Index

• Accenture, 6, 9, 15, 23, 29, 113, 231, 234–235, 242–244, 247, 250–251, 259–260, 263, 268, 270, 274, 281–282

• Akers, John, 237
• Amazon Web Services (AWS), 266–267
• Amdahl, Gene, 153, 248–249
• Amdahl Corporation, 248–249
• Andersen Consulting, 234, 241, 243, 244, 246
• Army-Navy/Fixed Special eQuipment-7 computers (AN/FSQ-7), 91–92, 96–97, 181
• Arthur Andersen and Company, 6–7, 9, 23, 24–29, 31, 41–42, 232
• Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO), 117–134
  • becoming multidivisional, 127–128
  • charter members, 123
  • competition from banks, 125–126
  • founding, 117–122
  • industry identity and statistics, 129–133
• Automatic Data Processing, 6, 8, 10, 45, 55–62, 113, 126, 131, 137, 144, 223, 231–232
• Automatic Payrolls, Inc., 8, 46, 55–57, 277, 283
• Automation: Advent of the Automatic Factory, 30
• Automobile industry, 271

• Babbage, Charles, 47
• Bauer, Walter, 108–114
• Benton, Charles, 71
• Bezos, Jeff, 265–266
• Biel, William, 93–96
• Birkenstock, James, 53
• Braniff, Ronald, 162
• British Petroleum Corporation
• Burroughs Corporation, 2, 21, 36, 51, 104–106, 109–110, 130, 145, 151, 231–232, 234, 242, 252
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), 257

• Campbell-Kelly, Martin, 4, 7, 85, 113, 155
• Canning, Richard, 23, 37–43
• Canning, Sisson, and Associates, 23, 37–42
• Cape Cod System, 93
• Capgemini, 6, 15, 235, 244–251, 263, 269, 271, 274
  • Daimler-Benz, 245
  • expansion 244–251
  • founding, 244–245
• Carbon and climate change, 262–263
• Carr, Nicholas, 283–285
• Charles Babbage Institute, 6, 10, 12, 13, 31, 117, 247–248
• Cloud computing, 1, 3, 5, 15–16, 154, 175, 231, 234–235, 242, 249–251, 258–272
• Coase, Ronald, 145
• Cognizant, 7, 235, 254, 255, 270
• Compatible Time Sharing System. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Compatible Time Sharing System
• Computer Consulting, 1, 6–10, 19–43, 64, 109, 132, 186–187, 198, 206, 211–228, 237–246, 276, 281
• Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), 6, 9, 10, 63, 69, 72, 84–88, 104, 106, 109, 112–113, 223, 232, 242, 272, 282
• Computer Usage Corporation (CUC), 6–7, 10, 63, 68–72, 86–87, 148, 213, 272, 282
  • Computer Usage Facilities Management Division, 68–69
  • early clients, 65–68
  • initial public offering, 69
  • origins, 64–65
  • relations with IBM, 68–70
• Computer utility, 13, 102, 285
• Comshare, 160–161
• COMSYS, 14, 218, 221–225, 228
• Control Data Corporation (CDC), 9, 13, 33, 46, 55, 61, 83, 120, 132, 137, 148, 155, 168, 175, 189–209
  • bundling and unbundling, 195, 202–204
  • CDC 1604, 191, 198
  • CDC 6600, 191
  • C-E-I-R, Inc., acquisition of, 196
  • CO-OP, 198
  • CYBERNET, 196–197
  • data centers, 191–198
  • educational services, 198–202
  • federal systems, 205
  • financials, 190, 205
  • founding, 189–191
  • PLATO, 201–202, 207
  • restructuring and renaming, 197–208
  • “Total Services” marketing directive, 204
  • unbundling (see Control Data Corporation, bundling and unbundling)
• Corbató, Fernando, 68, 101, 155–156
• Council for Economic and Industrial Research (C-E-I-R, Inc.), 6–7, 10, 13, 63, 72–84, 85–87, 111, 113, 122–123, 125, 155, 196, 203, 213, 277
  • financials, 80
  • founding, 72–73
  • mergers and acquisitions, 79–82
  • sale of, 84
• Crandall, Richard, 133, 161
• Crawford, Perry, 182
• Cray, Seymour, 189–191
• Cunningham, Peter, 129, 131, 231
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software. See Salesforce.com

• Dartmouth Time Sharing System, 157–159
• Data Processing Digest, 40–41
• Data processing services, origins of, 45–62
• DATA-TECH, 79
• Dell, Inc., 269, 278
• Dick, George, 82–83
• Diebold, John, 7, 9, 23, 29–31, 37, 43, 213
• Diebold and Associates/Diebold Group
  • early clients, 32–37
  • founding, 30–31
  • sale of, 37
• DuPont Glore Forgan, Inc., 143–146

• Eckert, J. Presper, 19–21, 26
• Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 20–21, 53, 189
• EDP Analyzer, 42
• Educational services, 37–40, 69, 83, 198–202
• Electronic Data Systems, 135–151
  • becoming GM division, 146–151
  • brokerage processing, 141–146
  • financials, 142
  • founding, 139
  • initial public offering, 140
  • Medicaid processing, 147
  • Medicare processing, 140
  • overseas expansion, 147–148
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 19, 65, 276
• EMC, 269
• Evans, William H., 118–120, 131

• Facilities management, 8, 12–13, 70–72, 119, 127–128, 131, 133, 135–151, 158, 245–246, 248, 275, 279
• FACT (compiler), 87
• Fano, Robert, 153, 156, 175
• F. I. DuPont Glore Forgan and Company, 143–146
• Fiorina, Carly, 240
• Forrester, Jay, 21, 90–91, 253
• Frank, Werner, 109–110
• Fujitsu, 6, 9, 15, 231, 234–235, 244, 247–250, 263, 269, 271, 284
  • datacenters, 249–250
  • “everything on the internet” campaign, 249
  • FACOM 128A Scientific Computer, 247
  • founding, 247
  • international partnerships, 248–249
  • PROPOSE, 247–248

• Gates, William, 5, 274
• Gender, 59, 65–66, 70, 161–163, 170, 179, 185–186, 213–221, 226–228, 240–242, 282–283
• General Electric, 9, 12, 26–27, 32, 64–66, 68–69, 77, 97, 103, 108, 127, 154, 156, 158–159, 161, 178–179, 185–189, 211, 213–214, 226, 232, 243, 274, 282–283
• General Electric Information Systems (GEIS), 154, 156, 158, 160, 173, 175, 197, 226, 232, 234, 279
• General Motors, 5, 138, 148–150
• Gentry, Grace, 213–219, 221, 224, 226, 278
• Gentry, Inc., 214–218
• Gentry, Richard, 214–218
• Gerstner, Louis, 209, 236–237
• Glickauf, Joseph, 25–28
• Goldstein, Bernard, 120, 132, 158, 168–169
• Google, 267
• Greenberger, Martin, 153–154
• Griffin, Katherine, 222–223, 225
• Grosch, Herbert, 76–77, 154, 156
• Grosch’s Law, 154

• Hardy, Ann, 161–163, 170
• Hardy, Norman, 163–164, 166, 169
• Hart, Milledge, 139, 141–144
• HCL Technologies, 9, 234, 255, 259
• Head, Robert V., 183
• Healthcare.gov, 3
• Hewlett-Packard, 6, 151, 231, 233–235, 239–243
  • acquisitions, 240–243
  • expansion to services business, 240–242
  • founding, 239
  • restructuring, 242–243
• Higgins, Joseph, 25–28
• Hill, Richard, 109
• Honeywell, 69, 84–87, 130, 145, 154, 158, 191, 201, 224, 233, 278, 280
• Hopper, Grace, 153
• Humphrey, Watts, 253
• Hurd, Cuthbert, 53, 64, 68, 70–71, 111, 137

• Ikeda, Toshio, 247
• Independent contractor brokerages, 211–228
• India, computer services in, 6–7, 9, 15, 62, 151, 234–235, 241, 244, 247, 254–259, 270, 274, 284
• Informatics, Inc., 106–114
• Infosys, 6, 247, 251, 254–255, 257, 259, 270
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), 264–269
• INPUT, 129, 231
• International Business Machines (IBM), 6–11, 18, 21–22, 24, 25, 28, 34, 35, 36, 45–61, 64–67, 76–79, 86–89, 91–94, 96–97, 99, 101–105, 109–110, 118, 120–121, 125–126, 128, 130–132, 135, 137–141, 145, 151, 155–158, 160–164, 169, 174–175, 177–189, 196, 198, 202–203, 206, 209, 213–215, 223, 231, 233–239, 241–244, 247, 250, 253, 255, 256, 263, 267–269, 270, 276, 278, 280–281, 284
  • Advanced System Development Division, 183
  • bundling and unbundling, 173, 180, 186–188
  • “Call 360” (time-sharing system), 173
  • Customer Engineers (CEs), 13, 178–181
  • Federal Systems Division, 182, 185, 188–189, 278
  • Field Services Division, 178–181
  • founding of (as C-T-R), 46–48
  • Global Services Division, 238–239, 250, 259
  • IBM 650, 54
  • IBM 701, 53
  • IBM 704, 75
  • IBM 1401, 55, 253
  • IBM System/360, 55, 60, 68, 105, 145, 155, 173, 177, 180, 189, 243, 248, 350
  • IBM Systems Journal, 187
  • India, operations in, 235, 250–251, 253
  • restructuring (in 1980s and early 1990s), 237–238
  • SABRE, 13, 33, 106, 114, 173, 181–185, 206, 278
  • Service Bureau Corporation, 45, 50–55, 57, 62, 64, 67, 118–120, 124, 126, 131–132, 137, 141, 155, 160, 173, 175, 188, 206
  • STRETCH, 68, 81–82, 161–163
  • Systems Engineers (SEs), 185–189, 193, 238, 280
  • System Services Women Corps, 179, 185–186
  • tabulation field services, 48–53
  • Technical Computing Bureau (TCB), 64, 67
  • unbundling (see International Business Machines, bundling and unbundling)
  • Watson (analytics division), 269

• John Diebold and Associates. See Diebold and Associates/Diebold Group
• Jones, Fletcher, 84
• Jules Own Version of the International Algorithmic Language (JOVIAL), 102–103

• Kampf, Serge, 244
• Kanodia, Lalit, 252
• Kappler, Melvin, 93–95, 98, 103
• Kemeny, John, 153
• Kohli, F. C., 252
• Kubie, Elmer, 64–67, 71–72, 137
• Kurtz, Thomas, 157–158

• Lampson, Butler, 161
• Lautenberg, Frank, 58–61
• Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 161, 163–164, 262
• Lehman, John, 82–83
• Leontief, Wassily, 72–74
• Lesser, Barbara, 65–66
• Licklider, J. C. R., 94–95, 101, 157
• Lincoln Laboratory, 91–96, 98

• Management consulting, 6, 9, 24–26, 29, 39, 206, 238, 246
• Markets versus hierarchies, 146–151, 278–280
• MARK IV, 113
• Markowitz, Harry, 76–77
• Marquez, Tom, 139
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77, 90–91, 93–94, 101, 103, 107–109, 113, 122, 127, 129, 138, 150, 155–156, 163, 182, 251–253, 265
  • Compatible Time Sharing System, 153–154
  • Multics, 68–69, 101, 154–156
  • Project MAC, 68–69, 154–157, 163, 252
• Mauchly, John, 19–21, 26
• McCarthy, John, 156
• Melahn, Wesley, 103
• Meyerson, Mort, 141, 143–144, 147, 149, 151
• Microsoft, 5, 15, 234, 236, 260, 264, 267, 274, 279, 282
• Milligan, Margaret, 40–41
• MITRE Corporation, 81, 94, 109
• Moore, Frederick, 72
• Moore’s Law, 15
• Motorola, 256
• Multics. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Multics
• Murphy, Phyllis. See Phyllis Murphy and Associates
• Myers, Glenn, 179–180

• Nadella, Satya Narayana, 5
• National Association of Computer Consultant Businesses (NACCB), 14–15, 211, 218, 220–221, 224–228
• National Cash Register Corporation, 21, 38, 40, 122–123
• Norris, William, 189–191, 194, 198, 200–203, 207, 274
• Nutt, Roy, 84

• Orchard-Hays, William, 76–77, 79
• Osborn, Roddy, 27–28

• Patrick, Robert, 84
• Perot, H. Ross, 5, 12, 71, 72, 135–151, 158, 237, 240, 255, 279
• Phyllis Murphy and Associates, 14, 213, 218–221, 224, 227–228
• Planning Research Corporation, 103–104, 106–107, 223, 351
• Platform as a service (PaaS), 264–267
• Postley, John, 112
• Price, Robert, 193–194, 200, 203, 207
• Programming services
  • origins and early history, 63–88
• Project Genie, 157
• Project MAC. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project MAC

• Ramo, Simon, 107–108
• Ramo-Wooldridge, 107–109
• RAND Corporation, 89, 92–94, 97, 109, 142, 207
  • Systems Research Laboratory, 93–94
• Remington Rand Corporation, 21–22, 32–33, 51, 53, 91, 110, 189, 245
  • Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), 22, 26–27, 38, 53
• Robinson, Herbert W., 73–77, 79–83, 89, 111
• Rometty, Virginia, 235, 250–251, 270

• Salesforce.com, 259, 263, 265, 267–269, 271, 281
• Satyam, 254
• Schaefer, Ellen Kerksieck, 185–186
• Scientific Data Systems (SDS), 157–158, 160–163, 167
• Section 1706, 212–213, 218, 220, 223–225
• Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE). See International Business Machines, SABRE
• Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), 10–11, 77, 82, 90–102, 109, 112, 114, 154, 156–158, 167, 181–182, 185, 188, 209, 213, 217, 261, 267, 275, 277, 281–283
• Service Bureau Divison/Corporation. See International Business Machines, Service Bureau Corporation
• SHARE, Inc., 11, 84, 109–110, 121
• Sheldon, John, 64–65, 72, 137
• Shulman, Fred, 221–228
• Shulman, Harvey, 211, 218, 221–224, 226–228
• Sinback, Warner, 158–159
• Sisson, Roger, 37–38, 40–41, 277
• Smith, C. R., 182
• Smith, R. Blair, 182
• Smith, Roger, 5, 124, 138, 149–151
• Software as a service (SaaS), 264–268
• Software Engineering Institute, 255–256
  • Capability Maturity Model (CMM), 255–256
• Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Network (SPRINT), 261
• Spacek, Leonard, 25–26
• Sperry Rand Corporation, UNIVAC Services Centers (USC), 118, 123–124
• Stack, Andrew Joseph, 211
• Stein, Howard, 222–224, 225, 228
• Strategic Air Command Control System (Air Force SACCS), 101–102
• System Development Corporation, 8, 11, 65, 88–89, 93–106, 114, 124, 136–137, 156, 181–182
  • financials, 104
  • origins, 89–96
  • SAGE programming, 94–100
  • System Development Division, 95–96
  • transition to for-profit corporation, 105
  • “university of programmers
• Systems integration, 1–4, 8–11, 13, 63, 88–114, 118, 124, 128, 137, 151, 182, 184, 189, 206, 234, 237–238, 240, 245–246, 258–260, 274–283

• Tata Consultancy, 6–7, 234, 247, 255, 257, 259, 270, 274, 284
• Taub, Henry, 57–61
• Thompson Ramo-Wooldridge (TRW), 108
• Time sharing, 1, 9, 12, 13, 15, 55–56, 68–69, 83–84, 87, 95, 101, 104–105, 118, 127–128, 130–133, 153–175, 178, 197, 203, 206, 226, 231–234, 260–265, 279, 285, 288, 350
• Trade associations, 117–134
• Trunk, Rheena, 65–66
• Tymes, LaRoy, 163–164, 166
• TYMNET, 158, 163–164, 166–172
• Tymshare, Inc., 9, 12, 113, 132, 133, 153, 156, 158–173, 175, 197, 213, 234, 260
  • acquired by McDonnell Douglas
  • acquisitions, 169–172
  • financials, 167
  • international, 169
  • network (see TYMNET)
  • origins, 159–160, 170

• Ullman, Ellen, 275
• United Data Centers, 158
• Universal Automatic Computer. See Remington Rand, UNIVAC
• University Computing Corporation, 86–87

• Ware, Willis, 91, 96, 98
• Watson (system/division), 250–251, 268
• Watson, Thomas J., 46, 48–51, 54, 64, 70
• Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 53–54, 64, 70, 141, 185–187, 237, 274, 278
• Whitman, Meg, 242
• Williamson, Oliver, 145
• Wipro, 6, 9, 234, 247, 251, 254–257, 259, 270, 274
• Women, in computer services. See Gender
• Wooldridge, Dean, 108
• Wyly, Sam, 86