Abrami, Philip C., Wenda J. Dickens, Raymond P. Perry, and Les Leventhal. "Do Teacher Standards for Assigning Grades Affect Student Evaluations of Instruction?" Journal of Educational Psychology 72 (1980): 107–18.
Achilles, Charles ML, Jeremy D. Finn, and Helen P. Bain. "Using Class Size to Reduce the Equity Gap." Educational Leadership, December 1997/January 1998: 40–43.
"ACT/SAT Optional Colleges List Soars to 280." FairTest Examiner, Summer 1997: 5.
Airasian, Peter W. "Measurement Driven Instruction: A Closer Look." Educational Measurement; Issues and Practice 7, 4 (1988): 6–11.
Alexander, Patricia A., Jonna M. Kulikowich, and Tamara L. Jetton. "The Role of Subject-Matter Knowledge and Interest in the Processing of Linear and Nonlinear Texts." Review of Educational Research 64 (1994): 201–52.
Allen, Scott, and Karl L. Wuensch. "Effects of an Academic Failure Experience on Subsequent Performance on Anagram and Paired-Associate Tasks." Journal of Genetic Psychology 154 (1993): 53–60.
Allington, Richard L. "The Reading Instruction Provided Readers of Differing Reading Abilities." Elementary School Journal 83 (1983): 548–59.
Allington, Richard L., and Anne McGill-Franzen. "Different Programs, Indifferent Instruction." In Beyond Separate Education: Quality Education for All, edited by Dorothy Kerzner Lipsky and Alan Gartner. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, 1989.
———. "Flunking: Throwing Good Money After Bad." In No Quick Fix: Rethinking Literacy Programs in America's Elementary Schools, edited by Richard L. Allington and Sean A. Walmsley. New York: Teachers College Press, 1995.
Allington, Richard [L.], and Haley Woodside-Jiron. "Thirty Years of Research in Reading: When Is a Research Summary Not a Research Summary?" In In Defense of Good Teaching: What Teachers Need to Know About the "Reading Wars," edited by Kenneth'S. Goodman. York, Me.: Stenhouse, 1998.
Alschuler, Alfred'S. "The Effects of Classroom Structure on Achievement Motivation and Academic Performance." Educational Technology, August 1969:19–24.
Amabile, Teresa M., and Judith Gitomer. "Children's Artistic Creativity: Effects of Choice in Task Materials." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10 (1984): 209–15.
American Federation of Teachers. Making Standards Matter. Washington, D.C.: AFT, 1998.
Ames, Carole. "Children's Achievement Attributions and Self-Reinforcement: Effects of Self-Concept and Competitive Reward Structure." Journal of Educational Psychology 70 (1978): 345–55.
———. "Achievement Goals and Classroom Structure: Developing a Learning Orientation in Students." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, April 1990.
———. "Classrooms: Goals, Structures, and Student Motivation." Journal of Educational Psychology 84 (1992a): 261–71.
———. "Achievement Goals and the Classroom Motivational Climate." In Student
Perceptions in the Classroom, edited by Dale H. Schunk and Judith L. Meece. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1992b.
Ames, Carole, and Jennifer Archer. "Mothers' Beliefs About the Role of Ability and Effort in School Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology 79 (1987): 409–14.
———. "Achievement Goals in the Classroom: Students' Learning Strategies and Motivation Processes." Journal of Educational Psychology 80 (1988): 260–67.
Anderman, Eric M. "Motivation and Cognitive Strategy Use in Reading and Writing." Paper presented at the National Reading Conference, San Antonio, Tex., December 1992.
———. "Motivation and School Reform." In Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 10. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1997.
Anderman, Eric M., Jacquelynne Eccles, Robert Roeser, Kwang Suk Yoon, Phyllis Blumenfeld, and Allan Wigfield. "Classroom Influences on the Value of Reading." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, April 1996.
Anderman, Eric M., Tripp Griesinger, and Gloria Westerfield. "Motivation and Cheating During Early Adolescence." Journal of Educational Psychology 90 (1998): 84–93.
Anderman, Eric M., and Jerome Johnston. "Television News in the Classroom: What Are Adolescents Learning?" Journal of Adolescent Research 13 (1998): 73–100.
Anderman, Eric M., and Carol Midgley. "Changes in Achievement Goals Orientations, Perceived Academic Competence, and Grades Across the Transition to Middle Level Schools." Contemporary Educational Psychology 22 (1997): 269–98.
Anderman, Eric M., and Allison J. Young. "Motivation and Strategy Use in Science: Individual Differences and Classroom Effects." Journal of Research in Science Teaching 31 (1994): 811–31.
Anderson, Richard B., Robert G. St. Pierre, Elizabeth C. Proper, and Linda B. Stebbins. "Pardon Us, But What Was the Question Again?: A Response to the Critique of the Follow Through Evaluation." Harvard Educational Review 48 (1978): 161–70.
Anderson, Richard C., Larry L. Shirey, Paul T. Wilson, and Linda G. Fielding. "Interestingness of Children's Reading Material." In Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction, vol. 3: Conative and Affective Process Analyses, edited by Richard E. Snow and Marshall J. Farr. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1987.
Archer, Jeff. "New School Role Seen Critical to Respond to Modern Economy." Education Week, 8 May 1996:1, 8.
Arenson, Karen W. "Undergraduate Education Is Lacking, Report Finds." New York Times, 20 April 1998: A12.
Asher, Steven R. "Influence of Topic Interest on Black Children's and White Children's Reading Comprehension." Child Development 50 (1979): 686–90.
Ayers, William. "Grounded Insight." In Progressive Education for the 1990s: Transforming Practice, edited by Kathe Jervis and Carol Montag. New York: Teachers College Press, 1991.
———. To Teach: The Journey of a Teacher. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993.
Baris-Sanders, Marcia. "Cooperative Education: Lessons from Japan." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1997: 619–23.
Barnett, Earl. "If You Can't Jump Eight, Then Try Eleven." (Jasper, Ala.] Daily Mountain Eagle, 15 June 1997.
Barr, Mary A., Dana A. Craig, Dolores Fisette, and Margaret A. Syverson. Assessing Literacy with the Learning Record. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1999.
Bastian, Amy, Norm Fruchter, Marilyn Gittell, Colin Greer, and Kenneth Haskins. Choosing Equality: The Case for Democratic Schooling. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
Battista, Michael T. "The Mathematical Miseducation of America's Youth: Ignoring Research and Scientific Study in Education." Phi Delta Kappan, February 1999: 425–33.
Battistich, Victor, Daniel Solomon, Dong-il Kim, Marilyn Watson, and Eric Schaps. "Schools as Communities, Poverty Levels of Student Populations, and Students' Attitudes, Motives, and Performance: A Multilevel Analysis." American Educational Research Journal 32 (1995): 627–58.
Battistich, Victor, Daniel Solomon, Marilyn Watson, and Eric Schaps. "Caring School Communities." Educational Psychologist 32 (1997): 137–51.
Baumann, James F., James V. Hoffman, Jennifer Moon, and Ann M. Duffy-Hester. "Where Are Teachers' Voices in the Phonics / Whole Language Debate? Results from a Survey of U.S. Elementary Classroom Teachers." Reading Teacher 51 (1998): 636–50.
Beane, James A. Curriculum Integration: Designing the Core of Democratic Education. New York: Teachers College Press, 1997.
Beck, Hall P., Sherry Rorrer-Woody, and Linda G. Pierce. "The Relations of Learning and Grade Orientations to Academic Performance." Teaching of Psychology 18 (1991): 35–37.
Begley, Sharon. "Homework Doesn't Help." Newsweek, 30 March 1998: 50–51.
Benware, Carl A., and Edward L. Deci. "Quality of Learning with an Active Versus Passive Motivational Set." American Educational Research Journal 21 (1984): 755–65.
Berk, Ronald A. "Effects of Choice of Instructional Methods on Verbal Learning Tasks." Psychological Reports 38 (1976): 867–70.
Berliner, David C. "Uninvited Comments from an Uninvited Guest." Educational Researcher, November 1996: 47–50.
Berliner, David C., and Bruce J. Biddle. The Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America's Public Schools. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Biddle, Bruce J. "Foolishness, Dangerous Nonsense, and Real Correlates of State Differences in Achievement." Phi Delta Kappan, September 1997: 9–13.
Black, Susan. "The Truth About Homework." American School Board Journal, October 1996: 48–51.
Blumenfeld, Phyllis C., Elliot Soloway, Ronald W. Marx, Joseph'S. Krajcik, Mark Guzdial, and Annemarie Palincsar. "Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning." Educational Psychologist 26 (1991): 369–98.
Boaler, Jo. "When Even the Winners Are Losers: Evaluating the Experiences of 'Top Set' Students." Journal of Curriculum Studies 29 (1997): 165–82.
———. "Open and Closed Mathematics: Student Experiences and Understandings." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 29 (1998): 41–62.
Boggiano, Ann K., Marty Barrett, and Teddy Kellam. "Competing Theoretical Analyses of Helplessness: A Social-Developmental Analysis." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 55 (1993): 194–207.
Boggiano, Ann K., Ann Shields, Marty Barrett, Teddy Kellam, Erik Thompson, Jeffrey Simons, and Phyllis Katz. "Helplessness Deficits in Students: The Role of Motivational Orientation." Motivation and Emotion 16 (1992): 271–96.
Bond, Linda, Edward Roeber, and David Braskamp. Trends in State Student Assessment Programs: Fall 1996. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 1997.
Bond, Linda, Edward Roeber, and Selena Connealy. Trends in State Student Assessment Programs: Fall 1997. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers, 1998.
Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic, 1976.
Bracey, Gerald W. "Research Oozes into Practice: The Case of Class Size." Phi Delta Kappan, September 1995: 89–90.
———. "International Comparisons and the Condition of American Education." Educational Researcher, January-February 1996a: 5–11.
———. "Asian and American Schools Again." Phi Delta Kappan, May 1996b: 641–42.
———. Setting the Record Straight: Responses to Misconceptions About Public Education in the United States. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1997.
———. "High Stakes Testing Comes a Cropper?" Phi Delta Kappan, April 1998a: 630.
———. "TIMSS, Rhymes with 'Dims,' as in 'Witted.'" Phi Delta Kappan, May 1998b: 686–87.
Bradley, Ann. "Muddle in the Middle." Education Week, 15 April 1998: 38–42.
Bredderman, Ted. "Effects of Activity-Based Elementary Science on Student Outcomes: A Quantitative Synthesis." Review of Educational Research 53 (1983): 499–518.
Brinkley, Ellen H. "What's Religion Got to Do with Attacks on Whole Language?" In In Defense of Good Teaching: What Teachers Need to Know About the "Reading Wars," edited by Kenneth'S. Goodman. York, Me.: Stenhouse, 1998.
Brodinsky, Ben. "Back to the Basics: The Movement and Its Meaning." Phi Delta Kappan, March 1977: 522–27.
Bronner, Ethan. "Better Schools Is Battle Cry for Fall Elections." New York Times, 20 September 1998a: Al, A32.
———. "Long a Leader, U.S. Now Lags in High School Graduate Rate." New York Times, 24 November 1998b: Al, A18.
Brooks, Jacqueline Grennon, and Martin G. Brooks. In Search of Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1993.
Brown, Ann L. "The Advancement of Learning." Educational Researcher, November 1994: 4–12.
Brown, John Seely, Allan Collins, and Paul Duguid. "Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning." Educational Researcher, January-February 1989: 32–42.
Brownell, William A. The Development of Children's Number Ideas in the Primary Grades. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1928.
———. "Psychological Considerations in the Learning and the Teaching of Arithmetic." In The Teaching of Arithmetic, the Tenth Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. New York: Teachers College, 1935.
Bruner, Jerome. "The Act of Discovery." Harvard Educational Review 31 (1961): 21–32.
———. Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.
———. The Process of Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Bryant, Adam. "All for One, One for All and Every Man for Himself." New York Times, 22 February 1998: 4:1.
Burke, Daniel L. "Multi-Year Teacher / Student Relationships Are a Long-Overdue Arrangement." Phi Delta Kappan, January 1996: 360–61.
Bushweller, Kevin. "Teaching to the Test." American School Board Journal, September 1997: 20–25.
Business Roundtable. A Business Leader's Guide to Setting Academic Standards. Washington, D.C.: Business Roundtable, 1996.
Business Task Force on Student Standards. The Challenge of Change: Standards to Make Education Work for All Our Children. Washington, D.C.: National Alliance of Business, 1995.
Butkowsky, Irwin'S., and Dale M. Willows. "Cognitive-Motivational Characteristics of Children Varying in Reading Ability: Evidence for Learned Helplessness in Poor Readers." Journal of Educational Psychology 72 (1980): 408–22.
Butler, Ruth. "Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Properties of Evaluation: Effects of Different Feedback Conditions on Motivational Perceptions, Interest, and Performance." Journal of Educational Psychology 79 (1987): 474–82.
———. "Enhancing and Undermining Intrinsic Motivation: The Effects of Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Evaluation on Interest and Performance." British Journal of Educational Psychology 58 (1988): 1–14.
———. "What Young People Want to Know When: Effects of Mastery and Ability Goals on Interest in Different Kinds of Social Comparisons." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992): 934–43.
Butler, Ruth, and Mordecai Nisan. "Effects of No Feedback, Task-Related Comments, and Grades on Intrinsic Motivation and Performance." Journal of Educational Psychology 78 (1986): 210–16.
Calkins, Lucy, Kate Montgomery, and Donna Santman. A Teacher's Guide to Standardized Reading Tests: Knowledge Is Power. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1998.
Campbell, David. "The Coriolanus Syndrome." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1997: 640–43.
Campbell, Patricia. "Empowering Children and Teachers in the Elementary Mathematics Classrooms of Urban Schools." Urban Education 30 (1996): 449–75.
Campione, Joseph C., Ann L. Brown, and Michael L. Connell. "Metacognition: On the Importance of Understanding What You Are Doing." In The Teaching and Assessing of Mathematical Problem Solving, vol. 3, edited by Randall I. Charles and Edward A. Silver. Washington, D.C.: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1988.
Canady, Robert Lynn, and Phyllis Riley Hotchkiss. "It's a Good Score! Just a Bad Grade." Phi Delta Kappan, September 1989: 68–71.
Carpenter, Thomas P., Elizabeth Fennema, Penelope L. Peterson, Chi-Pang Chiang, and Megan Loef. "Using Knowledge of Children's Mathematics Thinking in Classroom Teaching: An Experimental Study." American Educational Research Journal 26 (1989): 499–531.
Carter, Glenda, and M. Gail Jones. "Relationship Between Ability-Paired Interactions and the Development of Fifth Graders' Concepts of Balance." Journal of Research in Science Teaching 31 (1994): 847–56.
Central Park East Secondary School. "CPESS Graduation Handbook." Unpublished document. New York, N.Y., 1993.
Cenziper, Debbie. "Teachers Denounce ABCs Testing, Poll Says." Charlotte [N.C.] Observer, 12 August 1998: IC, 7C.
Charlesworth, Rosalind, Craig H. Hart, Diane C. Burts, and Michele De Wolf. "The LSU Studies: Building a Research Base for Developmentally Appropriate Practice." In Advances in Early Education and Day Care: Perspectives on Developmentally Appropriate Practice, vol. 5, edited by Stuart Reifel. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1993.
Checkley, Kathy. "Assessment That Serves Instruction." AS CD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Education Update, June 1997a: 1, 4–6.
———. "Problem-Based Learning: The Search for Solutions to Life's Messy Problems." ASCD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Curriculum Update, Summer 1997b: 1–8.
Chira, Susan. "Made in America: Asia's School Success." New York Times, 26 April 1992: E5.
Christensen, Linda. "'High-Stakes' Harm." Rethinking Schools, Spring 1999: 14–18.
Cizek, Gregory J. "There's No Such Thing as Grade Inflation." Education Week, 17 April 1996: 32, 22.
Clark, D. Cecil. "Competition for Grades and Graduate-Student Performance." Journal of Educational Research 62 (1969): 351–54.
Clarke, Linda K. "Invented Versus Traditional Spelling in First Graders' Writings: Effects on Learning to Spell and Read." Research in the Teaching of English 22 (1988): 281–309.
Clinton, Bill. "State of the Union Message to Congress." Transcribed in the New York Times, 5 February 1997: A20.
Cobb, Paul, Terry Wood, Erna Yackel, John Nicholls, Grayson Wheatley, Beatriz Trigatti, and Marcella Perlwitz. "Assessment of a Problem-Centered Second-Grade Mathematics Project." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 22 (1991): 3–29.
Cobb, Paul, Terry Wood, Erna Yackel, and Marcella Perlwitz. "A Follow-Up Assessment of a Second-Grade Problem-Centered Mathematics Project." Educational Studies in Mathematics 23 (1992): 483–504.
Cobb, Paul, Erna Yackel, and Terry Wood. "Young Children's Emotional Acts While Engaged in Mathematical Problem Solving." In Affect and Mathematical Problem Solving: A New Perspective, edited by D. B. McLeod and V. M. Adams. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
Coe, Carol. "Turning Over Classroom Decision Making: A Teacher's Experience Over Time." Active Learner: A Foxfire Journal for Teachers, August 1997: 7–9, 38.
Cohen, David K. "A Revolution in One Classroom: The Case of Mrs. Oublier." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 12 (1990): 311–29.
Cohen, David K., and Carol A. Barnes. "Pedagogy and Policy." In Teaching for Understanding: Challenges for Policy and Practice, edited by David K. Cohen, Milbrey W. McLaughlin, and Joan E. Talbert. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993a.
———. "Conclusion: A New Pedagogy for Policy?" In Teaching for Understanding: Challenges for Policy and Practice, edited by David K. Cohen, Milbrey W. McLaughlin, and Joan E. Talbert. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993b.
Cohen, Elizabeth G. "Restructuring the Classroom: Conditions for Productive Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 64 (1994): 1–35.
Coles, Jane. "Enough Was Enough: The Teachers' Boycott of National Curriculum Testing." Changing English (published by the University of London's Institute of Education) 1, 2 (1994): 16–31.
"College Admissions Test Scores by Family Income." FairTest Examiner, Spring 1998: 12.
Cooper, Harris M. Homework. White Plains, N.Y.: Longman, 1989.
Cooper, Harris, James J. Lindsay, Barbara Nye, and Scott Greathouse. "Relationships Among Attitudes About Homework, Amount of Homework Assigned and Completed, and Student Achievement." Journal of Educational Psychology 90 (1998): 70–83.
Corno, Lyn. "Homework Is a Complicated Thing." Educational Researcher, November 1996: 27–30.
Covington, Martin V. Making the Grade: A Self-Worth Perspective on Motivation and School Reform. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
———. "The Myth of Intensification." Educational Researcher, November 1996: 24–27.
Craig, Richard. "Don't Know Much About History." New York Times, 8 December 1997: A31.
Crooks, A. Duryee. "Marks and Marking Systems: A Digest." Journal of Educational Research 27 (1933): 259–72.
Cuban, Larry. How Teachers Taught: Constancy and Change in American Classrooms, 1890–1980. New York: Longman, 1984.
———. "A Fundamental Puzzle of School Reform." Phi Delta Kappan, January 1988: 341–44.
Cullen, Francis T., Jr., John B. Cullen, Van L. Hayhow, and John'T. Plouffe. "The Effects of the Use of Grades as an Incentive." Journal of Educational Research 68 (1975): 277–79.
Cuoco, Al, and Faye Ruopp. "Math Exam Rationale Doesn't Add Up." Boston Globe, 24 May 1998: D3.
Daley, Beth, and Jordana Hart. "State Tests Worry Parents, Teachers." Boston Globe, 26 February 1998: A23.
Damon, William. Greater Expectations. New York: Free Press, 1995.
Daniels, Harvey. "Whole Language: What's the Fuss?" Rethinking Schools, Winter 1993: 4–7.
———. "Is Whole Language Doomed?" Rethinking Schools, Winter 1995: 1, 5.
———. "The Best Practice Project: Building Parent Partnerships in Chicago." Educational Leadership, April 1996: 38–43.
Daniels, Harvey, Steven Zemelman, and Marilyn Bizar. "Teacher Alert!: Phonics Fads Sweep Nation's Schools." Rethinking Schools, Summer 1998: 3, 13.
———. "The Research Behind Whole Language." Educational Leadership, in press.
Danner, Fred W., and Edward Lonky. "A Cognitive-Developmental Approach to the Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation." Child Development 52 (1981): 1043–52.
Darling-Hammond, Linda. The Right to Learn: A Blueprint for Creating Schools That Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.
Darling-Hammond, Linda, and Beverly Falk. "Using Standards and Assessments to Support Student Learning." Phi Delta Kappan, November 1997: 190–99.
Davidson, Robert C., and Ernest L. Lewis. "Affirmative Action and Other Special Consideration Admissions at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine." Journal of the American Medical Association 278 (1997): 1153–58.
de Charms, Richard. "Personal Causation Training in the Schools." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2 (1972): 95–113.
Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum, 1985.
Deci, Edward L., Richard M. Ryan, and Geoffrey C. Williams. "Need Satisfaction and the Self-Regulation of Learning." Learning and Individual Differences 8 (1996): 165–83.
Deci, Edward L., Nancy H. Spiegel, Richard M. Ryan, Richard Koestner, and Manette Kauffman. "Effects of Performance Standards on Teaching Styles: Behavior of Controlling Teachers." Journal of Educational Psychology 74 (1982): 852–59.
Delisle, James R. "How Proficiency Tests Fall Short (Let Me Count the Ways)." Education Week, 2 April 1997: 41, 44.
Delisle, Robert. How to Use Problem-Based Learning in the Classroom. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1997.
Delpit, Lisa. "Teachers, Culture, and Power." Rethinking Schools, Fall/Winter 1992.
Deppe, Roberta K., and Judith M. Harackiewicz. "Self-Handicapping and Intrinsic Motivation: Buffering Intrinsic Motivation from the Threat of Failure." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 868–76.
DeVries, Rheta. "Piaget's Social Theory." Educational Researcher, March 1997: 4–17.
DeVries, Rheta, and Betty Zan. Moral Classrooms, Moral Children: Creating a Constructivist Atmosphere in Early Education. New York: Teachers College Press, 1994.
Dewey, John. School and Society [originally published 1899] and The Child and the Curriculum [originally published 1902]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
———. Interest and Effort in Education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913.
———. Democracy and Education. New York: Free Press, 1916 / 1966.
———. Experience and Education. New York: Collier, 1938 / 1963.
———. Introduction to The Use of Resources in Education by Elsie Ripley Clapp. 1952. Reprinted in Dewey on Education, edited by Martin'S. Dworkin. New York: Teachers College Press, 1959.
De Zouche, Dorothy. "'The Wound Is Mortal': Marks, Honors, Unsound Activities." Clearing House 19 (1945): 339–44.
Dickinson, Alyce M. "The Detrimental Effects of Extrinsic Reinforcement on 'Intrinsic Motivation.'" Behavior Analyst 12 (1989): 1–15.
Dickinson, David K., and Lori Lyman DiGisi. "The Many Rewards of a Literacy-Rich Classroom." Educational Leadership, March 1998: 23–26.
Diegmueller, Karen. "A New Order." Teacher Magazine, August 1994: 12–13.
Diener, Carol I., and Carol'S. Dweck. "An Analysis of Learned Helplessness: II. The Processing of Success." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980): 940–52.
Dorn, Sherman. "The Political Legacy of School Accountability Systems." Education Policy Analysis Archives 6, 1 (1998): 1–34. Available at http://olam.ed. asu.edu/epaa/v6nl.html.
Dossey, John A., Ina V. S. Mullis, Mary M. Lindquist, and Donald L. Chambers. The Mathematics Report Card: Are We Measuring Up?—Trends and Achievement Based on the 1986 National Assessment. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 1988.
Dougherty, Chrys. "Assessment of Student Reading Skills in the Early Grades." Unpublished manuscript. Austin, Tex.: Just for the Kids, 1998.
Driscoll, Marcy P. "The Relationship Between Grading Standards and Achievement: A New Perspective." Journal of Research and Development in Education 19 (1986): 13–17.
Duckworth, Eleanor. "The Having of Wonderful Ideas" and Other Essays on Teaching and Learning. New York: Teachers College Press, 1987.
Durkheim, Emile. The Rules of Sociological Method. New York: Free Press, 1938.
Dweck, Carol. "Motivational Processes Affecting Learning." American Psychologist 41 (1986): 1040–48.
Dweck, Carol, William Davidson, Sharon Nelson, and Bradley Enna. "Sex Differences in Learned Helplessness." Developmental Psychology 14 (1978): 268–76.
Dweck, Carol'S., and Ellen L. Leggett. "A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality." Psychological Review 95 (1988): 256–73.
Dykstra, Dewey I., Jr. "Teaching Introductory Physics to College Students." In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice, edited by Catherine Twomey Fosnot. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.
Edwards, Carolyn. "Partner, Nurturer, and Guide: The Roles of the Reggio Teacher in Action." In The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education, edited by Carolyn Edwards, Lella Gandini, and George Forman. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1993.
Edwards, Carolyn, Lella Gandini, and George Forman. "Introduction." In The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education, edited by Carolyn Edwards, Lella Gandini, and George Forman. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1993.
Eisner, Elliot W. "Standards for American Schools: Help or Hindrance?" Phi Delta Kappan, June 1995: 758–64.
Eldredge, [J.] Lloyd. "An Experiment with a Modified Whole Language Approach in First-Grade Classrooms." Reading Research and Instruction 30 (1991): 21–38.
Eldredge, J. Lloyd, and Dennie Butterfield. "Alternatives to Traditional Reading Instruction." Reading Teacher 40 (1986): 32–37.
Elley, Warwick B. How in the World Do Students Read? The Hague, The Netherlands: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 1992.
Elley, W. B., I. H. Barham, H. Lamb, and M. Wyllie. "The Role of Grammar in a Secondary School English Curriculum." Research in the Teaching of English 10 (1976): 5–21. Originally appeared in the New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 10 (1975): 26–42.
Elliot, Andrew J., and Marcy A. Church. "A Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Achievement Motivation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997): 218–32.
Elliot, Andrew J., and Judith M. Harackiewicz. "Approach and Avoidance Achievement Goals and Intrinsic Motivation: A Mediational Analysis." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 461–75.
Elliott, Elaine S., and Carol'S. Dweck. "Goals: An Approach to Motivation and Achievement." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988): 5–12.
Farnham-Diggory, Sylvia. Schooling. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Farr, Roger, and Beth Greene. "Improving Reading Assessments: Understanding the Social and Political Agenda for Testing." Educational Horizons, Fall 1993: 20–27.
Feinberg, Walter. "Educational Manifestos and the New Fundamentalism." Educational Researcher, November 1997: 27–35.
Ferri, Daniel. "Education by the Numbers." Harper's Magazine, July 1998: 20–23.
Fielding, Linda G., and P. David Pearson. "Reading Comprehension: What Works." Educational Leadership, February 1994: 62–68.
Flink, Cheryl, Ann K. Boggiano, and Marty Barrett. "Controlling Teacher Strategies: Undermining Children's Self-Determination and Performance." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990): 916–24.
Flink, Cheryl, Ann K. Boggiano, Deborah'S. Main, Marty Barrett, and Phyllis A. Katz. "Children's Achievement-Related Behaviors: The Role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivational Orientations." In Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective, edited by Ann K. Boggiano and Thane'S. Pittman. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Foorman, Barbara R., David J. Francis, Jack M. Fletcher, Christopher Schatschneider, and Para Mehta. "The Role of Instruction in Learning to Read: Preventing Reading Failure in At-Risk Children." Journal of Educational Psychology 90 (1998): 37–55.
Fosnot, Catherine Twomey. "Constructivism: A Psychological Theory of Learning." In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice, edited by Catherine Twomey Fosnot. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.
Frederiksen, Norman. "The Real Test Bias: Influences of Testing on Teaching and Learning." American Psychologist 39 (1984): 193–202.
Freedman, Sarah Warshauer. "Linking Large-Scale Testing and Classroom Portfolio Assessments of Student Writing." Educational Assessment 1 (1993): 27–52.
———. "Exam-Based Reform Stifles Student Writing in the U.K." Educational Leadership, March 1995: 26–29.
Freeman, David, and Yvonne S. Freeman. "California Reading: The Pendulum Swings." In In Defense of Good Teaching: What Teachers Need to Know About the "Reading Wars," edited by Kenneth'S. Goodman. York, Me.: Stenhouse, 1998.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 1970.
Freppon, Penny A. "Children's Concepts of the Nature and Purpose of Reading in Different Instructional Settings." Journal of Reading Behavior 23 (1991): 139–63.
Freppon, Penny A., Ellen McIntyre, and Karin L. Dahl. "A Comparison of Young Children's Writing Products in Skills-Based and Whole Language Classrooms." Reading Horizons 36 (1995): 150–65.
Fromm, Erich. Foreword to Summerhill by A. S. Neill. New York: Hart, 1960.
Fry, P. S., and K. J. Coe. "Interaction Among Dimensions of Academic Motivation and Classroom Social Climate: A Study of the Perceptions of Junior High and High School Pupils." British Journal of Educational Psychology 50 (1980): 33–42.
Fullan, Michael. The Meaning of Educational Change. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982.
Fyfe, Brenda. "A Conversation with James V. Wertsch: Part II." Constructivist, Spring 1997: 4–8.
Gallimore, Ronald, and Claude N. Goldenberg. "Tracking the Developmental Path of Teachers and Learners: A Vygotskian Perspective." In Effective and Responsible Teaching: The New Synthesis, edited by Fritz K. Oser, Andreas Dick, and Jean-Luc Patry. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992.
Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic, 1983.
———. The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach. New York: Basic, 1991.
Gelberg, Denise. The "Business" of Reforming American Schools. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
Gersten, Russell, and Thomas Keating. "Long-Term Benefits from Direct Instruction." Educational Leadership, March 1987: 28–31.
Ginsburg, Golda'S., and Phyllis Bronstein. "Family Factors Related to Children's Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivational Orientation and Academic Performance." Child Development 64 (1993): 1461–74.
Glaser, Robert. "Instructional Technology and the Measurement of Learning Outcomes: Some Questions." American Psychologist 18 (1963): 519–21.
Glovin, David. "Low-Paid Part-Timers Judge N.J. Students." The Record [of Hackensack, N.J.], 29 November 1998.
Gluck, Carol. "A Dose of Old-Fashioned 'How To.'" Education Week, 20 September 1995: 40, 33.
Gold, Richard M., Anne Reilly, Robert Silberman, and Robert Lehr. "Academic Achievement Declines Under Pass-Fail Grading." Journal of Experimental Education 39 (1971): 17–21.
Goldberg, Lewis R. "Grades as Motivants." Psychology in the Schools 2 (1965): 17–24.
Goldin, Davidson. "In a Change of Policy, and Heart, Colleges Join Fight Against Inflated Grades." New York Times, 4 July 1995: 8.
Goldstein, Amy. "Finding a New Gauge of Knowledge." Washington Post, 20 May 1990: A20.
———. "The Secret Behind the Scores." Washington Post, 20 May 1990: Al, A20.
Goodlad, John I. A Place Called School: Prospects for the Future. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
———. "Flow, Eros, and Ethos in Educational Renewal." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1999: 571–78.
Goodman, Jesse. Elementary Schooling for Critical Democracy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
Goodman, Kenneth'S. "Basal Readers: A Call for Action." Language Arts 63 (1986): 358–63.
———, ed. In Defense of Good Teaching: What Teachers Need to Know About the "Reading Wars." York, Me.: Stenhouse, 1998.
Gottfried, Adele Eskeles, James'S. Fleming, and Allen W. Gottfried. "Role of Parental Motivational Practices in Children's Academic Intrinsic Motivation and Achievement." Journal of Educational Psychology 86 (1994): 104–13.
Green, Joan, and John Myers. "Conversations: Observations on the Implementation of Interactive Learning." In Perspectives on Small Group Learning: Theory and Practice, edited by Mark Brubacher, Ryder Payne, and Kemp Rickett. Oakville, Ont.: Rubicon, 1990.
Green, Lena, and Don Foster. "Classroom Intrinsic Motivation: Effects of Scholastic Level, Teacher Orientation, and Gender." Journal of Educational Research 80 (1986): 34–39.
Grolnick, Wendy'S., and Richard M. Ryan. "Autonomy in Children's Learning: An Experimental and Individual Difference Investigation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 890–98.
Gursky, Daniel. "After the Reign of Dick and Jane." Teacher Magazine, August 1991: 22–29.
Hall, Cathy W., Larry M. Bolen, and Robert H. Gupton, Jr. "Predictive Validity of the Study Process Questionnaire for Undergraduate Students." College Student Journal 29 (1995): 234–39.
Hamilton, V. Lee, Phyllis C. Blumenfeld, Hiroshi Akoh, and Kanae Miura. "Japanese and American Children's Reasons for the Things They Do in School." American Educational Research Journal 26 (1989): 545–71.
Hammill, Donald D., Stephen Larsen, and Gaye McNutt. "The Effects of Spelling Instruction: A Preliminary Study." Elementary School Journal 78 (1977): 67–72.
Harackiewicz, Judith M., Kenneth E. Barron, Suzanne M. Carter, Alan'T. Lehto, and Andrew J. Elliot. "Predictors and Consequences of Achievement Goals in the College Classroom: Maintaining Interest and Making the Grade." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997): 1284–95.
Harackiewicz, Judith M., George Manderlink, and Carol Sansone. "Rewarding Pinball Wizardry: Effects of Evaluation and Cue Value on Intrinsic Interest." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984): 287–300.
Harp, Lonnie. "Wis. Governor Calls for Local High School Exit Exams." Education Week, 7 February 1996: 12.
Hart, Craig H., Diane C. Burts, and Rosalind Charlesworth. "Integrated Developmentally Appropriate Curriculum." In Integrated Curriculum and Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Birth to Age Eight, edited by Craig H. Hart, Diane C. Burts, and Rosalind Charlesworth. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
Harter, Susan. "Pleasure Derived from Challenge and the Effects of Receiving Grades on Children's Difficulty Level Choices." Child Development 49 (1978): 788–99.
———. "The Relationship Between Perceived Competence, Affect, and Motivational Orientation Within the Classroom: Processes and Patterns of Change." In Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective, edited by Ann K. Boggiano and Thane'S. Pittman. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Harter, Susan, and Bradley K. Jackson. "Trait vs. Nontrait Conceptualizations of Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivational Orientation." Motivation and Emotion 16 (1992): 209–30.
Hartocollis, Anemona. "New State Test Sets Schools to Cramming." New York Times, 11 January 1999: A19.
Harwayne, Shelley. "Whole Language: Now More Than Ever." In Whole Language: The Debate. Bloomington, Ind.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, 1994.
Hauser, Robert M. "What If We Ended Social Promotion?" Education Week, 7 April 1999: 64, 37.
Hawkins, David. The Informed Vision: Essays on Learning and Human Nature. New York: Agathon Press, 1974.
———. "Defining and Bridging the Gap." In Science Education: A Minds-On Approach for the Elementary Years, edited by Eleanor Duckworth, Jack Easley, David Hawkins, and Androula Henriques. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1990.
Hedges, Larry V., Richard D. Laine, and Rob Greenwald. "Does Money Matter?: A Meta-Analysis of Studies of the Effects of Differential School Inputs on Student Outcomes." Educational Researcher, April 1994: 5–14.
Henderson, Valanne L., and Carol'S. Dweck. "Motivation and Achievement." In At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent, edited by S. Shirley Feldman and Glen R. Elliott. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Heyman, Gail D., and Carol'S. Dweck. "Achievement Goals and Intrinsic Motivation: Their Relation and Their Role in Adaptive Motivation." Motivation and Emotion 16 (1992): 231–47.
Hiebert, James, and Diana Wearne. "Instructional Tasks, Classroom Discourse, and Students' Learning in Second-Grade Arithmetic." American Educational Research Journal 30 (1993): 393–425.
"High Stakes Tests Do Not Improve Learning." FairTest Examiner, Winter 1997–98:1, 4–5.
Hill, David. "Shanker Stands Test of Time." Education Week, 21 February 1996: 31.
Hillocks, George, Jr., and Michael W. Smith. "Grammar and Usage." In Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts, edited by James Flood, Julie M. Jensen, Diane Lapp, and James R. Squire. New York: Macmillan, 1991.
Hiroto, Donald'S., and Martin E. P. Seligman. "Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (1975): 311–27.
Hirsch, E. D., Jr. The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
———. "Response to Prof. Feinberg." Educational Researcher, March 1998: 38–39.
Hoff, David J. "U.S. Graduation Rates Starting to Fall Behind." Education Week, 25 November 1998a: 1, 11.
———. "Venerable National Honor Society Catching flak from Some Quarters." Education Week, 25 November 1998b: 1, 12.
Holloway, Susan D. "Concepts of Ability and Effort in Japan and the United States." Review of Educational Research 58 (1988): 327–45.
Holt, John. How Children Fail. Rev. ed. New York: Delta, 1982.
Horwitz, Robert A. "Psychological Effects of the 'Open Classroom.'" Review of Educational Research 49 (1979): 71–86.
House, Ernest R. "Policy Implications of Retention Research." In Flunking Grades: Research and Policies on Retention, edited by Lorrie A. Shepard and Mary Lee Smith. London: Falmer Press, 1989.
House, Ernest R., Gene V. Glass, Leslie D. McLean, and Decker F. Walker. "No Simple Answer: Critique of the Follow Through Evaluation." Harvard Educational Review 48 (1978): 128–60.
Howe, Harold, II. "Uncle Sam Is in the Classroom!" Phi Delta Kappan, January 1995: 374–77.
Howe, Kenneth R. "Standards, Assessment, and Equality of Educational Opportunity." Educational Researcher, November 1994: 27–33.
Hughes, Billie, Howard J. Sullivan, and Mary Lou Mosley. "External Evaluation, Task Difficulty, and Continuing Motivation." Journal of Educational Research 78 (1985): 210–15.
Hunt, James B., Jr. "Education for Economic Growth." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1984.
Irwin, Kathy. "The Eight Year Study." In Progressive Education for the 1990s, edited by Kathe Jervis and Carol Montag. New York: Teachers College Press, 1991.
Jackson, Allyn. "The Math Wars: California Battles It Out over Mathematics Education Reform." Notices of the AMS [American Mathematics Society], June/July and August 1997.
Jackson, Philip W. Life in Classrooms. 1968. Reprint. New York: Teachers College Press, 1990.
Jacobson, Linda. "'Looping' Catches On as a Way to Build Strong Ties." Education Week, 15 October 1997: 1, 18–19.
Jervis, Kathe, and Joseph McDonald. "Standards: The Philosophical Monster in the Classroom." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1996: 563–69.
Johnson, David W., and Roger T. Johnson. Cooperation and Competition: Theory and Research. Edina, Minn.: Interaction Book Co., 1989.
———. Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.
Johnson, Dirk. "Study Says Small Schools Are Key to Learning." New York Times, 21 September 1994: B12.
———. "Many Schools Putting an End to Child's Play." New York Times, 7 April 1998: Al, A18.
Johnson, Katie. "Context Is Everything." Educational Leadership, November 1992: 95.
Johnston, James M., and George O'Neill. "The Analysis of Performance Criteria Defining Course Grades as a Determinant of College Student Academic Performance." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 6 (1973): 261–68.
Johnston, Robert C. "Just Saying No: Mich. Sorts Out What Went Wrong as Parents Opt Children Out of Test." Education Week, 9 April 1997:1, 26–27.
———. "In Texas, the Arrival of Spring Means the Focus Is on Testing." Education Week, 29 April 1998: 1, 20–21.
Jones, Ken. "Teacher Accountability: High Resolution, Not High Stakes." Mathematics Education Dialogues [published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics], May/June 1998: 10.
Jones, Ken, and Betty Lou Whitford. "Kentucky's Conflicting Reform Principles: High-Stakes School Accountability and Student Performance Assessment." Phi Delta Kappan, December 1997: 276–81.
Julyan, Candace, and Eleanor Duckworth. "A Constructivist Perspective on Teaching and Learning Science." In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice, edited by Catherine Twomey Fosnot. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.
Kage, Masaharu. "The Effects of Evaluation on Intrinsic Motivation." Paper presented at the meeting of the Japan Association of Educational Psychology, Joetsu, Japan, 1991.
Kahramanidis, Jane. "Winning by Losing" (letter to the editor). New York Times, 6 March 1998: A24.
Kamii, Constance. "Leading Primary Education Toward Excellence: Beyond Worksheets and Drill." Young Children, September 1985a: 3–9.
———. Young Children Reinvent Arithmetic: Implications of Piaget's Theory. New York: Teachers College Press, 1985b.
———. Young Children Continue to Reinvent Arithmetic—2nd Grade: Implications of Piaget's Theory. New York: Teachers College Press, 1989.
———. Young Children Continue to Reinvent Arithmetic—3rd Grade: Implications of Piaget's Theory. New York: Teachers College Press, 1994.
Kamii, Constance, Faye B. Clark, and Ann Dominick. "The Six National Goals: A Road to Disappointment." Phi Delta Kappan, May 1994: 672–77.
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
Kantrowitz, Barbara, and Pat Wingert. "How Kids Learn." Newsweek, 17 April 1989: 50–56.
Karnes, Merle B., Allan M. Shwedel, and Mark B. Williams. "A Comparison of Five Approaches for Educating Young Children from Low-Income Homes." In As the Twig Is Bent...: Lasting Effects of Preschool Programs, edited by the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1983.
Karweit, Nancy. "Time-on-Task Reconsidered: Synthesis of Research on Time and Learning." Educational Leadership, May 1984: 32–35.
Kasser, Tim, and Richard M. Ryan. "A Dark Side of the American Dream: Correlates of Financial Success as a Central Life Aspiration." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 410–22.
———. "Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (1996): 280–87.
Kasten, Wendy C., and Barbara K. Clarke. "Reading/Writing Readiness for Preschool and Kindergarten Children: A Whole Language Approach." 1989. Available as ERIC Document 312041.
Katz, Lilian. "The Disposition to Learn." Principal, May 1988:14–17.
———. "What Can We Learn from Reggio Emilia?" In The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education, edited by Carolyn Edwards, Lella Gandini, and George Forman. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1993.
———. "A Developmental Approach to Assessment of Young Children." ERIC Digest, April 1997. Publication number EDO-PS-97–18.
———. "Affirming Children's Minds." Montessori Life, Winter 1998: 33–36.
Katz, Lilian G., and Sylvia C. Chard. Engaging Children's Minds: The Project Approach. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1989.
Katz, Lilian G., Demetra Evangelou, and Jeanette Allison Hartman. The Case for Mixed-Age Grouping in Early Education. Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1990.
Keinan, Giora, and Moshe Zeidner. "Effects of Decisional Control on State Anxiety and Achievement." Personality and Individual Differences 8 (1987): 973–75.
Kellaghan, Thomas, George F. Madaus, and Anastasia Raczek. The Use of External Examinations to Improve Student Motivation. Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association, 1996.
Keller, Bess. "In Age of Accountability, Principals Feel the Heat." Education Week, 20 May 1998: 1, 16.
Kilpatrick, William H. "The Project Method." Teachers College Record 19 (1918): 319–35.
Kirschenbaum, Howard, Sidney B. Simon, and Rodney W. Napier. Wad-Ja-Get? The Grading Game in American Education. New York: Hart, 1971.
Kirst, Michael W., and Christopher Mazzeo. "The Rise, Fall, and Rise of State Assessment in California: 1993–96. Phi Delta Kappan, December 1996: 319–23.
Klaczynski, Paul A., and Joseph'S. Laipple. "Rule of Content Domain, Logic Training, and IQ in Rule Acquisition and Transfer." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19 (1993): 653–72.
Klesius, Janell P., Priscilla L. Griffith, and Paula Zielonka. "A Whole Language and Traditional Instruction Comparison: Overall Effectiveness and Development of the Alphabetic Principle." Reading Research and Instruction 30 (1991): 47–61.
Knapp, Michael'S., Patrick M. Shields, and Brenda J. Turnbull. Academic Challenge for the Children of Poverty. Summary Report of the Study of Academic Instruction for Disadvantaged Students. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1992.
Kohlberg, Lawrence, and Rochelle Mayer. "Development as the Aim of Education." Harvard Educational Review 42 (1972): 449–96.
Kohn, Alfie. "Group Grade Grubbing Versus Cooperative Learning." Educational Leadership, March 1991: 83–87. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———. No Contest: The Case Against Competition. Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992a.
———. "Resistance to Cooperative Learning: Making Sense of Its Deletion and Dilution." Journal of Education 174, 2 (1992b): 38–56. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———. Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993a.
———. "Choices for Children: Why and How to Let Students Decide." Phi Delta
Kappan, September 1993b: 8–20. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———. "The Truth About Self-Esteem." Phi Delta Kappan, December 1994: 272–83. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———. Beyond Discipline: From Compliance to Community. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1996a.
———. "What to Look for in a Classroom." Educational Leadership, September 1996b: 54–55. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———, ed. Education, Inc.: Turning Learning into a Business. Arlington Heights, 111.: IRI/Skylight, 1997a.
———. "Students Don't 'Work'—They Learn: Our Use of Workplace Metaphors May Compromise the Essence of Schooling." Education Week, 3 September 1997b: 60, 43. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———. "Only for My Kid: How Privileged Parents Undermine School Reform." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1998a: 569–77. (Reprinted in Kohn, 1998b.)
———. What to Look for in a Classroom ... and Other Essays. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998b.
———. "In Pursuit of Affluence, at a High Price." New York Times, 2 February 1999.
Kolker, Claudia. "Texas Offers Hard Lessons on School Accountability." Los Angeles Times, April 14, 1999.
Kosmoski, Georgia J., Geneva Gay, and Edward L. Vockell. "Cultural Literacy and Academic Achievement." Journal of Experimental Education 58 (1990): 265–72.
Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Krashen, Stephen. "The Effect of Training in Phonemic Awareness: Greatest in Tests with the Least Amount of Meaning." Unpublished ms. University of Southern California, 1998.
Krumboltz, John D., and Christine J. Yeh. "Competitive Grading Sabotages Good Teaching." Phi Delta Kappan, December 1996: 324–26.
Kuhl, Julius, and Virginia Blankenship. "Behavioral Change in a Constant Environment: Shift to More Difficult Tasks with Constant Probability of Success." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 551–63.
Kunen, James'S. "The Test of Their Lives." Time, 16 June 1997: 62–63.
Labaree, David F. "Are Students 'Consumers'?: The Rise of Public Education as a Private Good." Education Week, 17 September 1997a: 48, 38.
———. How to Succeed in School Without Really Learning: The Credentials Race in American Education. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997b.
Labinowicz, Ed. "Children's Right to Be Wrong." Arithmetic Teacher, December 1987: 2, 20.
Lampert, Magdalene. "Knowing, Doing, and Teaching Multiplication." Cognition and Instruction 3 (1986): 305–42.
Lapham, Lewis H. "Achievement Test." Harper's, July 1991: 10–13.
Lawton, Millicent. "New Images of Teaching." Education Week, 9 April 1997: 20–23.
———. "Calif. Education Officials Approve Back-to-Basics Standards in Math."
Education Week, 14 January 1998: 6.
Le Countryman, Lyn, and Merrie Schroeder. "When Students Lead Parent-Teacher Conferences." Educational Leadership, April 1996: 64–68.
Lemann, Nicholas. "The Reading Wars." Atlantic Monthly, November 1997: 128–34.
———. "Ready, Read!" Atlantic Monthly, November 1998: 92–104.
Lepper, Mark R., Sheena Sethi, Dania Dialdin, and Michael Drake. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: A Developmental Perspective." In Developmental Psychopathology: Perspectives on Adjustment, Risk, and Disorder, edited by S. S. Luthar, J. A. Burack, D. Dicchetti, and J. R. Weisz. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Lester, Jill Bodner. "Is the Algorithm All There Is?" In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice, edited by Catherine Twomey Fosnot. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.
Levin, Henry M. "Clocking Instruction: A Reform Whose Time Has Come?" IFG Policy Perspectives [newsletter of the Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance at Stanford University's School of Education], Spring 1984:1–4.
Levy, Jack, and Patricia Riordan. Rank-in-Class, Grade Point Average, and College Admission. Reston, Va.: NASSP, 1994. (Available as ERIC Document 370988.)
Lewis, Catherine C. Educating Hearts and Minds: Reflections on Japanese Preschool and Elementary Education. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Lewis, Catherine C., and Ineko Tsuchida. "The Basics in Japan: The Three C's." Educational Leadership, March 1998: 32–37.
Linder, Ivan H. "Is There a Substitute for Teachers' Grades?" School Board Journal, July 1940: 25–26, 79.
Lindsay, Drew. "In States, G.O.P. Stymied in Push to Revamp Policy." Education Week, 21 June 1995: 1, 14.
MacGyvers, Valanne L., and Carol'S. Dweck. "Responses to the Early Adolescent Transition: A Test of a Theoretical Model of Motivation." Unpublished ms. 1994.
Mackenzie, Andrew A., and Richard T. White. "Fieldwork in Geography and Long-term Memory Structures." American Educational Research Journal 19 (1982): 623–32.
Madaus, George F., Mary Maxwell West, Maryellen C. Harmon, Richard G. Lomax, and Katherine A. Viator. The Influence of Testing on Teaching Math and Science in Grades 4–12: Executive Summary. Boston: Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation, and Educational Policy, 1992.
Madell, Rob. "Children's Natural Processes." Arithmetic Teacher, March 1985: 20–22.
Maehr, Martin L., and Carol Midgley. "Enhancing Student Motivation: A Schoolwide Approach." Educational Psychologist 26 (1991): 399–427.
———. Transforming School Cultures. Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1996.
Maehr, Martin L., and William M. Stallings. "Freedom from External Evaluation." Child Development 43 (1972): 177–85.
Manegold, Catherine'S. "Study Says Schools Must Stress Academics." New York Times, 23 September 1994: A22.
Manning, Maryann, Gary Manning, and Roberta Long. "Effects of a Whole Language and a Skills-Oriented Program on the Literacy Development of Inner City Primary Children." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, New Orleans, November 1989. Available as ERIC Document 324642.
Manno, Bruno V. "The New School Wars: Battles Over Outcome-Based Education." Phi Delta Kappan, May 1995: 720–26.
"Many Fail New Nevada Tests." Education Week, 27 May 1998: 4.
Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy. "Limitations on Approved Topics for Reading Sessions Rile Teacher Trainers." Education Week, 5 November 1997:18.
———. "NRC Panel Urges End to Reading Wars." Education Week, 25 March 1998a.
———. "More States Moving to Make Phonics the Law." Education Week, 29 April 1998b: 24.
———. "Drilling in Texas: Teachers in Houston Are Marching in Lockstep to Fulfill District Orders that Basic Skills Make Up the Core of Their Reading Instruction." Education Week, 10 June 1998c: 32–37.
———. "Trickling Down." Education Week, 18 November 1998d: 22–27.
———. "Board Oks Math, Language Arts Frameworks." Education Week, 16 December 1998e: 22.
Marcon, Rebecca A. "Doing the Right Thing for Children: Linking Research and Policy Reform in the District of Columbia Public Schools." Young Children, November 1994: 8–20.
Marlowe, Bruce A., and Marilyn L. Page. Creating and Sustaining the Constructivist Classroom. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin, 1998.
Marshall, Hermine H. "Children's Understanding of Academic Tasks: Work, Play, or Learning." Journal of Research in Childhood Education 9 (1994): 35–46.
———. "Beyond the Workplace Metaphor: The Classroom as a Learning Setting." Theory into Practice 29 (1990): 94–101. Reprinted in Education, Inc.: Turning Learning into a Business, edited by Alfie Kohn. Arlington Heights, 111.: IRI/Skylight, 1997.
Marzano, Robert J., John'S. Kendall, and Barbara B. Gaddy. "Deciding on 'Essential Knowledge.'" Education Week, 21 April 1999: 68, 49.
Mathews, Jay. Class Struggle. New York: Times Books, 1998a.
———. "Study Links Lower Grades to Computer Use." Washington Post, 30 September 1998b: A3.
Mathews, Jay, and Victoria Benning. "97 Percent of Schools in Va. Fail New Exam." Washington Post, 9 January 1999: Al.
Matson, Barbara. "Whole Language or Phonics? Teachers and Researchers Find the Middle Ground Most Fertile." Harvard Education Letter, March/April 1996: 1–5.
McClellan, Diane E., and Susan Kinsey. "Children's Social Behavior in Relationship to Participation in Mixed-Age or Same-Age Classrooms." Early Childhood Research and Practice 1, 1 (1999). Available at http://ecrp.vivc.edu/vlnl/vlnl.html.
McGill-Franzen, Anne, and Richard L. Allington. "Flunk 'em or Get Them Classified: The Contamination of Primary Grade Accountability Data." Educational Researcher, January-February 1993: 19–22.
McGuire, Margit. "Taking a Storypath into History." Educational Leadership, March 1997: 70–72.
McKenna, Michael C., Beverly D. Stratton, Martha C. Grindler, and Stephen J. Jenkins. "Differential Effects of Whole Language and Traditional Instruction on Reading Attitudes." Journal of Reading Behavior 27 (1995): 19–44.
McLaughlin, Milbrey W. "What Matters Most in Teachers' Workplace Context?" In Teachers' Work: Individuals, Colleagues, and Context, edited by Judith Warren Little and Milbrey W. McLaughlin. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993.
McNeil, Linda M. Contradictions of Control: School Structure and School Knowledge. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
McQuillan, Jeff. "The Effects of Incentives on Reading." Reading Research and Instruction 36 (1997): 111–25.
———. The Literacy Crisis: False Claims, Real Solutions. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1998.
Meece, Judith L., Phyllis C. Blumenfeld, and Rick H. Hoyle. "Students' Goal Orientations and Cognitive Engagement in Classroom Activities." Journal of Educational Psychology 80 (1988): 514–23.
Meier, Deborah. "Why Reading Tests Don't Test Reading." Dissent, Fall 1981: 457–66.
———. "How Our Schools Could Be." Phi Delta Kappan, January 1995a: 369–73.
———. The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem. Boston: Beacon, 1995b.
———. "The Big Benefits of Smallness." Educational Leadership, September 1996a: 12–15.
———. "Supposing That..." Phi Delta Kappan, December 1996b: 271–76.
Meier, Deborah, and Alfie Kohn. "The MCAS Test: It's Difficult and Destructive." Boston Globe, 8 June 1998.
Meisels, Samuel J. "Remaking Classroom Assessment with the Work Sampling System." Young Children, July 1993: 34–40.
Middleton, Michael J., and Carol Midgley. "Avoiding the Demonstration of Lack of Ability: An Underexplored Aspect of Goal Theory." Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1997): 710–18.
Midgley, Carol. "Motivation and Middle Level Schools." In Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 8: Motivation and Adolescent Development, edited by Paul R. Pintrich and Martin L. Maehr. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1993.
Milligan, Jerry L., and Herbert Berg. "The Effect of Whole Language on the Comprehending Ability of First Grade Children." Reading Improvement 29 (1992): 146–54.
Milton, Ohmer, Howard R. Pollio, and James A. Eison. Making Sense of College Grades. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986.
Miserandino, Marianne. "Children Who Do Well in School: Individual Differences in Perceived Competence and Autonomy in Above-Average Children." Journal of Educational Psychology 88 (1996): 203–14.
Mitchell, Joyce Slayton. "SATs Don't Get You In." Education Week, 27 May 1998: 33.
Mitchell, Ruth. Testing for Learning: How New Approaches to Evaluation Can Improve American Schools. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Moeller, Aleidine J., and Claus Reschke. "A Second Look at Grading and Classroom Performance: Report of a Research Study." Modern Language Journal 77 (1993): 163–69.
"A Moment of Truth." Boston Globe, 6 January 1998: A14.
Montaigne. The Complete Essays of Montaigne, translated by Donald M. Frame. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958.
Morgan, George W. The Human Predicament: Dissolution and Wholeness. New York: Delta, 1970.
Morrow, Lesley Mandel. "The Impact of a Literature-Based Program on Literacy Achievement, Use of Literature, and Attitudes of Children from Minority Backgrounds." Reading Research Quarterly 27 (1992): 251–75.
Morrow, Lesley Mandel, Ellen M. O'Connor, and Jeffrey K. Smith. "Effects of a Story Reading Program on the Literacy Development of At-Risk Kindergarten Children." Journal of Reading Behavior 22 (1990): 255–75.
Mosle, Sara. "The Answer Is National Standards." New York Times Magazine, 27 October 1996: 45–47, 56, 68.
Mueller, Claudia M., and Carol'S. Dweck. "Praise for Intelligence Can Undermine Children's Motivation and Performance." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998): 33–52.
National Center for Education Statistics. "Understanding the Performance of U.S. Students on International Assessments." ERIC Document 370979.1994. (Available at http://www.uncg.edu/edu/ericcass/achieve/docs/ed370979.htm.)
National Forum on Assessment. Principles and Indicators for Student Assessment Systems. Cambridge, Mass.: National Center for Fair and Open Testing (FairTest), 1995.
Natriello, Gary. "Failing Grades for Retention." School Administrator, August 1998: 14–17.
Neill, Monty. Testing Our Children: A Report Card on State Assessment Systems. Cambridge, Mass.: National Center for Fair and Open Testing, 1997.
Neill, Monty, Phyllis Bursh, Bob Schaeffer, Carolyn Thall, Marilyn Yohe, and Pamela Zappardino. Implementing Performance Assessments: A Guide to Classroom, School and System Reform. Cambridge, Mass.: FairTest, 1995.
Neill, D. Monty, and Noe J. Medina. "Standardized Testing: Harmful to Educational Health." Phi Delta Kappan, May 1989: 688–97.
Newman, Richard'S., and Mahna T. Schwager. "Students' Help Seeking During Problem Solving: Effects of Grade, Goal, and Prior Achievement." American Educational Research Journal 32 (1995): 352–76.
Newmann, Fred M. "Conclusion." In Student Engagement and Achievement in American Secondary Schools, edited by Fred M. Newmann. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992a.
———. "Higher-Order Thinking and Prospects for Classroom Thoughtfulness." In Student Engagement and Achievement in American Secondary Schools, edited by Fred M. Newmann. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992b.
———. "Introduction." In Student Engagement and Achievement in American Secondary Schools, edited by Fred M. Newmann. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992c.
Newmann, Fred M., Helen M. Marks, and Adam Gamoran. "Authentic Pedagogy and Student Performance." American Journal of Education 104 (1996): 280–312.
Nicholls, John G. The Competitive Ethos and Democratic Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
———. "Students as Educational Theorists." In Student Perceptions in the Classroom, edited by Dale H. Schunk and Judith L. Meece. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1992.
Nicholls, John G., and Susan P. Hazzard. Education as Adventure: Lessons from the Second Grade. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993.
Noble, Audrey J., and Mary Lee Smith. "Old and New Beliefs About Measurement-Driven Reform: 'The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same.'" CSE Technical Report 373. Los Angeles: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), 1994. (Available at http://cresst96.cse. ucla.edu/Reports/TECH373.PDF.)
Noddings, Nel. The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992.
Nolen, Susan Bobbitt. "Reasons for Studying: Motivational Orientations and Study Strategies." Cognition and Instruction 5 (1988): 269–87.
Novak, Joseph D. "How Do We Learn Our Lesson?" Science Teacher, March 1993: 50–55.
Oakes, Jeannie. Keeping Track: How Schools Structure Inequality. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.
Office of Education. Follow Through: Lessons Learned from Its Evaluation and Need to Improve Its Administration. (Report to the Congress by the Comptroller General of the United States.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1975.
Ogle, Donna M. "K-W-L: A Teaching Model That Develops Active Reading of Expository Text." Reading Teacher 39 (1986): 564–70.
Ohanian, Susan. "Call Me Teacher." In Whole Language: The Debate. Bloomington, Ind.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, 1994.
———. Ask Ms. Class. York, Me.: Stenhouse, 1996a.
———. "Is That Penguin Stuffed or Real?" Phi Delta Kappan, December 1996b: 277–84.
Olson, Lynn. "The Push for Accountability Gathers Steam." Education Week, 11 February 1998:1.
Otto, Beverly White. "Signs of Emergent Literacy Among Inner-City Kindergartners in a Storybook Reading Program." Reading and Writing Quarterly 9 (1993): 151–62.
Owings, William A., and Susan Magliaro. "Grade Retention: A History of Failure." Educational Leadership, September 1998: 86–88.
Paris, David C. "Schools, Scapegoats, and Skills: Educational Reform and the Economy." Originally published in Policy Studies Journal, 1994. Excerpted in Education, Inc.: Turning Learning into a Business, edited by Alfie Kohn. Arlington Heights, 111.: IRI/Skylight, 1997.
Paris, Scott G., Theresa A. Lawton, Julianne C. Turner, and Jodie L. Roth. "A Developmental Perspective on Standardized Achievement Testing." Educational Researcher, June-July 1991: 12–20.
Parsons, Jacquelynne E., and Diane N. Ruble. "The Development of Achievement-Related Expectancies." Child Development 48 (1977): 1075–79.
Pascarella, Ernest T., Herbert J. Walberg, Linda K. Junker, and Geneva D. Haertel. "Continuing Motivation in Science for Early and Late Adolescents." American Educational Research Journal 18 (1981): 439–52.
Paterson, Frances R. A. "The Christian Right and the Prophonics Movement." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, April 1998.
Paul, Richard, A. J. A. Binker, Douglas Martin, Chris Vetrano, and Heidi Kreklau. Critical Thinking Handbook: 6th-9th Grades. Rohnert Park, Calif.: Center for Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University, 1989.
Pavan, Barbara Nelson. "The Benefits of Nongraded Schools." Educational Leadership, October 1992: 22–25.
Pear, Robert. "Modest Gains Reported in National Reading Tests." New York Times, 11 February 1999: A21.
Pearlman, Charles. "The Effects of Level of Effectance Motivation, IQ, and a Penalty/Reward Contingency on the Choice of Problem Difficulty." Child Development 55 (1984): 537–42.
Peck, Donald M., Stanley M. Jencks, and Michael L. Connell. "Improving Instruction Through Brief Interviews." Arithmetic Teacher, November 1989: 15–17.
Pentony, Joseph F. "Cultural Literacy: A Concurrent Validation." Educational and Psychological Measurement 52 (1992): 967–72.
Perkins, David. Smart Schools: Better Thinking and Learning for Every Child. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Perrone, Vito. "How to Engage Students in Learning." Educational Leadership, February 1994:11–13.
———. "Why Do We Need a Pedagogy of Understanding?" In Teaching for Understanding, edited by Martha Stone Wiske. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
Piaget, Jean. To Understand Is To Invent• The Future of Education. Originally published 1948. New York: Grossman, 1973.
Pines, Burton Yale. Back to Basics. New York: Morrow, 1982.
Popham, W. James. "Performance Tests of Teaching Proficiency: Rationale, Development, and Validation." American Educational Research Journal 8 (1971): 105–17.
———. Educational Evaluation. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1993.
———. "Farewell, Curriculum." Phi Delta Kappan, January 1998: 380–84.
———. "Why Standardized Tests Don't Measure Educational Quality." Educational Leadership, March 1999: 8–15.
Porter, Andrew. "A Curriculum Out of Balance: The Case of Elementary School Mathematics." Educational Researcher, June-July 1989: 9–15.
Powell, Robert W. "Grades, Learning, and Student Evaluation of Instruction." Research in Higher Education 7 (1977): 193–205.
Powers, John. "Feeling Good (for Nothing)." Boston Globe Magazine, 24 January 1993: 8.
Prawat, Richard'S. "Teaching for Understanding: Three Key Attributes." Teaching and Teacher Education 5 (1989): 315–28.
Pritchard, Ivor. "Judging Standards in Standards-Based Reform." Perspective (publication of the Council for Basic Education), Summer 1996:1–20.
Purcell-Gates, Victoria, Ellen McIntyre, and Penny A. Freppon. "Learning Written Storybook Language in School: A Comparison of Low-SES Children in Skills-Based and Whole Language Classrooms." American Educational Research Journal 32 (1995): 659–85.
Putnam, Ralph T., Magdalene Lampert, and Penelope L. Peterson. "Alternative Perspectives on Knowing Mathematics in Elementary Schools." In Review of Research in Education, vol. 16, edited by Courtney B. Cazden. Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association, 1990.
Queen, J. Allen, and Kimberly A. Gaskey. "Steps for Improving School Climate in Block Scheduling." Phi Delta Kappan, October 1997: 158–61.
Rainey, Robert G. "The Effects of Directed versus Non-Directed Laboratory Work on High School Chemistry Achievement." Journal of Research in Science Teaching 3 (1965): 286–92.
Rasmussen, Karen. "Looping—Discovering the Benefits of Multiyear Teaching." ASCD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Education Update, March 1998: 1, 3–4.
Rawl, Ruth K., and Frances'S. O'Tuel. "A Comparison of Three Prereading Approaches for Kindergarten Students." Reading Improvement 19 (1982): 205–11.
Ray, Carol Axtell, and Roslyn Arlin Mickelson. "Restructing Students for Restructured Work: The Economy, School Reform, and Non-College-Bound Youths." Originally published in Sociology of Education, 1993. Excerpted in Education, Inc.: Turning Learning into a Business, edited by Alfie Kohn. Arlington Heights, 111.: IRI/Skylight, 1997.
Raywid, Mary Anne. "Small Schools: A Reform That Works." Educational Leadership, December 1997/January 1998: 34–39.
Reigeluth, Charles M. "Educational Standards: To Standardize or to Customize Learning?" Phi Delta Kappan, November 1997: 202–6.
Resnick, Lauren B. Education and Learning to Think. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987.
Resnick, Lauren B., and Leopold E. Klopfer. "Toward the Thinking Curriculum: An Overview." In Toward the Thinking Curriculum: Current Cognitive Research, edited by Lauren B. Resnick and Leopold E. Klopfer. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1989.
Resnick, Lauren B., and Katherine J. Nolan. "Standards for Education." In Debating the Future of American Education: Do We Need National Standards and Assess-ments?, edited by Diane Ravitch. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1995.
Resnick, Lauren B., and Daniel P. Resnick. "Tests as Standards of Achievement in Schools." In The Uses of Standardized Tests in American Education: Proceedings of the 1989 ETS Invitational Conference. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 1990.
Reutzel, D. Ray, and Robert B. Cooter. "Whole Language: Comparative Effects on First-Grade Reading Achievement." Journal of Educational Research 83 (1990): 252–57.
Reynolds, Arthur, Judy Temple, and Ann McCoy. "Grade Retention Doesn't Work." Education Week, 17 September 1997: 36.
Reynolds, Sherrie, and Kathleen Martin. "Reframing Is a Way of Teaching." The Constructivist, Fall 1996: 15–19.
Ribowsky, Helene. "The Effects of a Code Emphasis Approach and a Whole Language Approach upon Emergent Literacy of Kindergarten Children." 1985. Available as ERIC Document 269720.
Riggs, Janet Morgan. "Self-Handicapping and Achievement." In Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective, edited by Ann K. Boggiano and Thane'S. Pittman. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Ritchie, Charles C. "The Eight-Year Study: Can We Afford to Ignore It?" Educational Leadership, February 1971: 484–86.
Ross, Sharon H. "Parts, Wholes, and Place Value: A Developmental View." Arithmetic Teacher, February 1989: 47–51.
Rossi, Rosalind. "Schools Testing the Limits." Chicago Sun-Times, 22 March 1999.
Rotberg, Iris C. "Interpretation of International Test Score Comparisons." Science, 15 May 1998a: 1030–31.
———. "The Trouble with Ranking." American School Board Journal, June 1998b: 26–28.
Rothenberg, James. "The Open Classroom Reconsidered." Elementary School Journal 90 (1989): 69–86.
Rothman, Robert. Measuring Up: Standards, Assessment, and School Reform. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995.
Rothstein, Richard. The Way We Were?: The Myths and Realities of America's Student Achievement. New York: Century Foundation Press, 1998.
Routman, Regie. Invitations: Changing as Teachers and Learners K-12. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991.
———. Literacy at the Crossroads: Crucial Talk About Reading, Writing, and Other Teaching Dilemmas. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1996.
Ryan, Allison M., and Paul R. Pintrich. "'Should I Ask for Help?': The Role of Motivation and Attitudes in Adolescents' Help Seeking in Math Class." Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1997): 329–41.
Ryan, Richard M., James P. Connell, and Wendy'S. Grolnick. "When Achievement Is Not Intrinsically Motivated: A Theory of Internalization and Self-Regulation in School." In Achievement and Motivation: A Social-Developmental Perspective, edited by Ann K. Boggiano and Thane'S. Pittman. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Ryan, Richard M., James P. Connell, and Robert W. Plant. "Emotions in Nondi-rected Text Learning." Learning and Individual Differences 2 (1990): 1–17.
Ryan, Richard M., and Wendy'S. Grolnick. "Origins and Pawns in the Classroom: Self-Report and Projective Assessments of Individual Differences in Children's Perceptions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986): 550–58.
Ryan, Richard M., Richard Koestner, and Edward L. Deci. "Ego-Involved Persistence: When Free-Choice Behavior Is Not Intrinsically Motivated." Motivation and Emotion 15 (1991): 185–205.
Sacks, Colin H., and John R. Mergendoller. "The Relationship Between Teachers' Theoretical Orientation Toward Reading and Student Outcomes in Kindergarten Children with Different Initial Reading Abilities." American Educational Research Journal 34 (1997): 721–39.
Sacks, Peter. "Standardized Testing: Meritocracy's Crooked Yardstick." Change, March/April 1997: 25–31.
Sadler, Philip M., and Robert H. Tai. "Success in College Physics: The Role of High School Preparation." Unpublished ms. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1997.
Salili, Farideh, Martin L. Maehr, Richard L. Sorensen, and Leslie J. Fyans, Jr. "A Further Consideration of the Effects of Evaluation on Motivation." American Educational Research Journal 13 (1976): 85–102.
Samson, Gordon E., M. Elizabeth Graue, Thomas Weinstein, and Herbert J. Walberg. "Academic and Occupational Performance: A Quantitative Synthesis." American Educational Research Journal 21 (1984): 311–21.
Sapon-Shevin, Mara, and Nancy Schniedewind. "If Cooperative Learning's the Answer, What Are the Questions?" Journal of Education 174, 2 (1992): 11–37.
Sarason, Seymour B. "Some Reactions to What We Have Learned." Phi Delta Kappan, September 1995: 84–85.
Schiefele, Ulrich. "Topic Interest, Text Representation, and Quality of Experience." Contemporary Educational Psychology 21 (1996): 3–18.
Schifter, Deborah. "A Constructivist Perspective on Teaching and Learning Mathematics." In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice, edited by Catherine Twomey Fosnot. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.
Schmidt, William H., et al. Facing the Consequences: Using TIMSS for a Closer Look at United States Mathematics and Science Education. Dordrecht, Neth.: Kluwer, in press.
Schoen, Harold L., James T. Fey, Christian R. Hirsch, and Arthur F. Coxford. "Issues and Options in the Math Wars." Phi Delta Kappan, February 1999: 444–53.
Schoenfeld, Alan H. "When Good Teaching Leads to Bad Results: The Disasters of 'Well-Taught' Mathematics Courses." Educational Psychologist 23 (1988): 145–66.
Scholtes, Peter R. The Leader's Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
"School Haze." New Republic, 16 December 1991: 7–8.
Schraw, Gregory, Terri Flowerday, and Marcy F. Reisetter. "The Role of Choice in Reader Engagement." Journal of Educational Psychology 90 (1998): 705–14.
Schuster, Edgar H. "Reforming English Language Arts." Phi Delta Kappan, March 1999: 518–24.
Schweinhart, Lawrence J., and Charles F. Hohmann. "The High/Scope K-3 Curriculum: A New Approach." Principal, May 1992: 16–19.
Schweinhart, Lawrence J., and David P. Weikart. "The High/Scope Preschool Curriculum Comparison Study Through Age 23." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 12 (1997): 117–43.
Schweinhart, Lawrence J., David P. Weikart, and Mary B. Larner. "Consequences of Three Preschool Curriculum Models Through Age 15." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 1 (1986): 15–45.
"Science Leader Criticizes Tests." FairTest Examiner, Spring 1998: 8.
Searfoss, Lyndon W., and Billie J. Enz. "Can Teacher Evaluation Reflect Holistic Instruction?" Educational Leadership, March 1996: 38–41.
Semb, George. "The Effects of Mastery Criteria and Assignment Length on College-Student Test Performance." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 7 (1974): 61–69.
Sengupta, Somini. "Are Teachers of Teachers Out of Touch?: A Gulf Is Seen in Education Professors' View on Fundamentals." New York Times, 22 October 1997: A28.
Sergiovanni, Thomas J. Leadership for the Schoolhouse. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996.
Shanker, Albert. "Business Makes Sense." Opinion column published as advertisement by the American Federation of Teachers. New York Times, 25 September 1994: E9.
———. "Why Schools Need Standards and Innovation." Education Week, 6 December 1995: 48, 37.
Sharan, Shlomo. "The Group Investigation Approach to Cooperative Learning: Theoretical Foundations." In Perspectives on Small Group Learning: Theory and Practice, edited by Mark Brubacher, Ryder Payne, and Kemp Rickett. Oakville, Ont.: Rubicon, 1990a.
———. "Cooperative Learning: A Perspective on Research and Practice." In Cooperative Learning: Theory and Research, edited by Shlomo Sharan. New York: Praeger, 1990b.
Sharan, Yael, and Shlomo Sharan. Expanding Cooperative Learning Through Group Investigation. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992.
Shepard, Lorrie A., and Carribeth L. Bliem. "Parent Opinions About Standardized Tests, Teacher's Information and Performance Assessments: A Case Study of the Effects of Alternative Assessment in Instruction, Student Learning and Accountability Practices." CSE Technical Report 367. Los Angeles: National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), 1993. (Available at http://cresst96.cse.ucla.edu/Reports/TECH367.PDF.)
Shepard, Lorrie A., and Mary Lee Smith. "Introduction and Overview." In Flunking Grades: Research and Policies on Retention, edited by Lorrie A. Shepard and Mary Lee Smith. London: Falmer Press, 1989.
Silberman, Charles E. Crisis in the Classroom: The Remaking of American Education. New York: Random House, 1970.
Simmons, Tim. "Schools Find Value, Vexation in ABCs Program." [Raleigh, N.C.] News and Observer, 26 October 1997.
Simon, Martin A., and Deborah Schifter. "Toward a Constructivist Perspective: The Impact of a Mathematics Teacher Inservice Program on Students." Educational Studies in Mathematics 25 (1993): 331–40.
Singham, Mano. "The Canary in the Mine: The Achievement Gap Between Black and White Students." Phi Delta Kappan, September 1998: 9–15.
Sizer, Theodore R. Horace's Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High School. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984.
———. Horace's School: Redesigning the American High School. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.
Skaalvik, Einar M. "Self-Enhancing and Self-Defeating Ego Orientation: Relations with Task and Avoidance Orientation, Achievement, Self-Perceptions, and Anxiety." Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1997): 71–81.
Skinner, Ellen A., James G. Wellborn, and James P. Connell. "What It Takes to Do Well in School and Whether I've Got It: A Process Model of Perceived Control and Children's Engagement and Achievement in School." Journal of Educational Psychology 82 (1990): 22–32.
Smith, Frank. "Learning to Read: The Never-Ending Debate." Phi Delta Kappan, February 1992: 432–41.
Smith, Hilton. "Foxfire Teachers' Networks." In Democratic Teacher Education: Programs, Processes, Problems, and Prospects, edited by John M. Novak. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Smith, Julia B., BetsAnn Smith, and Anthony S. Bryk. "Six Reasons Why Instruction Slows Down." In Setting the Pace: Opportunities to Learn in Chicago's Elementary Schools. Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research, November 1998.
Smith, Mary Lee. "Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers." Educational Researcher, June-July 1991: 8–11.
Smith, Teresa. "Standardized Tests Are Irrelevant" (letter to the editor). Boston Globe, 4 January 1999: A14.
Sommerfeld, Meg. "Research Spans Spectrum on Block Scheduling." Education Week, 22 May 1996:15.
Sontag, Deborah. "Teachers' Leader Calls for a Return to Tradition." New York Times, 23 March 1992: B7.
Stahl, Steven A. "Is Whole Language 'The Real Thing'?" In Whole Language: The Debate. Bloomington, Ind.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, 1994.
Stebbins, Linda B., Robert G. St. Pierre, Richard B. Anderson, and Thomas R. Cerva. Education as Experimentation: A Planned Variation Model. Volume IV-A: An Evaluation of Follow Through. Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Associates, 1977.
Steinberg, Jacques. "Clashing Over Education's One True Faith." New York Times, 14 December 1997:14.
———. "Stress Test." New York Times Education Life, 3 January 1999:18.
Stevenson, Harold W. "A Study of Three Cultures: Germany, Japan, and the United States—An Overview of the TIMSS Case Study Project." Phi Delta Kappan, March 1998: 524–29.
Stiggins, Richard J. Student-Centered Classroom Assessment. New York: Macmillan, 1994.
Stigler, James W., and James Hiebert. "Understanding and Improving Classroom Mathematics Instruction: An Overview of the TIMSS Video Study." Phi Delta Kappan, September 1997: 14–21.
Stigler, James W., and Harold W. Stevenson. "How Asian Teachers Polish Each Lesson to Perfection." American Educator, Spring 1991: 12–20, 43–47.
Stipek, Deborah J. Motivation to Learn: From Theory to Practice. 2d ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1993.
Stipek, Deborah, Rachelle Feilder, Denise Daniels, and Sharon Milburn. "Effects of Different Instructional Approaches on Young Children's Achievement and Motivation." Child Development 66 (1995): 209–223.
Stipek, Deborah J., and Joel M. Hoffman. "Children's Achievement-Related Expectancies as a Function of Academic Performance Histories and Sex." Journal of Educational Psychology 72 (1980): 861–65.
Stipek, Deborah J., and John R. Weisz. "Perceived Academic Control and Academic Achievement." Review of Educational Research 51 (1981): 101–37.
Stolberg, Sheryl. "Students Sabotage School on State Test." Los Angeles Times, 27 April 1989: II, 1, 8.
Strickland, Dorothy'S. "What's Basic in Beginning Reading?: Finding Common Ground." Educational Leadership, March 1998: 6–10.
Sulzby, Elizabeth, Chica McCabe Branz, and Roberta Buhle. "Repeated Readings of Literature and Low Socioeconomic Status Black Kindergartners and First Graders." Reading and Writing Quarterly 9 (1993): 183–96.
Sweet, Anne P., and John'T. Guthrie. "How Children's Motivations Relate to Literacy Development and Instruction." Reading Teacher 49 (1996): 660–62.
Talbert, Joan E., and Milbrey W. McLaughlin. "Understanding Teaching in Context." In Teaching for Understanding: Challenges for Policy and Practice, edited by David K. Cohen, Milbrey W. McLaughlin, and Joan E. Talbert. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.
Taylor, Kathe, and Sherry Walton. Children at the Center: A Workshop Approach to Standardized Test Preparation, K-8. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1988.
Tchudi, Stephen. "Slogans Indeed: A Reply to Hirsch." Educational Leadership, December 1987/January 1988: 72–74.
"Testing Boycott in Denver." Fair Test Examiner, Spring 1992: 7.
"'Test Score Optional' Admissions Enhance Equity & Excellence." FairTest Examiner, Fall 1998: 1, 8.
"Text of Policy Statement Issued at National Summit." Education Week, 3 April 1996:13.
Traver, Rob. "What Is a Good Guiding Question?" Educational Leadership, March 1998: 70–73.
Tunnell, Michael O., and James'S. Jacobs. "Using 'Real' Books: Research Findings on Literature Based Reading Instruction." Reading Teacher 42 (1989): 470–77.
Urdan, Tim, Carol Midgley, and Eric M. Anderman. "The Role of Classroom Goal Structure in Students' Use of Self-Handicapping Strategies." American Educational Research Journal 35 (1998): 101–22.
Utman, Christopher H. "Performance Effects of Motivational State: A Meta-Analysis." Personality and Social Psychology Review 1 (1997): 170–82.
Van Moorlehem, Tracy. "Students, Parents Rebel Against State Test." Detroit Free Press, 29 April 1998: 1-A.
Van Moorlehem, Tracy, and Tamara Audi. "Most High School Students Meet Challenge of Revised State Tests." Detroit Free Press, 30 October 1998: 8-B.
Varble, Mary Ellen. "Analysis of Writing Samples of Students Taught by Teachers Using Whole Language and Traditional Approaches." Journal of Educational Research 83 (1990): 245–51.
Vasta, Ross, and Robert F. Sarmiento. "Liberal Grading Improves Evaluations But Not Performance." Journal of Educational Psychology 71 (1979): 207–11.
———. "Less Is More." Education Week, 12 July 1995: 33–35.
Viadero, Debra. "Mixed Blessings." Education Week, 8 May 1996: 31–33.
———. "Tenn. Class-Size Study Finds Long-Term Benefits." Education Week, 5 May 1999: 5.
Vigue, Doreen Iudica, and Beth Daley. "Some Students' MCAS Strategy: Refuse It." Boston Globe, 27 April 1999: Bl, B8.
Vygotsky, L. S. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Wagner, Tony. "Change as Collaborative Inquiry." Phi Delta Kappan, March 1998: 512–17.
Wainer, Howard. "Does Spending Money on Education Help?" Educational Researcher, December 1993: 22–24.
Wakefield, Alice P. "Supporting Math Thinking." Phi Delta Kappan, November 1997: 233–36.
Walberg, Herbert J. "Improving the Productivity of America's Schools." Educational Leadership, May 1984: 19–27.
Walsh, Mark. "Colo. Officials Couldn't Be Happier with Low Scores." Education Week, 26 November 1997: 14.
Wang, Margaret C., and Billie Stiles. "An Investigation of Children's Concept of Self-Responsibility for Their School Learning." American Educational Research Journal 13 (1976): 159–79.
Watson, Dorothy J. "Defining and Describing Whole Language." Elementary School Journal 90 (1989): 129–41.
Watts, Heidi. "Only by Living Them." In Democratic Teacher Education: Programs, Processes, Problems, and Prospects, edited by John M. Novak. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Watzlawick, Paul, ed. The Invented Reality: How Do We Know What We Believe We Know? New York: Norton, 1984.
Weaver, Constance, and Ellen H. Brinkley. "Phonics, Whole Language, and the Religious and Political Right." In In Defense of Good Teaching: What Teachers Need to Know About the "Reading Wars," edited by Kenneth'S. Goodman. York, Me.: Stenhouse, 1998.
Weaver, Constance, Lorraine Gillmeister-Krause, and Grace Vento-Zogby. Creating Support for Effective Literacy Education. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1996.
Webb, Noreen M. "Student Interaction and Learning in Small Groups." In Learning to Cooperate, Cooperating to Learn, edited by Robert Slavin, et al. New York: Plenum, 1985.
Weiner, Bernard. "A Theory of Motivation for Some Classroom Experiences." Journal of Educational Psychology 71 (1979): 3–25.
Welsh, Patrick. "Why Our Students Keep Snoozing Through Science." Washington Post, 20 May 1990: Bl, B3.
White, Richard T. "Raising the Quality of Learning: Principles from Long-Term Action Research." In Effective and Responsible Teaching: The New Synthesis, edited by Fritz K. Oser, Andreas Dick, and Jean-Luc Patry. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992.
Whitehead, Alfred North. The Aims of Education and Other Essays. Originally published 1929. New York: Free Press, 1967.
Wigfield, Allan. "Children's Attributions for Success and Failure: Effects of Age and Attentional Focus." Journal of Educational Psychology 80 (1988): 76–81.
Wiggins, Grant P. Assessing Student Performance: Exploring the Purpose and Limits of Testing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.
Willis, Scott. "Breaking the Lockstep: Educators Explore Alternatives to Whole-Class Instruction." ASCD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Curriculum Update, September 1994: 1, 6.
———. "Reinventing Science Education." ASCD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Curriculum Update, Summer 1995a: 1–8.
———. "Whole Language: Finding the Surest Way to Literacy." ASCD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Curriculum Update, Fall 1995b: 1–8.
Willis, Scott, and Kathy Checkley. "Bringing Mathematics to Life." ASCD [Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development] Curriculum Update, Summer 1996: 1–8.
Wilson, Suzanne M. "Deeply Rooted Change: A Tale of Learning to Teach Adventurously." In Teaching for Understanding: Challenges for Policy and Practice, edited by David K. Cohen, Milbrey W. McLaughlin, and Joan E. Talbert. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.
Winerip, Michael. "Schools for Sale." New York Times Magazine, 14 June 1998.
———. "Homework Bound." New York Times Education Life, 3 January 1999: 28–31, 40.
Wirth, Arthur G. Productive Work—In Industry and Schools. Lanham, Md.: Univ. Press of America, 1983.
Wiske, Martha Stone. "How Teaching for Understanding Changes the Rules in the Classroom." Educational Leadership, February 1994: 19–21.
———. "What Is Teaching for Understanding?" In Teaching for Understanding, edited by Martha Stone Wiske. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
Wolf, Dennie, Janet Bixby, John Glenn III, and Howard Gardner. "To Use Their Minds Weil: Investigating New Forms of Student Assessment." Review of Research in Education, vol. 17, edited by Gerald Grant. Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association, 1991.
Wolk, Steven. "Project-Based Learning: Pursuits with a Purpose." Educational Leadership, November 1994: 42–45.
———. A Democratic Classroom. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1998.
Wood, George. Schools That Work: America's Most Innovative Public Education Programs. New York: Plume, 1992.
———. "Democracy and the Curriculum." In The Curriculum: Problems, Politics, and Possibilities, edited by Landon E. Beyer and Michael W. Apple. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Wood, Terry. "Events in Learning Mathematics: Insights from Research in Classrooms." Educational Studies in Mathematics 30 (1996): 85–105.
Wood, Terry, Paul Cobb, and Erna Yackel. "Change in Teaching Mathematics: A Case Study." American Educational Research Journal 28 (1991): 587–616.
Wood, Terry, and Patricia Sellers. "Assessment of a Problem-Centered Mathematics Program: Third Grade." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 27 (1996): 337–53.
———. "Deepening the Analysis: Longitudinal Assessment of a Problem-Centered Mathematics Program." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 28 (1997): 163–86.
Worthen, Blaine R. "Discovery and Expository Task Presentation in Elementary Mathematics." Journal of Educational Psychology: Monograph Supplement 59 (1968): 1–13.
Yackel, Erna, Paul Cobb, and Terry Wood. "Small-Group Interactions as a Source of Learning Opportunities in Second-Grade Mathematics." Journal of Research in Mathematics Education 22 (1991): 390–408.
Yager, Robert E. "The Constructivist Learning Model." Science Teacher, September 1991: 52–57.
Yarborough, Betty H., and Roger A. Johnson. "Research That Questions the Traditional Elementary School Marking System." Phi Delta Kappan, April 1980: 527–28.
Zahorik, John A. "Encouraging—and Challenging—Students' Understandings." Educational Leadership, March 1997: 30–32.
Zehr, Mary Ann. "Manufacturers Endorse National Tests, Vouchers." Education Week, 14 January 1998: 14.
Zemelman, Steven, Harvey Daniels, and Arthur Hyde. Best Practice: New Standards for Teaching and Learning in America's Schools. 2d ed. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1998.
Zuckerman, Miron, Joseph Porac, Drew Lathin, Raymond Smith, and Edward L. Deci. "On the Importance of Self-Determination for Intrinsically Motivated Behavior." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4 (1978): 443–46.