NOTES

Please note that some of the links referenced in this work are no longer active.

LET’S BEGIN TOGETHER

  1. Edgar Sandoval and Corky Siemasko, “Freddie Gray’s Neck Was Snapped While He Was Riding in Baltimore Police Van,” New York Daily News, April 30, 2015.

  2. For a discussion of the staggering spate of police killings in Baltimore, see Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Baltimore’s ‘Broken Relationship’ with Police,” The New York Times, April 24, 2015. Baltimore police killed 127 people over the two decades ending in 2012, with multiple suits and settlements resulting from these killings and maimings.

  3. Plumhoff v. Rickard, 134 S. Ct. 1156, 2014.

  4. The Week, August 1, 2014.

  5. The Washington Post, April 18, 2015.

  6. The New York Times, August 26, 2014.

  7. For just a peek at the extent of the malady, see “Police, Prosecutorial and Judicial Misconduct,” http://www.truthinjustice.org/p-pmisconduct.htm, where literally hundreds of cases are summarized: murder, police cover-ups, fraud, perjury, phony and false evidence, and multiple convictions of innocent citizens.

  8. The New York Times, October 2, 2013.

  9. New York Daily News, August 23, 2014.

10. The New York Times, November 25, 2014.

11. Chemerinsky, “How the Supreme Court Protects Bad Cops.”

12. Ross Keith, “How Many Police Shootings Have There Been?” International Business Times, August 15, 2014.

13. Fox Butterfield, “When the Police Shoot, Who’s Counting?” The New York Times, April 29, 2001.

14. National Registry of Exonerations, www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx.

15. Charlie Savage and Michael S. Schmidt, “The FBI Deemed Agents Faultless in 150 Shootings,” The New York Times, June 18, 2013.

16. Quoted in Butterfield, “When the Police Shoot.”

CASE 1: MANDATE FOR MURDER

17. A remarkable account of the Weaver surrender as well as an insightful and caring description of this historical saga can be found in the hard-to-come-by and singularly worthy work The First Canary by Tony D. and Jackie J. Brown (Colburn, ID: Big Pine Publishing, 2000). I have relied on this book (especially pages 105 and 113) for details in the following scene. This account is drawn from that as well as from my interviews with many of the participants, government documents, and court records.

CASE 2: THE SECRET LIES OF THE FBI

18. From the IAFIS page at www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/fingerprints-biometrics/iafis/iafis.

19. A legat, or legal attaché, is an FBI liaison with a foreign law enforcement or security service.

CASE 3: KILL HIM—DON’T TOUCH HIM

20. The statements of Willard and Bergin have been edited to eliminate redundancies.

21. Laura Sullivan, “Death by Excited Delirium: Diagnosis or Coverup?” NPR, February 26, 2007.

22. “Police Are ‘Brainwashed’ by Taser Maker,” Vancouver Sun, May 14, 2008.

23. March 15, 2010.

CASE 4: KILL THE RENEGADE

24. The material facts that follow were first reported from the affidavits of participants, the testimony of witnesses in the many juvenile court proceedings, the motions and arguments of lawyers in the cases, and even the lengthy journal of Vickie Singer, after which these facts were gathered into court documents before Federal District Judge David Winder, and thereafter gleaned and interpreted by that judge and set forth in his opinion in Singer v. Wadman, 595 F. Supp. 188 (1982). Our office spent over two years gathering evidence in this case. My then-partner Bob Schuster led the team that took the deposition testimony of seventy-eight witnesses, which added up to thousands of pages.

CASE 5: SMASH THE STEEL BUTTERFLY

25. “Marcos: Safe Haven?” Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1988.

26. John M. Doyle, “Marcos, Imelda, Six Others Indicted on Racketeering Charges,” Associated Press, October 21, 1988.

27. William C. Rempel, “Champion of the Legal Lost Cause,” Los Angeles Times, April 17, 1990.

CASE 6: THE NEW AMERICAN GESTAPO

28. Scott Horton, Harper’s Browsings blog, January 25, 2008.

29. Norm Pattis, quoted by Walter Olson, Overlawyered.com, May 30, 2008.

CASE 7: HELL’S UNSPEAKABLE CONTEST

30. In addition to my personal representation of Dennis Williams, many of the background facts surrounding the cases of the Ford Heights Four were gleaned from A Promise of Justice, by David Protess and Rob Warden (New York: Hyperion, 1988), a work that has proved to be an eminent guide not only to passionate journalism but to its reward, an exposure of truth and justice. This book, better than any other I know, tells us the story of a broken justice system that, for once, was patched together by people who cared enough to make it work.

31. Willie Raines was known as Willie Rainge at the time. For the story of the change in spelling, see Bill Lueders, “Justice Defiled,” The Isthmus 23, no. 48 (1998), www.truthinjustice.org/raines.htm.

32. The following story about Preacher Man, and the tireless work of Professor Protess and Rob Warden along with Protess’s journalism students, can be found in better detail and in the voices of those who lived it in A Promise of Justice by David Protess and Rob Warden (New York: Hyperion, 1998).

33. Again I credit Professor David Protess and Rob Warden for their account of this epic case in their book, A Promise of Justice. And thanks to Laura Sullivan, one of Protess’s bright and determined journalism students, for her story published in the Baltimore Sun on June 27, 1999, on how these kids came to solve the murders. I have referred to her work as well.

34. Campaign to End the Death Penalty, www.nodeathpenalty.org/get-the-facts/six-reasons-oppose-death-penalty.

35. John Blake, “The New Threat: ‘Racism Without Racists,’” CNN.com, November 27, 2014.

36. Ryan Gabrielson, Ryann Grochowski Jones, and Eric Sagara, “Deadly Force, in Black and White,” ProPublica, October 10, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/deadly-force-in-black-and-white.

CASE 8: GIVE THE SPARROW TO THE HAWK

37. FalseConfessions.org, www.falseconfessions.org/fact-a-figures.

EPILOGUE: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

38. Gary Fields and John R. Emshwiller, “Federal Guilty Pleas Soar as Bargains Trump Trials,” Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2012.

39. Dan Simon, In Doubt (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012), p. 33.

40. The Week, September 19, 2014, p. 18.

41. Trial Lawyers College, www.triallawyerscollege.org.

42. See, for instance, “Federal Grand Jury Reform and Bill of Rights,” May 2000, www.nacdl.org/grandjury.