Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Abernathy, Ralph, 162, 197, 201
Afro-American Broadcasting Company, 118
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 134–37
Aid to Needy Children-Mothers
Anonymous, 135
Aldridge, Dan, xix, 80–81, 114
Algiers Motel incident, 62, 78, 80
Ali, Muhammad, xiii, 15, 184–85
American Civil Liberties Union, 65–67
American exceptionalism, ix-x, xvi, xx–xxii, xxiv–xxv, 3–10, 12–16, 25–27, 83, 85, 137–41, 173, 220n35, 230n38; Obama as proof of, xii, 9–10, 13, 15–16, 83, 220n35, 230n38
Amsterdam News, 42
Angelou, Maya, 116
apartheid, movement against, 138, 140, 164
Association for the Study of Negro Life and
History, 5, 218n11
Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 104
Atwater, Lee, 93–94
Baker, Ella, xix, 35–37, 39, 40, 61, 90, 109, 125, 145, 179, 201
Baker, General, 75
Baldwin, James, ix, 26, 62, 68, 82, 157, 187, 209
Bankhead, Tallulah, 201
Banks, Anthony, 153
Barber, William, 210–11
Bates, Daisy, 168, 170, 171, 239n68
Batson, Ruth, xix, 49–51, 53, 55, 61, 95, 107, 233n73
Belafonte, Harry, xv, 22, 24, 116, 140, 154
Benton, Floyd, 150
Bible, Larry, xix, 149–50, 152
bilingual education, 53–54, 148
The Birth of a Nation (film), xx
Black Entertainment Television (BET), 13, 24
Black freedom struggle, xi, xvi-xix, xxii, xxiv, 8, 25–27, 63, 67, 70, 76, 81, 102, 105, 124, 127–28, 138, 142, 157, 165, 172, 179, 215n12, 218n34, 218n35, 230n38; and the Black organizing tradition, 187–93, 195–206, 207–11; contested views of, xi; and the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM), 81; expansive vision of, xi, xvii, xix, xxii-xxiii, 12, 25, 27, 118, 123–24, 126, 128, 133, 137–42, 146, 153–55, 158, 175, 201, 209–11; and reparations, 14, 81; and the Republic of New Afrika, 81. See also civil rights movement
Black History Month, 5–6, 18, 82–83, 218n11
Black Lives Matter, xv–xvi, xviii, xxii, 8, 22–25, 140, 186, 208; and Marissa Alexander, xv; and Baltimore, 23, 82, 121; compared to civil rights movement, xxii, xxiv, 22, 23–25, 97–98, 140–41, 218n35, 221n58; and Patrice Cullors, 22; and Troy Davis, xv; and Ferguson, Missouri, xv, 13, 22, 24, 82, 121, 207; and Alicia Garza, 22; and Kareem Jackson (Tef Poe), 22, 24; and Trayvon Martin, xv, 22, 220n35; and Say Her Name campaign, xv; and Opal Tometi, 22. See also police brutality
Black Panther (newspaper), 118–19, 135
Black Panther Party, 33, 81, 119, 127, 135–36, 147, 152, 182
Black Power, 20, 33, 81, 117–18, 126–28, 134, 146, 150, 163, 182
Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), xxi
Black Student Union, 149, 153
Black studies, 53, 149–53
Blake, James, 130, 192
blowout. See youth movement: student walkouts
Boehner, John, 11
Bond, Julian, xix, 12, 20, 21, 25, 107, 125–26, 139
Boston Globe, 48, 54–55, 101, 105–8, 120, 231n18, 231n19, 231n26, 233n73
Boston Public Schools, 49–50, 52–54, 92, 101
Boston School Committee, 49–54, 95, 106, 153, 231n25 boycotts, school, 32, 55, 61; in Boston, 50, 53; in New York City, 32–33, 35, 45–47, 109–11, 240n21; white counter boycott (Boston), 55–56, 101, 107–8, 120; white counter boycott (New York), 45–46, 110–11, 240n21
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (Pullman porters), 189–90, 201
Browder, Aurelia, 205
Browder v. Gayle, 144, 205–6
Brown Berets (Young Citizens for Community Action), 135, 147, 152
Brown, Edmund, 71–72, 90
Brown, H. Rap, 80, 139, 147
Brown v. Board of Education, 20, 32, 35–37, 40, 43, 50, 58–60, 66, 86, 90, 92, 97–98, 105–6, 108, 111, 124, 142–44, 146, 167, 176, 191
Bush, George H. W., x
Bush, George W., 7–8, 15, 154, 187, 218n13, 220n35
The Butler (film), 126–27
California Department of Public Social Services (DPSS), 135–36
California Eagle, 66, 69, 115
Cambridge Movement (Maryland), 131, 169
Carmichael, Stokely, 102, 147
Carr, Johnnie, xix, 128, 189–90, 195
Carter, Jimmy, 179, 240n26
Castro, Sal, 152
Caughey, John, 66
Celler, Emanuel, 46
Chavez, Cesar, 147
Che, Michael, 48
Chicago Board of Education, 92
Chicago Defender, 42
Chicana Welfare Rights Organization, 136
Civil Rights Act: of 1964, 31, 46–47, 63, 92–93, 124; of 1964 and 1965, 126
civil rights movement, xiii, xxii 215n12, 218n35; and civil disobedience, xiii, 12, 131, 145, 162, 208, 210; and direct action, 32, 50, 61, 83, 199; and disruption, xviii, xxiii, 14, 23–26, 32–33, 102, 105, 109–10, 188, 198–99, 207, 232n39; and nonviolent tactic, xv, 22, 23, 26, 32, 33, 64, 79, 121, 122, 157, 159–60, 169, 175, 179, 199, 200; anniversaries and memorials, x-xxiv, 6, 12, 16–17, 26, 31, 47, 48, 98, 186 215n12; as criminal justice, xix, xxi, xxiii-xxv, 14–15, 17, 20, 25, 27, 32, 61, 79–82, 123–26, 128–30, 140–41, 145–46, 149–52, 210, 229n22, 23n35; as economic justice (welfare rights), xiv, xxiii, 10, 14, 17, 27, 82, 86–89, 94, 97, 109–10, 123–38, 140–41, 154, 157, 160–65, 169, 176; as global justice, 17, 27, 123, 125, 128, 137–41; as human rights, 42, 126, 138–40, 157, 159, 165, 170; as unpopular, xxiii, 13, 173, 178, 207; Boston busing and, 44, 53–55, 91, 92, 101, 103, 106; compared to Black Lives Matter, xxii, xxiv, 22–25, 97–98, 140–41, 218n35, 221n35; lexicon of “busing crisis,” xix, xxiii, 33, 48, 49, 56, 57, 89, 93, 94, 105–7, 108; lexicon of “forced busing,” 38, 51–52, 88; lexicon of injustice, 101, 103, 108, 111, 113, 118–22; lexicon of “neighborhood schools,” 38–40, 44, 46, 49–50, 54, 57, 84, 88, 93, 101, 105, 109–10; media focus on white backlash in, 102–3, 107; media ignores, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 109, 113, 115–16, 120–21; media ignores bad conditions before, 114–16, 119–21; media in Boston and, 101, 103, 105–8, 120–21; media in Detroit and, 114–16, 118–19; media in Los Angeles and, 100–101, 103–4, 113–18, 121; media in New York City and, 108–13, 119–20; media in the North and, 102–5, 122; media is paternalistic to, 102, 108, 111, 117, 121–22; media’s cultural focus on, 102, 106, 110, 116–17; media’s fabled role, 102, 105, 122; media’s racism towards, 101, 120–22; myth of postracial America and, xi–xiii, xxi, 16, 20, 26, 215n7; myth of Southern exceptionalism and, x, 17, 26, 115; obscured, 18; tourism, 32; white resistance to, xxii, 33–35, 45–47, 50, 53, 55–56, 101, 107–11, 120, 128, 175, 178–79, 199, 203, 240n21. See also American exceptionalism, Black freedom struggle, Black Lives Matter, respectability politics, surveillance, white resistance, women, youth, and individual activists
Civil War, xx, 85, 215n6
Clarion-Ledger (Mississippi), 119
Clark, Kenneth, 36–38, 87, 90
Clark, Mark, 182
Clark, Septima, 176, 201–2
Cleage, Al, Jr., xix, 74–77, 118, 227n56; and the Shrine of the Black Madonna, 81
Clinton, Bill, x, 6–8, 137
Clinton, Hillary, 14, 23
Club from Nowhere (Montgomery), 197
Colvin, Claudette, xix, 129, 144–45, 188, 191–92, 194, 204–5
Common Ground (Lukas), 57, 225n91
Communist, 79, 179, 181; called, as slander, 4, 13, 44, 71, 87, 103, 139, 174 176–79, 182, 185, 194, 204, 229n17; Communist Party, 42, 44, 194; red-baited, 34, 66, 87, 174, 178, 194, 202, 204
Community Schools v. Seattle, 59
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 65–68, 70, 95, 112–14, 133, 232n39
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 20, 83, 98, 145
Conyers, John, 3, 78, 79, 87, 140, 178
Cosby, Bill, 20, 97–98
Cox, Courtland, 125
Crisostomo, Paula, 148
Crockett, George, 79
Cruz, Ted, xiii, 14
“cultural deprivation,” myth of, 34, 38, 41, 43, 44, 51, 52, 56, 64, 68, 84, 88, 94–99, 106, 116, 117, 131–32, 209, 229n26, 230n37, 230n38; “culture of poverty” theory and, 56, 57, 65, 68, 71, 73, 94, 96, 98, 104, 116, 117, 230n32
Davis, Angela, 142
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 201
Detroit (film), 62–63
Detroit Free Press, 77, 114
Detroit News, 74, 77, 114
Detroit riot. See uprisings
Detroit’s Great March, 74–75
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 130, 143, 158, 193
Dixon, Asali, 135
Donovan, James B., 45
Douglass, Emory, 135
Du Bois, W. E. B., xxi
Durr, Clifford and Virginia, 193, 197
Eastland, James O., 46–47
Emdin, Christopher, 6
Equal Justice Initiative, 208
Escalante, Alicia, 135–36, 234n46
Esparza, Moctesuma, 118, 153
Evers, Myrlie, 168, 170
Farmer, James, 68
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 9, 42, 87, 133, 173–74, 179–86; and Black identity extremism, 186; and Media, PA, files, 182–84; and civil rights movement surveillance, 133, 174, 179–85; indifference to violence against the civil rights movement, 78, 158, 177, 181, 190, 197–201, 203–4; and post-9/11 surveillance, 185–86, 240n26. See also surveillance
Feinstein, Dianne, 8
Fight for $15, xviii, 208
Ford, Gerald, 5, 56, 59
Forman, James, 20
Franklin, C. L., 74
Franklin, John Hope, xi
Frazier, E. Franklin, xx
Freedom Now Party, 76
Freedom Rides, xxiii, 126–27, 177, 181
Freedom Schools, 45, 51
Friendly Club (Montgomery), 197
Galamison, Milton, xix, 35, 43, 61, 109
Garrity, W. Arthur, Jr., 48–49, 54–56, 101, 105–6, 120
Gill, Gerald, 53
Gilmore, Georgia, 197
Glover, Danny, 140
Goldwater, Barry, 94
Gonzales, Rodolfo, 133
Graetz, Jeannie and Robert, 197–98, 201
Grassroots Leadership Conference, 76
Gray, Fred, 144, 193–94, 202, 205
Griffith, D. W., xx
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 19, 31
Hampton, Fred, 182
Hansberry, Lorraine, 138
Harding, Vincent, 126, 187–89
Harlem Nine, 41–42, 179
Hedgeman, Anna Arnold, xix, 166–68, 170–72, 237n4
Height, Dorothy, 20, 166–68, 170–72
Helms, Jesse, 4
Henry, Milton and Richard. See Obadele, Imari and Gaidi
Herald-Leader (Kentucky), 119
Hicks, Louise Day, 51–52, 55, 233n73
Highlander Folk School, 178, 192, 197, 201–3
Hill, Oliver, 143
Himes, Chester, 65
Hines, Carl Wendell, Jr., 3
Holcomb, Brenda, 149–50
Holder, Eric, 12, 20
Holland, Endesha Ida Mae, 145, 176–77
Hoover, J. Edgar, 83, 86, 174, 180–84, 216n25
Horne, Lena, 171
Horton, Myles, 201–2, 234n27
Howard, T. R. M., 129–30, 193
Howard University, 19, 127, 167–69
Huckabee, Mike, xv, 14, 23
Huggins, Nathan, xx
Hurricane Katrina, xvii, 7, 218n13
Illustrated News (Detroit), 76, 77, 118
immigrant rights organizing, xv; Dream
Defenders and, 12, 208; #Not1More
and, xv, 208; United We Dream and, xv, 208
Jackson, Ellen, xix, 50, 53, 61, 107
Jackson, Kareem (Tef Poe), 22, 24
Jansen, William, 37–38, 89
Japanese American Citizens League, 71
Jermany, Catherine, 135–36
Jet, 129, 136
Jim Crow, x, xx, 8, 63, 84, 130, 192–93; the new Jim Crow, xiv–xv Jim Crow North, xix, xxii–xxiii, 9–10, 17, 26, 27, 31–34, 57–61, 62–65, 118; in Boston, 33, 48–57; in Detroit, 59, 62–63, 65, 74–82; and Martin Luther King Jr., xix, xxiii, 17, 31, 33, 62–64, 67, 71–75, 80–82, 87, 115–16, 178–79; in Los Angeles, xix, xxiii, 63–73, 77, 82, 90, 100, 103–4, 113, 115–17, 121, 135, 151; in Newark, 34; in New York City, 32, 35–47; and Rosa Parks, xviii, xxii–xxiv, 11–12, 14, 17, 25–26, 63, 74–75, 79–82, 87, 178, 200, 238n47, 239n68
Johns, Barbara, 143, 148
Johns, Vernon, 143–44, 193, 195
Johnson, Arthur, 77, 114
Johnson, Bertha Burres, 133
Johnson, Lewis, Jr., 151
Johnson, Lyndon, 31, 71, 131, 137, 139, 179–80, 184
Judt, Tony, xvii, 87
Justice League, 22
Kaplan, Lewis, 42
Karenga, Ron, 147
Kennedy, John F., 159, 171; administration of, 171, 179, and Robert F. Kennedy, 169, 171, 179, 182, 184
Kerner Commission, 73, 79, 227n45
King, Alveda, 23
King, Celes, 69, 71–72
King, Coretta Scott, xix, xxiii, 181, 199–200; death and memorialization of, 154, 179; and economic justice, xxiii, 131, 133, 157, 160–65; and global justice, xxiii, 155, 157–61, 164–65, 238n43; and King holiday, 3, 161; as a lifelong activist, 154–55, 157, 159, 162–65, 173–74, 238n44, 238n47; and the March on Washington, 165, 169–70; and the Montgomery bus boycott, 158, 195, 199; National Black Political Convention (Gary, IN), 163; surveillance of, 179, 181; toll of activism on, 159, 199–201; and women’s liberation, 133, 154–57, 159–63, 165, 169–70; and youth organizing, 158–59
King, Martin Luther, Jr., ix, 15, 31; and the broader movement in the South, 130, 132, 178; and criminal justice and police brutality, 17, 63, 67, 72, 74, 80–82; criticism and unpopularity of, ix–x, 3–4, 71, 81, 116, 139, 175, 177–79; death of, 3–4, 116, 132, 137, 151, 162, 178–79, 181, 210, 216n25, 236n31; and the dream speech/idea, ix–x, xii, 4–5, 8–9, 131, 164; and economic justice, 17, 73, 116, 130–32, 139, 157, 160; and family of, 10, 23, 160, 179, 181; and global justice, 17, 116, 140; as icon, ix, xiv, 8, 17–18, 188; and Jim Crow North, xix, xxiii, 17, 31, 33, 62–64, 67–68, 71–75, 80–83, 87, 113–16, 122, 178–79; “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 9, 68, 83, 98–99; and liberalism, xix, xxiii, 31, 63–64, 83–84, 90, 97–99, 116, 122; and the March on Washington, 9, 165–66, 168–71, 239n58; memorialization of, xiii, 9–10, 15, 17, 173–74, 186, 216n25, 219n21; misuses of, ix, xii–xvi, xix, xxii, xxiv, 3–5, 8–10, 15, 17–18, 20–23, 26, 33, 63, 82, 98–99, 115–16, 122, 173–74, 187–88, 191–93, 195, 197, 199–201, 207–8, 216n26; and the Montgomery bus boycott, 9, 158, 177, 187–88, 191–95, 197–201, 204–5; mythologized for respectability, xv, xvi, 18, 20, 23, 97, 188, 192; national holiday, ix, xxii, 3–5, 18, 20; and Barack Obama, xii, 8–10, 26, 215n15; surveillance of, 178–82, 185–86; as symbol of American progress, ix, 4–5, 8–9; toll of activism on, 199–201; and Donald Trump, xiii–xiv, 15, 18; as un-American, ix, 3–4, 71, 87, 173–74, 177–79, 182, 204; and the Vietnam War, 3, 137–40, 157, 160, 179; and youth, 115–16, 145
Kissinger, Henry, 181
Klibanoff, Hank, 104
Ku Klux Klan, xx, 10, 83, 86, 91, 98, 99, 144
La Piranya, 147–48
La Raza (newspaper), 135–36, 152
Latino organizing, 57, 61, 67, 88, 95, 105, 132, 135, 145–46, 225n91, 234n27; in Boston, 51, 53–54, 120; in Los Angeles, 148–49, 152; in New York City, 40, 43, 120
Lee, Joseph, 51
Lee, Prince, 168, 170
Lee, Robert E. Day, 5
Lewis, John, 18–19, 23, 102, 165, 171–72, 219n17, 234n27
Lewis, Rufus, 128–29
liberalism, xiii, xxiii, 15, 31, 33, 61, 68, 76, 85, 89–90, 92–93, 98, 111, 115, 117, 119, 137, 185, 195, 208, 230n35; in the North, 26, 31, 34, 43, 48, 51, 58, 63, 75, 77, 85, 89, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98, 111, 119; and race, xix, 90, 98, 106, 117; and the white moderate, 4, 9–10, 57, 61, 65, 82–86, 88–93, 98–99, 111, 114–15
Little Rock Nine, x, 33, 43, 49, 56–57, 66, 170; and Central High School, 6, 33; memorialization of, x, 6
Los Angeles Board of Education, 65–68, 95, 150–52
Los Angeles Herald, 118
Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 69–70, 114, 226n26
Los Angeles Sentinel, 115, 149, 151
Los Angeles Times, 72, 100–101, 104, 114–15, 117, 121, 150, 152, 183
Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), 65–66, 67–68, 149, 151
Los Angeles Welfare Rights Organization (LAWRO), 135
Lowery, Joseph, 4
Mallory, Mae, xix, 35, 40–42, 61, 108
March on Washington (1963), xix, 9, 12, 35, 45, 75, 110, 131, 165, 166, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 238n76; anniversary of, xii, 12, 98, 126
Marshall, Thurgood, 8, 58, 59, 167
Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (MCAD), 50, 91–92
Massachusetts Racial Imbalance Act, 50
Mays, Willie, 11
McCone Commission, 73
McConnell, Mitch, 11, 156
McDonald, Susie, 205
Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO), 53
Mexican American Political Association (MAPA), 71
Michigan Chronicle, 77, 81, 114
Milliken v. Bradley, 59
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 19, 180, Mitchell, John, 184
Montgomery Advertiser, 92, 195, 198–99, 203–4
Montgomery bus boycott, xix, 31–32, 64, 92, 128–30, 143–44, 158, 165, 177, 181; fables and lessons, 27, 31, 129, 187–206, 208, 210, 228n5, 241n9; inspired by boycott in Baton Rouge, 203; Martin Luther King Jr. and, 9, 158, 177, 188, 191, 195, 201; Rosa Parks and, 25, 74, 87, 144, 188, 191–92, 194, 197, 200–202, 206; and white counter boycott, 199, 203
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), 196–99, 204, 205
Moral Mondays, xviii, 208
Morehouse College, 21, 25
Morgan, Juliette, 197–98, 204
Morgan v. Hennigan, 48, 54
Morsell, John, 170, 239n68
Moses, Bob (SNCC), 137–38
Moses, Robert, 113
Moyers, Bill, 180
Moynihan Report (The Negro Family: The Case for National Action), 96–97
Muhammad, Elijah, 70, 181–82
Muhammad Speaks, 118
Murray, Pauli, xix, 167–68, 171–72
Nash, Diane, 168, 170, 239n64
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 8, 15, 20, 21, 65, 66, 69, 77, 97, 106, 138, 139, 143, 176, 189, 190, 194, 199, 202, 204, 209; and Ella Baker, 36, 37, 40, 145, 201; and Daisy Bates, 170, 239n68; and Julian Bond, 239n68; in Boston, 49–51, 54, 95; and Septima Clark, 176, 201; in Detroit, 75–77, 114; and Coretta Scott King, 157; and Martin Luther King, 177, 195; in Los Angeles, 65–67, 69–72, 115, 153; in Montgomery, 189–92, 194–95, 201–2, 204, 206, 209; in New York City, 36–37, 40, 222n11; and E. D. Nixon, 190; and Rosa Parks, 175, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 201, 202, 204, 206, 239n68; and Gloria Richardson, 169; and Youth Council, 191–92, 202
National Christian Leadership Conference, 76
National Council of Churches, 166
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), 166, 171
National Lawyers Guild, 79, 140
National Press Club, 167–68, 239n58
National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), 133–35, 234n46
Nation of Islam (NOI), 69–70, 114–15, 181–82, 184
Native Americans, xv, xxiv, 132–33, 215n13, 234n27; and the American Indian Movement, 182; and Standing Rock (#NoDAPL), xv, 186, 208
New York Age, 44
New York City Board of Education, 32, 35, 37, 39–42, 44–45
New York Times, 19, 178, 183, 205, 233n12; and Jim Crow North, 57, 106, 116–17, 119–20, 127, 138, 232n39, 240n21; and Martin Luther King Jr., 3, 116, 139; and the movement in New York City, 45, 104, 108–13, 119
Nixon, E. D., xix, 128–30, 175, 189–90, 193–97, 200–201, 203, 205
Nixon, Richard, 93–94, 163, 181, 184, 229n20, 229n22
Obadele, Imari and Gaidi (previously Milton and Richard Henry), 75–76, 80, 118, 227n56
Obama, Barack, and American exceptionalism, xii, 8–10, 13, 15–17, 83, 220n35, 230n38; and anniversaries and memorials, xii–xiii, xxii, 9–13, 15, 20, 31–32, 83, 98, 126, 219n17; and Black Lives Matter, xiv, 8, 10, 13, 16; and Martin Luther King Jr., x, 8–10, 26, 215n15; and Rosa Parks, 10–11, 13, 32, 83, 220n28; and respectability politics, 19–21, 98, 126, 229n26, 230n37, 230n38; and use of civil rights history, xii, 8, 15, 26, 126
Obama, Michelle, 12
O’Connor, William, 51, 95
Operation Exodus, 53, 92
Palestinian liberation, 138–40
Parent Leadership Project, 120
Parents and Taxpayers, 45–46, 240n21
Parents Committee for Better Education, 41
Parents in Action, 40
Parker, William, 69–71, 101, 114, 121
Parks, Rosa, ix, xviii, xix, 17, 25–26, 31, 123–25, 187–88; and criminal justice work, xix, xxiii, 14, 17, 79–82, 128–30, 190, 209; death and memorialization of, x, xiii-xiv, xvii–xviii, xix, 7, 10–15, 17, 32–33, 83, 123, 154–55, 168, 216n25; and economic justice, 133; and global justice, 140; as icon, ix, xiv, xvii–xviii, 7, 17–18; and the March on Washington, 168–71; misuses of, xiii, xvi, xviii, xix, xxiv, 4, 7–8, 11–15, 17–18, 32, 63, 83, 123, 154–55, 178, 187–88, 220n28, 220n31, 220n33; and Montgomery bus boycott, 74, 87, 123–25, 129–30, 144–45, 187–209; and the movement in South, 178, 189–93, 201–4, 206; in North, xviii, xxii–xxiv, 11–12, 14, 17, 25–26, 63, 74–75, 79–82, 87, 178, 200, 238n47, 239n68; Obama invokes, 10–11, 13, 32, 83, 220n28; and respectability, xvi, 18, 154, 194, 207–8; as symbol of American progress, ix, xiii, 8, 13–14, 18, 21, 31, 83, 187–88; toll of activism on, 14, 174–76, 199–204, 208; as un-American, communist, red-baited, ix, 87 174, 176–78, 194, 204; and youth, 145
Pelosi, Nancy, 11
People’s Tribunal (Detroit), 80–81, 114; and Russell L. Brown Jr., 80; and Frank Joyce, 80; and John Killens, 80; and Solomon A. Plapkin, 80
Plessy v. Ferguson, 167
Poe, Tef, 22, 24
police brutality, xxiii, 22, 27, 32, 34, 62–70, 74–77, 100–103, 112–14, 119, 127; and abuse of Marquette Frye, 71; and killing of Clifton Allen, 77; and killing of Arthur Barrington, 77; and killing of Hillard Brooks, 190; and killing of Michael Brown, xv, 13, 22, 207; and killing of Philando Castile, xvi, 23; and killing of Carl Cooper, 80; and killing of Kenneth Evans, 77; and killing of Eric Garner, 207; and killing of Aubrey Pollard, 80; and killing of Cynthia Scott, 75–77; and killing of Alton Sterling, xvi, 23; and killing of Ronald Stokes, 69, 114; and killing of Fred Temple, 80; and killing of Nathaniel Williams, 77; leading to the death of Sandra Bland, xv; and rape of Gertrude Perkins, 129; and urban uprisings, 62–70, 77, 80–81, 88
Polier, Justine, 42
polite racism. See racism
Poor People’s Campaign (PPC), xix, 131–33, 161–62; and the Mule Train, 132–33; and new PPC, 208, 211; and Resurrection City, 132–33
Powell, Adam Clayton, 25, 93, 130, 201, 203
Proposition 14 (California), 64–65, 70–71, 87
Public Education Association, 39
Puerto Rican people: discrimination against, 35–36, 39, 45, 58, 108–9, 136, 223n21; migration of, 36, 43, 147
Pynchon, Thomas, 117
The Race Beat (Roberts and Klibanoff), 104, 231n15
racism, x–xiii, xix–xxv, 4, 6, 8–10, 14, 16 21, 44, 48, 73, 83–90, 104–6, 116, 132–33, 203, 220n35, 228n3, 230n35; and lexicon of de facto, 34, 38–39, 41, 50–51, 64, 109, 222n5; and lexicon of de jure, 34, 38, 64, 222n5; as “polite racism,” 27, 42, 62, 83–85, 88–90, 93–94, 98–99, 103; as “redneck racism,” xiii, 26, 83–86, 99; and war, 137–40, 155, 162; and the white moderate, 10, 83. See also “cultural deprivation,” myth of; Jim Crow; Jim Crow North; liberalism
A Raisin in the Sun (Hansberry), 138
Randolph, A. Philip, 131, 165–68, 170–71, 239n58
Reagan, Ronald, 8–9, 15, 18, 94, 126, 136, 164; and Martin Luther King Jr., ix–x, 4–5
Reconstruction, xx, xxi
Rector, Shirley, 42
Reed, Kasim, xv, 23
Reese, Jeanetta, 144, 205
Reeves, Jeremiah, 129
“respectability politics,” xv, xvi, xxi, 18, 20, 22–23, 25, 96, 126–27, 138, 191, 194, 229n26, 230n38
Reynolds, Barbara, xv, 22
Richardson, Gloria, xix, 168–72
Ricks, Inez, 197
riots. See uprisings
Riverside Church, New York City, 139, 159–60
Roberts, Gene, 104
Roberts, John, 10, 59
Robeson, Paul, x
Robinson, Jo Ann, 191, 193–94, 197, 200–201
Robinson, Spottswood, 143, 167
Rock, Chris, 6
Rubio, Marco, xiii, 14
Rumford Fair Housing Act, 64, 70–71
Rustin, Bayard, xxiii, 45, 47, 131, 165, 167, 168
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 58, 59
Sanders, Bernie, 156
Sekou, Osagyefo, 177
Selma-to-Montgomery March, 178, 181; anniversary of, x, xiii, 12, 31
Selma (film), 180
Sessions, Jeff, xiii, 15, 156, 220n31
Shelby County v. Holder, xiv, 11
Simmons, Gwendolyn Zoharah, 176
Simms, Ben, 196, 198
Skipworth, Bernice, 42
slavery, xx
Smith, Doug, 121
Smith, Mary Louise, xix, 144, 191, 205
Smithsonian National Museum for African American History and Culture, 18, 24
Snowden, Muriel, 107, 124
Snowden, Otto, 107
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 3–4, 15, 23, 71, 131, 133, 145, 163–64; and Project C, 145
Springer, Maida, 168
Stevenson, Bryan, 208
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), xv, 12, 21–23, 25, 125, 131, 137–39, 145, 169–71, 176, 177, 180
surveillance, 42, 173–74, 179, 181, 184, 186, 210; of Black Lives Matter, 186; and Church Committee, 180; of the civil rights movement, 42, 133, 174, 179–85, 210; and COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program), 181–82, 185; and Ghetto Informant Program, 182; and Media, PA, files, 182–84; of Muslims (post 9/11), 185–86, 240n26; and Project Z, 182. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Tackett, Marnesba, xix, 65, 67–68
Taylor, Christopher, 70
Taylor, Gardner, 42
Taylor, Recy, 129, 190
Teachers Union (New York City), 45
Tea Party movement, 16
Tesfamariam, Rahiel, 24
Tijerina, Reies Lopez, 133, 147, 234n27
Till, Emmett, 128–30, 193
Tillmon, Johnnie, xix, 135–36
Trump, Donald, xiii-xiv, xxii, xxv, 14–15, 18–19, 123, 156
Udall, Tom, 156
United Civil Rights Council, 67, 114, 167
uprisings: in Detroit, 62–63, 65, 74–82; in Harlem, 72; in Newark, 62, 74; in Watts (Los Angeles), xix, xxiii, 63–73, 77, 82, 90, 100, 103–4, 113, 115–17, 121, 135, 151
urban renewal, 63, 75–76; as “Negro removal,” 75–76
USA PATRIOT Act, 185
US Department of Health and Human Services (formerly the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare), 47, 92–93
US Commission on Civil Rights, 44
Vaughn, Ed, 78, 80
Vietnam War, 3, 78, 125, 127, 132, 137–40, 157, 159–61, 179, 181, 184
voting rights, 11–12, 14, 19, 124, 130–31, 133, 219n23
Voting Rights Act (1965), xiv, 11, 31, 57, 63, 124, 178; challenged in Shelby County v. Holder, xiv, 11
Waddy, Viola, 35, 42
Wallace, George, 94, 111
War on Poverty, 131–32, 137, 160
Warren, Elizabeth, 156, 237n7
Washington Post, xv, 20, 139, 183, 205
Watts riot. See uprisings
Wells, Ida B., 167
West, Irene, 128–29
West, Kanye, 7
White, Kevin, 56, 225n89
White, Theodore, 100
White, Viola, 190, 203, 205
White Citizens’ Council, 83, 111, 178, 199, 203–4
Wiley, George, 133
Wilkins, Roy, 69, 77, 170, 201, 239n68
Williams, Aubrey, 197
Williams, Jesse, 24
Winfrey, Oprah, 23, 127
women’s organizing, xxii–xxiii, 27, 41, 129, 133, 144–45, 154–55, 159, 163–65, 182, 201, 206, 210, 219n22, 220n32, 233n73, 239n68; and Coretta Scott King, 133, 154–63, 165, 169–70; and the March on Washington, 166–72, 237n4, 239n58; and the Montgomery bus boycott, 191–98; and Rosa Parks, 14, 154–55, 168, 170–71; and welfare rights organizing, 133–37; and Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 159–60; and Women Strike for Peace, 159
Women’s Political Council (WPC), 191, 193–94
Wonder, Stevie, 4
Woodson, Carter G., 5
World’s Fair (New York), 112–13, 232n39
X, Malcolm, 100, 118, 159, 182; in Detroit, 76; in Los Angeles, 69–70, 149, 226n26; memorialization of, x
Yorty, Sam, 70, 101, 121, 226n39
Young, Andrew, 23
youth movement, xxii–xxiii, 64, 142, 144–45, 146–52, 183, 207–10; and Coretta Scott King, 158–59; and Martin Luther King Jr., 115–16, 145; myths about, 98, 116, 127, 142; and Rosa Parks, 145, 191–92, 202; and student strikes, 143, 144, 148; and student walkouts, 53–54, 77, 118, 142, 145–53. See also boycotts, school
Zuber, Paul, 38, 42, 69