Notes

Introduction

1  Ruth Thomson. ‘Witnessing, weeping and outrage – Modern contexts and ancient woes in Euripides’ The Trojan Women at the State Theatre Company of South Australia, November 2004’. Didaskalia 6.3 (2006). http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol6no3/thompson.html.

2  See, for instance, Richard Ned Lebow. The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; Mervyn Frost. ‘Tragedy, ethics and international relations’. International Relations 17.4 (2003); Nicholas Rengger. ‘Tragedy or scepticism? Defending the anti-Pelagian mind in world politics’. International Relations 19.3 (2005); Richard Ned Lebow. ‘Tragedy, politics and political science’. International Relations 19.3 (2005); Chris Brown. ‘Tragedy, “tragic choices” and contemporary international political theory’. International Relations 21.1 (2007); J. Peter Euben. ‘The tragedy of tragedy’. International Relations 21.1 (2007); Richard Beardsworth. ‘Tragedy, world politics and ethical community’. International Relations 22.1 (2008); Mervyn Frost. ‘Tragedy, reconciliation and reconstruction’. European Journal of Social Theory 11.3 (2008); Richard Ned Lebow and Toni Erskine (eds), Tragedy and International Relations. New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Also see, for instance, the symposium on ‘The 2500th anniversary of democracy: Lessons of Athenian democracy’. PS: Political Science and Politics 26.3 (1993). Of the five essays in this symposium, Athenian tragedy’s connection with democracy was only mentioned once, and only in passing in J. Peter Euben. ‘Democracy ancient and modern’. PS: Political Science and Politics 26.3 (1993), 481.

3  See, for instance, Cynthia Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking: The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; M. I. Finley. The Ancient Greeks. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963; Simon Goldhill. Reading Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Christian Meier. trans. Andrew Webber. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993; David M. Pritchard (ed.), War, Culture and Democracy in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009; Richard Sewell. In the Theatre of Dionysos: Democracy and Tragedy in Ancient Athens. Jefferson: McFarland, 2007; M. S. Silk. Tragedy and the Tragic: Greek Theatre and Beyond. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996; John J. Winkler and Froma I. Zeitlin (eds), Nothing to Do with Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

4  Sheldon Wolin. ‘Democracy: Electoral and Athenian’. PS: Political Science and Politics 26.3 (1993), 475.

5  David Held. ‘Democracy and globalization’, in Daniele Archibugi, David Held and Martin Kohler (eds), Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998, pp. 21–2.

6  Jean Grugel (ed.), Democracy without Borders: Transnationalization and Conditionality in New Democracies. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

7  See, for instance, Michael W. Doyle. ‘Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs’. Parts 1 and 2. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12.3–4 (1983); Bruce Russett. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993; Bruce Russett. ‘A structure for peace: A democratic, interdependent, and institutionalized order’, in Takashi Inoguchi, Edward Newman and John Keane (eds), The Changing Nature of Democracy. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1998; Immanuel Kant. Perpetual Peace. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932; Thomas J. Knock. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; Daniele Archibugi, David Held and Martin Kohler. ‘Introduction’, in Archibugi, Held and Kohler (eds), Re-imagining Political Community; Edward G. Mansfield and Jack Snyder. ‘Democratization and war’. Foreign Affairs 74.3 (1995); James M. Lindsay. ‘The case for a concert of democracies’. Ethics and International Affairs 23.1 (2009); G. Schmitt and T. Donnelly. ‘The Bush doctrine’. Project Memorandum 30 January 2002. http://www.newamericancentury.org/defense-20020130.htm; Michael Hirsh. ‘Bush and the World’. Foreign Affairs 81.5 (2002); Daniele Archibugi and David Held (eds), Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995; John S. Dryzek. Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in a Divided World. Cambridge: Polity, 2006; John S. Dryzek. ‘Transnational democracy’. The Journal of Political Philosophy 7.1 (1999).

8  Euben. ‘Democracy ancient and modern’, 479.

9  See, for instance, Oliver Taplin. ‘Spreading the word through performance’, in Simon Goldhill and Robin Osborne (eds), Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Kurt A. Raaflaub. ‘Contemporary perceptions of democracy in fifth-century Athens’, in Loren J. Samons II. ed. and intro. Athenian Democracy and Imperialism. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

10  Robert J. Bonner. Aspects of Athenian Democracy. New York: Russell & Russell, 1967, pp. 117–18; Michael X. Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy. New York: Peter Lang, 1998, p. 6; Goldhill. Reading Greek Tragedy, p. 77.

11  See, for instance, Christian Meier. trans. David McLintock. The Greek Discovery of Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990, pp. 88–9; Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 11.

12  Eric Csapo and William J. Slater. The Context of Ancient Drama. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1994, p. 286.

13  Lebow. The Tragic Vision of Politics, p. 361.

14  Nicole Loraux cited in Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 11. The democratic revolution is often associated with Cleisthenes, but it also involved and included the demos as a whole. See Josiah Ober. The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, 4, 35.

15  Cornelius Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, in Cornelius Castoriadis. trans. and ed. David Ames Curtis, The Castoriadis Reader. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1997, p. 274.

16  Costas M. Constantinou. ‘The beautiful nation: Reflections on the aesthetics of Hellenism’. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 31.1 (2006), 56.

17  Rush Rehm. Radical Theatre: Greek Tragedy and the Modern World. London: Duckworth, 2003, p. 87.

18  Edith Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, in P. E. Easterling (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 94; Rehm. Radical Theatre, p. 87.

19  Charles Segal. Interpreting Greek Tragedy: Myth, Poetry, Text. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986, 45, 75, 78.

20  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’.

21  Id., 92.

22  Mary Ebbott. ‘Marginal figures’, in Justina Gregory (ed.), A Companion to Greek Tragedy. Malden: Blackwell, 2005, p. 366.

23  Damon A. Young. Distraction: A Philosopher’s Guide to Being Free. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2008, p. 94; J. J. Pollitt. Art and Experience in Classical Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972; Andrew Stewart. Classical Greece and the Birth of Western Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008; Damon A. Young. ‘Sparta for our times’. Meanjin 66.2 (2007), 175.

24  Nicholas J. Rengger. International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order: Beyond International Relations Theory? London and New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 9.

25  N. Katherine Hayles. ‘Introduction: Complex dynamics in literature and science’, in N. Katherine Hayles (ed.), Chaos and Order: Complex Dynamics in Literature and Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991, p. 1.

26  Rengger. International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order, p. 9.

27  Hayles. ‘Introduction’, p. 2.

28  Kurt A. Raaflaub. ‘Introduction’, in Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober and Robert W. Wallace (with Paul Cartledge and Cynthia Farrar). Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007, p. 3; Cornelius Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, in David Ames Curtis (ed.), Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 20–2; Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 275.

29  J. Peter Euben. ‘The polis, globalization, and the politics of place’, in Aryeh Botwinick and William E. Connolly (eds), Democracy and Vision: Sheldon Wolin and the Vicissitudes of the Political. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 259.

30  Cornelius Castoriadis. trans. Kathleen Blamey. The Imaginary Institution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987, p. 156.

31  Kate Grenville. ‘The writer in a time of change: Learning from experience’. Griffith Review 26 (2009), 58.

32  Carmel Bird. ‘East of the sun and west of the moon: Fiction and the imagination’. Griffith Review 26 (2009), 119.

33  John S. Dryzek. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

34  Authors who have broadly written about these global political developments include, for instance, Jim George. Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994; Samuel P. Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996; Rajani K. Kanth. Breaking with the Enlightenment: The Twilight of History and the Rediscovery of Utopia. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1997; Thomas F. Homer-Dixon. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999; Zygmunt Bauman. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000; Roland Bleiker. Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; Manfred Steger. Globalism: The New Market Ideology. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002; Amy Schrager Lang and Cecelia Tichi (eds), What Democracy Looks Like: A New Critical Realism for a Post-Seattle World. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2006.

35  Christopher Rocco. Tragedy and Enlightenment: Athenian Political Thought and the Dilemmas of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, pp. 7–8.

36  Page duBois. ‘Toppling the hero: Polyphony in the tragic city’. New Literary History 35.1 (2004), 77.

37  Ibid.

38  Rocco. Tragedy and Enlightenment, p. 5.

39  In recent times, a range of political thinkers have begun to see in the contemporary global transformations a new and radical style of democracy – or the need for one – which has little if anything to do with our predominant notions of democracy. See, for instance, Nathan Widder. ‘The relevance of Nietzsche to democratic theory: Micropolitics and the affirmation of difference’. Contemporary Political Theory 3.2 (2004); Friedrich Nietzsche. ed. Raymond Geuss and Ronald Speirs. The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Matthias Fritsch. ‘Derrida’s democracy to come’. Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory 9.4 (2002); Paul Patton. ‘Derrida, politics and democracy to come’. Philosophy Compass 2.6 (2007); Paul Patton. ‘Deleuze and democracy’. Contemporary Political Theory 4.4 (2005); Alan D. Schrift. ‘Nietzsche, Foucault, Deleuze, and the subject of radical democracy’. Aneglaki: Journal of Theoretical Humanities 5.2 (2000); Chantal Mouffe. The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso, 2000.

40  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 268.

41  See, for instance, Alasdair MacIntyre. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. London: Duckworth Press, 1985; Paul Ricoeur. Time and Narrative, Volume 3. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988.

42  See, for instance, Louiza Odysseos. ‘Laughing matters: Peace, democracy and the challenge of the comic narrative’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30.3 (2001); Keith C. Sidwell. Aristophanes the Democrat: The Politics of Satirical Comedy during the Peloponnesian War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009; Susan Lape. Reproducing Athens: Menander’s Comedy, Democratic Culture and the Hellenistic City. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004; Niall W. Slater. Spectator Politics: Metatheatre and Performance in Aristophanes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002; Michael Vickers. Pericles on Stage: Political Comedy in Aristophanes’ Early Plays. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.

43  Edith Hall. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

44  Id., p. 162.

45  Edward W. Said. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books, 2003, p. 56.

46  Id., p. 57.

47  John Keane. The Life and Death of Democracy. London: Pocket Books, 2009, 63, 64.

48  Id., p. 74.

49  Franz Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’. The American Journal of Philology 73.2 (1952), 114.

50  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 30.

51  Charles Mee. ‘What I like’. The (Re)Making Project. http://www.charlesmee.org/html/charlesMee.html.

Chapter 1

1  Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, pp. 21–2; Cornelius Castoriadis. ‘The Athenian democracy: False and true questions’, in Pierre Leveque and Pierre Vidal-Naquet. trans. and ed. David Ames Curtis, Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Political Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato. New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1996, p. 121.

2  Raaflaub. ‘Introduction’, p. 3.

3  Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, pp. 20–2; Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 275.

4  Neal Curtis. ‘Tragedy and politics’. Philosophy and Social Criticism 33.7 (2007), 871.

5  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 284.

6  Segal. Interpreting Greek Tragedy, p. 45.

7  Id., 75, 78.

8  Christian Descamps. ‘Introduction’, in Pierre Leveque and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Cleisthenes the Athenian, p. 100.

9  See Barbara Goff. ‘Introduction: History, tragedy, theory’, in Barbara Goff. ed. and intro., History, Tragedy, Theory: Dialogues on Athenian Drama. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995, p. 6.

10  Id., p. 8.

11  John J. Winkler and Froma I. Zeitlin. ‘Introduction’, in Winkler and Zeitlin (eds), Nothing to Do with Dionysos?, p. 4.

12  Ibid.

13  Ibid.

14  Ober. The Athenian Revolution, p. 10.

15  Michelle Gellrich. ‘Interpreting Greek tragedy: History, theory and the new philology’, in Goff (ed.), History, Tragedy, Theory, p. 40.

16  Jean-Pierre Vernant. ‘Tension and ambiguities in Greek tragedy’, in Jean-Pierre Vernant and Pierre Vidal-Naquet. trans. Janet Lloyd, Tragedy and Myth in Ancient Greece. Sussex: Harvester Press, 1981, pp. 6–7.

17  Jasper Griffin. ‘The social function of attic tragedy’. The Classical Quarterly 48.1 (1998), 60.

18  But this, in part, can be problematized through an examination of Nietzsche’s thoughts on agonism in relation to democracy and tragedy. As an advocate of tragedy’s beauty and power, Nietzsche is also a staunch critic of democracy. Within his texts, a palpable elitism prevails, as does an aversion to modern notions of egalitarianism, liberalism and democracy. However, we need not conclude from this that tragedy is indeed undemocratic and vice versa. Rather, it is necessary to maintain a definite notion of democracy, a notion that perhaps precedes or negates modern, liberal democracy. Such is the importance of Athenian democracy. Beyond the mere institutions, the call for equality and the demands of openness, Athenian democracy grasped sordid truths within the individuals and their communities. From these truths came the need for agonism. This, Nietzsche would have been far from critical of. In fact, his very penchant for elitism and pessimism effectively accommodates the workings of agonism. And it is as these concepts are extended to the greater population, as they become the ethos of the polis, that tragedy will begin to flourish. There exists a fundamental unity between democracy and tragedy; a unitary disclosure via different means. For Nietzsche, this is precisely why ‘[t]ragedy has always contained a pure democratic character, [because] it springs from the people’. See Lawrence J. Hatab. A Nietzschean Defense of Democracy: An Experiment in Postmodern Politics. Chicago and La Salle: Open Court, 1995; Lawrence J. Hatab. ‘Prospects for a democratic Agon: Why we can still be Nietzscheans’. Journal of Nietzsche Studies 24.1 (2002); Joshua Foa Dienstag. ‘Tragedy, pessimism, Nietzsche’. New Literary History 35.1 (2004), 88–9; Widder. ‘The relevance of Nietzsche to democratic theory’.

19  See Helene Foley’s analysis of the divergence of Christine Sourvinou-Inwood’s democratic reading of Antigone with Larry Bennet and Blake Tyrell’s reading of the same play. See Helene Foley. ‘Tragedy and democratic ideology: The case of Sophocles’ Antigone’, in Goff (ed.), History, Tragedy, Theory.

20  Sewell. In the Theatre of Dionysos, p. 186.

21  Constantinou. ‘The beautiful nation’, 54.

22  Donald Kagan. Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy. New York: The Free Press, 1991, p. 2; Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 17.

23  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 1.

24  See, for instance, Ober. The Athenian Revolution; Greg Anderson. The Athenian Experiment: Building an Imagined Political Community in Ancient Attica 508–490 BC. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2003; Leveque and Vidal-Naquet. Cleisthenes the Athenian; Cynthia Farrar. ‘Power to the people’, in Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober and Robert W. Wallace. Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece.

25  See, for instance, Aristotle, Politics, 2.12, in Cosmo Rodewald. ed. and intro., Democracy: Ideas and Realities. London: Dent, 1974; Mortimer Chambers. ‘Aristotle’s “forms of democracy”’. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 92 (1961), 22–4; Farrar. ‘Power to the people’; R. K. Sinclair. Democracy and Participation in Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

26  See Walter Eder in Farrar. ‘Power to the people’, p. 172.

27  Kagan. Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy, p. 4.

28  Daniel Ross. Violent Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 5.

29  For more on Solon see Robin Barrow. Athenian Democracy: The Triumph and the Folly. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1973; Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking; Sinclair. Democracy and Participation in Athens; Robin Sowerby. The Greeks: An Introduction to their Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. For more on Cleisthenes see Anderson. The Athenian Experiment; Finley. The Ancient Greeks; Leveque and Vidal-Naquet. Cleisthenes the Athenian; Ober. The Athenian Revolution.

30  Ebbott. ‘Marginal figures’, p. 366.

31  Barrow. Athenian Democracy, pp. 29–30.

32  Id., pp. 21–2; Sowerby. The Greeks, pp. 31–2.

33  Finley. The Ancient Greeks, p. 75; Peter V. Jones. The World of Athens: An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 202–3.

34  Jones. The World of Athens, p. 204.

35  Id., p. 206.

36  Ibid.

37  Id., pp. 208–9.

38  Barrow. Athenian Democracy, p. 30; Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 22; Kurt A. Raaflaub. ‘The breakthrough of Demokratia in mid-fifth century Athens’, in Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober and Robert W. Wallace. Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, p. 105.

39  Eric W. Robinson. ‘Ancient Greek democracy: A brief introduction’, in Eric W. Robinson (ed.), Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources. Malden: Blackwell, 2004, p. 3.

40  Anderson. The Athenian Experiment, 36–7, 81; Sowerby. The Greeks, p. 34.

41  Ibid.

42  David Ames Curtis. ‘Translator’s foreword’, in Pierre Leveque and Pierre Vidal Naquet. Cleisthenes the Athenian, p. xi; Sinclair. Democracy and Participation in Athens, p. 3.

43  Sara Forsdyke. Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005; Robinson. ‘Ancient Greek democracy’, p. 3.

44  Sewell. In the Theatre of Dionysos, p. 185.

45  For instance, Aristotle asserts that Athenian democracy progressed through 11 changes (metabolai) in form. Chambers. ‘Aristotle’s “forms of democracy” ’, 22.

46  The word for democracy in ancient Athens is demokratia, which denotes the giving of kratos (power) to the demos (people). It is worthwhile noting that the etymology of kratos is related to ‘grasp’, signifying a rather physical power. Hence, as Paul Cartledge notes, the people would literally have their hands on what mattered. See Jones. The World of Athens, p. 197; Paul Cartledge. ‘Democracy, origins of: Contribution to a debate’, in Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober and Robert W. Wallace. Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, pp. 156–7.

47  See Castoriadis. ‘The Athenian democracy’, p. 121.

48  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, pp. 14–18.

49  Ross. Violent Democracy, p. 7.

50  See, for instance, Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, pp. 273–4; Gilles Labelle. ‘Two refoundation projects of democracy in contemporary French philosophy: Cornelius Castoriadis and Jacques Ranciere’. Philosophy and Social Criticism 27.4 (2001), 78.

51  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 274.

52  Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, pp. 20–1.

53  David Ames Curtis. ‘Preface’, in Castoriadis (ed.), Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy, pp. vii–viii.

54  Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, p. 20.

55  Ibid.

56  Sewell. In the Theatre of Dionysos, p. 185.

57  Labelle. ‘Two refoundation projects of democracy in contemporary French philosophy’, 80.

58  Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, p. 20.

59  Cornelius Castoriadis. ‘Power, politics, autonomy’, in Castoriadis (ed.), Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy, p. 160.

60  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 274.

61  See Kagan. Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy, p. 9. Also for more on the coming together of opposites witnessed under democracy see Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 1; Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 37; Raaflaub. ‘Introduction’, p. 3.

62  Pierre Vidal-Naquet. ‘Democracy: A Greek invention’, in Pierre Leveque and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Cleisthenes the Athenian, p. 108.

63  An extensive literature, both classic and modern, has emerged detailing the immense injustices, horrors and frivolity meted out by and under the West’s first great democracy. See, for instance, Vidal-Naquet. ‘Democracy’, p. 108; Castoriadis. ‘The Athenian democracy’, p. 123–4; Jones. The World of Athens; Bernard Groffman. ‘Lessons of Athenian democracy: Editor’s introduction’. PS: Political Science and Politics 26.3 (1993), 471; Sowerby. The Greeks, pp. 47–54. At the same time, however, Castoriadis warns us that contemporary theorists should not impose modern standards on ancient peoples, given that the notion of political universality – the complete destruction of traditional limitations, the questioning of sensitive topics, universal suffrage – is a recent development. Castoriadis. ‘Power, politics, autonomy’, pp. 160–1; Castoriadis. ‘The Athenian democracy’, p. 127.

64  Castoriadis. ‘The “end of philosophy”?’, p. 20.

65  Curtis. ‘Translator’s foreword’, p. xi.

66  Id., p. xx.

67  Strictly speaking, it must be noted that ‘Greek tragedy’ is a misnomer. It was not Greece or the Greeks per se that gave birth to tragedy. Indeed, it was not Greece or the Greeks who needed its insights and accentuated its notoriety. Rather, it was Athens and the Athenians. It was, for Castoriadis, the upshot of a people and a predicament that rejected absolute singularity. This was why the genre and institution became so esteemed in Athens in the immediate aftermath of the democratic revolution. See Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 284; Sewell. In the Theatre of Dionysos, p. 3; Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 3.

68  Hall. Inventing the Barbarian, p. 1.

69  Jones. The World of Athens, p. 301; Sowerby. The Greeks, p. 78.

70  Costas M. Constantinou. On the Way to Diplomacy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996, p. 99.

71  Segal. Interpreting Greek Tragedy, 32, 34; Josiah Ober and Barry Strauss. ‘Drama, political rhetoric, and the discourse of Athenian democracy’, in Winkler and Zeitlin (eds), Nothing to do With Dionysos?, pp. 239–40; Alfred Cary Schlesinger. Boundaries of Dionysus: Athenian Foundations for the Theory of Tragedy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.

72  G. Lowes Dickinson. The Greek View of Life. London: Methuen, 1960, p. 234; Schlesinger. Boundaries of Dionysus, 27, 37.

73  Lebow. The Tragic Vision of Politics, p. 20.

74  H. M. Kellen. ‘The essence of tragedy’. International Journal of Ethics 22 (1912), 199.

75  Eva Figes. Tragedy and Social Revolution. London: John Calder, 1976, p. 11; Roy Flickinger. The Greek Theater and its Drama. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1922; Jones. The World of Athens, pp. 301–2; William Ridgeway. The Origin of Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910, p. 71; Sowerby. The Greeks, p. 77.

76  Douglas Smith. ‘Introduction’, in Friedrich Nietzsche. trans. and intro. Douglas Smith. The Birth of Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; Gerald F. Else. The Origin and Early Form of Greek Tragedy. New York: W.W. Norton, 1972, p. 30.

77  Else. The Origin and Early Form of Greek Tragedy, pp. 9–10.

78  Richard G. Moulton. The Ancient Classical Drama: A Study in Literary Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898, p. 6.

79  Id., pp. 8–9.

80  Id., p. 10.

81  Ibid.

82  Smith. ‘Introduction’, p. xvii.

83  P. E. Easterling. ‘The end of an era? Tragedy in the early fourth century’, in Alan H Sommerstein, Stephan Halliwell, Jeffrey Henderson and Bernhard Zimmermann (eds), Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis: Papers from the Greek Drama Conference. Bari: Levante Editori, 1993.

84  Ridgeway. The Origin of Tragedy.

85  J. Peter Euben. The Tragedy of Political Theory: The Road Not Taken. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990, p. 50.

86  Constantinou. On the Way to Diplomacy, 100, 99.

87  Bonner. Aspects of Athenian Democracy, pp. 117–18; Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 6.

88  Goldhill. Reading Greek Tragedy, p. 77.

89  See, for instance, Meier. The Greek Discovery of Politics, pp. 88–9; Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 11.

90  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 1.

91  Id., 1–4, 47–8; Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 11.

92  Stephen Chan. The End of Certainty: Towards a New Internationalism. London and New York: Zed Books, 2009, p. 201.

93  Goldhill. Reading Greek Tragedy, pp. 75–8.

94  Simon Goldhill. ‘The audience in Athenian tragedy’, in P. E. Easterling (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy, pp. 55–6.

95  Id., p. 60.

96  Csapo and Slater. The Context of Ancient Drama, p. 286.

97  Goldhill. Reading Greek Tragedy, p. 77.

98  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 113–14.

99  Goldhill. ‘The audience in Athenian tragedy’, p. 56.

100  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, p. 100.

101  Bonner. Aspects of Athenian Democracy, p. 118; Euben. The Tragedy of Political Theory, pp. 55–6; Finley. The Ancient Greeks, p. 106; Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, p. 125.

102  Paul Cartledge. ‘“Deep plays”: Theatre as process in Athenian civic life’, in P. E. Easterling (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy, p. 8; Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 7.

103  Paul Monaghan. ‘Managerialism meets Dionysos: Theatre and civic order’. Double Dialogues 3 (2005/06). http://www.doubledialogues.com/archive/issue_three/monaghan_two.htm.

104  Hall. Inventing the Barbarian; Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy.

105  Christoph Menke. ‘The presence of tragedy’. Critical Horizons 5.1 (2004), 216; Vernant. ‘Tension and ambiguities in Greek tragedy’, p. 18.

106  Meier. The Greek Discovery of Politics, pp. 82–4.

107  Id., 121, 123.

108  Simon Goldhill. ‘The great Dionysia and civic ideology’, in Winkler and Zeitlin (eds), Nothing to Do with Dionysos?, p. 126.

109  Monaghan. ‘Managerialism meets Dionysos’.

110  Goldhill. ‘The great Dionysia and civic ideology’, 124, 127.

111  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 284.

112  Nathalie Karagiannis. ‘The tragic and the political: A parallel reading of Kostas Papaioannou and Cornelius Castoriadis’. Critical Horizons 7.1 (2006), 309.

113  Ibid.

114  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 284.

115  Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy, s3.

116  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 284; J. Peter Euben. ‘Introduction’, in J. Peter Euben (ed.), Greek Tragedy and Political Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986, p. 29; Michael Janover. ‘Mythic form and political reflection in Athenian tragedy’. Parallax 9.4 (2003), 41.

117  Monaghan. ‘Managerialism meets Dionysos’.

118  Segal. Interpreting Greek Tragedy, 23, 41.

119  See, for instance, Deborah Boedeker and Kurt Raaflaub. ‘Tragedy and city’, in Rebecca Bushnell (ed.), A Companion to Tragedy. Malden: Blackwell, 2005, pp. 119–22 for full analysis.

120  A. Brown. ed. and trans. Sophocles: Antigone. Warminster: Aris and Phillips Ltd., 1987, 1–2; R. E. Braun. trans. Sophocles: Antigone. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

121  Castoriadis. ‘The Greek Polis and the creation of democracy’, p. 286; Matthew Sharpe. ‘Autonomy, reflexivity, tragedy: Notions of democracy in Camus and Castoriadis’. Critical Horizons 3.1 (2002), 113–14.

122  Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy, s4; Smith. ‘Introduction’, p. xvii; M. S. Silk and J. P. Stern. Nietzsche on Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 65.

123  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, p. 126.

124  Damon Young. ‘The democratic chorus: Culture, dialogue and polyphonic Paideia’. Democracy and Nature 9.2 (2003), 231–2.

125  Friedrich Nietzsche. trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Richard Wagner in Beyreuth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 223.

126  Constantinou. ‘The beautiful nation’, 56.

127  Boedecker and Raaflaub. ‘Tragedy and city’, p. 123.

128  Euben. The Tragedy of Political Theory, p. 147.

129  Giacomo Gambino. ‘Nietzsche and the Greeks: Identity, politics, and tragedy’. Polity 28.4 (1996), 433–4, 427.

Chapter 2

1  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’.

2  Sewell. In the Theatre of Dionysos, p. 171.

3  Gambino. ‘Nietzsche and the Greeks’, 416–17.

4  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’.

5  Ibid.

6  Segal. Interpreting Greek Tragedy, 45, 75, 78.

7  See David Held. Models of Democracy (3rd edn). Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006, p. 28.

8  Aristotle, ed. and trans. Stephen Halliwell. Poetics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, Book 7.

9  Id., Book 7, 9.

10  Id., Book 14.

11  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, p. 93.

12  Jean-Pierre Vernant. ‘Myth and tragedy’, in Amelie Oksenberg Rorty (ed.), Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 33.

13  duBois. ‘Toppling the hero’, 75.

14  Ibid.

15  Paul Woodruff. The Necessity of Theater: The Art of Watching and Being Watched. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 72.

16  Aristotle. Poetics, Book 15.

17  duBois. ‘Toppling the hero’, 67.

18  Michael Chayut. ‘Tragedy and science’. History of European Ideas 25.4 (1999), 167–8.

19  Ebbott. ‘Marginal figures’, p. 366.

20  Id., p. 367.

21  Claude Calame. trans. Janice Orion. pref. Jean-Claude Coquet. The Craft of Poetic Speech in Ancient Greece. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995, pp. 97–115.

22  Alvin W. Gouldner. Enter Plato: Classical Greece and the Origins of Social Theory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965, 108, 110.

23  Id., p. 114.

24  Dostoyevsky quoted in Young. ‘The democratic chorus’, 228.

25  Ibid.

26  Hall. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, p. 123.

27  Vernant. ‘Myth and tragedy’, p. 35.

28  See Jean-Pierre Vernant. ‘The historical moment of tragedy in Greece: Some of the social and psychological conditions’, in Vernant and Vidal-Naquet (eds), Tragedy and Myth in Ancient Greece; Vernant. ‘Tension and ambiguities in Greek tragedy’; Claude Calame. ‘Performative aspects of the choral voice in Greek tragedy: Civic identity in performance’, in Goldhill and Osborne (eds), Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy.

29  Calame. ‘Performative aspects of the choral voice in Greek tragedy’, p. 130.

30  Vernant. ‘Tension and ambiguities in Greek tragedy’, p. 18.

31  Daniel W. Graham. Explaining the Cosmos: The Ionian Tradition of Scientific Philosophy. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006.

32  ‘Hesiod’s theory’ in Id., p. 10.

33  Gi-Ming Shien. ‘Being and nothingness in Greek and ancient philosophy’. Philosophy East and West 1.2 (1951), 16, 18; T. A. Sinclair. A History of Greek Political Thought. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.

34  H. C. Baldry. The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, p. 27.

35  Monaghan. ‘Managerialism meets Dionysos’.

36  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 30; Goldhill. Reading Greek Tragedy, pp. 77–8; Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, pp. 2–3.

37  Albert Camus. ‘Lecture given in Athens on the future of tragedy’, in Albert Camus. ed. and trans. Philip Thody, Selected Essays and Notebooks. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970, p. 199.

38  Edith Hamilton. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: A Mentor Book, 1969, p. 13.

39  Id., p. 17.

40  Lowes Dickinson. The Greek View of Life, p. 250.

41  Svetla Slaveva-Griffin. ‘Philosophy and myth: A review of recent scholarship’. The European Legacy 12.2 (2007), 247.

42  Raymond Geuss. ‘Introduction’, in Nietzsche (ed.), The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings, p. xiv.

43  Schlesinger. Boundaries of Dionysus, pp. 42–3; Bruno Snell. The Discovery of the Mind in Greek Philosophy and Literature. New York: Dover Publications, 1982, p. 98.

44  Walter Kaufmann. Tragedy and Philosophy. Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1968, p. 78.

45  Alastair Blanshard. Hercules: A Heroic Life. London: Granta, 2005, p. 45.

46  Boedeker and Raaflaub. ‘Tragedy and city’, pp. 122–3.

47  Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood. ‘Assumptions and the creation of meaning: Reading Sophocles’ Antigone’. Journal of Hellenic Studies 109 (1989), 136.

48  Zelenak. Gender and Politics in Greek Tragedy, p. 3.

49  Vernant. ‘Myth and tragedy, p. 36.

50  Aristotle. Poetics, Book 6.

51  Bonner. Aspects of Athenian Democracy, p. 89; Ober and Strauss. ‘Drama, political rhetoric, and the discourse of Athenian democracy’, pp. 237–40.

52  Cartledge. ‘Deep plays’, p. 3.

53  Lowes Dickinson. The Greek View of Life, p. 206.

54  Id., pp. 253–4.

55  See Martha C. Nussbaum. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 90; Stephen Chan. ‘Typologies toward an unchained medley: Against the gentrification of discourse in international relations’, in Vivienne Jabri and Eleanor O’Gorman (eds), Women, Culture and International Relations. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999, pp. 165–7.

56  Richard Tarnas. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991, p. 17.

57  Alfred North Whitehead. Science and the Modern World. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926, p. 11.

58  Gambino. ‘Nietzsche and the Greeks’, 417.

59  Dennis J. Schmidt. On Germans and Other Greeks: Tragedy and Ethical Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 273.

60  Grace M. Ledbetter. Poetics Before Plato: Interpretation and Authority in Early Greek Theories of Poetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 3.

61  Stephen Chan. ‘A new triptych for international relations in the 21st century: Beyond waltz and beyond Lacan’s Antigone, with a note on the Falun Gong of China’. Global Society 17.2 (2003), 191.

62  George Steiner. The Death of Tragedy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996, p. 8.

63  Camus, ‘Lecture given in Athens on the future of tragedy’, p. 196; Albert Camus. ‘Helen’s exile’, in Albert Camus. trans. Justin O’Brien, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967, pp. 187–8.

64  Wendy C. Hamblet. ‘The tragedy of Platonic ethics and the fall of Socrates’. Ethics 2.2 (2003), 142, 143.

65  Id., 142.

66  Tarnas. The Passion of the Western Mind, p. 19; Jean-Pierre Vernant. Myth and Thought among the Greeks. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006, 371, 401–3.

67  Eugenio Benitez. ‘Philosophy, myth and Plato’s two-worlds view’. The European Legacy 12.2 (2007), 225.

68  Steiner. The Death of Tragedy, p. x.

69  William Allan. ‘Tragedy and the early Greek philosophical tradition’, in J. Gregory (ed.), A Companion to Greek Tragedy, pp. 71–2; N. G. L. Hammond. A History of Greece to 322 BC (3rd edn). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986, pp. 421–2; G. E. R. Lloyd. Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle. New York: W.W. Norton, 1970, p. 66.

70  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, pp. 3–5.

71  Plato. trans. and intro. Francis Macdonald Cornford. The Republic of Plato. London: Oxford University Press, 1945, Ch. xxiv, p. 221.

72  Tarnas. The Passion of the Western Mind, p. 38.

73  Richard Kannicht. The Ancient Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry: Aspects of the Greek Conception of Literature. Christchurch: University of Canterbury Press, 1988, p. 2.

74  Kaufmann. Tragedy and Philosophy, p. 78; Snell. The Discovery of the Mind in Greek Philosophy and Literature, p. 90.

75  Lowes Dickinson. The Greek View of Life, 228, 230.

76  Lloyd. Early Greek Science, p. 66; Kannicht. The Ancient Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry, p. 3.

77  Snell. The Discovery of the Mind in Greek Philosophy and Literature, p. 111.

78  Walter R. Agard. What Democracy Meant to the Greeks. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1942, p. 195.

79  Bernard Crick. ‘A meditation on democracy’, in Inoguchi, Newman and Keane (eds), The Changing Nature of Democracy, p. 255.

80  Plato. The Republic of Plato, Ch xxxi.

81  Paul Fairfield. ‘A modest phenomenology of democratic speech’. The European Legacy 10.4 (2005), 359.

82  Id., 361.

83  Costas M. Constantinou. States of Political Discourse: Words, Regimes, Seditions. London and New York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 8–10.

84  See, for instance, T. H. Irwin. ‘Euripides and Socrates’. Classical Philology 78.3 (1983); Helmet Kuhn. ‘The true tragedy: On the relationship between Greek tragedy and Plato, I’. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 52 (1941), 4–5; James I. Porter. The Invention of Dionysus: An Essay on the Birth of Tragedy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 88; Silk and Stern. Nietzsche on Tragedy, pp. 73–76; Snell. The Discovery of the Mind in Greek Philosophy and Literature, p. 109–12.

85  Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy, s17.

86  Id., s12; see Constantinou. ‘The beautiful nation’, for a more complex articulation of this perspective.

87  Curtis. ‘Tragedy and politics’, 860.

88  Constantinou. States of Political Discourse, p. 8.

89  Easterling. ‘The end of an era?’, pp. 561–62.

90  Constantinou. States of Political Discourse, p. 9. However, Georgia Xanthakis-Karamanos makes the argument that the demise of tragedy was, in fact, the result of the growing anxieties and gloominess in fourth-century Athenian life. Unlike the fifth century, when order could flourish with disorder and fact and fiction, the painful realities of the fourth century meant that audiences ‘could hardly face true tragedies’ onstage. See Easterling. ‘The end of an era?’, p. 562.

91  Also see Nussbaum. The Fragility of Goodness, pp. 122–34; D. D. Raphael. The Paradox of Tragedy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960, pp. 76–9.

92  Stephen Halliwell. ‘Plato’s repudiation of the tragic’, in Silk (ed.), Tragedy and the Tragic, p. 338.

93  Tarnas. The Passion of the Western Mind, p. 292.

94  Isaiah Berlin. ed. Henry Hardy. The Roots of Romanticism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, p. 3.

95  George Steiner. ‘“Tragedy”, reconsidered’, in Rita Felski (ed.), Rethinking Tragedy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, p. 43.

96  Michael Tomasky. ‘It’s all in the poetry – How Obama’s vision and message of unity won over Iowa’. The Guardian 5 January 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/05/barackobama.uselections2008.

97  John Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Prometheus Books, 1995, p. 411.

98  Immanuel Kant. trans. J. H. Bernard. Critique of Judgment. New York: Hafner Press, 1951, s53, pp. 171–2.

99  Chan. The End of Certainty, p. 12.

100  Morton Schoolman. Reason and Horror: Critical Theory, Democracy, and Aesthetic Individuality. New York: Routledge, 2001, p. 42.

101  Euben. The Tragedy of Political Theory, p. 260; Martha C. Beck. Tragedy and the Philosophical Life: A Response to Martha Nussbaum. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press, 2006, p. 19.

102  Beck. Tragedy and the Philosophical Life, pp. 36–7.

103  Slaveva-Griffin. ‘Philosophy and myth’, 247.

104  This account is of Nietzsche’s Socrates. Porter. The Invention of Dionysus, p. 90; Lee Spinks. Friedrich Nietzsche. London: Routledge, 2003, pp. 31–2; Walter A. Kaufmann. ‘Nietzsche’s admiration for Socrates’. Journal of the History of Ideas 9.4 (1948), 475–6.

105  Hamblet. ‘The tragedy of Platonic ethics and the fall of Socrates’.

106  Hans-Georg Gadamer. trans. and intro. P. Christopher Smith. Dialogue and Dialectic: Eight Hermeneutical Studies on Plato. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980, p. 48.

107  Hamblet. ‘The tragedy of Platonic ethics and the fall of Socrates’, 150.

108  Schmidt. On Germans and Other Greeks, pp. 7–8.

109  Alex Danchev. ‘Princes and players: From a play banned in Athens to Samuel Beckett in Sarajevo – Why theatre still matters’. The Times Literary Supplement 31 December 2008. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article5423443.ece.

110  Leo Aylen. Greek Tragedy and the Modern World. London: Methuen, 1964, pp. 213–14.

111  Gail Finney. ‘Modern theater and the tragic in Europe’, in Bushnell (ed.), A Companion to Tragedy, p. 474.

112  Rita Felski. ‘Introduction’, in Rita Felski (ed.), Rethinking Tragedy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, p. 9.

113  David Scott. ‘Tragedy’s time: Postemancipation futures past and present’, in Felski (ed.), Rethinking Tragedy; Michael Maffesoli. trans. Rita Felski, Allan Megill and Marilyn Gaddis Rose. ‘The return of the tragic in postmodern societies’, in Felski (ed.), Rethinking Tragedy.

114  Edith Hall. ‘Why Greek tragedy in the late twentieth century?’, in Edith Hall, Fiona Macintosh and Amanda Wrigley (eds), Dionysus since 69: Greek Tragedy at the Dawn of the Third Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 22.

115  Constantinou. States of Political Discourse, p. 9.

116  Chayut. ‘Tragedy and science’, 167–8.

117  Ebbott. ‘Marginal figures’, p. 366.

118  Id., p. 367.

119  Dostoyevsky quoted in Young ‘The democratic chorus’, 228.

120  Alan McKee. ‘A beginner’s guide to textual analysis’, Metro (Issue 127/128, 2001), 140.

121  Roland Barthes. ‘Textual analysis of Poe’s “Valdemar”’, in Robert Young. ed. and intro., Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981, p. 135.

122  Roland Barthes. ‘Theory of the text’, in Young (ed.), Untying the Text, 37, 39.

123  Id., p. 43.

124  Ibid.

125  Michael J. Shapiro. ‘Textualizing global politics’, in James Der Derian and Michael Shapiro (eds), International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989.

126  Id., p. 13.

127  duBois. ‘Toppling the hero’, 64–5.

128  Id., 65.

129  Daniel Mendelsohn. ‘The Greek way’, in Daniel Mendelsohn (ed.), How Beautiful it is and how Easily it can be Broken: Essays. New York: Harper, 2008, pp. 410–11.

130  John Fiske. Television Culture. London: Routledge, 1987, p. 108.

Chapter 3

1  George Thomson. Aeschylus and Athens: A Study in the Social Origins of Drama. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1966, p. 1.

2  Ibid.

3  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 30.

4  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 114.

5  Thomson. Aeschylus and Athens, p. 2.

6  Id., p. 4.

7  Thomas G. Rosenmeyer. The Art of Aeschylus. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, p. 2.

8  Robert Holmes Beck. Aeschylus: Playwright Educator. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975, p. 6.

9  See Athony J. Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1966.

10  John Herington. Aeschylus. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986, p. 17.

11  Ibid.

12  Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 5.

13  A. F. Garvie. The Plays of Aeschylus. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2010, p. 7.

14  Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 4.

15  Marsh H. McCall, Jr. ‘Ch3duction’, in Marsh H. McCall, Jr. (ed.), Aeschylus: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972, p. 2.

16  Alan H. Sommerstein. Aeaschylean Tragedy (2nd edn). London: Duckworth, 2010.

17  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 113.

18  Herington. Aeschylus, p. 19.

19  Id., pp. 20–1.

20  Id., p. 27.

21  Sommerstein. Aeaschylean Tragedy, p. 4.

22  McCall. ‘Ch3duction’, p. 2.

23  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 121.

24  Sommerstein. Aeaschylean Tragedy, p. 9.

25  Thomson. Aeschylus and Athens, pp. 213–14.

26  Id., p. 215.

27  Beck. Aeschylus: Playwright Educator, pp. 37–8.

28  Sommerstein. Aeaschylean Tragedy, p. 299.

29  Id., p. 300.

30  McCall. ‘Ch3duction’, p. 1.

31  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 139.

32  Else. The Origin and Early Form of Greek Tragedy, p. 81.

33  Ibid.; Hebert Weir Smyth. Aeschylean Tragedy. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1969, 9, 10.

34  Else. The Origin and Early Form of Greek Tragedy, p. 85.

35  Weir Smyth. Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 8.

36  Id., pp. 8–9.

37  Garvie. The Plays of Aeschylus, p. 7.

38  Sommerstein. Aeaschylean Tragedy, pp. 4–5.

39  Louis Spatz. Aeschylus. Boston: Twayne, 1982, p. 2.

40  Herington. Aeschylus, p. 16.

41  Spatz. Aeschylus, p. 1.

42  Herington. Aeschylus, pp. 30–1.

43  S. Ireland. Aeschylus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986, p. 6.

44  Id., p. 5.

45  A. F. Garvie. Aeschylus’ Supplices: Play and Trilogy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.

46  Ireland. Aeschylus, p. 6.

47  Sommerstein. Aeaschylean Tragedy, p. 281.

48  Ibid.

49  Herington. Aeschylus, pp. 12–13.

50  Raphael. The Paradox of Tragedy, p. 77.

51  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 138.

52  Ibid.

53  Weir Smyth. Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 36.

54  Aeschylus. trans. Peter Burian. The Suppliants. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991, p. xxii.

55  Beck. Aeschylus, p. 3.

56  Herington. Aeschylus, p. 11.

Chapter 4

1  Weir Smyth. Aeschylean Tragedy, pp. 10–11.

2  Id., p. 43.

3  Chad Turner. ‘Perverted supplication and other inversions in Aeschylus’ Danaid trilogy’. The Classical Journal 97.1 (2001).

4  Aeschylus. trans. Janet Lembke. Suppliants. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 7–11ff.

5  Janet Lembke. ‘Ch3duction’, in Aeschylus. Suppliants, p. 7.

6  See Weir Smyth. Aeschylean Tragedy, pp. 43–5; R. P. Winnington-Ingram. ‘The Danaid trilogy of Aeschylus’. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 81 (1961).

7  Turner. ‘Perverted supplication and other inversions in Aeschylus’ Danaid trilogy’, 36–7.

8  Garvie. Aeschylus’ Supplices, p. 88.

9  Danaus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 247–50ff.

10  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 291–5ff.

11  Danaus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 203–4ff.

12  Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, pp. 50–1.

13  Egyptian Herald in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 1130–5ff.

14  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 299–303ff.

15  Peter Burian. ‘Ch3duction’, in Aeschylus. trans. Peter Burian. The Suppliants. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991, p. xi.

16  Halfchorus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 1040–53ff.

17  Suppliants in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 26–7ff.

18  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, p. 303ff.

19  Suppliants in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 491–6ff.

20  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, pp. 31–2.

21  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 85.

22  Suppliants in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 461–6ff.

23  Suppliants in Aeschylus. Suppliants, 603, 605, 607ff.

24  This is further demonstrated by the Egyptian Herald, who forcefully seeks the Suppliants return without any empathy for why they fled in the first place. He seeks what is lost from his city, and is mindless to all else.

25  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 319–26ff.

26  Danaus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 825–38ff.

27  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, p. 608ff.

28  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, p. 617ff.

29  Stoessl. ‘Aeschylus as a political thinker’, 122–3.

30  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 619–22ff.

31  Turner. ‘Perverted supplication and other inversions in Aeschylus’ Danaid trilogy’, 32.

32  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 96.

33  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, pp. 472–5ff.

34  Pelasgus in Aeschylus. Suppliants, 500–4, 508ff.

35  Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 50.

36  Ibid.

37  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, 92–3, 96.

38  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 78; J. L. O’Neil. ‘The exile of Themistokles and democracy in the Peloponnese’. The Classical Quarterly 31.2 (1981), 335; W. G. Forrest. ‘Themistokles and Argos’. The Classical Quarterly 10.2 (1960), 221, 226; Donald Kagan. ‘The origin and purpose of ostracism’. Hesperia 30.4 (1961), 401; Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. Athens on Trial: The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 143.

39  Rudi Thomsen. The Origin of Ostracism: A Synthesis. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1972, p. 11.

40  Kagan. ‘The origin and purpose of ostracism’, 398.

41  Id., 400.

42  Forsdyke. Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy, 9, 144.

43  Id., pp. 232–5.

44  Id., p. 236; Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 79.

45  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 79.

46  Id., p. 80.

47  Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 52; Thucydides. trans. Richard Crawley and ch3. Lorna Harwick, The History of the Peloponnesian War. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1997, pp. 1.135–6.

48  Forrest. ‘Themistokles and Argos’, 236.

49  Id., 226–7.

50  Id., 222–36; O’Neil. ‘The exile of Themistokles and democracy in the Peloponnese’, 342.

51  Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War, p. 1.135.

52  Ibid.

53  O’Neil. ‘The exile of Themistokles and democracy in the Peloponnese’, 335.

54  Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War, p. 1.136.

55  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, pp. 30–1; Forrest. ‘Themistokles and Argos’, 239; Garvie. Aeschylus’ Supplices, p. 144; Lembke. ‘Ch3duction’, p. 4; Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 83; Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, 42–3, 60–1.

56  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 84; Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, pp. 49–50.

57  Meier. The Political Art of Greek Tragedy, p. 3.

58  Forrest. ‘Themistokles and Argos’, 236; Garvie. Aeschylus’ Supplices, p. 141.

59  G. Zuntz cited in Garvie. Aeschylus’ Supplices, p. 141.

60  Farrar. The Origins of Democratic Thinking, p. 37.

61  Podlecki. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, p. 56.

62  Forrest. ‘Themistokles and Argos’, 240.

63  Aeschylus. Suppliants, 365, 397, 517, 601, 605, 739, 942, 963ff.

64  Forrest. ‘Themistokles and Argos’, 239; Garvie. Aeschylus’ Supplices, p. 153.

65  Turner. ‘Perverted supplication and other inversions in Aeschylus’ Danaid trilogy’, 42.

66  Ibid.

Chapter 5

1  Savas Patsalidis. ‘Charles Mee’s intertextual and intercultural inscriptions: The Suppliants vs Big Love’, in Barbara Ozieblo and Maria Dolores Narbona-Carrion (eds), Codifying the National Self: Spectators, Actors and the American Dramatic Text. Brussels: PIE-Peter Lang, 2006, p. 105.

2  Charles Mee cited in Michael Bigelow Dixon. ‘Big Love’. Actor Theatre’s Subscriber Newsletter 2000. Actors Theatre of Louisville. http://actorstheatre.org/HUMANA%20FESTIVAL%20CDROM/tragedy_love.htm.

3  Charles Mee. ‘Notes toward a Manifesto 2002’, in Big Love. Theatre at University of British Columbia Companion Guide.

4  Charles L. Mee. ‘I like to take a Greek tragedy’. Theatre Journal 59.3 (2007), 361.

5  Patsalidis. ‘Charles Mee’s intertextual and intercultural inscriptions’, p. 111.

6  Signature Theatre. ‘Getting to Know Mee’. Signature Edition July 2008. http://signaturetheatre.org/0708/iphigenia_2.htm.

7  Monaghan. ‘Managerialism meets Dionysos’.

8  Erin B. Mee. ‘Shattered and fucked up and full of wreckage: The words and works of Charles L. Mee’. The Drama Review 46.3 (2002), 86–7.

9  Mee, ‘What I like’.

10  Charles L. Mee. Big Love. The (Re)making Project, p. 14. http://www.charlesmee.org/html/big_love.html.

11  Ibid.

12  Id., p. 18.

13  Ibid.

14  Rush Rehm. ‘Supplices, the satyr play: Charles Mee’s Big Love’. The American Journal of Philology 123.1 (2002), 116.

15  Mee. Big Love, p. 43.

16  Ibid.

17  Ibid., pp. 43–4.

18  Mee does, however, see the chorus as important, noting it ‘is like the crowd of people on the street in the evening television news. The television reporter puts the microphone first in front of each person and then another. The first person says what she thinks, the second person says what he thinks. Taken together, this is the voice of the community’. Mee. ‘I like to take a Greek tragedy’, 362.

19  Catherine Scott Burriss. ‘Performance review: Big Love’. Theatre Journal 54.1 (2002), 151.

20  Mee. Big Love, pp. 55–9.

21  Id., p. 58.

22  Ibid.

23  Id., p. 59.

24  Mendelsohn. ‘The Greek way’, p. 345.

25  Mee. Big Love, p. 24.

26  Id., p. 23.

27  Id., p. 24.

28  Ibid.

29  Id., 40, 41–2.

30  Id., pp. 58–9.

31  Mee. ‘I like to take a Greek tragedy’, 362.

32  Kara Reilly. ‘A collage reality (re)made: The postmodern dramaturgy of Charles L. Mee’. American Drama 14.2 (2000), 60.

33  Timberlake Wertenbaker. ‘The voices we hear’, in Hall, Macintosh and Wrigley (eds), Dionysus since 69, p. 366.

34  Hall. Inventing the Barbarian, p. 101.

35  Zygmunt Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989, p. 12.

36  John Keane. Violence and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 52, 66; Christina Rojas. Foreword. Michael J. Shapiro. Civilization and Violence: Regimes of Representation in Nineteenth-Century Colombia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002, xiii, 165.

37  Keane. Violence and Democracy, p. 52.

38  Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust, p. 66.

39  Richard Devetak. ‘Globalization’s shadow: An ch3duction to the globalization of violence’, in Richard Devetak and Christopher W. Hughes (eds), The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization’s Shadow. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008, p. 11.

40  Michael J. Shapiro. Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp. 2–3.

41  Richard Slotkin. Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1973; Michael J. Shapiro. Methods and Nations: Cultural Governance and the Indigenous Subject. New York: Routledge, 2004.

42  Shapiro. Violent Cartographies, p. 28.

43  Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust, pp. 13–15.

44  Id., p. 28.

45  Keane. Violence and Democracy, p. 66.

46  Bernard Wasserstein. Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007; Kenton Worcester, Sally Avery Bermanzohn and Mark Ungar. ‘Ch3duction: Violence and politics’, in Kenton Worcester, Sally Avery Bermanzohn and Mark Ungar (eds), Violence and Politics: Globalization’s Paradox. New York and London: Routledge, 2002.

47  Richard Rubenstein. The Cunning of History. New York: Harper, 1978, p. 91.

48  Chan. The End of Certainty, p. 65.

49  Id., p. 64.

50  Keane. Violence and Democracy, p. 7; Rojas. Civilization and Violence, p. 46.

51  Mee. Big Love, p. 49.

52  Id., p. 56.

53  Mee. Big Love, pp. 59–60.

54  Mendelsohn. ‘The Greek way’, p. 343.

55  Keane. Violence and Democracy, p. 2; Worcester, Avery Bermanzohn and Ungar. ‘Ch3duction’, p. 4.

56  Reilly. ‘A collage reality (re)made’, 57; Signature Theatre. ‘Getting to Know Mee’.

57  Patsalidis. ‘Charles Mee’s intertextual and intercultural inscriptions’, p. 107.

58  Mee. Big Love, p. 15.

59  Friedrich Nietzsche. trans. R. J. Hollingdale, Beyond Good and Evil. London: Penguin, 1973, p. 34.

60  Schmitt and Donnelly. ‘The Bush doctrine’.

61  Michael Dillion and Julian Reid. ‘Global liberal governance: Biopolitics, security and war’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30.1 (2001), 44.

62  Julian Reid. ‘War, liberalism, and modernity: The biopolitical provocations of “Empire”’. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 17.1 (2004).

63  Id., 66.

64  Ross. Violent Democracy, p. 1173.

65  Mendelsohn. ‘The Greek way’, p. 344.

66  Id., p. 345.

67  Id., p. 346.

68  C. W. Marshall. ‘Aeschylus and the Foundation of Mee’s Big Love’. Theatre at University of British Columbia Companion Guide 24 January – 3 February 2007. Telus Studio Theatre, Vancouver.

Chapter 6

1  Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958, p. 198.

2  See Odysseos. ‘Laughing matters’, 711–12.

3  James Mayall. ‘Democracy and international society’. International Affairs 76.1 (2000), 65.

4  Russett. Grasping the Democratic Peace, p. 138.

5  Francis Fukuyama. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Avon, 1993, p. xi.

6  Ibid.

7  Id., xi, xii.

8  See, for instance, Hedley Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (2nd edn). Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 1995; Hidemi Suganami. The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989; J. D. B. Miller and R. J. Vincent (eds), Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990; Tim Dunne. Inventing International Society: A History of the English School. London: Macmillan, 1998.

9  Roland Bleiker. ‘Order and disorder in world politics’, in Alex Bellamy (ed.), International Society and its Critics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 179.

10  Roland Bleiker. ‘Visualizing post-national democracy’, in David Campbell and Morton Schoolman (eds), The New Pluralism: William Connolly and the Contemporary Global Condition. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008, p. 137; Raymond Aron cited in Rengger. International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order, pp. 17–18; Randall L. Schweller. ‘The problem of international order revisited’. International Security 26.1 (2001).

11  Fairfield. ‘A modest phenomenology of democratic speech’. 373.

12  Thomas Docherty. Aesthetic Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006, p. xviii.

13  Derek W. M. Barker. Tragedy and Citizenship: Conflict, Reconciliation, and Democracy from Haemon to Hegel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009, p. 4.

14  Id., pp. 4–5.

15  Howard Stein. ‘Theater as a humanizing force’. Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 16.3 (2009), 177.

16  Bull. The Anarchical Society, p. xv.

17  See Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky. The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil. Chatham: Chatham House, 1993; Robert D. Kaplan. ‘The coming anarchy’. The Atlantic Monthly February (1994).

18  Bleiker. ‘Order and disorder in world politics’, p. 188.

19  Bleiker. ‘Visualizing post-national democracy’, p. 137.

20  Richard Devetak. ‘Violence, order, and terror’, in Bellamy (ed.), International Society and its Critics, p. 236.

21  R. B. J. Walker. One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1988, p. 166.

22  Barker. Tragedy and Citizenship, p. 3.

23  Docherty. Aesthetic Democracy, p. xvii.

24  Id., p. 113.

25  Anna M. Agathangelou and L. H. M. Ling. ‘Fiction as method/method as fiction: Stories and storytelling in the social sciences’. International Affairs Working Paper 2005-5. Graduate Programme in International Affairs. The New School. http://www.gpia.info/files/u1/wp/2005-05.pdf.

26  Roland Bleiker. ‘Learning from art: A reply to Holden’s “World Literature and World Politics”’. Global Society 17.4 (2003), 418.

27  Alex Danchev and Debbie Lisle. ‘Ch3duction: Art, politics, purpose’. Review of International Studies 35.4 (2009), 776.

28  Hans J. Morgenthau. revised. Kenneth W. Thompson. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.

29  Joel H. Rosenthal. Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991, p. 1.

30  Morgenthau. Politics Among Nations, p. 3.

31  Damon Young. ‘On fiction and philosophy’. Meanjin 67.4 (2008), 122.

32  James Der Derian cited in Roland Bleiker. ‘The aesthetic turn in international relations political theory’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30.3 (2001), 531.

33  Cynthia Weber. International Relations Theory: A Critical Ch3duction (2nd edn). London: Routledge, 2001.

34  Id., p. 185.

35  Id., p. 186.

36  Elsewhere, on a related note, Chan has also made the case that international relations needs to be more mindful of narratology, that is, ‘the methodology by which we might “recognise” a story’. See Stephen Chan. ‘A problem for IR: How shall we narrate the saga of the bestial man’. Global Society 17.4 (2003).

37  Chan. The End of Certainty, p. ix.

38  Hayward R. Alker. Rediscoveries and Reformulations: Humanistic Methodologies for International Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 298.

39  See, for instance, Azar Nafisi. Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books. Sydney: Hodder, 2003, p. 25–6.

40  Agathangelou and Ling. ‘Fiction as method/method as fiction’, 11.

41  Elspeth Van Veeren. ‘Interrogating 24: Making sense of US counter-terrorism in the global war on terrorism’. New Political Science 31.3 (2009), 365.

42  Agathangelous and Ling. ‘Fiction as method/method as fiction’, 12.

43  Martha C. Nussbaum. Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995, p. xiii.

44  Id., p. xvi.