absolute idealism, 68
Adler, Friedrich, 30
aging, scientific discovery and, ix–x, 7–16, 193–195
alchemy, 7
analytic philosophy, xii, 71, 118
“Annus mirabilis” papers, 31–33
antimatter, 117
anti-Semitism, 99, 108–109, 118, 121, 170, 212
“Appeal to Europeans, An” (Nicolai), 38, 39, 52
“Appeal to the Cultured World” (Fulda), 38
Aristotle, 128, 135
arts, 11–12
Atom and Archetype (Pauli and Jung), 109
atomic bomb, x, 16–17, 171
effect of, on science, 188–190
Germany's quest for, 165–167, 171–174
Los Alamos project, xv, 16–17, 174–180, 183–185, 188, 189
atomic structure, 32–33, 135–138
Autobiography (Russell), 60–61, 76
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 11
Barnes, Albert, 78
Beck, Otto, 38
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 11
Ben-Gurion, David, 46
Bergmann, Gustav, 87
Berlin, 36–37, 42–43, 50, 165–167
Bertram, Franca, 110
Besso, Michele, 24–25, 30, 150–151
beta-decay, xvii, 106–107
Bethe, Hans, 95, 98, 185
Black, Dora, 64–65, 65–66
black-body radiation, xvii, 132–134
Bohr, Niels, xiv, 13–16, 93, 97, 100–106, 128, 137–139, 167
Copenhagen interpretation and, xvii, 14, 101–104, 139–143, 147
Einstein and, 145–146
Heisenberg and, 4
Los Alamos project, 175–180
during World War II, 174–175
Born, Max, xiv, 10, 49, 95, 100–101, 103, 128, 145–146, 155, 157, 196
Born's probability interpretation, xvii
Bose-Einstein statistics, xvii, 143
bosons, xvii, xx
Boyle, Robert, 130
Brahe, Tycho, 34–35
Braque, Georges, 11
bright-line spectra, xvii
Brod, Max, 34–35, 42
Broglie, Louis de, xiv, 135, 139
Brownian motion, xvii, 32
Carnap, Rudolf, 122, 123
Cartan, Elie, 152
Chandrasekhar, S., 11, 12
Chevalier, Haakon, 184
Churchill, Winston, 180
classical physics, 125–127, 132, 140–141, 149–150
Cold War, 186
complementarity, 142–143, 164–165
Compton, Arthur, 142
Conrad, Joseph, 56
conservation of energy, 106–107
Copenhagen interpretation, xvii, 101–104, 139–143, 147
cosmological constant, 117
Crawshay-Williams, Rupert, 57, 61
Curie, Marie, 55–56, 129
Dalton, John, 136
DeKooning, Willem, 11
Deppner, Kate, 108
Descartes, Rene, 125–126, 128
Diebner, Kurt, 171
Dirac, Paul, xiv, 103, 117, 196
discontinuity, 138–139n, 156, 160, 164
doctoral dissertation, 32–33
double-slit experiment, xviii, 141–142
doubt, 126
dream analysis, 109–110
dualism, xx, 109–110, 141–143, 152
Dukas, Helen, 5
E=mc2, 31
Eaton, Cyrus, 51
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 41, 45, 127–128
Ehrenfest, Paul, 10, 145, 181, 197
Einstein, Albert, ix, 3
age of, for scientific contributions, 9
aging genius of, 7, 9–11, 130, 193–195
atom bomb project and, 16
biographical sketch, xi–xii
Bohr and, 145–146
career of, 33, 36–37, 48
early years, 25–31
fame of, 4–5, 18, 43, 99
FBI file of, 17, 187–188
friendship between Pauli and, 19
general theory of relativity, xii, 13–14, 41, 45, 53, 97–98, 117, 127–131, 150–155
on life's work, 12
marriages, 31, 33–34
on mathematics, 116, 117, 151–152
molecular theory, 32–33
Pauli and, 94–95, 98, 111, 198
personality of, 6, 23–25, 29–30, 35–36, 54, 56–57, 79–80
place of, in science, 191–193, 195–197
political activism of, 17, 37–47, 51–53
at Princeton, 4–6, 17–19, 23–24, 49–50
quantum physics and, ix–x, xii, 14–15, 48, 128–132, 134–135
quest for unified theory by, 11, 48, 130, 143–159
Russell and, 51–57, 159–161
scientific contributions of, 31–33, 41, 127–131, 146–147
special theory of relativity, xii, 31, 129, 153–154
during World War I, 36–41, 52
Zionism of, 42–44, 46–47
Einstein, Eduard, 45
Einstein, Elsa, 4–5, 33–34
Einstein, Hans Albert, 31
Einstein, Hermann, 25–26, 28, 31
Einstein, Jakob, 25–26, 28
Einstein, Lieserl, 31
Einstein, Maja, 5, 26
Einstein, Mileva, 33–34, 45
Einstein, Pauline, 25, 26, 34
Einstein-Russell Manifesto, 51
Eisner, Kurt, 98
electromagnetism, 32, 132–134, 149–150, 155–156
electron spin, 91, 93, 104, 105
Eliot, T. S., 40, 54
Eliot, Vivienne, 65
Ellenberg, Jordan, 9
empiricism, 15, 79, 101, 116, 138, 159–160, 181–182
Enz, Charles, 198
Euclidian geometry, 13, 27, 154
exclusion principle, xiv, xviii, 14, 92–93, 104–105
Fanta, Bertha, 34
Feigle, Herbert, 122
Fermi, Enrico, 107, 190
fermions, xvii, xx
Feynman, Richard, 142, 147
field, xviii Finch, Peter, 65
first-order logic, 118, 122
Fischer, Emil, 38
Flexner, Abraham, 18, 48
Foot, Michael, 60, 77
Forster, Wilhelm, 38
Frank, Hans, 165–167
Franzen, Torkel, 119
Frayn, Michael, xvi
Frege, Gottlob, 15, 69, 120, 121, 124
Fuchs, Klaus, 190
Fulda, Ludwig, 38
Gamow, George, 6
gas, 32
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 9, 13
Geiger, Hans, 137
general theory of relativity, xi, xii, xviii, 13–14, 41, 45, 53, 97–98, 117, 127–131, 150–155
genius
effect of aging on, 7–16, 193–195
defining, 10
German Physics, 45, 172
German Social Democracy (Russell), 60
ghosts, 89
Gödel, Adele, 83–84
Gödel, Kurt, ix, 3, 79–90, 198
age of, for scientific contributions, 9
aging genius of, 8, 11
beliefs of, 7, 89–90
biographical sketch, xiii–xiv
career of, 88–89
Einstein and, 79–81
incompleteness theorems, xiii–xiv, xviii, 15–16, 81, 84–85, 89, 90, 118–120, 122–125
logicism and, 122–125
mental instability of, 80, 85–88
personality of, 6
personal life, 81–84
at Princeton, 4, 18–19
Russell and, x–xi, 15–16
scientific contributions of, 81
stature of, 5
during World War II, 17, 85–88
Gödel numbering, xiv, xviii Goethe, Johann, 11
gravity, 148, 150, 154–156
Grayling, A. C., 79
Grossman, Marcel, 30
Groves, Leslie, 175–178, 183–184, 185, 189–190
Haber, Fritz, 38, 40, 43
Hahn, Hans, 122, 123
Hahn, Otto, 171
Hardy, G. H., 8
Hegel, Georg, 68
Heisenberg, Werner, x, xiv, 93, 98, 99–100, 102, 103, 105–106, 139–143, 196
age of, for scientific contributions, 9
biographical sketch, xvi
Bohr and, 4
early years, 167–169
scientific contributions of, 167, 169–170
uncertainty principle of, xvi, xx, 93, 103, 140–142, 144
work on atomic bomb, 171–174
during World War II, 165–167, 171–174
Hilbert, David, 81, 123, 124, 125
History of Western Philosophy (Russell), 67, 78
Hitler, Adolf, 47, 48, 86, 99, 110, 170
Hooke, Robert, 130
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 186–187
Hubble, Edwin, 117
Human Knowledge (Russell), 78–79, 198
Hume, David, 52–53
Huxley, Aldous, 55
idealism, 68
incompleteness theorems, xiii–xiv, xviii, 15–16, 81, 84–85, 89, 90, 118–120, 122–125
induction, xviii, 159
Institute for Advanced Studies, 3–7, 18, 48, 49–50, 85, 110–111
Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche (Pauli and Jung), 109
Israel, 46–47
“Is the Inertia of a Body Dependent on Its Energy Content?” (Einstein), 31
Japan, 44–45
Jewish identity, 46–47. See also Zionism
Jews. See also anti-Semitism
Jews, persecution of, 86–87
Jost, Res, 91
Jung, Carl, 7, 97, 109–110
Kafka, Franz, 34
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 37, 40
Kaku, Michio, 144, 148
Kanazawa, Satoshi, 9
Kant, Immanuel, 52, 120
Kennedy, John F., xiii
Kepler, Johannes, 35
Khrushchev, Nikita, xiii
Koppel, Leopold, 40
Kronig, Ralph de Laer, 91, 108
Kuhn, Thomas, 12
Lawrence, D. H., 55, 63–64
Leibniz, Gottfried, 15, 119–120
Lenard, Philip, 99, 134–135
liar's paradox, 123–124
Liebnitz, Gottleib, 37
light theory, 32, 131–132, 134–135, 141–142
Lindley, David, 127, 197
literature, 11–12, 130
locality, xviii
logicism, xii–xiv, xviii, 15, 67–70, 115–125
Lorentz, Hendrik, 55, 104
Los Alamos project, xv, 16–17, 174–180, 183–185, 188–189
Mach, Ernst, 30, 96, 96–97
Madness, 56
Malleson, Constance, 65
Mann, Thomas, 18
Mansfield, Katherine, 65
Maríc, Mileva, 29, 30–31
Marsden, Ernest, 137
mathematical logic, xii–xiii, 15–16, 67–70, 115–125, 151
Mathematician's Apology (Hardy), 8
mathematics
aging genius and, 7–16
physics and, 127–128, 151–152
matrix mechanics, xvi, xix, 103, 106
Maxwell, James Clerk, 150
Maxwell's equations, xix
McLynn, Frank, 76
mechanical worldview, 125–127
Meitner, Lise, 107
Mendeleyev, Dmitry, 105
Menger, Karl, 87
meson theory, 93
military-industrial complex, x
Mill, John Stuart, 52, 58, 70
Miller, Arthur I., 128
Millikan, Robert, 141–142
Milton, John, 12–13
molecular theory, 32–33
Moore, G. E., 68
Morgenstern, Oscar, 83, 88
Morrell, Ottoline, 60, 61, 65, 71
Munich, 98–99
Murray, Gilbert, 72, 75
“My Opinion of the War” (Einstein), 39
My Philosophical Development (Russell), 70
Nash, John, 9
Nazis, 47, 48–49, 85, 99, 110, 170, 172
Nernst, Walther, 35, 36
neutral monism, 97
neutrinos, xiv, xix, 93, 106–108
New Fatherland League, 38–39, 52
Newton, Isaac, 9, 10, 31, 116, 119–120, 146, 149, 150, 195
Nicolai, Georg Friedrich, 37, 38, 39
Nobel Prize, xii, xiii, xv, xvi, 45–46, 67, 74, 93, 104, 139, 170
“No-class theory,” 69
No-Conscription Fellowship (NCF), 73
non-demonstrative inference, 79
nuclear fission, 179
nuclear forces, xx
Oersted, Hans Christian, 149
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 31
“On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Generation and Transformation of Light” (Einstein), 32
Oppenheimer, Robert, x, 16–17, 144, 195
biographical sketch, xv–xvi
early years, 181–183
Los Alamos project, 175–180, 183–185, 188, 190
security issues, 16–17, 183–187
pacifism, 39, 51, 63, 72–73
Pais, Abraham, 150
Palestine, 43
“paper war,” 38
paradox, xix, 69, 120–124, 142
particle physics, xix
pathos of science, 12–13, 191–193, 196–198
Pauli, Bertha, 95–96
Pauli, Franca, 110
Pauli, Wolf, 96
Pauli, Wolfgang, ix, 3, 90–111, 146, 181, 196
age of, for scientific contributions, 9, 13–14
aging genius of, 8, 11
atom bomb project and, 16, 17
beliefs of, 6–7
biographical sketch, xiv–xv
career of, 100–102
contributions of to quantum mechanics, 14
early years, 95–101
Einstein and, 19, 94–95, 111, 198
exclusion theory of, xiv, xviii, 14, 92–93, 104–105
personality of, 6
personal life, 108–110
at Princeton, 4, 18, 18–19
scientific contributions of, 92–94, 102–108
during World War II, 110–111
“Pauli effect,” 92
Peano, Giuseppe, 68, 120
Peirce, Charles, 120
philosophy, 76–77, 79
photoelectric effect, xix, 45, 134–135
photon, xix
physicists
in atomic age, 16–17, 188–190
contributions of, to war effort, x
physics
classical, 125–127, 132, 140–141, 149–150
mathematics and, 115–125, 127–128
particle, xix
quantum. See quantum physics Picasso, Pablo, 11
Planck, Max, 36, 37, 38, 53, 55, 126–127, 132–134, 150
Planck's constant, xix
Plato, 128
Platonism, 90
plum pudding model, 136–137
poets, ix–x
political activism
of Einstein, 17, 37–47, 51–53
of Russell, xiii, 17, 51–53, 72–75
positivism, 97, 122
positron, 117
Princeton, 3–7, 17–19, 23–24, 48–50, 85, 110–111
Einstein at, 4–6
Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead), xii, 3, 15–16, 67–70, 117–118, 121–122, 125
Principles of Mathematics, The (Russell), xii
Prussian Academy of Science, 37, 49
Pugwash Conferences, 51
Pythagoras, 128
quantum electrodynamics (QED), 147
quantum mechanics
defined, xix
Einstein and, ix–x, xii, 14–15, 48, 128–132, 134–135, 144–146
Heisenberg's contributions to, xvi, 93–94, 139–143, 169–170
Pauli's contributions to, xiv–xv, 14, 102–108
uncertainty principle of, xvi, xx, 93, 103, 140–142, 144
quantum physics, xix
Bohr's contributions to, 14, 137–139
Copenhagen interpretation, xvii, 14, 101–104, 139–143, 147
development of, 130–139
quantum theory, 100, 102–104, 128–129, 132–139
radiation, xvii, 132–134
radioactivity, 129
Rathenau, Walther, 40, 44
Redemption of Tycho Brahe, The (Brod), 35, 42
Reichenbach, Hans, 123
reincarnation, 89–90
Reines, Frederick, 107
relativity, 127–131. See also general theory of relativity; special theory of relativity
Riemann, George Friedrich
Bernhard, 13, 100, 154
Rolland, Romain, 36
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 16, 180
Russell, Bertrand, ix, x, 3, 38, 40, 125, 198
aging genius of, 7–8
autobiographical writings of, 60–61, 76
biographical sketch, xii–xiii career of, 66–67, 77–79
character of, 6, 54–55, 57, 61–62
early years, 57–61
Einstein and, 51–57, 159–161
Gödel on, x–xi Japan trip of, 44–45
Lawrence and, 63–64
logicism, 15–16, 117–125
marriages, 59–60, 64–65
on the meetings, 4
philosophical works of, 67–71, 75, 76, 78–79
physics and, 159–161
political activism of, 17, 51–53, 72–75
popularity of, 76–77
at Princeton, 4, 6, 19
prison sentence of, 75
relationships of, 60–66
rivalry between Gödel and, 15–16
Wittgenstein and, 62–63
during World War I, 51–52, 71–75
Russell, John, 66
Russell, Katherine, 66
Russell's paradox, xii, xix–xx, 15, 69, 121
Rutherford, Ernest, 129, 136–137, 167
Samuel, Herbert, 45
Santayana, George, 67
Scheidemann, Philipp, 41
Scherrer, Paul, 108
Schlick, Moritz, 122
Schröder, Ernst, 120
Schrödinger, Erwin, xiv, 103, 192
Schweber, Silvan, 102
science
cumulative nature of, 12–13, 130, 194–196
pathos of, 12–13, 191–193, 196–198
scientific discovery, age and, ix–x, 7–16
scientific progress, 12, 130–131, 191–193
second law of thermodynamics, 132–133, 134
second-order logic, 118–119
sense experience, 160
Smith, Alys Pearsall, 59–60, 64
Snow, C. P., x Soddy, Frederick, 129
solar system model, 137–138
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 98
space dimensions, 116
special theory of relativity, xii, xx, 31, 129, 153–154
Speiser, David, 91
Spence, Marjorie (Peter), 65, 66
spin, xx
standard model, 147
Stern, Otti, 92
Stoner, Edmund, 104
Straus, Ernst, 80
Strauss, Lewis, 187
string theory, xx, 116, 147–148
strong nuclear forces, xx
Talmey, Max, 27
Tatlock, Jean, 183
Teller, Edward, 187, 190
Thellung, Armin, 91, 91–92
theoretical physics, 127–131
thermodynamics, 32, 132–134
Thomson, J. J., 136
time, 90
Trinity College, 74
Turing, Alan, 9
ultraviolet catastrophe, xx
uncertainty principle, xvi, xx, 93, 103, 140–142, 144
unified theory, xii, xx, 11, 48, 109–110, 130, 143–159
Union of Democratic Control (UDC), 72–73
universal constants, 128
Veblen, Thorstein, 50
Vienna, 84–85
Vienna Circle, xiv, 97, 122
Virgil's wheel, x
Von Neumann, John, 9, 49, 81, 85, 88, 118, 123
Waismann, Friedrich, 123
Walker, Mark, 170
wave mechanics, xvi, xx
wave/particle duality, xx, 141–143
weak nuclear forces, xx Weber, Heinrich, 29
Weimar Republic, 41–42, 44
Weizmann, Chaim, 43, 46, 47
Weyl, Hermann, 49, 151, 194
Wheeler, John, 194
Whitehead, Alfred North, xii, 15, 68–69, 72, 120
Whitehead, Evelyn, 65, 69
Wigner, Eugene, 116
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 62–63, 70
World War I
Einstein during, 36–41, 52
Russell during, 51–52
World War II, x, 4, 16–17, 165–167. See also atomic bomb
World Without Time, A (Yourgrau), 90
Yeats, William Butler, 11
Young, Thomas, 141–142
Yourgrau, Palle, 80–81, 90
youth, science as province of, ix–x, 7–16
Zeeman, Pieter, 103–104
Zeeman effect, 103–106
Zionism, 42–44, 46–47