1. Paul K. Conkin, The New Deal, 2d ed. (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1975), 1.
2. Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 248, 271.
3. Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), 134.
4. For the Hoover-Nixon relationship here and later, see Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Free Press, 1987), chapter 13, “Nixon and Hoover,” and Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 234–236, 361–362, 368, 448–449.
5. Stanley I. Kutler, The Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon (New York: Knopf, 1990), 119–121; Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 235, 272–274, 448–449; Frank J. Donner, The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America’s Political Intelligence System (New York: Knopf, 1980), 248–251; and J. Anthony Lukas, Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (New York: Viking, 1976), chapter 3, “Leaks and Taps.”
6. The Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1970 Richard Nixon, 6 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970–1975), 407 (hereafter Public Papers of the President, with appropriate year).
7. Ibid., 406.
8. Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 350–353, 355–357; William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (New York: Ballantine, 1977), 257–272.
9. Safire, Before the Fall, 381.
10. U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Watergate and Related Activities, Phase I: Watergate Investigation, Hearings, Ninety-third Cong., 1st sess., 1973, 3: 1321 (hereafter Watergate Hearings).
11. Ibid., Final Report, 4–6; Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 263–268, 284–285; Kutler, The Wars of Watergate, 96–101; William C. Sullivan, with Bill Brown, The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover’s FBI (New York: Norton, 1979), 211–217, 251–257; Athan Theoharis, Spying on Americans: Political Surveillance from Hoover to the Huston Plan (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978), 13–39.
12. Kutler, The Wars of Watergate, 116–119; Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 249–252; and Lukas, Nightmare, chapter 4, “Plumbers.”
13. Theoharis, Spying on Americans, 38–39.
14. Richard M. Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 640. On the smoking gun tape of June 23,1972, Nixon commented, “We protected Helms from one hell of a lot of things.”
1. Richard M. Nixon, Six Crises (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 412.
2. Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 565, 30, 320.
3. William Safire, Before the Fall (New York: Ballantine Books, 1977), 124.
4. Henry A. Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 264; Tom Wicker, One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream (New York: Random House, 1991), 423.
5. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 330.
6. Box 89, President’s Office File, Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives, College Park, Md.
7. Safire, Before the Fall, 135.
8. See Mort Allin to George Bell, February 10, 1971, box 1, Patrick Buchanan Papers, Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives, College Park, Md. (hereafter Buchanan Papers). Nixon “withdrew” from the files Allin’s letter to Bell of January 28 that accompanied the original list.
9. In the index to his diaries, which cover the period from January 21, 1969, to April 30, 1973, Haldeman lists nineteen references to Price, twenty-one to Safire, but forty-three to Buchanan. See H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the White House (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994).
10. Buchanan to Nixon, March 24, 1971, box 4, Buchanan Papers.
11. Buchanan to Magruder; Magruder to Mitchell, July 28, 1971, box 1, Buchanan Papers.
12. Box 2, Buchanan Papers.
13. Interview in Gerald S. Strober and Deborah H. Strober, Nixon: An Oral History of His Presidency (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 322.
14. Magruder interview, in ibid., 254.
15. Theodore H. White, The Making of the President, 1972 (New York: Atheneum, 1973), 274.
16. New York Times, February 8, 1972; Haldeman later claimed that Nixon specifically told him to make this point. See Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 511. Haldeman’s diary, however, does not support this later claim.
17. Buchanan to Nixon, March 24, 1971, box 6, Buchanan Papers.
18. U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings before the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Ninety-third Cong., lst sess., October 3, 1973, 10: 3987 (hereafter Campaign Hearings).
19. Box 9, Buchanan Papers.
20. Campaign Hearings, 10: 4280, 4292–4293.
21. White, The Making of the President, 1972, 275; Safire, Before the Fall, 829.
22. Buchanan and Khachigian to Mitchell and Haldeman, April 12, 1972, in Campaign Hearings, 10: 4186; also in box 6, Buchanan Papers.
23. Haldeman, Diaries, 449.
24. Campaign Hearings, 11: 4616, 4663–4667.
25. For dirty tricks, see J. Anthony Lukas, Nightmare (New York: Viking, 1976), chapter 6; Campaign Hearings, 10: 3980–4053, and 11: 4376–4402, 4403–4432.
26. See Strober and Strober, Nixon, 273–280.
27. Ibid., 254.
28. Campaign Hearings, 10: 4266; Final Report, 202–203.
29. Washington Post, December 7, 1992.
30. Stanley I. Kutler, ed., Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes (New York: Free Press, 1997), 20.
31. See Lukas, Nightmare, chapter 5.
32. John Dean, Blind Ambition: The White House Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 84, and Magruder, An American Life: One Man’s Road to Watergate (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 195.
33. Mitchell later denied that the group discussed specific targets.
34. Campaign Hearings, 4: 1612.
35. G. Gordon Liddy, Will: The Autobiography of G. Gordon Liddy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980), 232; John Sirica, To Set the Record Straight: The Break-in, the Tapes, the Conspirators, the Pardon (New York: Norton, 1979), 44.
36. New York Times, January 18, 1972, and January 31, 1972.
37. Box 401, H. R. Haldeman Papers, Nixon Presidential Material Project, National Archives, College Park, Md.
38. Box 9, Buchanan Papers.
39. Quoted in Raymond Price, With Nixon (New York: Viking, 1977), 336.
1. Jeb Stuart Magruder, An American Life (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 240.
2. John Dean, Blind Ambition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 121.
3. J. Anthony Lukas, Nightmare (New York: Viking, 1976), 238; Washington Post, June 19, 1972.
4. Magruder, An American Life, 247, 243–245.
5. Washington Post, June 20, 1972.
6. Dean, Blind Ambition, 112; Watergate Hearings, 9: 3621.
7. Watergate Hearings, 6: 2490.
8. Public Papers of the President, 1972, 690–691.
9. Transcript of June 23, 1972 tape, in Stanley I. Kutler, ed., Abuse of Power (New York: Free Press, 1997), 67, 69.
10. Ibid., 70.
11. Watergate Hearings, 9: 3462, 3541.
12. Ibid., 2: 543.
13. Ibid., 544, 579–580.
14. Ibid., 6: 2502.
15. Kutler, Abuse of Power, 252.
16. The Presidential Transcripts (New York: Dell, 1974), 106.
17. Watergate Hearings, 9: 3651.
18. Magruder, An American Life, 264.
19. The Presidential Transcripts, 105. Kutler did not include this passage in Abuse of Power.
20. Washington Post, August 29, 1972.
21. Public Papers of the President, 1972, 828–829.
22. Ibid., 957–958.
1. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, All the President’s Men (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), 71, 72, 139, 131.
2. Woodward told Bernstein and, after Nixon’s resignation, the Washington Post’s editor Ben Bradlee.
3. The several quotations are from Bernstein and Woodward, All the President’s Men, 130, 131, 195, 317, 333.
4. Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang, The Battle for Public Opinion: The President, the Press, and the Polls During Watergate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 26–29.
5. Ibid., 29–32.
6. Washington Post, September 16, 1972; John Dean, Blind Ambition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 133.
7. The Presidential Transcripts (New York: Dell, 1974), 36, 37, 40.
8. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 185–186.
9. March 15, 1973.
10. Dean, Blind Ambition, 184.
11. The Presidential Transcripts, February 28, 1973, 63.
12. Ibid., March 21 and 22, 1973, 117, 127, 176, 170.
13. John J. Sirica, To Set the Record Straight (New York: Norton, 1979), 96–97.
14. George D. Aiken, Aiken: Senate Diary, January 1972–January 1975 (Brattleboro, Vt.: Stephen Greene Press, 1976), 173, 174.
15. Dean, Blind Ambition, 220, 240.
16. The Presidential Transcripts, April 14, 1973, 275, 278, 279.
17. Ibid., 287, 293; Dean, Blind Ambition, 224.
18. The Presidential Transcripts, 444–445.
19. Ibid., 425; see also 513–514.
20. Ibid., 525.
21. Ibid., April 17, 1973, 533, 525–526.
22. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 298–299.
23. The Presidential Transcripts, April 27, 1973, 666, 667, 676.
24. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 328–332.
25. May 1, 1973.
26. May 8, 1973.
27. May 2, 1973.
28. May 3, 1973.
29. May 1, 1973.
30. May 1, 1973.
31. May 2, 1973.
32. Quoted from J. Anthony Lukas, Nightmare (New York: Viking, 1976), 363.
33. Both from May 3, 1973.
1. Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang, The Battle for Public Opinion (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 62–63, 65.
2. Watergate Hearings, 1: 254–260, May 22, 1973.
3. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 533–536.
4. Ibid., 551, 547–555.
5. May 25, 1973.
6. Watergate Hearings, 2: 785, 186.
7. Ibid., 3: 915, 943, 958, 959, 998–1000.
8. Ibid., 4: 1466.
9. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 636–639.
10. Watergate Hearings, 4: 1666, 1653, 1664; 5: 1832, 1834, 1835.
11. Lang and Lang, The Battle for Public Opinion, 77.
12. Watergate Hearings, 5: 2074, 2090.
13. Richard M. Nixon, RN: Memoirs (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 902.
1. Watergate Hearings, 5: 2178.
2. Ibid., 6: 2478–2479.
3. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 670.
4. Watergate Hearings, 7: 2659.
5. August 3, 1973, 821.
6. New York Times, July 25, 1973.
7. San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, July 29, 1973.
8. Washington Post, July 29, 1973.
9. August 3, 1973.
10. July 31, 1973.
11. July 20, 1973.
12. July 24, 1973.
13. July 29, 1973.
14. July 18, August 3 and 9, 1973.
15. Page 821.
16. Public Papers of the President, 1970, 406.
17. Watergate Hearings, 7: 2510–2522.
18. Samuel Dash, Chief Counsel: Inside the Ervin Committee—The Untold Story of Watergate (New York: Random House, 1976), 195.
19. Fred D. Thompson, At That Point in Time: The Inside Story of the Senate Watergate Committee (New York: Quadrange/New York Times, 1975), 98.
20. Watergate Hearings, 7: 2863.
21. Ibid., 2867, 2871, 2881, 2882.
22. Dash, Chief Counsel, 195.
23. Watergate Hearings, 8: 3091.
24. Ibid., 3232.
25. Papers of the President, 1973, 329.
26. Ibid., 691–697.
27. Ibid., 716.
28. Ibid., 710–725.
29. Time, August 27, 1973, 11–13.
30. Congressional Record, September 13, 1973, vol.119, part 23, 2945.
31. The Harris Survey Yearbook of Public Opinion (New York: Louis Harris and Associates, 1976), 203, 152.
32. Watergate Hearings, 9: 3664.
33. Ibid., 10: 3900–3901.
34. Papers of the President, 1973, 718, 735.
35. New York Times, September 30, 1973.
36. Time, October 22, 1973, 14–15.
37. October 11, 1973.
38. Both from October 11, 1973.
39. October 22, 1973.
40. Honolulu Star–Bulletin, October 23, 1973; all other newspapers, October 22, 1973.
41. Papers of the President, 1973, 898–899, 897, 901, 904, 905.
42. The Harris Survey Yearbook of Public Opinion, 1973, 186, 188.
43. November 2, 1973.
44. November 5, 1973.
45. November 14, 1973.
1. Pages 20–21.
2. November 9, 1973.
3. New York Times, November 1, November 9, and December 12, 1973; Time, November 19, 20–21, 1973.
4. New York Times, November 10, 1973.
5. November 11, 1973.
6. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 921, 940–941.
7. New York Times, November 12 and 14, 1973.
8. Papers of the President, 1973, 949, 956, 959.
9. Quoted in Stanley I. Kutler, The Wars of Watergate (New York: Knopf, 1990), 430.
10. November 28, 1973.
11. New York Times, December 1, 1973.
12. Public Papers of the President, 1973, 1005, 1006, 1007.
13. December 10, 1973.
14. December 14, 1973.
15. Richard Ben-Veniste and George Frampton Jr., Stonewall: The Real Story of the Watergate Prosecution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), 205, 210; Leon Jaworski, The Right and the Power: The Prosecution of Watergate (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1976), 54.
16. Christian Science Monitor, December 26, 1973.
17. December 23, 1973.
18. January 11, 1974.
19. All quotations from January 10, 1974, except for the Albuquerque and Phoenix newspapers, which came out January 11, 1974.
20. All quotations from January 17, 1974.
21. New York Times, January 21, 1974.
22. Ibid., January 23, 1974.
23. January 24, 1974.
24. New York Times, January 23, 1974.
25. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 55.
26. Ben-Veniste and Frampton, Stonewall, 189–194.
27. Jaworski, The Right and the Power, 99.
28. Ibid., 88.
29. Quoted from the report reproduced in Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States: The Final Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives (New York: Viking Press, 1975), 10, 11, 12.
30. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 202, 204.
31. February 25, 1974.
32. Both quotations from February 20, 1974.
33. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 208; Louisville Courier–Journal, February 27, 1974.
34. Ben-Veniste and Frampton, Stonewall, 211–263; Jaworski, The Right and the Power, 99–108.
35. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 231–232, 236, 240.
36. Roanoke Times, Memphis Commercial Appeal, Salt Lake Tribune, Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1974.
37. March 14, 1974.
38. Both quotations from March 14, 1974.
39. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 261–277.
40. Ibid., 279–282.
41. Los Angeles Times, March 20, 1974.
42. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 284–298.
43. Ibid., 389–397.
44. New York Times, May 4, 1974; Time, May 13, 1974, 14.
45. May 5, 1974.
46. All newspaper quotations are from the first week of May.
47. New York Times, May 2 and 4, 1974.
48. May 10, 1974.
49. May 5, 1974.
1. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 451.
2. Bill Gulley, with Mary Ellen Reese, Breaking Cover (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980), 227.
3. December 14, 1972, box 8, Buchanan Papers; Haldeman to Dean, February 10, 1973, box 205, Haldeman Papers.
4. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 479.
5. House of Representatives, Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, Ninety-third Cong., 2d sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974), 1: 34, 70 (hereafter Hearings, Judiciary).
6. William Rehnquist had excused himself from the case on grounds of his past association with the administration.
7. Richard M. Nixon, RN: Memoirs (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 1001–1002, 1019, 1042, 1049.
8. New York Times, July 24, 1974.
9. Nixon, RN: Memoirs, 1050.
10. U.S. House of Representatives, Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States: Report of the Committee on the Judiciary, H. Doc. 93–1305, Ninety-third Cong., 2d sess., August 20, 1974, 3, 8.
11. Nixon, RN: Memoirs, 1057, 1059.
12. Stanley I. Kutler, ed., Watergate: The Fall of Richard M. Nixon (St. James, N.Y.: Brandywine Press, 1996), 44, 45.
13. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 621, 623.
14. All quotations from editorials on August 6 or August 7, 1974.
15. August 8, 1974.
16. All of the editorial comments appeared during the period August 6 to August 9, 1974.
17. July 31, August 6, 1974.
18. Washington Post, August 6, 1974.
19. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), 1203.
20. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 21.
21. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 1204.
22. Nixon, RN: Memoirs, 1071.
23. Barry M. Goldwater, with Jack Casserly, Goldwater (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 279, 280.
24. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 1202.
25. Ibid., 1207.
26. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 627, 628.
27. Ibid., 631.
1. Melvin Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 310, 311.
2. For a book that deals with this point, see Robert H. Johnson, Improbable Dangers: U.S. Conceptions of Threat in the Cold War and After (New York: St. Martin’s, 1994). See also the review by Walter Nixon in American Historical Review 101 (April 1996): 591–592.
3. Patrick J. Maney, The Roosevelt Presence: A Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Twayne, 1992), 201.
4. Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon, 310.
5. John F. Kennedy, The Strategy of Peace, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Harper and Row, 1960), 160.
6. Bruce Russett, Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 1, 7; see also 144.
7. For a survey of these relationships, see Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); his bibliographic essay is especially rich.
8. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), 1122.
9. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 986n.
10. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 415.
11. Knowledge of the Chilean embassy burglary became known with the release of additional Nixon tapes in February 1999. See New York Times and Washington Post, both from February 26, 1999.
12. Richard M. Nixon, RN: Memoirs (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 512.
13. Harry S. Truman, Public Papers of the President, 1947, 178, 180, and Public Papers of the President, 1949, 112.
14. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Public Papers of the President, 1953, 1, 4, 5, and Public Papers of the President, 1957, 61.
15. John F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the President, 1961, 2, and Public Papers of the President, 1963, 892.
16. Lyndon B. Jonson, Public Papers of the President, 1965, 1: 397, and 2: 794.
17. James E. Miller, “Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948,” Diplomatic History, 7 (winter 1983): 35–55.
18. New York Times, October 9, 1994.
19. U.S. Congress, Senate, “Covert Action in Chile, 1963–1973,” Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975).
20. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 189; Athan Theoharis, Spying on Americans (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978), 229.
21. Stanley I. Kutler, ed., Abuse of Power (New York: Free Press, 1997), 137.
22. Buchanan to Nixon, March 24, 1971, box 1, Buchanan Papers.
23. Charles Colson, “Law Isn’t Enough,” Washington Post, July 30, 2002.
24. New York Times, February 8, 1972.
25. Watergate Hearings, 4: 1666, and 5: 1834.
26. Jeb Stuart Magruder, An American Life (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 240; Raymond Price, With Nixon (New York: Viking, 1977), 336.
27. Public Papers of the President, 1974, 623, 628, 631.
28. Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 169–170, 172, 178, 180.
29. David Frost, “I Gave Them a Sword”: Behind the Scenes of the Nixon Interviews (New York: William Morrow, 1978), 164, 242.
30. Stanley I. Kutler, ed., Watergate: The Fall of Richard M. Nixon (St. James, N.Y: Brandywine Press, 1996), 3.
1. Max Holland, Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012).
2. Michael Schudson, Watergate in American Memory: How We Remember, Forget, and Reconstruct the Past (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 104.
3. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, All the President’s Men (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974), 243; Gary Arnold, “Meticulous . . . and Incomplete,” Washington Post, April 4, 1976.
4. Bob Woodward, The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate’s Deep Throat (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 110.
5. W. Joseph Campbell, Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 117, 125–126.
6. John Limpert, “Deep Throat: If It Isn’t Tricia It Must Be . . .,” Washingtonian, June 1974, 17.
7. John Limpert, “Deeper into Deep Throat,” Washingtonian, August 1974, 17–18.
8. Limpert, “Deep Throat,” 17.
9. Woodward, Secret Man, 218.
10. Michiko Kakutani, “An Aura of Mystery Still Hovers around the Man Who Is Deep Throat,” New York Times, July 6, 2005.
11. Christopher Hitchens, “The Insider,” New York Times Book Review, July 24, 2005.
12. Holland, Leak, 93, 232–233.
13. Ibid., 183; John W. Dean, “Why the Revelation of the Identity of Deep Throat Has Only Created Another Mystery,” FindLaw Legal News.
14. James Mann, “Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis,” Atlantic Monthly, May 1992, 106–112; Woodward, Secret Man, 104.
15. Laura Norton, “Woodward and Bernstein Laud Felt’s Courage,” Santa Rosa (CA) Press Democrat, January 16, 2009.
16. Holland, Leak, 190–191.
17. Ibid., 140–141.
18. Leonard Downie Jr., The New Muckrakers: An Inside Look at America’s Investigative Reporters (Washington, DC: New Republic Books, 1976), 4.
19. Fred Thompson, “The Lessons of Watergate,” National Review Online, June 25, 2012.