For members of the Lenoir families, see p. xv.
Abolitionism, 41
Abolitionists, 118
linked to peace advocates, 122
in Lost Cause mythology, 225
African slave trade, 48–49
drive to reopen, 220
Agricultural economy, slow recovery of in North Carolina, 183, 185
Anderson, Joseph R. (Jesse), 145, 181
Anderson, Josiah, 31
Andy, a slave, 98, 103, 110, 112, 142, 145
Arthur, Chester A., 188
Asheville race riot, 173
Avery, Mouton, 131
Avery, Waightstill, 19
Avery, William Waight still, 131
Ballard, Ann e, 15
Battles: of Atlanta, 133
of Cedar Mountain, 77–80
of Chancellorsville, 116
of Chattanooga, 126
of First Manassas, 57, 80
of Fredericksburg, 100, 105
of Gettysburg, 114–16
of New Bern, 63, 71
of Ox Hill, 85–86
of Petersburg, 133
of Second Manassas, 80–81, 96, 223
of Seven Days, 73, 114
of Vicksburg, 116–17, 122
Beck, a slave, 98
Berry, Stephen, 219
Bingham, William, 105, 160, 170–71, 173, 176, 179
Bingham School, 27, 32–33
Black, George, 130
Black suffrage, 167
Blackburn, Jeremiah, 130
Border slave states, 50
Bragg, Braxton, 125–26
Breckinridge, John C., 208
Brownlow, William G., 145–46
Burnside, Ambrose E., 61, 63
Bushwackers, 133, 137–38
Butler, Benjamin F., 70
Caldwell Riflemen, 71
Caldwell Rough and Readys, 69
Calhoun, Andrew, 23
Calhoun, John C., 23
Camp Clingman, 57
Camp Lee, 59–60
Camp Vance, 71–72
Central America, 49, 220
Central Confederacy, proposal for, 50, 209
Chancellor, Mrs. Samuel A., 94
Christian, Archie, 176
Christian, Bolivar, 40, 96, 102
Christian, Cornelia (Nealy), 38–39, 161, 201, 203
death of, 40, 219–20, 222
Cilley, C. J., 186
Clay, Henry, 35–36
Confederacy: and Fort Sumter, 51
as a holy cause, 225
centralization of powers in, 211–12;collapse of, 135,141
committed to defense of slavery, 220–21
dissent in, 210–11
formation of, 50
fulfills Southern cultural roles, 223
refugees in, 224
turns to slave soldiers, 136
wartime economy of, 64–65, 68–69, 75, 104–05, 125
Confederate Conscription Act, 67–68
Confederate flag, 3–4
Confederate home front, unrest within, 56–57, 67, 69, 114–16, 120, 123–24, 133–34, 136–38
Constitution of North Carolina: amendments to in 1875, 184
of 1868, 169
proposals for in1866, 157
Copperheads. See Northern peace party Cotton, in Confederate economy, 65–66, 74
Crab Orchard, 127–28, 132, 139, 142, 145, 171–73, 177, 182
Walter’s love of, 108
Walter’s plans for, 156, 161–62, 181
Crawford, Thomas, 177, 216
Crittenden Compromise, 48, 50
Crofts, Daniel W., 206
Cyrus, a slave, 39, 128
Davis, Jefferson, 6, 125, 129, 136, 213
Delia, a slave, 97, 112, 216
whippings of, 98, 132–33
in Lower South, 9, 207–08
in North Carolina, 179, 184, 188, 215
Derr, Jane, 26
Desertion, in Confederate armies, 8, 101, 113, 115–16, 120, 124, 127, 130, 136, 138
Disease, in Confederate camps, 58, 72
Douglas, Stephen A., 41–42
Duke, James, 186
Dula, Thomas, 71–72, 75
East Fork Plantation, 20, 26–27, 29–31
East Tennessee: anti-Confederate sentiment in, 210
deserters in, 101
Republican Radicals in, 158
Union troops and raids, 105, 126, 128, 133, 137
Eaton, Clement, 204
Economy of North Carolina, under Republican rule, 170, 173–76
Elections: of 1860, 41–43
of 1876, 184–85, 215
Emancipation, Southern white attitudes on, 8, 11, 148
England, and Confederate rams, 124–25
Equal rights for blacks, opposed by Southern whites, 145, 147, 157, 167, 214
Erwin, a slave, 29–30, 134
Farthing, A. C., 168
Farthing, Thomas, 120
Faulkner, William, 3, 4
Financial crashes: of 1837, 23, 35
of 1873, 182
Foner, Eric, 213
Foreign-born whites, as labor source in postwar South, 151
Fort Defiance, 16, 20–21, 24, 26–27, 39–40, 158
description of, 14–15
use of slaves at, 25, 38, 144
Walter recuperates at, 198
Fort Pickens, 51
Fort Sumter, crisis over, 10, 51, 209, 221
Fourteenth Amendment, 158, 160, 162, 179
denounced by Walter, 157
rejected in South, 167
Freedmen; and labor contracts, 143, 152, 154–55, 173
and political rights, 147, 157, 160, 167
disfranchisement of, 215
in Southern politics, 169, 176, 213–15
targeted by Klan, 174, 179
Freehling, William W., 8, 210
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 47
Gallagher, Gary W., 210
Garrett, Lizzie. See Lenoir, Lizzie George, a slave, 152, 161
Grandfather Mountain: conservation agreements at, 195
Walter’s land at, 187, 193
Gwyn, James, 21, 56, 68, 115, 162–63, 172, 178, 210
alarmed by Hoke’s harsh tactics, 124
and acceptance of Confederate paper money, 113–14
experiments with postwar labor,154–55
laments hard times, 169
on robber bands, 134
purchases Walter’s Haywood lands, 182
reaction to Radical Reconstruction, 168
sells slaves during the War, 104
Gwyn, Julia, 115–16
Gwyn, Laura, 186, 198
Gwyn, Mary Ann. See Lenoir, Mary Ann Gwyn, Mary Ann (Walter’s niece), 191
Gwyn, Nathan, 70
Gwyn, Sallie, 198–99
Gwyn, Walter, 183–84, 187, 190,199
Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, 179
Hampton, Wade, 4
Hargrove, Augustus, 29
Harper, George, 73
Hayes, Rutherford B., 184–85, 215
Haywood Highlanders, 54–55, 57–58
Hickory Tavern, town lots of Walter at, 171–72, 180, 185–86
Hobsbawm, Eric, 225
Hoke, Robert F., 124
Holdaway, Rufus, 93
Holden, William W., 158
and peace movement in North Carolina, 120–21, 130–31
as republican governor, 170, 178–79
serves as provisional governor, 145, 215
Home Guard, 123
Impressment, by Confederate authorities, 112, 115, 128–29, 212
Inscoe, John, 214
Isaac, a slave, 30
Jackson, Andrew, 35
Jackson, Thomas J. “Stonewall,” 6, 77, 80, 85, 116, 161
Jamaica, emancipation of slaves in, 119
Johnson, Andrew, 145–46, 157–58, 160, 214, 224
Johnston, Joseph E., 141
Judy, a slave, 103
Kelsey, Samuel T., 193, 195, 200
Key, David M., 146
Key, Lizzie, 153–54
Ku Klux Klan, 174, 176, 178
Labor, in postwar South, 142–44, 151–55, 159
Lark, a slave, 104
Lee, Robert E., 6, 85, 115–16, 141
Lenoir, Ann, 19
Lenoir, Anna Tate, 39–40, 201
Lenoir, Gwyn, 183
Lenoir, Isaac, 170
Lenoir, Israel, 38
Lenoir, Laura, 21, 32, 35, 53–55, 72, 128
Lenoir, Lizzie, 54, 102, 105, 127, 136, 141, 187
Lenoir, Martha, 19
Lenoir, Mary, 21
Lenoir, Mary Ann, 21, 115, 191, 198
desire to be rid of freed slaves, 148
Lenoir, Rufus T., 52, 59, 74–75, 94, 101, 132, 155, 161, 163
and postwar labor, 152
as a money lender, 43
concern over rural poor, 42
criticized for lack of patriotism, 67
dealings with slaves, 97–99, 103–04, 134
desires no more slaves, 66
economic struggles after the war, 147, 175–76, 183
encampment of Confederate soldiers at Fort Defiance, 128–29
gloomy view of war, 61–63, 66–68, 117, 121
pardoned by Johnson, 224
purchases land from Walter, 172, 178
sits out war, 11, 55–56, 211
slaves of flee to Tennessee, 137
turns back from mission to Walter, 99
wartime taxes of, 113
youth of, 32–33
Lenoir, Sallie, 46, 152–53
Lenoir, Sarah J., 19
Lenoir, Sarah J. (Walter’s sister), 21, 32, 70, 127, 129, 152–53, 161–63, 178
urges Walter to return, 155–56
Lenoir, Selina L., 21, 76, 97–98
death of, 131–32
Lenoir, Thomas, 19–21, 24
paternalistic self-image of, 25, 37–38
resented by tenants, 31–32
Lenoir, Thomas I., 35, 98, 112, 127, 133, 138, 177
and local robberies, 134
as a plantation manager, 28–32
barters in wartime economy, 104–05
brings Walter home, 99
cotton speculation of, 74–75, 148
death of, 187
denounces emancipation, 149
depressed after the war, 147–48
hunts for deserters, 101, 113
indecisive as a youth, 26–27
postwar labor arrangements of, 143
raided by Union cavalry, 141
raises a volunteer company, 11, 54–55
war service of, 57–59, 61, 63–64, 67, 211
Lenoir, Tommie, 197–99
Lenoir, Walter, 196
Lenoir, Walter R., 20
Lenoir, Walter W.: advice on postwar labor, 144, 152–53
amputation of right knee, 91–93
and sale of slaves, 38, 103–04
anxious to see combat, 64, 76, 82
assumes huge debt to buy out William’s heirs, 163–65, 227
commitment to Confederacy, 9–11, 52, 161, 209, 211, 217, 222–23
concedes he cannot emigrate, 171
concerned over an alliance of poor whites and freed blacks, 147, 159, 214
confident in slaves’
loyalty during the war, 60
conflicted over owning slaves, 7, 14, 39, 142, 149–50, 203–04, 219, 227
convalescence in Middleburg, 93–97
death of, 199–201
debts and poverty of after the war, 172, 177–84, 186, 190–91, 223, 227
declining health of, 189–91, 197–98
defends his honor, 188
denounces peace movement, 122, 130, 210, 213
dependence on slaves at Crab Orchard, 110–12, 127, 132
desire to uplift landless whites, 164
disdain for his slaves, 127–28, 132, 145
drives off his former slaves, 142
faith in Confederate victory, 70–71, 76, 105–06,117, 119, 120, 125, 138
fears of land confiscation, 146, 158–59, 214
forges a new identity in the war, 8, 96–97, 100, 103,132, 223–24, 227
grief over wife’s death, 40, 219
hatred of Union soldiers, 61–62, 122, 131, 138–39
ignores pleas to return home, 132, 155–56
in secession crisis, 43, 47–52, 220–21
land sale to Hugh McRae, 196–99
legal career of, 35–37, 219–20
links black equality with miscegenation,159, 162
love of nature, 134, 156, 192, 200–01
marriage of, 38
on Yankee raids, 126
offers assurances on election of 1876, 185
optimistic over Southern progress, 187, 193,196–97; 215–16
political career of, 187–89
postwar labor arrangements of, 173
postwar political views of, 156–60, 162, 180–81, 188, 224
postwar romanticization of Old South, 150, 226
pre-combat war experience, 59–61, 63–64, 68–72, 75–76
prewar political views of, 36, 42
proclaims righteousness of Confederate cause, 57, 62, 80, 95, 116–17, 149–50
racial attitudes of, 144, 159, 162, 173
raided by Union cavalry, 141
recasts his memory of the war, 110, 149–50, 188, 224, 226
rejects living under Yankee rule, 66–67, 122–23, 132
religious views of, 38, 40, 59, 61–63, 76, 86, 88, 95–96, 100–01, 121, 123, 191, 198, 228
response to Union use of black troops, 117–18
returns home and quickly leaves for Haywood County, 100, 103, 106
reveries of escape, 192
romanticized view of women, 37, 161, 219, 226
sees combat at Cedar Mountain and Second Manassas, 77–82
sense of unworthiness, 191, 228
shift in thinking on emancipation, 118–19, 203
stresses postwar need for frugality, 175, 184
struggles as a land promoter, 167–72, 176–82, 185–87, 191–93, 195–98
student at University of North Carolina, 34–35, 219
tries to settle William’s debts, 53
trips to the North, 35, 40–41
turns down a military judgeship, 126
use of a wooden leg, 101–02, 106, 112, 168, 190, 192
views of immigrants, 41, 151
vision for western North Carolina, 192–93
vision of postwar South, 141–42, 144–45, 150–51, 215–16, 226–28
visit to battlefields near Richmond, 72–73
wants to move to the North, 39–41, 150, 204, 220
wartime advice to Rufus, 64–67, 74, 121, 134
welcomes end of slavery, 144, 215–16, 223, 227
wounded at Ox Hill, 85–86, 88–90
youth of, 32–35
Lenoir, William, 14, 37
as patriarch, 19–21, 24–25
career of, 15–19
Lenoir, William A., 27, 37–38
debts of, 23–24, 53
depressed by secession, 52
desire to help landless whites, 164
estate of, 65, 103–04, 133, 163–64
mood swings of, 21–22, 24, 26, 43, 55
on rural poor, 43
speculative schemes of, 22–23, 26
suicide of, 11, 53, 164
Lenoir, William B., 19–21, 38
Lenoir family: as patriarchs, 31, 42–43, 205
and postwar labor arrangements, 151–52
cash dealings with slaves, 103
commit to Confederacy, 209
marriage alliances of, 19, 21
oppose immediate secession, 46, 208
views on slavery, 22, 25, 37, 205
Whig political views of, 35–36. See alsoWhite tenants
Lincoln, Abraham, 47, 77, 120, 214
and Emancipation Proclamation, 117, 122
call for troops by, 10, 51, 149, 207, 209, 221
election of, 42–43, 46, 206, 220
reelection in 1864, 133. See also Fort Sumter, crisis over Linville: and Walter’s retirement plans, 186–87
conservation agreements at, 195
Walter’s land at, 172, 193, 197
Longstreet, James, 128–29
Lost Cause, 4–6, 13, 213, 217
and recasting of the past, 225–27
Lower (Cotton) South, compared to Upper South, 7–8, 207–08. See also Secession Manumission laws, 205
Maria, a slave, 98, 110, 112, 127
Mary, a slave, 143
McClellan, George B., 73
McKinney, Gordon, 214
McRae, Hugh, 196–97, 200
Memory, as a selective process, 224–25
Methodist Episcopal Church, 158
Mexican War, 27
Mexico, 49
Middle Confederacy. See Central Confederacy, proposal for Montgomery, Samuel, 102
Moore, Henry, 180
Mountain farmers, growing indebtedness of, 216
New South, and fulfillment of Southern ideals, 226–27
Nonslaveholders: impoverishment of during the war, 115, 212–13
opposition to secession of, 208–09
North Carolina: contributions to Confederacy of, 212
divisions within, 213–14
wartime relief programs in, 213
Northern peace party, 120, 124
Norwood, James, 183–84
Norwood, Joe, 21, 53, 105, 116, 120, 126, 137, 164
Norwood, Laura. See Lenoir, Laura Norwood, Laura (Walter’s niece), 69–70
Norwood, Louise, 70, 100
Norwood, Robina, 57
Norwood, Selina, 138, 198
Norwood, Thomas, 11, 93–94, 96, 113–15, 129
hatred of Yankees, 131
hunts for deserters, 120, 124
on soldiers’
opposition to the war, 130–31, 212
Old South, in Lost Cause mythology, 7–8, 225, 227
Outliers, 115, 133
Patterson, Rufus Lenoir, 145, 214
Patton, J. W., 148
Peace movement in North Carolina, 121–22, 124, 135–36
Pickens, Israel, 19
Pickett’s charge, 2
Polly, a slave, 98, 104, 152
Poor whites, 56, 103, 123, 147, 150, 153–54, 169, 182
role of in Reconstruction, 213–15
Pope, John B., 77, 80, 85
Port Royal, Union capture of, 58, 60
Promissory notes, role in Southern economy, 23, 59
Racial attitudes, of Southern whites, 143–44, 151, 153–54, 170–71, 213
Railroads, and opening up of western North Carolina, 187, 193
Reagan, James, 131
Reagan, Julia, 154
Reconstruction, 167–68, 213–15. See also Fourteenth Amendment and Republican party Reese, David, 31
Religion, and the Lost Cause, 3–4
Republican party, 125, 208
and election of 1876, 184
during secession crisis, 48–49
in postwar North Carolina, 167, 169–70, 173–76, 178–79, 214
role in Reconstruction, 146, 160, 214
Richey, Reverend, 94
Rural poor, and the Lenoirs, 42–43
Secession, 6–8, 42–43
and vindication of slavery, 219
divisions over in South, 206–09, 220–21
in Lower South, 46–49
response in North Carolina, 46. See also Southern Unionists and Upper South Secessionists, in Reconstruction, 170
Seward, William H., 51
Shaffner, Dr. John F., 90–92
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 133
Shull, Phillip, 168
Shulls Mill, 190, 197–98
Walter’s home at, 177, 186
Slaveholders: reaction to freeing of slaves, 142–44, n. 165
support for secession, 8, 208, 220
Slavery: and Walter’s dread of indebtedness, 184
defense of, 149, 204, 220
role of in secession, 8, 48, 149, 207–08, 220, 226
white attitudes on, 8, 148
Slaves: and the Lenoir family, 15–16, 18–20, 22, 24–25, 27, 29–30, 148
assist Yankee raiders, 138
attitudes toward work, 29
during Civil War, 6, 53, 60
freeing of during the war, 117–19, 137
marginally profitable at Fort Defiance, 25, 37–38, 144, 205
marriage ceremony of, 112–13
sale of by Lenoirs, 30, 38, 205
sold out of Upper South, 207
use of as Union troops,117–18, 210
walk off after the war, 152
wartime prices of, 65, 74, 103–04
Smith, Kirby, 75
South Carolina, takes the lead in secession, 46–48, 207
Southern elites: efforts to undermine Republican rule, 170, 174–75
minority of join the Republican party, 169
postwar fears of, 147, 214–15
promote the Lost Cause, 213
regain power in North Carolina, 184
reunited by defeat in Civil War, 217
support for secession, 211
Southern nationalism: as a product of the Civil War, 161
debate over, 210–11
distinct from Southern patriotism, 222
Southern Unionists, 101, 113, 115, 133, 168
and land confiscation, 158
in secession crisis, 10, 47, 49, 51, 207–09, 214, 220–21
reprisals against secessionists, 138, 141, 146
role in Reconstruction, 169–70
targeted by Klan, 179
Southern white identity, and Civil War, 13, 218–20. See also Lost Cause Southern white women: commitment to Confederacy, 69
turn against the war, 115, 136
Southern whites: as a wronged people, 215
reaction to defeat in Civil War, 12
Sparks, Milton, 56
Sprinkle, Obadiah, 56
St. Domingue, slave revolt on, 118
Steele, Walter, 170
Stoneman’s Raid, 136–38
Swain, David, 34
Thirty-Seventh North Carolina Regiment, 75, 81, n. 107, 113, 130, 212
opposition to war in, 130–31
Tobacco, postwar expansion of, 185–86
Tories. See Southern Unionists
Tourism, in western North Carolina, 193
Twenty Negro law, 211–12
Twenty-Fifth North Carolina Regiment, 54, 57, 63–64
Union raids, 105, 126–27, 135–37, 141
Union soldiers, depicted as criminals, 69–70
United Confederate Veterans, 4
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 4
University of North Carolina, 16, 27, 33–34, 219
Upper South: in contrast to Lower South, 7–8, 207–08
initially rejects secession, 48–50
secession in, 51–52, 206–09, 220–21
slaveholders in support secession, 149
Uriah, a slave, 61, 110, 112, 133
Vance, Zebulon B.: as wartime governor, 123, 130–31, 213
during secession crisis, 47–49, 51, 207
elected governor after the war, 184, 215
on lack of popular support for the war, 211
Vance’s Legion, 68, 71–72, 75
Walker, Peter, 217
Washington Peace Conference, 50
Watauga County: bushwackers in, 120
landholdings of Walter in, 168, 171–72, 177–78, 180, 186
Weaver, William, 81–83
Welsh, Lewis, 112
Whig party, 7–8, 47, 208–09
White labor, views of in postwar South, 151–55
White supremacy, calls for restoration of, 174, 184, 215
White tenants: and the Lenoirs, 18, 20, 26–27, 30–32, 111, 144, 177, 181, 197, 205–06
during the war, 67
in prewar South, 206
White trash. See Poor whites Wilkes County: lack of enthusiasm for the war, 55–56
opponents of war in, 115
plagued by robbers, 134. See also Stoneman’s Raid Worth, Jonathan, 145, 221
Wounds in Civil War, nature of, 91