Eadric 246, 248, 250, 251
Sturlunga Sagas 148, 156, 166–7
Sturluson, Snorri 6, 113, 146, 165–7, 259, 260, 289, 300, 301, 335
Svarvarsson, Garðar 145, 146
Svein, Jarl 260, 261, 287
Svein Forkbeard, King of Denmark 28, 91, 93, 102, 244, 246, 249, 252, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 279, 280, 428, 429
Sveinsson, Hardegon 86, 87
Sveinsson, Sigerich 86, 87
Svenska folkets historia (‘History of the Swedish People’) (Geijer) 334
Sverre’s Saga 330
Svold, Battle of, (1000) 102, 131–2, 163, 240, 245, 259, 429
Svyatoslav of Kiev 232, 233–6, 428
Sweden 3, 4, 5, 89, 91, 138, 222, 223, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 285, 289, 291, 292, 298, 299; archaeological record in 18; armed units in, early 27–8; art styles in 136; Christianity in 101–4, 184, 266, 316, 429, 431, 432; coinage 266–7; consolidated kingdom, emergence as a 100–4; early history of 18–19, 20; early royal families in 86; early Viking age, (800–950) 100–4, 265; emergence of 16; end of Viking age and 316, 333, 339, 421, 422, 423, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432; Finland, loss of, (1809) 333; Iceland and 145; Norway, alliance with, (1019) 261; pagan belief in 110, 113, 117, 119, 120; runestones in 110, 209, 210, 291–2; Russia and 225, 236, 238, 239; society in, early 18–20, 21, 23, 421; sources for history of 100; terrain of 16; trading centres in 33, 422; tribes in 18; unified kingdom, emergence of 265–7, 429; urbanisation in 104, 105–6; Varangian Guard and 292, 298; Vendel Period 18, 117, 421; Ynglinga Saga and 18–19; Yngling kings 18–19 see also under individual battle and monarch name
Tacitus 17–18, 29
Tara, Battle of, (980) xiv, 76, 321, 428
Tartar Relation 210, 212
Tettenhall, Battle of, Staffordshire, (910) 50, 64, 426
Thames 49, 53, 57, 58, 253, 302
Theophilus, Emperor 81, 223
thingmenn 152, 156, 157, 175
Thjodolf 289, 300, 305
Thor (god) 88, 103, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 160, 182, 277, 278
Thorfinn ‘The Mighty’, Earl of Orkney 268, 269–71, 429, 431
Thorfinsson, Erlend, Earl of Orkney, 271, 303, 306
Thorfinsson, Paul, Earl of Orkney, 271, 303, 306
Thorgilsson, Ari ‘the Learned’ 6, 113, 146, 214–15, 260, 432
Thórir Tréskegg (‘Tree-Beard’) 72, 73
Thorkell the Tall 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 260, 429
Thorðarson, Sighvat 261–2
Thorvaldsson, Gizur 167, 168
Thule 17, 144, 170, 179–80, 215, 421
Thyri 87, 90, 91
Tiddingford Treaty, (906) 63, 426
Torberg Skafhogg (‘smooth-scraper’) 131
Tordelbach 323, 324
Torf-Einarsson, Erlend, Earl of Orkney 268
Tostig, Earl of Northumbria 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 301, 302, 303, 304–5, 306, 431
Toulouse, attack on, (844) 41; attack on, (863) 41–2, 423
Tour Through the Islands of Orkney (Low) 332
Trojan War 277
Tryggvason, Olaf 102, 111, 120, 129, 131, 160, 161, 162, 163, 201, 242–3, 244, 255, 256, 258, 259-260, 263, 269, 270, 300, 306, 428, 429
Tumason, Kolbeinn 165
Tzimiskes, Emperor John 233–4, 235, 290
Ulf-Krakason, Gunnbjorn 171, 426
Ulfcytel of East Anglia, Ealdorman 247, 250
Úlfjotr 157, 158
Umayyad empire 81, 82, 83, 84
Union of Kalmar, (1397) 186, 433
Unni of Hamburg, Archbishop 86–7, 107, 427
Uppsala, Sweden 16, 18, 19, 85, 102, 103, 106, 107, 113, 120, 266, 432
Upsi, Bishop Eirik Gnuppson 184, 211–12, 220
Urnes (artistic style) 137–8, 431
Valhalla 115, 116, 119, 121
Valkyries 116, 130
Valsgärde 18, 29, 85
Vápnfirðinga Saga 159
Varangian Guard 290–9, 320
Varangians 223–4, 227, 237–8, 290–9, 320
Vendel period 18, 117, 421
Vestland 258, 261, 429
Vikings: art 135–8; Christianity and see Christianity; DNA footprint 2, 151, 195, 340; end of and legacy 316–40; ethos 7; from raids to settlement in France, Britain and Ireland 38–84; Greenland 170–97 see also Greenland; health of 183; in the Faroes and Iceland 140–69; the last 241–74; language 4, 109, 166, 205, 209–10, 279, 325, 331–3, 334; law-codes 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 59–60, 106, 120–1, 142, 150, 152–9, 160, 161–2, 164, 166, 168–9, 172, 175, 189, 224, 230, 247, 263, 266, 267, 279, 307, 328 see also under individual nation name; life after death, belief in 121–35; mythology 7, 108–35, 155, 166, 334, 335; new empires in Britain and Scandinavia, (950–1150) 241–75; origin of term 3–4; origins of 3, 9–36; raiding tactics 28–30; raids, birth of 26–36; runestones/runic script 6, 69, 87, 90, 99, 102–3, 108–13, 130, 135, 136–7, 178–9, 205, 208–9, 210, 215, 238–9, 291–2, 298, 299, 316, 332, 333, 335, 432; in Russia 222–39 see also Russia; sagas see sagas; Scandinavia and see Scandinavia; ship burial/graves 20, 24, 33–4, 43–4, 46, 108, 121–30, 131, 132, 135, 335, 423; society, emergence of 17–27; in Vinland 199–220 see also Vinland; violence of culture 26; weapons 26–7
Vilgertharson, Floki (‘Raven-Floki’) 145, 146
Vilrádsson, Bishop Bernhard 163
Vinland 139, 182, 184, 197, 198, 199–220, 429, 432
Vinland Map 210–13, 215
Vinland Sagas, The 199, 207, 211, 213, 214, 220
Vitalis, Ordericus 306, 307
Vladimir, Prince of Kiev 236–8, 257, 291, 316, 428, 430
Volga Bulgars 122, 225, 227, 228, 232, 234, 236, 426
Volga, River xiv, 221, 224, 227, 228, 232, 233, 239
Volsungs (legendary dynasty) 114
Voluspá 6–7, 114
Voyage of Máel Dúin 144
Wagner, Richard 335, 336
Waldseemüller map 213
Wales 59, 63, 65, 68, 133, 144, 255, 271, 285, 314, 324, 326
Waltheof, Earl 287, 315
Waterford, Ireland 8, 76, 78–9, 322, 426
Wendland 93, 94, 98, 240, 257
Wessex, kingdom of 10, 11, 28, 30, 35, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 53–9, 62, 63, 65–6, 67, 68, 79, 96, 98, 150, 241, 242, 248, 249, 251, 253, 254, 257, 260, 271, 283, 284, 286, 287, 315, 337, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 431
William Iron Arm 293, 318
William of Arques, Count 280–1
William of Malmesbury 304, 307, 312
William, ‘the Conqueror’, Duke of Normandy 276, 280–2, 284, 286, 287, 297, 301, 302, 306, 307, 308–15, 339, 431
William of Poitiers 281, 307, 312
Willibrord, St 21, 32, 89, 421
Wulfhere, Archbishop 54, 61
Wulfstan of York, Archbishop 67, 247, 252
Yaroslav, Prince of Kiev 238, 239, 262, 288, 290, 299
Yggdrasil (the world tree) 108–9, 115
Yngling Dynasty 18–19, 34, 100, 222
Ynglinga Saga 18–19
Yngvar Saga 239
Yngvar the Widefarer 6, 34, 110, 111, 222, 238, 239, 430
York xiv, 9, 37, 48–9, 50, 51–3, 54, 57, 58, 60–1, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 79, 80, 98, 139, 241, 247, 252, 264, 268, 280, 286, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 313, 314, 315, 321, 325, 336, 424, 426, 427
Zealand 21, 85, 91, 92, 109, 132, 137, 258, 261
Zoe, Empress of Byzantium 295, 296