1. The Lost Kingdom: Kyivan (Kievan) Rus’ c. 1054. Source: Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich, Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Oxford, 2005).
2. Medieval Rus’ Principalities. Source: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the Former Soviet Union (Cambridge, 1994),
3. The Rise of Muscovy. Source: Ibid.
4. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Source: Encyclopedia of Ukraine, ed. Volodymyr Kubijovyc and Danylo Husar Struk, vol. 4 (Toronto, 1993).
5. The Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). Source: Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its People (Toronto, 2010).
6. Eastern Europe at the End of World War I. Source: Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010).
7. The USSR c. 1933. Source: Ibid.
8. European Boundaries, 1933. Source: Ibid.
9. USSR’s New Borders, 1940. Source: Ibid.
10. The German-Soviet War (1941). Source: Ibid.
11. Western USSR and Eastern Europe c. 1945. Source: Ibid.
12. The Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–2017). Source: Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (New York, 2015).