absolutism, 111–12, 153, 166, 179, 208, 226
moral, 5–7, 41–43, 102, 111–13, 171, 178, 226
Acampora, Ralph, 230
Adams, Carol, 4, 21, 46, 51, 88, 128, 151–53, 191–94, 221
agriculture: monocultures, 51, 95, 131, 229
rational, 9. See also aquaculture; farming; industrial farming; livestock
amelioration. See under pragmatism
American Poultry Association, 200
Anderson, Doug, 20
Animal Agriculture Alliance, 110–11
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 231
animal rights, 1, 6, 166, 195, 231
and abolition of farming, 204
and anthropocentrism, 81–82
opposition to, 104–6, 108, 110–11
and veal, 150
animals: and agriculture, 84, 96
behavior of, 4, 41–42, 103, 153, 170, 206, 224
commodification of, 3, 4, 152, 220, 221, 226
consciousness of, 24, 103, 197, 233
emotions of, 10, 16, 17, 24, 37, 41–42, 70, 102–4, 109, 114, 150, 170, 172, 197, 213, 233
and femininity, 192–93
intelligence of, 24, 101, 104, 109–10, 146, 181, 221, 233
relationships with, 5, 41, 152–53, 226–34. See also animal rights; animal welfare; domestication; livestock; wildlife
animal welfare, 14, 60, 82–85, 104–8, 115, 166, 188, 212, 228
addressing, 231–32
and Animal Welfare Act, 6–7, 220
and Animal Welfare Approved (AWA) program, 48, 52–54, 62, 64, 87, 123, 183
and dairy, 148–49
and Farm Animal Welfare Council, 203
measuring, 153
and rodeos, 99–100
anthropocentrism, 3, 46, 49, 59, 81–82, 85, 164, 192, 222
human exceptionalism, 18, 106, 192
antibiotics, 60, 141, 151, 163
appropriate use of, 53, 129, 151
bacterial resistance to, 10, 60, 163
effects of on human health, 60
as growth promoters, 163
limits on use of, 86, 89, 129, 189, 190
overuse of, 60
aquaculture, 26, 28–31, 38, 40, 220
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), 30
Argaves, Jennifer, 79–81, 83, 84–85, 89, 124, 178
artificial insemination, 16, 27, 53, 68, 86, 130, 163, 173, 201
artificial lighting, 145, 183, 187, 188, 201
Audubon, John James, 200
aurochs, 101–2
bacteria, 3, 16, 30, 59, 121–22, 137–38, 198, 202, 214–15, 224
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE; “mad cow disease”), 59, 214
campylobacter, 214
salmonella, 60, 184, 202, 214–15. See also antibiotics; vaccinations
BC Salmon Farmers Association, 33
beef: advertising for, 45–46
Angus, 88
Beef Council, 45
consumption of, 45–46, 78–79, 222
Country Natural Beef (CNB), 66
hamburger, 60
Kobe, 88. See also cattle; grass-fed livestock; marketing
Berry, Wendell, 131–33, 135, 177
biocentrism, 81–82
biodiversity: impact of livestock on, 95–97, 112, 125
biodynamic farming, 12, 13, 155, 173
bird flu, 202
birds, 196, 197. See also specific birds
bison: farmed, 2, 8, 95, 108, 122, 219–20
Blakely, Michaele, 197–98
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE; “mad cow disease”), 59, 214
Braithwaite, Victoria, 37–38, 40
artificial insemination, 16, 27, 53, 68, 86, 130, 163, 173, 201
birth control, 133
and castration, 53, 64, 120, 123, 128, 148, 165–66
of cattle and cows, 46–47, 57–58, 68, 77, 90, 97, 99, 147
of chickens and roosters, 182, 187–88, 195
effects of on animal health and behavior, 16, 24, 222
fish hatcheries, 26, 27–29, 36, 39
of horses, 92
independent birthing, 53, 66, 114, 122, 126, 157
morality of, 17
natural birthing cycles, 86, 118
and racism and sexism, 193
Buffalo Ranch, 220
Bulliet, Richard, 9–10
bull riding. See cowboys; rodeos
Bundy, Cliven, 93–94
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 91, 93, 94, 218. See also grazing; land
cage free. See under chickens
Callicott, J. Baird, 50–51
campylobacter, 214
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 32
castration, 53, 64, 120, 123, 128, 148, 165–66
cats, 2, 5, 8, 10, 52, 60, 84, 108, 122, 154
cattle: Alderneys, 47
Angus, 47, 58, 62, 86, 88, 168
Animal Welfare Approved, 52–54
Danish, 46
Dexter, 189
domestication of, 101–2
Durhams, 47
Guernseys, 47
history of, 46–47, 55–58, 101–2, 112
intelligence of, 101, 102, 114
Limousine, 62
Lincolnshire, 47
Teeswater, 47
Wagyu, 70, 86. See also beef; breeding: of cattle and cows; cows
Certified Naturally Grown (CNG), 197
chickens: Allen roundheads, 195
Arkansas travelers, 195
black Australorps, 87
blue-faced hatches, 195
broiler, 3, 8, 65, 77, 79, 87, 182, 187–89, 190, 193, 194
butchers, 195
cage free, 182, 184–85, 187, 188, 190
Clarets, 195
consumption of, 181, 184, 187–88
debeaking and beak-trimming of, 87, 183, 184, 188, 195
egg production of, 4, 13, 181–87, 190, 194
free range, 87, 150, 182, 185, 188
industrial farming of, 181–86
intelligence of, 127, 181, 194, 197, 198, 202
Kelsos, 195
layers, 194
Madigan grays, 195
and parasites, used to control, 80, 140, 142, 168
Plymouth Barred Rocks, 87
Rhode Island red, 87
white Leghorn, 183
classism, 23, 104, 171, 191, 195
Clutton-Brock, Juliet, 9
cockfighting, 194–97
“Coho Creek Ranch”, 67–69
Community Supported Agriculture (CSAs), 79, 173, 178, 185, 189, 191, 197
compost, 2, 80, 87, 122, 125, 130, 141, 173
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 59, 89, 90, 96, 103, 108, 204
confinement, of livestock: in barns, 58, 65, 121, 122, 123, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 231
and chicken tractors, 87, 142, 156
effects of on animal health, 10, 19, 59, 60, 148, 151, 161, 164, 172, 203, 207, 216
and fences, 46, 65, 67, 86, 125, 148, 190, 191
industrial methods of, 10, 59, 147, 151, 161, 163–64, 182, 206
in mobile shelters, 173
consciousness, 24, 103, 197, 233
conservation, and wildlife, 71–72, 91, 94, 114, 171, 220
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), 130
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), 72
consumers: and demand, 3, 7, 45, 58, 163, 181, 183–84, 205, 207, 209, 223, 228
ethical concerns of, 3, 45, 66, 70, 79, 114, 183, 204
impact of on farming industry, 29, 79, 163, 205, 233
hypocrisy of, 5, 78, 85, 89–90, 223
misconceptions by, 3, 8, 185–86, 187, 188–89, 220, 221, 231
moral evasion of, 131, 210, 215, 221
responsibility of, 79, 179, 184, 207, 209, 215, 222
welfare of, 50, 110, 214–15, 223
corn belt system, 56, 57, 121, 172
corn-fed cattle, 58, 59, 68–69, 77
environmental impacts of, 76, 96, 91
cowboys: and advertising, 46
culture of, 99–101
Professional Rodeo Cowboy Association (PRCA), 99
cows, 101
Normandy, 150
sexualization of, 183
Swedish Red, 150
tail-docking of, 53, 148, 151. See also cattle; dairy; domestication; weaning
Customary Farming Exceptions (CFEs), 231
dairy: cheese, 16, 61, 79, 124, 135–36, 137–40, 142–43, 144, 149, 189
and meat production, 143, 148–49, 150
milk, 16, 22, 23, 78, 101, 120, 121–22, 125, 130, 136, 137–38, 140–49, 154, 155, 189, 193
milking practices, 10, 21, 148
pasteurization, 137, 142. See also cows: dairy; goats: dairy; lactose intolerance
Dale, Edward E., 56–57
death: and eating, 2, 8, 77, 87, 108, 128, 148–49, 229
evasion of responsibility for, 108, 125, 128, 215, 222, 229–30
mortality rates, 19, 26, 80, 81, 151, 172, 184, 185
objectification of, 10, 36, 55, 99, 127, 134, 189, 193, 196, 208, 209–14, 226
as part of life, 71, 77, 87, 104, 106, 125, 127, 131–32, 134, 154, 209, 222, 225, 229–31
quality of, 40, 53, 88, 106, 110, 116, 145, 154, 169, 209, 216, 228
relationship to, 13, 62, 71, 77, 155, 222, 225, 227, 230. See also slaughter
debeaking: of chickens, 87, 183, 184, 188, 195
of turkeys, 201
deep ecology, 14, 69, 82–84, 97, 113
and biocentrism, 81–82
dehorning and debudding, 231
of cattle and cows, 53, 64, 148
de Steiguer, Edward, 92–93
Deval, Bill, 82
developmentalism. See under pragmatism
Dewey, John, 20, 22–24, 41, 51, 84, 103, 105, 169, 208, 222, 233
and ethics, 40, 43, 110, 111–13, 171, 179, 228
and moral deliberation, 43
and transactive relationships, 15, 24, 39, 51, 233
disease, 132, 139, 157, 159–60, 206
and confinement, as contributing to, 10, 19, 31–32, 37, 67, 98, 141–42, 148, 172, 184
spread from animals to humans, 55, 59–60, 121–22. See also antibiotics; bacteria
dogs, 2, 4, 5, 8, 18–19, 60, 122, 141, 145, 154, 172, 232
dogfighting, 196
and herding, 2, 19, 117, 123–25, 127, 130, 232
and livestock, as protectors of, 53, 87, 97, 117, 123–34, 128, 139, 140, 143, 191, 232
domestication, 4, 5, 9, 15–19, 21–22, 102–3, 104–7, 110, 138, 206
of alpacas, 117
of cattle, 101–2
of ducks, 206
ethics of, 17
of geese, 206
of goats, 117–18
of llamas, 117
of sheep, 117–18
of turkeys, 198–200
human/animal, 192
male/female, 192
nature/culture, 17
private/public, 152
use/respect, 153. See also logic of domination; metaphysics
ducks, 8, 72, 86, 87, 89, 181, 190, 196, 205–7
Pekin, 206
Ducks Unlimited, 70, 71–72, 74, 196
Dunham, Delicia, 104
early weaning. See under weaning
ecofeminism, 8, 13–18, 44, 98, 135, 174, 214, 224–27, 231
and Adams, Carol, 4, 21, 151–52, 191–94
and Merchant, Carolyn, 192
and Plumwood, Val, 8, 21, 152–53, 194, 208, 222, 226, 230, 234. See also feminism; Harper, A. Breeze
ecosystems, 94–96, 114, 218, 220, 231
agro-ecology, 50
disruption of by farming, 31, 37, 39, 50, 73–74, 84, 94, 113, 119, 160, 229
holistic views of, 13, 51–52, 69–70, 71–72, 79, 82–83, 169, 191, 224
integration of farming with, 13, 48, 50, 67, 69–70, 79–80, 83, 95, 97, 173, 191, 225, 231
reductionist views of, 27, 29, 31, 50–51, 217
eco-terrorism, 231
egg production: of chickens, 4, 13, 181–87, 190, 194
of turkeys, 200
elk: farmed, 2, 8, 60, 65, 219–20, 229
wild, 11, 52, 65, 86, 95, 97, 191
Endangered Species Act, 93
environmentalism. See deep ecology; ecosystems; sustainability
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 31, 95
Estabrook, Barry, 172
ethics, 111–12, 204. See also morality; pragmatism
evolution, 4, 7, 15–18, 22, 102–3, 118, 169–70, 172, 215, 224
coevolution, 16, 20, 28, 39, 66–67, 92, 95, 106, 138, 159, 226, 232
and Dewey, John, 15
and values, 40, 41 experimentalism. See under pragmatism
factories, 22, 27, 31, 50, 70, 132, 204, 212, 222
Faley, Laura, 126–29
fallibilism, 39, 169. See also pragmatism
farming: biodynamic, 12, 13, 155, 173
of game animals, 219–21
mistakes in, 19, 27, 39, 168, 176–78, 203
and nature, 11–13, 49–50, 61, 67, 70–71, 73–74, 77–80, 83–86, 90, 97, 126, 130, 144, 155, 168, 173, 198, 229
organic, 12, 58–59, 73, 79, 86, 141, 150, 173, 174, 185, 189
subsidies of, 74, 94, 119, 220, 223, 231, 232. See also agriculture; industrial farming; livestock
Federal Lands Policy and Management Act, 93
feminism, 4, 21–22, 109, 135, 137, 151–52, 191–94. See also ecofeminism
fertilizer, 15, 23, 48, 59, 60, 67, 71, 76, 84, 89, 95, 154, 155, 197, 216
effects of chemical, 24, 50, 74, 95, 198, 229. See also manure: as fertilizer; soil
Fesmire, Steven, 111–12, 171, 179, 225
cage farming of, 26
carp, 25
cuttlefish, 37
farms, 1–2, 28–34, 37, 38, 39, 207
halibut, 26
hatcheries, 27–28
salmon, 1, 8, 11, 16, 25, 27–29, 31–34, 35, 39, 61, 67, 69, 127, 207, 222, 233
sturgeon, 34
tuna, 32
welfare of, 37. See also shellfish
Five Freedoms, 150, 151, 153, 158
foie gras and paté, 205, 206, 207
Food Alliance certified eggs, 187
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 228
forest farming, 90
Forest Reserves Act, 92
Foster, Holly, 173–74, 176, 178, 179
Foster, Valerie, 173–74, 176, 178, 179
free range chickens, 87, 150, 182, 185, 188
friendship, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 42, 77, 101, 104, 138, 168, 169, 170, 208, 232–33, 234
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 16, 24, 59, 166, 229
genes, 6, 15, 16, 51, 115, 126
genetic diversity, 28
genetic engineering, 53, 163, 222
genetic history, 68, 70, 126, 217
mutations, 138
Genoways, Ted, 212
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 21, 22, 44, 233
Angora goats, 119
cashmere, 119–20
dairy, 138, 139–45, 146, 148, 154
dehorning of, 141, 145, 155, 231
domestication of, 117–18
Kikos, 120
mohair, 119
Spanish, 120
Grandin, Temple, 148, 215–16, 232
grass-fed livestock, 89, 112, 174, 216
in contrast to grain-fed, 49, 61, 68, 69, 81, 90, 91, 125
pigs, 160
ruminants, 49, 58, 62, 63, 66, 67, 88, 90, 105, 108, 115, 150, 219
and grasslands, 92, 95, 96, 218
overgrazing, 73, 74, 91, 95, 125
rangeland management, 91–94, 231
rotational, 48, 71, 77, 84, 89, 94, 96, 112
Greve, Don, 144–46
Greve, Megan, 144–46
growth promoters, 49, 52, 60, 163
Gruen, Lori, 226–27
Haakenson, Erick, 12–13
Haakenson, Wendy, 12–13
Haraway, Donna, 16
Harper, A. Breeze, 104, 110, 192
hatcheries: chicken, 134, 186, 201
fish, 27–28
herbicides, 59, 67, 70, 84, 189, 197, 198, 229
herding, 19, 20, 117, 124, 125, 196
and dogs, 2, 19, 117, 123–25, 127, 130, 232
heritage breeds, 87, 126–27, 134, 140, 168, 174, 177, 179, 189, 203
Hinkley, Vickie, 164–70, 171, 175, 176, 179
Hoagland, Sarah Lucia, 193
holism, and ecosystems, 13, 51–52, 69–70, 71–72, 79, 82–83, 169, 191, 224
Homestead Act, 92
Enlarged Homestead Act, 92
Stockraising Homestead Act, 92
hormones, 49, 52, 59, 60, 68, 85, 86, 89, 129, 148, 151, 189, 195
horses: competitions and rodeos, 99, 100, 196
and conflicts over rangeland, 11, 92–93, 94, 99
domesticated, 2, 5, 13, 62, 126, 140, 145, 155
and myth of the west, 55, 99, 112
relationships with, 42, 72, 128, 145, 155, 232, 233
Hudson Bay Company, 28
Humane Methods of Slaughter Act, 211, 217
Humane Society, 218
human rights, 224–25
hunting: for food and resources, 3, 26, 117, 118, 200
for managing wildlife, 88, 93, 102, 117, 160, 229, 233
and Native Americans, 46, 55, 57
for sport, 51, 71–73, 75, 102, 160–61, 168, 195, 196, 200, 219, 220
husbandry, definition of, 78
Hutton, Joann, 47–49, 52, 54–55, 58, 62, 66, 69
individuality, 22–24, 105, 109–10, 222, 224–25
in contrast to abstraction, 23, 24, 88, 128, 152, 221, 224, 226
respect for, 15, 24, 54, 69, 71, 81, 82, 88, 116, 146, 153, 190–91, 203, 233
industrial farming: and affordable food, 79, 228
and animal behavior, impact on, 37, 59, 60, 172, 173, 182–83, 188, 197
and animal welfare, impact on, 6, 19, 65, 124, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 164, 169, 172, 181–83, 188, 201–3, 212, 222
of chickens, 181–86
in contrast to nonindustrial, 65–66, 68, 80–81, 87–90, 112, 124, 131–32, 138, 166, 168–69, 177–78, 194, 197–98, 226
environmental impact of, 19–20, 25, 26, 44, 65, 96, 131–32, 163, 207, 212, 222, 223, 228
and women’s movement, 132–33, 135
and workers, impact on, 124, 209–15, 222. See also farming
insects, and farming, 2, 219, 221
International Turkey Association, 201
invasive species, 35, 49, 71, 125, 126, 154
James, William, 20–21, 22, 24, 233
Johnson, Mark, 40–43, 103, 109, 110, 113, 170
King, Bruce, 78
Kingsolver, Barbara, 133–36, 138, 177
Korten, David C., 178
lab-grown meat, 108, 221–22, 228, 231
commoditization of, 49–50, 56–57, 62, 70, 81, 132
effects of grazing on, 47, 57, 112, 91–95, 96–97, 125, 155, 227
preservation and restoration, 48, 67, 71–72, 74, 79, 91, 96, 127, 155, 191
relationship with, 48–49, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71, 77, 80, 83, 86, 124, 130–32, 155, 166, 171, 174
stewardship of, 35, 48–49, 70–71, 125–26, 127, 142. See also grazing; soil
Leopold, Aldo, 49–52, 72–75, 83, 97, 114, 196, 220
and predator-prey relations, 52, 73
Little, Carrie, 178, 189–91, 193–94
livestock: alternative, 219–21
branding and tracking of, 36, 46, 53, 62, 145, 231–32
commodification of, 4, 6, 8, 23, 39, 50, 70, 77, 103, 106, 108, 126, 144, 152, 161, 162, 164, 174, 189, 193, 203–4, 209–11, 219–20, 221;
“default livestock” (Fairlie), 227–28
experimentation on, 5, 6–7, 18, 120, 159, 171
kinds of, 2–3
natural behavior of, 146, 150, 157, 182, 184, 185, 190, 197, 206, 216
quality of life of, 83, 85, 147, 150, 157, 166, 168, 196, 225, 228
relationships with, 88, 106–8, 124, 138, 145, 154, 168, 169, 171, 204, 222, 225, 227, 233–34
respect for, 85, 150, 152, 153, 157, 164, 166, 170, 197, 202, 216, 223, 225
and slavery, 104–5, 106, 112, 192, 224
transportation of, 5, 33, 37, 53, 54, 56, 59, 66, 115, 125, 169, 216, 218
uses for, 3, 84, 115, 119, 120, 154, 159, 205, 216, 227. See also animals; breeding; cattle; confinement, of livestock; cows; domestication; goats; horses; pigs; predation and predators; sheep; turkeys
Livestock Conservancy, 167, 177
logic of domination, 9, 191–93, 214, 218, 219, 221, 230. See also dualisms; metaphysics
Logsdon, Gene, 227
Lusk, Jayson, 147, 149–50, 153, 182, 183–85, 187–88
Mann, Charles, 154
manure: contamination from, 59
as fertilizer, 12, 30, 67, 79, 86, 89, 95, 119, 125, 127, 130, 163, 173, 174, 191, 198
management of, 53, 80, 114, 141, 142, 164, 168, 173, 183, 184, 186, 207
as pollutant, 19, 44, 59, 96, 151, 161, 163–64, 171, 181–82, 184
marketing, 29, 120, 135, 162, 189, 193
Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, 220–21
and masculinity, 45–46;
“mystique,” 219–20
Markholt, Joe, 58–59, 61–66, 100, 148, 178
Markholt, Lee, 58–59, 61–66, 100, 148, 178
masculinity, 42, 45–46, 49, 75, 100, 152, 195
McKenna, Erin, Pets, People, and Pragmatism, 4–5, 8, 17, 196, 217
metaphysics, 4, 12, 14, 23, 50, 85, 97, 152, 192–93, 214, 233
continuity, 12, 17, 20, 21, 22, 233
definition of, 11
and process, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22–23, 39, 41, 113–14, 135, 169. See also dualisms; logic of domination; pragmatism
milk. See under dairy
mixed-species communities, 4, 9, 21
mobile slaughter trucks, 54, 61, 71, 78, 86, 130, 169, 190, 215, 216–17, 220
monocultures. See under agriculture
morality: absolutism, 5, 7, 42, 43, 111–12, 113, 134
complexity of, 8, 21, 62, 97, 134, 222, 225, 233
of meat consumption, 6, 7, 14, 78, 106–8, 193–94, 206, 222, 230, 233
moral evasion, 106, 110, 111, 125, 128, 131, 226
of slaughter, 210, 215. See also veganism; vegetarianism
Moss, Michael, 6–7
Multiple Use Act, 93
eight principles of, 83. See also deep ecology
National Bison Association (NBA), 219
National Chicken Council (NCC), 195
National Environmental Policy Act, 93
National Wild Turkey Federation, 200
Native Americans, 44, 114, 154, 199
livestock and, 46, 55–57, 154, 170
nature/culture dualism, 17
Neunzing, Linda, 128–31, 135, 178, 207
Newhall, Gary Jones, 85–90
Newhall, Greg Jones, 85–90
Niman, Nicolette Hahn, 95–97, 107, 115, 151, 152, 163, 229
North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, 72
Norwood, Bailey, 147, 149–50, 153, 182, 183–85, 187–88
Oliver, Tanja, 100–101
organic certification, 59, 60, 66, 87, 129–30, 187, 189, 190
organic farming, 12, 58–59, 73, 79, 86, 141, 150, 173, 174, 185, 189
vs. conventional farming, 58, 61
organic labeling, 3, 60, 182, 188, 189
Osterman, Carol, 154–58
Osterman, Kevin, 154–58
Pachirat, Timothy, 209–13, 215
Pappas, Gregory, 43
parasites: as causes of infestation, 31, 37, 187
and deworming, 142
illnesses caused by, 16, 122, 142, 177
management of, 30, 48, 59, 89, 114, 142, 155, 157, 172, 185, 207
use of chickens to control, 80, 140, 142, 168
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 20, 24, 39, 41, 103, 233
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 5, 166, 171, 191
Perry, Nancy, 218
personhood, 40–41, 109–10, 191
and animals (non-human), 12, 20, 24, 34, 86, 90, 103–4, 105, 108–10, 111, 127, 146, 153, 169, 233
and autonomy, 42, 105, 109, 132, 224–25
pesticides, 48, 50, 60, 67, 70, 84, 89, 95, 163, 164, 189, 197, 198, 229
pets, 37, 90, 152, 198, 226, 232–33
food of, 92–93, 183, 217, 221, 232
and livestock, 93, 140. See also cats; dogs; horses
philosophy, 1, 7–8, 14, 17–18, 38, 61, 103, 100, 111, 171–72
pigs: boars, 159, 160, 164, 177
industrial farming of, 161–64, 165
intelligence of, 86, 159, 161, 167, 181
Large Black, 164
Tamworth, 164–65, 167, 168, 175
uses of, 157, 159, 165, 170, 173
wild and feral, 134, 160, 165, 173, 200. See also livestock
Plumwood, Val, 8, 21, 110, 154, 167, 203, 222, 226, 229–30
and contextual eating, 152–53
pluralism. See under pragmatism
Pollan, Michael, 68, 89, 91, 177, 223
pollution, 10, 31, 34, 35, 44, 95–96, 77, 151, 163–64, 181, 188, 223, 227, 229. See also industrial farming; manure
poultry. See chickens; ducks; geese; turkeys
pragmatism, 7, 14–24, 38–43, 84, 97, 167, 169–71, 207–8, 222, 224–34
and amelioration, 7, 19, 22, 39–40, 109, 169, 208, 231, 233
and developmentalism, 17–18, 22–24, 38–39, 109, 169, 233
and ethics, 40–41, 112–15, 233
and experimentalism, 5, 18, 19, 20–22, 23, 36, 39, 52, 113–14, 124, 166, 169, 174
and habits, 14, 20, 43–44, 84, 113, 114, 171, 221, 225, 231
and naturalism, 22, 38–39, 169
and pluralism, 5, 18, 22, 38–39, 111–12, 169, 226
values, 5, 8, 18, 34, 40–41, 50, 82–84, 85, 108, 111, 169, 170, 192. See also Addams, Jane; Dewey, John; Gilman, Charlotte Perkins; James, William; Peirce, Charles Sanders
predation and predators, 11, 19, 28, 30, 31–32, 34, 46, 52, 53, 64, 69, 73, 80, 89, 94, 97, 113, 123, 139, 153, 168, 173, 177, 182, 185, 189, 200, 229, 230, 231. See also dogs; wild-life; wolves
rabbits, farmed, 3, 13, 126, 128, 143, 220–21
ranching. See grazing
Rangeland Improvement Act, 93
rodeos: bull-riding, 62, 63, 99–100
Professional Bull Riders (PBR), 100. See also cowboys
roosters. See cockfighting
Salatin, Joel, 89–91, 112, 155, 177
critique of industrial agriculture, 89–90
salmon. See under fish
Scully, Matthew, 81
segmented farming, 55, 68, 76–77, 89, 121, 139, 210–11, 215
self-realization, 83. See also deep ecology
Sessions, George, 82
sexism, 45–46, 132–33, 135, 100, 104, 151–52, 191, 192–93, 224, 230
sheep: Coopworth, 122
crutching of, 123
East Friesian, 146
Lacaune, 146
lambs, 6, 8, 88, 118, 121, 122–23, 126, 129, 138, 139, 146, 148
North Country Chevior, 122
and scrapie, 60
shearing of, 120, 123, 126, 147
Suffolk X, 126
tail-docking of, 123
wool, 2, 117, 119–20, 122, 123, 126, 129, 147, 224
geoducks, 36
mussels, 36
shelter. See confinement, of livestock
Shubin, Neil, 15
Simon, David Robinson, 36–37, 44, 231–32
Sinclair, Upton, 22, 211–14, 223
slaughter: feelings about, 61–62, 71, 77, 107, 121, 123, 157, 176, 168, 190, 198, 209
mobile slaughter trucks, 54, 61, 71, 78, 86, 130, 169, 190, 215, 216–17, 220
on-site, 54, 89, 126, 157, 169, 198, 209, 217
practices of, 10, 29, 56–58, 77, 80, 115, 130, 157, 166, 168, 169, 182, 206, 210–12, 215–16, 220, 228
and processing industry, 209–16
and stunning, 29, 37, 40, 54, 115, 182, 212, 213, 217
slaughterhouses, 54, 60, 88, 89, 124, 169, 209–16, 218
Smith, Kimberly, 105–9, 110, 126, 224, 228
social contract theory, 105–6, 108–10, 112
sociality, and evolution, 10, 16, 41, 224
Soderstrom, Chris, 122–26, 130, 142
“Soft Farm,” 174–79
soil, 12–13, 48, 50, 77, 91, 95–96, 127, 131–32, 198, 222, 227
degradation of, 46, 49, 76, 92, 96. See also fertilizer; grazing; land
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 50
Soil Erosion Act, 92
speciesism, 23, 110, 191, 224, 230
Steiner, Rudolf, 13
stewardship, 12, 105, 109, 126–27, 142
Stillman, Deanne, 217–18
St. John Creamery, 140–43
Sukovaty, Louis, 79–81, 83, 84–85, 89, 124, 178
sustainability, 79
and agriculture, 34, 66, 71, 80, 96, 108, 128, 174, 207
environmental, 29, 76, 95–96, 151, 172, 221, 228, 232
symbiosis, 70, 168, 169, 170, 224–25. See also ecosystems
tail-docking: of cows, 53, 148, 151
of sheep, 123
Taylor Grazing Act, 50, 91, 92–93
technology, 3, 83, 161, 162, 182, 183, 186, 215, 222
engineering, 79
Thompson, Paul, 107
“three essentials of stockmanship,” 203
Transcontinental Railroad Act, 92
transportation. See livestock: transportation of
turkeys: All-American Turkey Show, 201
bourbon red, 169
blue Virginian, 200
Broad Breasted Bronze, 177
Broad Breasted White, 177, 198, 201
Buff, 201
debeaking of, 201
egg production of, 200
and Thanksgiving, 169, 200, 202, 222
uses of, 200
white Holland, 201
United Poultry Concerns, 202
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 4, 45, 60–61, 66–67, 71, 121, 123, 143–44, 151, 161–63, 169, 201, 205, 212, 214–17, 220, 231–32
United States Forest Service (USFS), 94
utilitarianism, 8, 111, 174. See also land: commodification of; livestock
vaccinations, 30, 67, 68, 86, 157, 166. See also antibiotics; parasites
values. See under pragmatism
veal, 7, 62, 130, 148–49, 168, 206–7
veganism, 2, 104, 180, 192–94, 225–30
and Adams, Carol, 128
arguments against, 90, 107, 112, 134
and health, 69
vegetarianism, 14, 149, 174, 225–30
arguments against, 90, 107–8, 134
and Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 21, and health, 69
and Plumwood, Val, 152
Voortmans, 150–51
Warford, Mike, 100–101
Warren, Karen, 192
water, 26, 30, 35, 96, 80, 130, 198, 222, 227
contamination of, 10, 19, 34, 59, 71, 96, 151, 163–64, 218, 223, 229
stewardship of, 35–36, 95, 125, 169
weaning, 153–54, 162, 165–66, 232
of calves, 53, 64, 67, 76, 130, 148, 157
of humans, 138
Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF), 155
Wild Free Roaming Horses and Burros Act, 93, 218
wildlife, 48, 74, 87, 93, 96, 173, 174, 191, 200, 222, 225
bears, 2, 31, 73, 96, 97, 170, 230
birds, 196–97
conservation of, 71–72, 91, 94, 114, 171, 220
coyotes, 11, 16, 64, 87, 89, 97, 123, 125, 191, 218, 229
crocodiles, 230
deer, 8, 11, 51, 52, 74, 86, 87, 95, 139, 170, 219–20, 229
and farming, 34, 66, 70, 90, 97, 112–13, 125, 139, 150, 170, 229
magpies, 144
mountain lions, 64
octopuses, 37
vultures, 18
whales, 11, 17, 102. See also predation and predators; wolves
Wilkie, Rhoda M., 203–4
Willett, Cynthia, 224–25
wing-clipping, of turkeys, 169, 198
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 192
wolves, 11, 18, 51–52, 64–65, 72, 97, 113, 119, 172, 200, 229, 230
wool, 2, 117, 119–20, 122, 123, 126, 129, 147, 224
Wool Act, 119