Quotations from Nietzsche are from the works translated by R. J. Hollingdale and published by Viking Penguin (marked by *), or from his A Nietzsche Reader, London, 1977. Any translation not otherwise credited is my own.
Human, All Too Human, first published 1878. Second edition 1886. Assorted Opinions and Maxims, first published as first supplement to Human, All Too Human, 1879.
The Wanderer and his Shadow, first published as second supplement to Human, All Too Human, 1880.
Daybreak, first published 1881. Second edition 1886.
The Gay Science, first published 1882. Expanded edition 1887.
*Thus Spoke Zarathustra, London, 1961: first published 1883–92
*Beyond Good and Evil, London, 1973: first published 1886.
Towards a Genealogy of Morals, first published 1887.
The Case of Wagner: a musician’s problem, first published 1888.
*Ecce Homo, London, 1979: written in 1888, first published 1908.
*Twilight of the Idols and The Anti-Christ, London, 1990 edn: first published 1889 and 1895.
The Will to Power, first published 1901.
The main sources for the history of Neuva Germania are Bernhard Förster and Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche:
ELISABETH FØRSTER-NIETZSCHE
Dr Bernhard Förster’s Kolonie Neu-Germania in Paraguay, Berlin, 1891.
Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche, volume 1, 1895; volume 2, part one, 1897; volume 2, part two, 1904 (all Leipzig). Shortened and updated versions Der Junge Nietzsche, Leipzig, 1912, translated as The Young Nietzsche, A. M. Ludovici, London, 1912, and Der Einsame Nietzsche, Leipzig, 1914, translated as The Lonely Nietzsche, Paul V. Cohn, London, 1915. Reference is to the translated version.
BERNHARD FöRSTER
Deutsche Colonien in dem oberen Laplata Gebiete mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Paraguay, Naumburg, 1886. [German Colonisation in the Upper La Plata District with Particular Reference to Paraguay: The Results of Detailed Practical Experience, Work and Travel 1883–1885]
Das Verhältnis des modernen Judenthums zur deutschen Kunst, Berlin, 1881. [The Relationship between Modern Jewry and German Art]
The principal secondary sources are:
Ronald Hayman, Nietzsche: A Critical Life, London, 1980.
R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche: The Man and His Philosophy, Baton Rouge and London, 1965.
S. L. Gilman and D. J. Parent, Conversations with Nietzsche, New York and Oxford, 1987.
Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, Princeton, 1950, fourth edition 1974.
H. F. Peters, Zarathustra’s Sister, New York, 1974.
E. F. Podach, Gestalten um Nietzsche, Weimar, 1932.
J. P. Stern, Nietzsche, London, 1978.
Reference in the Notes to these texts is in the form of the author’s surname and the year of first publication; thus ‘Nietzsche, 1886, 26’.
‘one has …’ Nietzsche, 1886, p. 42–3
‘Footfalls echo …’ T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets, ‘Burnt Norton’, 1
‘Others will follow’, Podach, 1932, p. 145
‘wasting away in …’ ibid., p. 152
‘despite the many difficulties …’ Förster, 1886, p. 221
Morgenstern (or Morgenstein) de Wisner (variously Colonel Enrique, François Enri, and Francisco) was born in 1800; the date of his death is unknown. This sketch of his life and my account of nineteenth-century Paraguay derives from the following sources: H. G. Warren, Paraguay. An Informal History (Oklahoma, 1949) and Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance (Texas, 1978); Alyn Brodsky, Madame Lynch and Friend: The true account of an Irish Adventuress and the dictator of Paraguay who destroyed that South American Nation (New York, 1975); C. J. Kolinski, Independence or Death! The Story of the Paraguayan War (Florida, 1965) and Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Latin American Historical Dictionaries No. 8 (New Jersey, 1973); The Times, 25 August 1871; Alfredo Sieferheld, Los Judeos en el Paraguay (Asunción, 1981); H. Morgenstern de Wisner, Collected documents of José Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia (Argentina, 1923); T. J. Page, La Plata, The Argentine Federation and Paraguay. Being the narrative of the exploration of the tributaries of the River La Plata and adjacent countries during the years 1853, ’54, ’55 and ’56 (London, 1859). R. Andrew Nickson, Paraguay, vol. 84 in the world bibliographical series (Oxford, 1987), is a detailed bibliographical guide to the country.
The account of Elisabeth’s arrival in Asunción is derived from the oral histories of inhabitants of Nueva Germania, Elisabeth’s own descriptions and contemporary records of the city (see below).
R. B. Cunninghame Graham’s life is described in H. F. West’s biography, A Modern Conquistador. Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: his life and works (London, 1932). The best of his own books are The Ipané (London, 1899), Mogreb al Acksa; Journey in Morrocco (London, 1898), A Vanished Arcadia (London, 1901), The Conquest of the River Plate (London, 1924) and Portrait of a Dictator (London, 1933).
‘my way of thinking …’ Nietzsche, 1882/7, 32
‘Whatever the type …’ Jungle Survival, PAM (AIR) 214, Crown Copyright 1984, p. 7
‘Report on the State of Paraguay …’ Col. H. von Morgenstern de Wisner, The Times, 25 August 1871
‘Several small boats …’ Sudamericanische Coloniale Nachrichten, October 1888
‘the odd luxury …’ Förster, 1886, p. 220
‘The next worst bug …’ ibid., p. 62
‘Excellent diagrams …’ Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles Coulton Gillispie (New York, 1970), vol. II, p. 127
‘My first worry …’ Förster, 1886, pp. 139–145
‘While every noble morality …’ Nietzsche, 1887, ‘Good and Bad’, 5
‘Whoever believed …’ Nietzsche, 1908, ‘Why I Write Such Excellent Books’, I
‘to want to remain a riddle …’ Nietzsche, 1886, 6
‘a shrunken …’ ibid., 61–2
‘the contemptible sort …’ Nietzsche, 1889, ‘Expeditions of an Untimely Man’, 38
‘a great service …’ Nietzsche, 1879, 58
‘Overcome, you higher men …’ Nietzsche, 1883–92, IV ‘Of the Higher Man’, 3
‘We would not let …’ Nietzsche, 1880, 333
‘he never fell into the error …’ Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (London, 1891), chapter 11
‘Remain true …’ Nietzsche, 1883, quoted in H. F. West, op. tit., p. vi
‘A drive and impulse …’ Nietzsche, 1878 (1886 edn.), Preface 3–6
‘His getting into prison …’ George Bernard Shaw, Three Plays for Puritans, quoted in H. F. West, op. cit., p. 77
‘I care not …’ Cunninghame Graham, 1901, p. 211
‘when I think …’ ibid., p. xviii
‘I have no theory …’ quoted in H. F. West, op. cit., p. 126
‘The main things …’ Förster, 1886, p. 220
‘To make plans …’ Nietzsche, 1879, No. 85.
My main source on the life of Eliza Alicia Lynch is Alyn Brodsky’s admirable Madame Lynch and Friend (New York, 1975). In addition to sources cited above, material is derived from William E. Barrett, Woman on Horseback. The biography of Francisco Lopez and Eliza Lynch (London and New York, 1938), and Gordon Meyer, The River and its People (London, 1965). Information on the nature and origins of Guaraní myths is primarily taken from H. G. Warren, Paraguay. An Informal History (Oklahoma, 1949).
‘Would as soon …’ quoted in Alyn Brodsky, op. cit., p. 182
‘It is somewhat …’ G. F. Masterman, Seven Eventful Years in Paraguay. A narrative of personal experience among the Paraguayans, (London, 1869), p. 51
‘The Paraguayan women …’ Cunninghame Graham, 1933, p. 89
‘everything great, fruitful and noble …’ Arthur, Comte de Gobineau,
‘Essay on the Inequality of Human Races’, quoted in the 1991 Reith Lectures by Dr Steven Jones
‘the whole history of nations …’ Ernst Haeckel, quoted in Richard Milner, The Encyclopedia of Evolution (Oxford and New York, 1988), p. 312
‘I sat on the ground …’ From the sworn deposition of Alonso Taylor, quoted in C. A. Washburn, The History of Paraguay. With notes of personal observations, and reminiscences of diplomacy under difficulties (Boston, Mass., 1871), vol. II, p. 510
‘It was a sad sight …’ ibid., vol. II, ch. VII, p. 94
‘he who wants to live on …’ Nietzsche, 1879, 307
‘Her eyes were of a blue …’ quoted in William Barrett, op. cit., p. 333
‘Sadism …’ Cunninghame Graham, 1933, p. 241
‘gross animal look …’ C. A. Washburn, op. cit., vol. II, p. 48
‘Even the meanest …’ Nietzsche, 1879, 95
‘quite too busy …’ Alyn Brodsky, op. cit., p. 60
‘J’espère …’ ibid., p. 59
‘The colour …’ Captain Richard Burton, Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay (London, 1870), p. 138
‘As a steamer slips …’ Cunninghame Graham, 1901, p. 39
‘A large round fish …’ Förster, 1886, p. 61
‘A long tail …’ibid., p. 61
‘… they flee …’ ibid., p. 60
‘with marvellous …’ H. G. Warren, op. cit., p. 9
‘a hoggish appearing …’ ibid., p. 9
‘in order to find Indians …’ Father Ruiz de Montoya, Conquista Espiritual del Paraguay, introductory chapter
‘carelessly washing …’ ibid., quoted in H. G. Warren, op. cit., p. 10
‘a white, long-haired animal …’ A. K. Macdonald, Paraguay: Its People, Customs and Commerce (London, 1911), p. 479
‘an amphibious animal …’ Father Ruiz de Montoya, in H. G. Warren, op. cit.
‘Sipping the infusion …’ G. F. Masterman, op. cit., pp. 51–2
‘if the ceremony …’ W. H. Koebel, Paraguay (London, 1917), p. 286
‘the effects of yerba maté …’ Förster, 1886, p. 50
‘the one god …’ Nietzsche, 1882/7, 143
‘The population is Christian …’ Förster, 1886, p. 80
‘that the sounds …’ Father Martin Dobrizhoffer, History of the Abipones, an Equestrian people of Paraguay (Vienna, 1784; English translation London, 1822). Quoted in Cunninghame Graham, 1901, p. 25
‘Sleep was out of the question …’ Sir Christopher Gibson, Enchanted Trails (London, 1948), p. 61
‘the organ of fear …’ Nietzsche, 1881, 250
‘in the blood …’ Cunninghame Graham, 1933, p. 118
‘That Lopez …’ ibid., p. 239
‘She could drink more …’ Masterman, op. cit., p. 42
‘he would indulge …’ C. A. Washburn, op. cit., quoted in Cunninghame Graham, 1933, p. 243
‘I know not …’ Förster, 1886, p. 70
‘I’m also convinced the trail …’ Jim Woodman, The Ancient Inscriptions of Paraguay, Epigraphic Society of South America, (Asunción, 1989) Section IV
‘A tame tiger cat …’ Wilfred Barbrooke Grubb, An Unknown People in an Unknown Land. An account of the life and customs of the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, with adventures and experiences met with during twenty years pioneering and exploration amongst them (London, 1911), p. 267
‘That attitude was briefly …’ ibid., p. 27
‘They had …’ R. P. François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Histoire de Paraguay (Paris, 1756; London, 1769), liv. IV. p. 183, quoted in Cunninghame Graham, 1933, p. 6
‘The men and women …’ Hulderilke Schnirdel (variously Schmidel and Schmidt), Historia y Descubrimiento de el Rio de la Plata y Paraguay, contained in the collection made by Andres Barcia, Historiadores Primitivos de las Indias Occidentals, Madrid, 1749. This translation from The Faber Book of Reportage, ed. John Carey (London, 1987)
‘they eat the flesh …’ Comentarios de Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, contained in Barcia, op. cit., quoted in H. G. Warren, p. 27
‘a community …’ Father Martin Dobrizhoffer, op. cit., quoted in Cunninghame Graham, 1901, pp. 229–30
‘for youthful, vigorous barbarians …’ Nietzsche, 1879, 95
‘They died like plants …’ Padre del Techo, History of Paraguay, quoted in Cunninghame Graham, 1901, p. 234
‘which was in former times …’ Nietzsche, 1881, 204
‘The principal characteristics …’ Förster, 1886, pp. 73–4
‘a harmless race …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, ‘A Sunday in Nueva Germania’, Bayreuther Blätter, vol. IX, 1889, p. 285, Peters, 1974, p. 103
‘Throughout Paraguay …’ Förster, 1886, p. 169
‘for it heats the blood …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 41
‘No one who …’ Förster, 1886, p. 61
‘The snakes are dangerous …’ ibid., p. 60
‘In a lagoon …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 51
‘We travelled …’ Förster, 1886, p. 145
‘It is grand …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 18 March 1888, Peters, 1974, p. 99
‘Clearly the carpenter …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 118
‘the radiant German children …’ ibid., p. 45
The principal unpublished sources for this and subsequent chapters are contained in the Goethe–Schiller Archive in Weimar (henceforth GSA) and in the private collection of Mr Albie Rosenthal. H. F. Peters’ Zarathustra’s Sister, as the only published work on Elisabeth Nietzsche, has proved a useful starting point. For biographical information on the life of Nietzsche I have relied on the following works: R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche: The Man and His Philosophy; Ronald Hayman, Nietzsche: A Critical Life; and E. F. Podach, Gestalten um Nietzsche. S. L. Gilman and D. J. Parent, Conversations with Nietzsche, has also been helpful. The most lucid critical work on Nietzsche is still Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, which contains a detailed examination of the Nazis’ textual misuse of Nietzsche. J. P. Stern, Nietzsche, is a good short introduction. Nietzsche’s letters are contained in Nietzsche Briefweschel Kritische Gesamtausgabe, edited by G. Colli and M. Montinari (Berlin and New York, 1975), henceforth C & M; some references are to the earlier Friedrich Nietzsche Briefe, eds W. Hoppe and K. Schlechta (Munich 1938–42).
‘in the life …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 135
‘Do you desire …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 11 June 1865, ibid., p. 137
‘It is much easier …’ Friedrich Nietzsche Briefe, vol. I, p. 419, Peters, 1974, p. 21
‘the wonderful way …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1911, p. 8
‘feminism is …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 302
‘My brother’s ideal…’ ibid., p. 304
‘In everything God has …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, ‘Aus meinem Leben’, Hayman, 1980, p. 26
‘the inspector …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p.63
‘I have a pleasant …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 19 November 1862, Hayman, 1980, p. 49
‘A letter is …’ Nietzsche, 1880, 261
‘Dresden will be …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, end of February 1862, Hayman, 1980, p. 46
‘Marie Deussen is …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franziska and Elisabeth Nietzsche, 8 October 1864, Hayman, 1980, p. 59
‘the story of …’ Anonymous, My Sister and I (Amok Books, 1990), reproduced p. lxvi
‘It first happened …’ ibid., p. 6
‘for a flat fee’ Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (Princeton, 1950), p. 503n
‘What I fear …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, ed. Karl Schlecta (Aus den Jahren 1868–9), vol. III, p. 148, Peters, 1974, p. 22
‘I am quivering …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Erwin Rohde, 28 October 1868
‘wonderfully lively …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Erwin Rohde, 9 November 1868, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 49
‘Together we could march …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Erwin Rohde, 9 December 1868, Hayman, 1980, p. 100
‘I know that they are all talking …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Friedrich Nietzsche, 13 February 1869, Peters, 1974, p. 23
‘I offer all …’ Nietzsche, 1908, ‘Why I am so Clever’, 5
‘Richard came in …’ Cosima Wagner, Diaries, Hayman, 1980, p. 133
‘Ariadne, I love you …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Cosima Wagner, beginning of January 1889, Hayman, 1980, p. 335
‘… My wife, Cosima Wagner …’ Records of the clinic at Jena, 27 March 1889
‘The whole of Tribschen …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 222
‘I can still …’ ibid., pp. 223–4
‘nothing more beautiful …’ Richard Wagner to Friedrich Nietzsche, beginning of January 1872, Hayman, 1980, p. 146
‘I am in no mood …’ Friedrich Nietzsche Briefe, vol. III, p. 112, Peters, 1974, p. 30
‘because of my sister’s …’ Friedrich Nietzsche Briefe, vol. IV, p. 233, ibid., p. 31
‘as an old maid …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 13 July 1868, ibid., p. 19
‘great, brave and indomitable …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, ed. Karl Schlechta (Munich, 1960), vol. III, p. 303, Peters, 1974, p. 34
‘We shall love …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Erwin Rohde, 15 December 1870, Hayman, 1980, p. 132
‘Truly a hair-raising crowd!’ Nietzsche, 1908, 2
‘philistines and housewives’, Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 378
‘peeped into the room …’ ibid., p. 383
‘It was really …’ Friedrich Nietzsche Briefe, vol. IV, p. 467, Peters, 1974, p. 42
‘pint pot capacity …’ Ernest Newman, The Life of Richard Wagner (London and New York, 1972), vol. IV, p. 520
‘Finally Israel intervened …’ Cosima Wagner to Maria von Schenitz, May 1878, Hayman, 1980, p. 204
‘criticise everything …’ Richard Wagner, Bayreuther Blätter, August 1878
‘When we hear …’ Cosima Wagner, 2 April 1881, Diaries, Martin Gregor Dellin and Dietrich Mack, eds (Munich, 1976–7), trans. Geoffrey Skelton (London and New York, 1978)
‘Either we rid ourselves …’ Förster, 1881, p. 53
‘The true German …’ ibid., p. 20
‘let that most …’ ibid., p. 54
‘ridiculously servile …’ Cosima Wagner, Diaries, trans. Skelton, op. cit., entry for 6 July 1880
‘how embarrassing …’ ibid., 12 June 1881
‘I almost think Carmen …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Peter Gast, 8 December 1881, Hayman, 1980, p. 236
‘The true man …’ Nietzsche, 1883–92, ‘Of Old and Young Women’
‘man should be trained …’ ibid.
‘What stars …’ Lou Andreas-Salomé, Lebensrückblick, ed. Ernst Pfeiffer (Zurich, 1951), Hayman, 1980, p. 245
‘Don’t get the idea …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Rée, Lou von Salomé: Die Dokumente ihrer Begegnung, ed. Ernst Pfeiffer (Frankfurt, 1970), p. 254, Peters, 1974, p. 65
‘that rabid egotism …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Clara Geltzer, 24 September 1882, Hayman, 1980, p. 251
‘a disgrace …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, mid-September 1882, ibid., p. 251
‘I have the Naumburg …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 18 September 1882, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 183
‘I warn Miss Salomé …’ and ‘low, sensuous, cruel…’ Ernst Pfeiffer, Nietzsche, Rée, Salomé, op. cit., p. 291, Peters, 1974, p. 70
‘I am a headache-plagued half-lunatic …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Lou Salomé and Paul Rée, mid-December 1882, Stern, 1978, p. 34
‘I have suffered …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, Christmas Day 1882, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 184
‘dried-up, dirty …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to George Rée, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 187
‘How charmingly …’ Nietzsche 1883–92, ‘Of Chastity’, p. 92
‘You are visiting women? …’ ibid., ‘Of Old and Young Women’. Nietzsche’s views on women are contradictory. What appears at times to be wholesale condemnation of the female sex is often tempered by profound and sympathetic insight into female psychology, and relations between the sexes. The following are excerpted from the section on ‘Woman and Child’ in Human, All Too Human: ‘The perfect woman is a higher type of being than the perfect man: also something much rarer’ (section 377). ‘… a good marriage is founded on the talent for friendship’ (section 378); ‘Everyone bears within him a picture of woman derived from his mother: it is this which determines whether, in his dealings with women, he respects them or despises them, or is in general indifferent to them’ (section 380). There are many other examples. Nietzsche opposed nineteenth-century feminism on much the same basis that ‘post-feminists’ now attack their predecessors. An excellent examination of Nietzsche’s ideas on women is contained in the article ‘Who is the “Übermensche”? Time, Truth and Woman in Nietzsche’ by Keith Ansell-Pearson in The Journal of the History of Ideas, 1992.
I am grateful to Dr Ansell-Pearson for pointing out that the much-quoted ‘whip’ passage needs to be read in context. ‘Woman’ in this passage (spoken by an old woman, it should be noted) is arguably a metaphor for life and that Nietzsche is once again exhorting the reader to master life and its secrets by using all necessary means, including coercion – which does not preclude the possibility that he had Lou Salomé in mind when he wrote the passage. A fuller discussion of this question is contained in the appendix of R. Hinton Thomas, Nietzsche in German Politics and Society 1890–1918 (Manchester, 1984).
‘a sneaking, slanderous …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to George Rée, summer 1883, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 187
‘I am being broken …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 25 December 1883, Hayman, 1980, p. 254
‘morally bloated’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, end of November 1882, Hayman, 1980, p. 254
‘It is painful …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, March 1883, ibid.
‘For a year now …’ Ernst Pfeiffer, Nietzsche, Rée, Salomé, op. cit., p. 344, Peters, 1974, p. 74
‘There can be no question …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Malwida von Meysenbug, early May 1884, Hayman, 1980, p. 273
‘A cry for help …’ Quoted in Podach, 1932, p. 125
‘the ferocity with which …’ The Times, 1 February 1883
‘He is filled …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Peter Gast, 7 January 1883, Peters, 1974, p. 71
‘a real rebirth’ Richard Wagner, ‘Religion and Art’, Bayreuther Blätter 1880, in E. Newman, The Life of Richard Wagner (London and New York, 1972), vol. IV, pp. 617–18
‘The National anti-Semitic movement …’ Quoted in Podach, 1932, p. 125
‘already being systematically …’ Förster, 1886, p. 7
‘the most representative Jew-baiter …’ The Times, 1 February 1883
‘let them make fun …’ Bernhard Förster to Julius Cyriax, 30 March 1883, from the Rosenthal collection
‘I find Fritz’s views …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 4 April 1883, Peters, 1974, p. 72
‘someday Förster …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, ibid.
‘Greetings from Wagner …’ Richard Wagner to Bernhard Förster, 1 February 1883, GSA
‘We hear …’ Cosima Wagner, Diaries, trans. Skelton, op. cit., entry for 9 February 1883
‘What a thunderbolt …’ Bernhard Förster to Julius Cyriax, 30 March 1883, Rosenthal collection
‘the man one most …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Peter Gast, 19 February 1883, Hayman, 1980, p. 261
‘I regard you today …’ see Hayman, 1980, p. 261
‘My son Zarathustra …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Heinrich von Stein, 22 May 1884, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 216. Nietzsche’s ‘übermensch’ is traditionally translated as ‘Superman’, and I have used this translation for the sake of consistency. ‘Overman’, though more cumbersome, is a more accurate translation of the German and also accurately conveys the notion of ‘self-overcoming’ while ‘Superman’ misleadingly implies mere superiority. See Keith Ansell-Pearson in the Times Higher Educational Supplement, 16 March 1991.
‘My brother’s goal …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Bernhard Förster, 15 September 1883, Peters, 1974, p. 74
‘Here is a man …’ Nietzsche, 1882, 359
‘This accursed anti-Semitism …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 2 April 1884, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 214
‘To enthusiasm …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franziska and Elisabeth Nietzsche, 14 March 1885, C & M no. 581.
‘Is it right to leave my brother? …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Bernhard Förster, 12 October 1884, Peters, 1974, p. 83
‘shall bind …’ Bernhard Förster to Julius Cyriax, 19 April 1885, Rosenthal collection
‘From my own point of view …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, end of May 1885, C & M no. 604
‘two horses …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 6 October 1885, ibid., no. 632
‘My husband …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 218
‘I am in the company …’ Podach, 1932, p. 145
‘How lonely your Fritz feels …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franziska and Elisabeth Nietzsche, 6 September 1885, Hayman, 1980, p. 287
‘I have lost …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Emily Fynn, February 1886, C&M, no. 671
‘I would give everything …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 7 February 1886, C & M no. 669
‘party to complete …’ Podach, 1932, p. 145
‘I shall have …’ Bernhard Förster to Julius Cyriax, 15 February 1886, Rosenthal collection
‘jolly suggestion …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, February 1886, Podach, 1932, p. 147
‘You say that New Germany …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, June 1886, C & M vol. V, p. 726
‘I hear that …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 28 February 1890, Peters, 1974, p. 102
‘Just think how grand …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Bernhard Förster, 28 November 1883, Peters, 1974, p. 78
‘I am getting old …’ Bernhard Förster to Julius Cyriax, Rosenthal collection
‘the few years …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 21 December 1887, C & M no. 507
‘I hope that …’ Franziska Nietzsche to Friedrich Nietzsche, 1 March 1887, ibid., no. 439
‘In front of every farm house …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 18 March 1888, Peters, 1974, p. 98
‘I have no …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Reinhart von Seydlitz, 24 February 1887, Stern, 1978, pp. 36–7
‘nothing whatever to …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Heinrich Köselitz (Peter Gast), 20 May 1887, C & M no. 851
‘indeed, I’m …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 3 November 1886, C & M no. 773
‘My position is …’ draft letter Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, before 5 June 1887, C & M no. 854
‘the shrewdest comment …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Georg Brandes, 2 December 1887, Hayman, 1980, p. 314
‘Between ourselves …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Reinhart von Seydlitz, 12 February 1888, ibid., p. 315
‘Your brother …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, end of October 1888, ibid., p. 328
‘Personally I would have wished …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Friedrich Nietzsche, 6 September 1888, Peters, 1974, p. 107
‘It is time we …’ draft letter Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, mid-November 1888, see Hayman, 1980, p. 334
‘We are dreaming …’ Bayreuther Blätter, end 1888, Peters, 1974, p. 102
‘After supper we sit …’ ‘A Sunday In Nueva Germania’, Bayreuther Blätter, January 1889, reproduced in Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 43
‘a healthy climate …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Bernhard Förster, 20 August 1884, Peters, 1974, p. 82
‘rather have spent time …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 42
‘the little Queen …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Heinrich Köselitz (Peter Gast), 20 May 1887, C & M no. 851
‘you can imagine …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 3 February 1888, C & M no. 984
‘There have been settlers …’ Sudamericanische Coloniale Nachrichten, October 1888
‘If we make a start …’ ibid.
‘the colony’s management is …’ Bernhard Förster to General Bernadino Caballero, 24 September 1888, GSA
‘literary propaganda …’ ibid.
‘for all this …’ ibid.
‘filthy little egotist …’ see Förster-Nietzsche 1891, chapter VII, p. 145–73
‘remarkable industry …’ ibid., p. 81
‘There have been …’ Julius Klingbeil, Enthüllüngen über die Dr Bernhard Förstersche Ansiedlung Neu-Germanien in Paraguay, (Leipzig, 1889), p. 106
‘There have been …’ ibid., p. vi
‘My experiences …’ ibid., p. v
‘in Paraguay …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, ed. Karl Schlecta, (Munich, 1960), vol. III., p. 1,345, Peters, 1974, p. 107
‘Oh, you anti-Semites …’ reproduced in Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 45
‘bringing the German flag …’ letter from Bernhard Förster to Sudamericanische Coloniale Nachrichten, 1889, ibid., p. 54
‘My dear heart-Bern …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Bernhard Förster, 1 May 1889, GSA
‘With me a catastrophe …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 14 April 1887, Hayman, 1980, p. 305
‘one of my diseases …’ Nietzsche, 1908, preface
‘chewing the cud …’ ibid., part III
‘The Germans …’ Nietzsche, 1889, ‘What the Germans lack’, I
‘When truth …’ Nietzsche, 1908, ‘Why I am Destiny’
‘In two months’ …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Carl Fuchs, 11 December 1888, Hayman, 1980, p. 132
‘I have ordered …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to August Strindberg, undated, ibid., p. 132
‘I want, I want to be mad …’ August Strindberg to Friedrich Nietzsche, January 1889, ibid., p. 334
‘I have just seized …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Meta von Salis, 4 January 1889, ibid., p. 335
‘Ariadne …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Cosima Wagner, beginning of January 1889
‘I have just had all anti-Semites …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, c. 4 January 1889, C & M no. 1249
‘He never said …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, end of March 1889, GSA
‘Bernhard does not show …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, end of March 1889, Peters, 1974, p. 108
‘Don’t worry …’ Elisabeth Nietzsche to Bernhard Förster, 1 May 1889, GSA
‘I am in a bad way …’ Bernhard Förster to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 2 June 1889, GSA
‘suddenly rose from his couch …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 64
‘the false friends …’ ibid., p. 64, see Podach, 1932, p. 159
‘This one discovery …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 65
‘My body and mind …’ Bernhard Förster to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 2 June 1889, GSA
‘he and his wife …’ Podach 1932, p. 160
‘the artist leaves …’ Förster, 1881, p. 2
‘not only led us …’ reprinted in Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 63
‘Do not call him …’ reproduced in Podach, 1932, p. 161, and Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 60
‘passionately reproaching my husband …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 391
‘in excellent order …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, Bayreuther Blätter, September 1889, reproduced in Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 67
‘bitterly reproached …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 391.
‘The whole letter …’ ibid.
‘paralytic psychic disturbance …’ diagnosis of the Jena Clinic: see Hayman, 1980, p. 339
‘I am dead …’ Franziska Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, 26 September 1892, Hayman, 1980, p. 344
‘like a Prussian soldier …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 403
‘As mother of the colony …’ GSA, see Hayman, 1980, p. 345
‘a battling hero …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 68
‘the climate of Paraguay …’ ibid., p. 116
‘colony tiger …’ ibid., p. 120
‘we don’t pay …’ ibid., pp. 120–35
‘Society …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, 1889, 36
‘I do not think Germany …’ George Streckfus to Max Schubert, December 1892, Podach, 1932, p. 165
‘if there is not an improvement …’ ibid., pp. 166–7
‘the favourable letters …’ Walter Glitza to Max Schubert, 8 July 1892, ibid., p. 168
‘truth and not delicacy …’ ibid., pp. 169 and 171
‘but how insignificant …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche in Bayreuther Blätter, January 1895, Podach, 1932, pp. 175–6
‘My dear Llama …’ Friedrich Nietzsche to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 5 July 1885, C & M no. 611
‘I do not …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 407
‘a popular error …’ Nietzsche, Gesammelte Werke, Musarion ed. (23 vols, 1920–9), vol. XVI, 318, Kaufmann, 1950, p. 19
‘His life I am …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Peter Gast, 17 September 1893, Peters, 1974, p. 131
‘Frau Förster-Nietzsche is …’ Rudolf Steiner, Das Magazin für Litteratur, 10 February 1900, Kaufmann, 1950, p. 5
‘Whoever saw Nietzsche …’ quoted in C. A. Bernoulli, Franz Overbeck und Friedrich Nietzsche. Eine Freundschaft (Jena, 1908), vol. II, p. 370, Hollingdale, 1965, p. 304
‘wonderfully beautiful …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 13
‘The only female relative …’ ibid., p. 39
‘He used not to speak …’ ibid., p. 323
‘I more than anyone …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. v
‘My sister is not …’ ibid., p. 45
‘helpful trusting soul …’ ibid., p. 211
‘listens not only …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 307
‘Never in our lives …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 222
‘a forerunner of …’ ibid., p. 131
‘essentially distasteful …’ ibid., p. 121
‘malicious brood of …’ ibid., p. 390
‘marked out …’ ibid., p. 240
‘if Förster had not …’ ibid., p. 251
‘it was principally …’ ibid., p. 240
‘he was far too good …’ ibid., p. 222
‘an intriguing young lady …’ ibid., p. 187
‘he dreaded …’ ibid., p. 241
‘various adverse …’ ibid., p. 251
‘had not the slightest …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. vii
‘story of a friendship …’ ibid., p. 372
‘whatever people may say …’ ibid., pp. 296–7
‘often indulged in …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 368
‘he cherished a …’ ibid., p. 376
‘a real liking …’ ibid., p. 373
‘he never forgot …’ ibid., p. 373
‘the most difficult task …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 137
‘this extraordinarily rich …’ ibid., p. 41
‘apparently she does …’ Count Harry Kessler, entry for 24 April 1929, Diaries of a Cosmopolitan (London, 1971)
‘he was asleep …’ ibid., 8 August 1897, Hayman, 1980, pp. 348–9
‘How I felt …’ Isabella von Ungern-Sternberg, 31 March – 1 April 1900, trans. David J. Parent in Sander L. Gilman, ed., Conversations with Nietzsche (New York and Oxford 1987), p. 259
‘prefer to be understood …’ Nietzsche, 1879, p. 138
‘he wrote me a …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 404
‘one day …’ ibid., pp. 404–5
‘At two o’clock …’ ibid., p. 410
‘“Lisbeth,” said my brother …’ ibid., p. 65
‘I have a terrible fear …’ Nietzsche, 1908, ‘Why I am Destiny’, I
‘Hallowed be thy name …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. x
‘pink satin …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1912, p. 223
‘Did you know …’ Cosima Wagner to Daniela, 28 February 1900, Cosima Wagner, Briefe an ihre tochter Daniela Bulow (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1933), p. 514
‘She seems to have …’ Cosima Wagner to Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 14 August 1900, ibid., p. 541
‘The Revolution made …’ Nietzsche, 1901, p. 271. For a more detailed examination of the pleasures and pitfalls of Nietzsche’s Nachlass, see Hollingdale, 1965, and Kaufmann, 1950
‘it looks as though …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1915, p. 334
‘I have read, madame …’ Gabriele D’Annunzio to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 7 July 1906, GSA
‘an idealistic genius …’ Baron von Fischer-Truenfeld, Paraguay in Wort und Bild (Berlin, 1906), p. 248
‘after six or eight …’ ibid., p. 250
‘For New Germany …’ ibid., p. 253
‘Rarely has …’ C. A. Bernoulli, Franz Overbeck und Friedrich Nietzsche, op. cit., vol. II, p. 431, in Peters, 1974, p. 184
‘I came here …’ Oscar Levy to Mrs Crosland, Weimar, 7 August 1908, Rosenthal collection
‘none of us …’ The Times, 12 January 1906
‘Perhaps there will come …’ Friedrich Nietzsche, quoted by Keith Ansell-Pearson in the Times Higher Educational Supplement, 16 March 1990, p. 13
‘the great challenge …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, ‘Nietzsche and the War’, GSA
‘one of the greatest …’ fragment of document, undated, GSA
‘read the devil …’ quoted by Keith Ansell-Pearson, The Jewish Quarterly, Autumn 1990, p. 28
‘Even in her seventh decade …’ Count Harry Kessler, Diaries of a Cosmopolitan, op. cit., 23 February 1919
‘She insists that …’ ibid., 9 May 1920
‘the good old lady …’ ibid., 20 July 1922
‘Admirable, the resignation …’ ibid., 20 April 1925
‘political methods …’ ibid., 12 October 1927
‘a fat parson …’ ibid., 13 October 1927
‘the race most …’ Briefwechsel zwischen Cosima Wagner und Fürst Ernst zu Hohenlohe Langenburg (Stuttgart, 1937), p. 45, trans. E. Newman, Life of Richard Wagner (London and New York, 1972), vol. III, p. 285
‘Elisabeth went on …’ Count Harry Kessler, op. cit., 22 October 1927
‘the most congenial …’ Benito Mussolini, ‘Philosophy of Strength’, Pagine Libere (Lugarno, 1908)
‘You are right …’ Interview by Dr Oscar Levy, New York Times Magazine, 9 November 1924
‘I can no longer …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Mussolini, quoted in New Weimar Journal, 30 May 1929
‘my brother loved …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Mussolini, 23 July 1931, GSA
‘Without exaggeration …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Count Baroni, Italian Ambassador to Berlin, 13 October 1931, GSA
‘bursting with news …’ Count Harry Kessler, op. cit., 11 February 1926
‘We deem it …’ Pfundter, ed., Dr Wilhelm Frick und sein Ministerium (Berlin, 1937), p. 180–1
‘I am not giving …’ Wilhelm Frick to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 20 September 1930, GSA
‘It is certain …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Wilhelm Frick, 7 February 1931, GSA
‘the happiest day …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Count Baroni, 13 October 1931, GSA
‘Can I dare …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Mussolini, 14 January 1932, GSA
‘his eyes …’ Count Harry Kessler, op. cit., 7 August 1932
‘inside the archive …’ ibid., 7 August 1932
‘A wave of joyous enthusiasm …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Wilhelm Frick, 2 February 1933, GSA
‘wonderful, indeed phenomenal …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Ernst Thiel, 12 May 1933, Peters, 1974, p. 220
‘It is becoming ever clearer …’ Fritz Rütishauser to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 24 July 1933, GSA
‘We are very happy …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Fritz Rütishauser, undated, GSA
‘A trip to Weimar …’ Fritz Rütishauser to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 14 October 1934, GSA
‘Yes, Elisabeth, you are …’ Ernst Thiel to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 14 May 1934, GSA
‘The Statesman comes …’ Max Oehler, ‘Hitler’s visit to the Archive’, 20 July 1944, GSA
‘both personally and objectively …’ Hans Frank to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 4 May 1943, GSA
‘in one year …’ Trial of the Major War Criminals (Munich and Zurich, 1984), vol. XXIX, p. 415
‘German post-war art …’ quoted in Paul Otwin Rave, Kunstdiktatur im Dritten Reich (Hamburg, 1947), p. 13, trans. Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich (London, 1971), p. 532
‘We honour Friedrich Nietzsche …’ Quoted in The Times, 18 October 1944
‘Hitler and the party …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Margaritha Frick, 5 July 1934, GSA
‘the worst readers …’ Nietzsche, 1879,137
‘Nietzsche had always …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, ‘Was Nietzsche a National Socialist?’, date unclear, probably 19 and 20 July 1934, GSA
‘merely megalomaniac …’ Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (London, 1946), p. 734
‘his followers …’ ibid., p. 739
‘It is not too much to say …’ George Lichtheim, Europe in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1972), p. 152
‘fundamentally unsound …’ P. G. Wodehouse, Carry On Jeeves (London, 1960), p. 26
‘great task and question …’ Nietzsche, 1908
‘beyond doubt the strongest …’ Nietzsche, 1878, 475
‘I have a duty …’ Nietzsche 1908, foreword, I
‘The Chancellor of the Reich …’ Hans Heinrich Lammers to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 19 April 1934, GSA
‘special fund …’ Lammers to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 27 June 1935, GSA
‘I am not an Aryan …’ Rudolf K. Goldschmit to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 16 March 1935, GSA
‘I’m so glad …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Hans Heinrich Lammers, undated, GSA
‘I will be sacked …’ Schmidt to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 14 April 1935, GSA
‘I am now …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Wilhelm Frick, 14 August 1934, GSA
‘of the atrocities …’ Count Harry Kessler, op. cit., 22 October 1927
‘Painful to hear …’ ibid., 13 October 1927
‘miserable state …’ Cornelie Nürnberg, undated article, ‘My Experiences as a Teacher in New Germany’, Nietzsche Archive, 1936, GSA
‘with which they associated everything…’ ibid.
‘The colony can be very proud …’ Fritz Neumann to Cornelie Nürnberg, 23 April 1930, GSA
‘though I believe …’Alfred Meyer to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 25 May 1932, GSA
‘remain true to …’ Alfred Meyer to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 10 April 1933, GSA
‘old Fritz Neumann …’ German Consulate in Paraguay to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 17 July 1933, GSA
‘It is a great pleasure …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Fritz Neumann, 21 August 1933, GSA
‘the enmity of the Jews …’ Volksbund für das Deutschtum in Ausland to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 16 May 1935, GSA
‘May God give …’ Frau Böckel to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, November 1934, GSA
‘I want to help …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to German Consulate in Paraguay, 19 October 1933, GSA
‘Because of the Reich’s foreign debts …’ Martin Schmidt to Cornelie Nürnberg, New Year 1937, GSA
‘dull inflexibility …’ Cornelie Nürnberg to Max Oehler, 11 February 1937, GSA
‘the spirit of Nietzsche …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, 5 June 1934, GSA
‘In my long time …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Adolf Hitler, 19 June 1935, GSA
‘one cannot but love …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Ernst Thiel, 31 October 1935, Peters, 1974, p. 222
‘We went to Nietzsche’s house …’ Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London, 1970), p. 64
‘enormous interest …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Adolf Hitler, 26 August 1935, GSA
‘You could see …’ entry for 11 November 1935, Max Oehler’s diary, GSA
‘the fearless, determined …’ funeral address read by Fritz Sauckel, 11 November 1935, GSA
‘One cannot but …’ Thüringer Gauzeitung, 4 August 1938, GSA
‘How he rejoiced …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, undated radio broadcast, Plauderei zu dem Weimar, GSA
‘Long live eternal Germany …’ report of Kingsbury Smith of Illustrated News Service, 16 October 1946
‘I am dying innocent …’ Smith, ibid.
‘If it is certain …’ Speech by French prosecutor François de Menthos during sitting of 17 January 1946; see The Trial of the Major War Criminals, op. cit., vols V–VI, p. 474
‘Only the palm trees …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 43
‘I never imagined it …’ Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to Franziska Nietzsche, 18 March 1888, Peters, 1974, p. 98
‘You will tear yourselves …’ Förster-Nietzsche, 1891, p. 134
‘The Axis powers …’ quoted in G. Posner and J. Ware, Mengele: The Complete Story (London, 1986), p. 170
‘He clings firmly …’ Nietzsche, 1882, 229
‘An anti-Semite is not …’ Nietzsche, 1895, 183
‘“I have done that” …’ Nietzsche, 1886, 68
‘the hypocrite who …’ Nietzsche, 1878, 51
‘fairly recent isolation …’ J. A. Fraser Roberts and Marcus E. Pembrey, An Introduction to Medical Genetics (Oxford, 1985), p. 56. See pp. 48–56 for statistics on albinism.
‘Such genes are …’ Ashley Montagu, Human Heredity (New American Library, 1960), p. 311
‘Zarathustra has seen …’ Nietzsche, 1883–92, I, ‘Of the Thousand and One Goals’
‘The man who …’ Nietzsche, 1880, 53