INDEX

Note: Numbers in italic refer to illustrations.

Adobe bricks, 37, 40, 40, 42, 212, 213, 214

Alcove bed, 53–4, 78, 78, 79, 139, 153, 175, 217, 222, 244, 245

Altar table (Shenlong anzhuo), 136, 162, 182, 214–15

Amulets: defensive charms, 47, 48, 60–1, 63, 65, 76, 198, 261; neutralizing charms; summoning good fortune, 60–1, 73, 84, 85, 90, 90, 172–3, 196, 198, 270; stabilizing a home, 62–5; use by carpenters and bricklayers, 60–1, 62–3

Ancestral Hall, 72–6, 134–6, 171, 188, 196–7, 214, 222; Baolun Ge (Pavilion of Precious Encomiums), 68, 158, 165

Ancestral shrine (shenkan), 72, 76, 214–15, 214, 222, 225

Anhui, 2, 12, 13, 32–3, 45; Ancestral Hall, 68; auspicious symbols, 85, 89; Baolun Ge (Pavilion of Precious Encomiums), 68, 158; Cheng Zhi Tang (Hall of Inheriting Ambitions), 166–75; fengshui, 57; Main Hall, 73; Ming-period houses, 156–65; protective amulets, 65; Yuan period houses, 174–5

Animals, symbolism of: bat, 85–6, 85, 86, 239; bird, 273; butterfly, 85–6, 85, 86, 87; carp, 88, 88, 94; crane, 87; deer, 87; dragon, 109; duck, 94; fish, 85, 88, 88, 94, 96, geese, 94; lion, 111; magpie, 94; monkey, 88; owl, 47, 48; phoenix, 85, 176, 181; rooster, 84, 84; spider, 91; tiger, 62, 65, 85–6; tortoise, 87; wudu (five noxious or poisonous creatures), 64, 85, 86

Auspicious calligraphy, 60–1, 61, 62, 63, 69,69, 76, 81, 82, 82, 83, 85, 89, 94, 193, 206

Auspicious symbols, 61, 62, 63, 78, 84, 85, 94, 96; good fortune, 60–1, 73, 84, 84–95, 85, 172–3, 196, 198, 234, 239, 250, 270, 273; harmony at home, 62–5, 68–70, 69, 72, 80–1, 94–5, 95–7, 234, 274; longevity, 86–8, 87, 91, 101

Azevedo, Jerry: 61

Bagua, see Eight Trigrams

Bamboo: use of in making walls, 37, 43

Baolun Ge (Pavilion of Precious Encomiums), 68, 158, 165

Baxian, see Eight Immortals

Baxian zhuo, see Eight Immortals table

Bay (jian), divisions of structural space, 30–1, 30, 31

Bazi (the “eight characters” signifying year, month, day, and hour of birth), 196

Bedrooms, 71, 77, 78–9, 78, 79, 115, 138, 139, 150, 153, 162–3, 175, 216, 217, 222, 225, 242–5

Beds, see Alcove bed; Platform bed

Beijing, 20, 24; auspicious symbols, 86, 87, 88; courtyard houses, 22; Door Gods, 66; lattice, 44, 77

Berliner, Nancy, 55

Bray, Francesca, 68–9, 94

Breaking ground, 59

Brick, see Adobe brick; Kiln-dried brick

Brick-making, 40, 41

Bridges, 45, 51, 121, 125, 127, 261

Building magic and sorcery, 59–61 Building module (jian), 30–1, 34

Canal town housing, 120–31, 132–9

Cao family manor, Shanxi, 87

Carpenters, 35–6, 59–61, 59

Carpenter’s handbooks and manuals, 35

Cave dwellings (yaodong), 274–81; Henan, 22, 146–55, 146, 147, 149, 274; Shanxi, 261, 267, 271, 275

Changchun She (Studio of Everlasting Spring), 165

Charms, see Amulets

Chengkan, Anhui, 156–65

Cheng Zhi Tang (Hall of Inheriting Ambition), Anhui, 2, 4, 12, 13, 32–3, 166–75; auspicious symbols, 85; furniture, 74–5; Main Hall, 73, 74–5

Chuandixia village, Beijing, 20, 34, 112–19

Chuandou (pillars-and-transverse-tie beam wooden structural framework), 34–5, 34, 35, 36

Circular dwellings, see Round dwellings

Climate and dwellings, 15–16, 21, 27, 31, 51,

112–14, 274 Coffins: storage of, 179, 183

Columns-and-beams construction (tailiang), span class="textStyle14">34–5, 34, 37

Column bases, 37

Confucius (Kong family manor), Shandong, 27

Courtyard houses, 20–9; Beijing siheyuan, 20, 21, 28, 69, 100–11; cave dwellings, 277, 281; early portrayals, 16, 21; floor plan of, 28; mountain style, 21–2, 114, 115–17, 116; northern, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 69, 100–11, 148, 155, 254, 255, 259, 267; restoration, 107–11; southern, 22, 23, 136, 141, 145, 160, 162, 171, 172–3, 180, 191, 195, 197, 199, 204, 206, 207, 212, 236, 241, 242

Courtyards, 20–9, see also Skywell

Cultural Revolution, see Great Proletarian

Cultural Revolution Curtain walls, 31, 37–8

Daoji (Shitao), 8, 9

Daojing (“inverting mirror”), 63, 63

Deng Xiaoping: boyhood home, 37, 240–7

De Xing Tang (To Promote Virtue Hall), Guangdong, 192–8

Didactic narratives, 95–7

Dingcun, Shanxi, 254, 255, 255

Door Gods (menshen), 64, 66, 81, 116, 117,

193, 201

Doubled happiness (shuangxi), 91, 91, 273

Earth God (Tudi gong) shrine, 59, 60, 60, 65, 262, 269

Earthen dwellings (tulou), 176–83, 184–91

Earth-sheltered housing, see Cave dwellings

Eight Immortals (Baxian), 89, 92, 93, 174, 206

Eight Immortals table (Baxian zhuo), 76, 92–5, 92, 215, 227, 272

Eight Trigrams (Bagua), 60, 61, 63–5, 65

Ellsworth, Robert H., 165

Emolument (lu), 88, 88

Encircling Dragons (Weilongwu), Guangdong, 192–201

Entrances and entryways, 105, 111, 118–19, 154–5, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 176, 177, 178, 179, 192–3, 201, 203, 205, 222, 237, 248, 251, 257, 260, 268, 269, 277, 279

Environmental awareness, 51, see also Climate and dwellings

Ethnic minority dwellings, 17, 43, 46–7

Fan family residence, Shanxi, 22, 25, 37

Feng family residence, Sichuan, 2, 4, 228–9, 232, 234–9

Fengshui (geomancy), 16, 56–8; application of, 58, 196; compass, 58, 58; optimal, 55, 56–7; ritual, 59–61; schools of, 58

Filial piety (xiao), 95–7, 96, 97, 263

Fired brick, see Kiln-dried bricks

Fire pit, 215, 216, 225 “Fish pond room,” 171

“Five generations under one roof” (Wushi tongtang), 68

Flath, James, 80

Floor plans, 24–6, 25, 28, 31, 68; Beijing siheyuan, 100, 101; cave dwelling, 278; Deng Xiaoping’s boyhood home, 243; Encircling Dragons (Weilongwu), 194, 196–7; Fan family house, 268; Liu Shaoqi’s boyhood home, 221; Ma family residence, 235; Man Chung-luen residence, 202–9; manor, 149; Mao Zedong’s boyhood home, 210; merchant’s residence, 134, 170; Ming-dynasty dwelling, 160, 160, 254; northern, 31; round dwellings, 190; scholar’s study, 70, 140; southern, 31; Wang family manor, 258

Forbidden City, 100

Foundations: tamping of, 31

Four Treasures of the Studio (wen fang si bao), 142, 144, 156

Fu (good fortune, blessings), 73, 84, 85–7, 85, 91, 172–3, 179, 196, 239, 273

Fujian: circular dwellings, 18–19, 184–91; courtyard dwellings, 22; Earth God shrine, 60; fortresses, 176–83, 184–91; Fu Yu Lou (Fortune in Abundance Tower), 176–83, 191; graves, 58; roof styles, 46, 48; Ru Sheng Lou (Like a Sheng Tower), 191; screen wall, 66; Zhen Cheng Lou (Inspiring Success Tower), 184–90 Fu lu shou (wealth, official position, and longevity), see Stellar triad

Fu Yu Lou (Fortune in Abundance Tower), Fujian, 176–83; perspective view, 46; screen wall, 66

Gardens, 102, 120, 253

Gate Gods, see Door Gods (menshen)

Gates, see Entrances and entryways

Gendered space, 4, 25–6, 68–71, 68, 69, 70, 78, 166, 168

Geomancy, see Fengshui Glass, 206,

Good Fortune, see Fu (good fortune)

Graves (yinzhai): as residences, 56, 58, 179

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 76, 111, 116, 118–19, 153, 211, 214, 217, 220, 224, 232, 241, 252, 253

Green Vine Studio, Shaoxing, 6, 140–5

Guangdong: amulets, auspicious symbols, 85, 89, 91; De Xing Tang (To Promote Virtue Hall),192–8; Encircling Dragons (Weilongwu), 192–201; Main Hall, 73; Ning’an Lu weilongwu, 198–201

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 41

Hakka (Kejia) dwellings, 184–91, 192–201

Hangtu (tamped earth construction), 37–9, 38, 39

Happiness, see Fu (good fortune)

Hemudu Neolithic site, Zhejiang, 36

Henan: cave dwellings; 13, 13, 146–55; courtyard houses, 146–55; Kang family manor, 146–55; lattice, 44, 148; screen wall, 66

Hexes, see Amulets

Hierarchy, 21, 25, 68, 191, 195

Hipped roof style, 46

Historic preservation issues, 10–11, 13, 23, 107–11, 120, 165, 209, 263, 272

Hommel, Rudolf, 37

Homophonous auspicious associations, 84–6, 86, 87, 95, 105

Hongcun, Anhui, 166–75

Hong Kong: Man Chung-luen residence, 202–9

Ho Puay-peng, 15, 72

Horses’ head walls (matouqiang), 45–6, 45, 46, 128, 138, 159

House-building ritual, 59–61

Huaguang Tower, Sichuan, 228, 230, 231

Hui [Huizhou] culture, Anhui, 156–9

Hunan: adobe brick, 42; Main Hall, 72; walls, 42

Hutong (Beijing lanes and neighborhoods), 24, 107–8

Imperial City (Zijin Cheng), see Forbidden City

Jian (building module), see Bay

Jiangnan, 120–45, 156; see also Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang

Jiangsu: auspicious symbols, 90; beds, 53–4; canal houses, 51, 120, 121–5, 123–7; lattice, 46; roof profile, 45, 46

Jiang Taigong zai ci (“Jiang Taigong is here”), 60

Jiangxi, 184, 198, 241; fengshui, 57; roof profile, 45 Johnson, David, 84 Joinery, 36, 37, 241

Kang (heated brick bed), 40, 78, 71, 77, 80, 115, 115, 272

Kang Baiwan residence, Henan, 146–55

Kang family manor, Henan, 13, 13, 146–55; academy, 67; alcove bed, 79; courtyard, 28; lattice, 44; moon gate, 26–7; roof profile, 45, 47; screen wall, 66

Kang Yingkui residence, Henan, 153

Kejia, see Hakka dwellings

Kiln-dried bricks, 40–1, 40

Kitchen, 85, 93, 138, 196, 208, 208, 215, 216, 224, 226

Kitchen God, see Stove God [ Zaojun ]

Kong (Confucius) family manor, Shandong, 27

Langzhong, Sichuan, 24, 25, 228–39

Lao She, 107, 111

Laowu Ge (earliest Ming-period private residence still standing), Anhui, 4, 4–5

Lattice: doors, 22, 23, 44, 137, 174, 180, 181, 206, 234, 239, 269, 270; screens, 66, 77; windows, 44, 77, 117, 125, 137, 141, 144, 145, 162, 162, 163, 174, 243, 259, 269, 270

Liang Sicheng, 31

Literati gardens, see Gardens Liu Chong, 112

Liu Shaoqi: boyhood home, 220–7

Liu Wencai residence, Sichuan, 153

Liu, Xin, 70

Longevity (shou), 86–8, 87, 91, 101

Lu Ban (patron of carpenters), 60–1

Lu Ban jing (Lu Ban Manual), 61, 62, 63, 65, 248

Lu Xun: boyhood home, 130, 131, 131

Luzhi watertown, Jiangsu, 120–4, 121, 122–3, 132–9

Ma family residence, Sichuan, 91, 228–35

Main Hall, 32–3, 70, 71, 72–6, 72, 73, 74–5, 178, 236, 238, 239, 243; Beijing siheyuan, 103, 104, 105, 106–7; Encircling Dragon (weilongwu), 196; farmhouse, 214–15, 214, 222, 225, 243, 246; merchant’s residence, 134–5, 137, 208; Ming-dynasty dwelling, 161; ritual space, 72–6; Qing-dynasty dwelling, 134–6, 135, 205–6

Man Chung-luen residence, Hong Kong, 202–9

Mao Dun: boyhood residence, 131

Mao Zedong: boyhood home, 42, 210–19

March, Andrew, 58

Matouqiang, see Horses’ head walls

Mei Lanfang residence, Beijing, 100–7; courtyard, 77; lattice, 77

Men, see Entrances and entryways

Menshen, see Door Gods Mica: as glazing in windows, 233 Ming-dynasty houses, 24, 46, 140–5, 156–65, 254, 255, 255

Mirrors: as amulets, 63–4, 65

Moon gate, 26–7, 130, 141 142, 208

Moral tales, 95–7

Mortise-and-tenon joinery, 36, 37, 241

Mou Erhei residence, Shandong, 153

Mulan, 140

Nanxun watertown, Zhejiang, 120,

New Year celebrations, 76, 80–3, 80, 81, 82, 83

Nianhua (New Year pictures), 80–3, 81, 82, 83

Ning’an Lu weilongwu, Guangdong, 198–201

Open spaces, see Courtyards, Skywells

Opera stages, 124, 130

Orientation, 56–8, 106, 112, 115, 132, 228

Paifang (archway), 241

Pillars-and-transverse-tie beam wooden structural framework (chuandou), 34–5, 34, 35, 37, 229

Pingyao, Shanxi, 22, 25, 264–73; auspicious symbols, 94; lattice, 44

Plants, symbolism of: chrysanthemum, 87; citron, 88, 88, 91; cypress, 87; fungus, 87; grape, 95; hibiscus, 84; lotus, 94, 95, 150; melon, 95; narcissus, 94; orchid, 94; peach, 88, 88; peony, 84; pine, 87, 87; pomegranate, 88, 88, 91, 95; wisteria, 94

Platform bed (ta), 139

Posterity (male offspring), 88, 88, 91, 94, 95, 150, 254

Po Sung-nien, 84

Pottery ornamentation, 205

Powell, Robert, 4, 4–5, 158–9

Prince Gong’s manor, Beijing, 102–3

Protective amulets, 62, 63, 64, 65

Puns, see Visual puns

Qiao family manor, Shanxi, 248–55

Qiao Zhongchang, 16–7, 17

Qing-dynasty houses, 24, 100–6, 112–19, 124, 132–9, 146–56, 157, 166–75, 176– 83, 184–91, 192–201, 202–9, 210–19, 220–7, 228–39, 240–7, 248–55, 256–63, 264–73

Qing Teng Shu Wu, see Green Vine Studio

Raising the ridgepole (shangliang), 60–1, 61

Rebus, 94

Resisting stones, see Taishan stones Restored or renovated houses, 10–11, 13, 23, 107–11

Ridgepole: raising of (shangliang), 60–1, 61 Ritual: house-building, 59–61, 59, 61

Roof materials: clay tiles, 49–50; mud composition, 48–9; thatch, 49; wood and stone shingles, 50

Roof shapes and profiles, 45–7, 45, 46, 47, 114, 117, 124, 128, 136, 155, 166, 168–9, 176–7, 183, 186, 188, 200, 202, 203, 211, 229, 247; see also Horses’ head walls

Roof tiles: making of, 40, 48, 49

Round dwellings, 18–19, 184–91, 185–91

Ruan Yisan, 120

Ruitenbeek, Klaas, 61

Ru Sheng Lou (Like a Sheng Tower), Fujian, 189, 191, 191

Screen wall (yingbi and zhaobi), 64, 66; Beijing siheyuan, 102; canal-side, 132, 133; manor, 148

Shaanxi: cave dwellings, 274; courtyard houses, 22, 25

Shandong: auspicious symbols, 96

Shangliang, see Raising the ridgepole

Shanxi: auspicious symbols, 86, 89, 94, 95; cave dwellings, 261, 267, 271, 275; courtyard houses, 22, 25, 28–9; kang (brick bed), 77; lattice, 44, 77; Main Hall, 73; Ming houses, 254–5; moon gate, 26–7; Pingyao homes, 264–73; Taishan stones, 64; Wang family manor, 28–9, 37, 256–63

Shaoxing watertown, Zhejiang, 120, 130, 131, 131, 140–4

Shen Benren residence, Jiangsu, 131

Shen family residence, Jiangsu: roof profile, 46, 132–9

Shenkan, see Ancestral shrine

Shilou (Market Tower), Shanxi, 266, 267

Sichuan, 228–39, 240–7; bamboo walls, 43; lanes, 24; courtyard houses, 25; Deng Xiaoping, boyhood home, 37, 240–7; Main Hall, 71, 72; roof profile, 47, 229

Sihelou (two-story modern courtyard-style dwelling), 109

Siheyuan (traditional Beijing courtyard house), 20, 21, 28, 69, 100–11, see also Courtyard houses

Skywell (tianjing), 20–9, 25, 42, 136, 160, 160, 162, 163, 166, 171, 172–3, 175, 195, 197, 214, 217, 225

Spirit walls, see Screen walls

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman, 17, 58

Stellar Triad, 32–3, 90, 90, 95, 149, 150

Stone: column bases, 37, 193, 201; ornamentation, 37, 171, 200; walls, 37, 42, 43, 114, 115, 176

Stone masons, 59

Stove God (Zaojun), 80, 80, 216, 226

Study (library), 68, 70, 136, 152, 202, 225; Beijing siheyuan, 106; private school, 67, 131; scholar’s study, 70, 140–5, 144

Subterranean dwellings, see Cave dwellings

Sumptuary regulations (code), 100

Su Shi (Su Dongpo), 16–17, 17

Ta (low platform for sitting or reclining), see Platform bed

Tai Fu Tai (Daifu Di), Hong Kong, 202–9

Tailiang (columns-and-beams wooden structural framework), 34–5, 34

Taishan shi gandang (“This stone dares to resist”), see Taishan stones

Taishan stones, 63–4, 64, 248

Taiwan: Main Hall, 76; roof styles, 48

Tamped earth construction (hangtu), 37–9, 38, 39, 184

Thatch, 49

Three Living Gods of Wealth, 150, 150

Tiangong kaiwu (The Creations of Nature and Man), 40, 48, 50

Tianguan cifu (“Tianguan (the heavenly official) grants fortune”), 127, 128

Tianjing (abbreviated courtyard), see Skywell Tian Yuan Kui Inn, Shanxi, 273–4

Tiles: making of, 40, 48, 49 Timber framework types, 31, 34–6

Timber walls, 44 Tombs, see Graves

Tongli watertown, Jiangsu, 120

Tourism, 116–17, 120, 123, 125, 130–1, 184, 218, 226, 230, 236, 247, 248, 255

Tradition: meaning of, 14

Tuan, Yi-Fu, 15

Tudi Gong (tutelary deity), see Earth God

Tulou (earthen dwellings), 176–83, 184–91

Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety (Ershisi xiao), 96, 96, 97

UNESCO World Heritage Site, 120, 236, 264, 271

Vernacular architecture, 13–16,

Visual puns, 84, 88, 96

Walls: bamboo, 43; brick, 40–1; sorghum and corn stalks, 43; stone, 37, 43; tamped earth, 37 38, 39, 186, 187; timber 44

Wang family manor, Shanxi, 28–9, 37, 256–63; auspicious symbols, 89; kang (brick bed), 77; Main Hall, 73; moon gate, 26–7; protective amulets, 65

Washstand, 53–4, 139, 224

Wattle and daub, 37

Well, 142, 145

Wen fang si bao, see Four Treasures of the Studio

Windows, 163, 206, 280, see also Lattice

Women and household space, see Gendered space

Wu, Nelson, 20,

Wudu (Five noxious creatures), 64

Wu Fang Ting, Anhui, 158–9, 165

Wufu (Five good fortunes), 86, 85

Wuzhen watertown, Zhejiang, 120, 126, 127–31, 129

Xiao (filial piety), 95–7

Xiao family residence, Jiangsu, 126

Xitang watertown, Zhejiang, 120

Xu family residence (Yu Yan Tang), Jiangsu, 127

Xu Wei, 4, 6; Green Vine Studio, 140–5

Yan Yi Tang (Swallow’s Wing Hall), Anhui, 156–65; auspicious symbols, 90

Yang, male principle, see Yin–yang

Yaodong, see Cave dwellings

Yin, female principle, see Yin–yang

Yingbi, also zhaobi, see Screen wall

Yin–yang (complementary opposites): interaction of, 54, 56, 195, see also Fengshui

Yinzhai (an abode for the dead), see Graves

Yuan-dynasty houses, 164–5, 165

Yunnan, 43

Zaojun, see Stove God

Zhang Daoling (Zhang Tianshi), 62, 62

Zhaobi (also yingbi), see Screen wall

Zhejiang: auspicious symbols, 85, 86, 87, 90; bamboo, 43; breaking ground, 59; canal houses, 51, 120, 127–31, 127, 128–9, 130–1; Xu Wei’s Green Vine Studio, 140–5; Hemudu Neolithic site, 36; joinery, 36; protective amulets, 62, 64, 65; roof profile, 45; Taishan stones, 64

Zhen Cheng Lou (Inspiring Success Tower), 18–19, 19

Zhong Kui (formidable demon queller), 64

Zhouzhuang, Jiangsu, 120, 124–7, 124–5