abstract materialism 24–5, 33–4, 44–5, 143–4
adaptation, efficacy of 42
adjectival status, theorists’ 64
Adorno, Theodor 93
Agassiz, Louis 51
Althusser, Louis, and enchantment of science 106–27
Anderson, Perry 106, 107, 110, 120
animal behaviour 138–9
anthropological nature 26–7
anti-communist scientific right 84–5
Anti-Dühring (Engels) 36, 39, 41–2, 46–7, 48, 66–7, 87, 90, 97, 103;
anti-metaphysical naturalism 130
apocalyptic dualism 134–5
Aprahhamian, Francis 77
Arbeiterfragen (Lange) 61
Aristotle 58
artificial selection 53–4
Association of Scientific Workers 74
Auden, W.H. 78
autonomy, scientific profession 73–4
Babeuf, François-Noël (“Gracchus”) 13, 32
Bachelard, Gaston 110, 113, 117, 119, 121
Bacon, Sir Francis 134, 136, 150–1
Balibar, Etienne 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122
Barker, Ernest 64
Berlin, Sir Isaiah 5
Bernal, J.D. 70, 71, 73, 76–85
Bernstein, Eduard 9, 18, 37, 38, 89, 90
Bhaskar, Roy 135
Bogdanov, Alexander 25
Bolshevik Revolution 36–7
Boltmann, Ludwig 101
Bottomore, T.B. 16, 26, 34, 95
Boucher, David 129
bourgeois right 146
Bray, Francesca 79
Britain:
capitalism 28;
Brown, Andrew 77
Bukharin, Nikolai 68, 69–70, 71–2, 75, 77, 79, 81
Buonarroti, Philippe 13
Burns, Tony 86
Callinicos, Alex 123–4
Cambridge University 79;
Anti-War Group 74
Canguilhem, Georges 110, 113, 121–2
Capital (Marx) 10, 14, 18, 21–2, 23, 24, 27–8, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38, 40, 44, 60–1, 62, 104, 116, 128, 136
capitalism:
Britain 76;
development of 27–9
Carpenter, William B. 51
Cartesians 32
Carver, Terrell 3, 4, 7, 24, 26, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 61, 63, 64, 65–8, 89–90, 91, 100, 101, 143, 144–5
causal origins of needs 149
Cavaillès, Jean 110, 112–13, 119
Chance and Necessity (Monod) 12
Christentum und Sozialismus (Bebel) 36
class conflict, Britain 75–6
Class Struggles in France (Marx) 15, 38
classical genetics 83–4
Cohen, G.A. 128, 132–3, 134–5, 137, 138, 141, 159
Cohen, Stephen 69
Cohn-Bendit, D. 107
Cohn-Bendit, G. 107
Colletti, Lucio 29
commodities 25–6
Communist Manifesto (Marx) 13–15, 36, 38, 126–7, 130–1, 147
Communist Party of France (PCF) 106–10, 125
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) 75–85
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 7, 36–7, 86
Communist Trial in Cologne (Marx) 38
Comte, Auguste 17–18, 19, 20, 58–9, 118
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de 33
Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels) 37–8, 49
Condorcet, Marquis de 32
Conservative government 74–5
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Marx) 19, 86, 129
cosmology 98–9
Cours de Philosophie Positive (Comte) 17–18
Critique of the Gotha Program (Marx) 7, 15, 27, 127, 133, 142–3, 146
Croce, Benedetto 90
Crowther, J.G. 80
and Marx 60–7;
misrepresentation of 64–6
Darwinian/Darwinist distinctions 63
Darwinism and Marxism 63–4
Das Volk (journal) 86
Davidson, Donald 96
Décomposition de Marxisme (Sorel) 14
Defence of Materialism:
the Development of the Monist View of History (Plekhanov) 7, 87
Depression (1929) 74
Derrida, Jacques 110
Descartes, René 32
Descent of Man (Darwin) 55
deterministic materialism 46–8
Dialectical and Historical Materialism (Stalin) 92, 98–9
dialectical “leaps” 95
dialectical materialism 86–105
dialectics:
principles of 91–2;
three laws of 92–3
Dialectics of Nature (Engels) 7, 12, 25, 27, 33, 36, 41, 90, 91, 97–8, 99–102
Die Neue Zeit (journal) 87, 89
distortion:
nature of 46–8;
patterns of 42–5;
stakes of 48–9
division of labour 139
domination-and-control philosophies of nature 44
Dühring, Eugen 101;
see also Anti-Dühring
Dunayevskaya, Raya 93
Ecole Normale Supérieure 107
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (Marx) 7, 12, 15–16, 22–3, 24, 63, 100, 106, 128, 136, 140
“economic determinism” 10
Elster, Jon 132
Emendatio Intellectus (Spinoza) 120
empirical observation 30–1
empirio-criticism 93–7
Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Hegel) 91–2
Engels, Friedrich:
augmentation of Marx’s arguments 1–3, 4–5;
intellectual relationship with Marx 48–9;
supposed joint identity with Marx 9–10;
popularization of scientific socialism 10–11, 35–49;
reproduction/updating of Marx texts 35–8
Enlightenment 32, 129, 146, 148
Entzenberger, Hans Magnus 90
“epistemological break”, Althusser 124–5
epistemological realism 96
Erfurt Programme (German Social Democratic Party) 36
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke) 33
Essays in Self-criticism (Althusser) 125–6
Essays on the Materialist Conception of History (Labriola) 7
Ethik und Materialistische Geschichtsauffassung (Kautsky) 19
Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein) 9
“expressive” causality 114–15, 116
“false consciousness” 119
Farrington, Benjamin 81–3
Fassbinder, Rainer Werner 106
Feuerbach, Ludwig 26–7, 32, 100, 143, 146, 148;
see also Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classic Philosophy
First International 14–15, 16–17
Fox, Christopher 112
freedom and necessity 141–2
French Revolution 13
Freymond, Jacques 15
Future Lasts Forever (Althusser) 107, 126
Future of an Illusion (Freud) 9
Garaudy, Roger 106
Gay, Peter 18
Geary, Dick 89
German Ideology (Marx) 7, 12, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 33, 87, 100, 122, 144, 146, 148–9
German Marxists, search for theory 35–42
German Social Democratic Party (SPD):
abandonment of ‘communist’ 15;
Gotha Congress (1877) 90;
as mainstay of “evolutionary socialism” 5–6;
modification of texts 37;
“orthodoxy” of 99
German working class movement 27–9
Gerratana, Valentina 19
Gouldner, Alvin 3
Graham, Loren R. 32
Gregory, Frederick 101
Grün, Karl 13
Gurvitch, Georges 90
Gutting, Gary 110
Habermas, Jürgen 11
Harrison, Royden 17
Hegel, Georg W.F.:
on civil society 60–1;
and dialectical materialism 89–93, 95–6;
Marx reference to 10
Hegel Notebooks (Lenin) 93–4
Hegelianism:
and Lenin 93–4;
Heidegger, Martin 112
Hessen, Boris 68–9
historical materialism 7, 85–90, 98, 103;
History and Class Consciousness (Lukács) 130
History of the CPSU (Lenin) 99
Hillel-Ruben, David 135
Hobsbawn, E.J. 6, 7, 36, 37, 38, 41–2, 88, 100
Hogben, Lancelot 70, 71, 73, 83
Hook, Sidney 102
human capacities 147–8
human labour 136–42
human nature 135–8
human needs 145–9
humanism 128–31
Huxley, Thomas Henry 62
Hynes, Samuel 78
idealism 33–4
ideology:
displacement by science 123–4;
as practical concept 119
inhuman needs 147
instrumentalism 150–1
intellectual power 56–9
intellectual stature of Marxism 6
intellectuals, Britain 78
International 5–6, 14–15, 16–17, 68–71, 75
interpenetration of opposites 92–3
Invisible College (Werskey) 78–9
Jameson, Frederic 114
Jay, Martin 107, 113, 114, 118, 119, 122–3
Joffe, F.A. 68
Johnson, Douglas 109
Jordan, Zbigniew A. 1, 14, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 129, 130
Kautsky, Karl 7, 19, 20, 36, 37, 38, 89–90
Keat, Russel 135
Kelly, Paul 129
Kofman, Sarah 123
Kolakowski, Leszek 5, 8, 11, 42, 89, 92, 93, 94, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 150
Kraus, Karl 50
Krieger, Leonard 48–9
Labedz, Leo 93
Labour Party, Britain 75–6
Labriola, Antonio 7
Lacan, Jacques 109, 110, 119, 121, 122–3
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 55–6
Lange, Friedrich Albert 61, 91
Lassalle, Ferdinand 27, 29, 60
late capitalism 140–1
Latour, Bruno 110
Lecourt, Dominique 113, 117, 119, 121, 124
Leff, Gordon 10
left-scientific agenda, Britain 73–85
legitimating device 6
Lenin 6, 33, 43, 87, 92, 93–8, 99, 104, 122
Lenin and Philosophy (Althusser) 112, 122
Levins, R. 77
Lewis, William S. 114
Lewontin, R. 77
Lichtheim, George 11, 12, 18, 20, 95–6, 98–9, 105
Livergood, Norman 34
Löwith, Karl 90
Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classic Philosophy (Engels) 39, 87, 97
Lysenko affair 83–5
McMurtry, John 135
Malthus, Thomas R. 51–2, 56, 60, 61
mankind, exalted status of 57–60
Marx:
complexity of works 38;
and Darwinism 60–7;
development as theorist 39–40;
intellectual relationship with Engels 48–9;
and political economy 21–8;
reproduction/updating of texts 35–8;
familiarity with Anti-Dühring 46–8;
and socialism/communism 13–15;
Marx–Engels Institute 36, 37, 99
Marxian belief versus Marxist belief 3–4, 62–3
Marxism, compared with Darwinism 63–4
Marxism–Leninism 98–9;
disservice to Marx 41–2
materialism 32–3, 128–31, 142–5;
and empirio-criticism 93–7;
and human needs 145–9
Materialism and Empirio-criticism (Lenin) 33, 87, 94–6, 122
Materialist Conception of History (Kautsky) 7
Mayevski, Pavel 11
media penetration, left intellectuals’ 78
Mehring, Franz 7
Mepham, John 134
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 21–2
metaphysical materialism 87, 95–6, 104
militarization, scientific community 74–5
Mill, John Stuart 23
Miller, A.V. 10
Mitin, M.B. 98
Monod, Jacques 12
Montesquieu, Charles 114
Moore, Samuel 60
Moretti, Franco 59
National Union of Scientific Workers 74
natural acts 138–42
natural science and nature 142–5
“naturalistic evolutionism” 132, 135
Nature (journal) 72
nature:
and human nature 135–8;
and natural science 142–5
necessity and freedom 141–2
Needham, Joseph 70, 71, 73, 79, 82
negation of the negation 43, 91–3
neo-Kantians 18
Nettl, J.P. 20
Neue Zeit (journal) 89
Newton, Isaac 68–9
“normal science” 110–12
Notes on Adolph Wagner (Marx) 143
“objects of knowledge” 120–1
On Historical Materialism (Mehring) 7
On the Occasion of Hegel’s Sixtieth Birthday (Plekhanov) 89
One-dimensional Man (Marcuse) 11
Origin of Species (Darwin) 7, 19, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 101
Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (Engels) 38–9
orthodoxy 112–16
Orwell, George 78
Ostwald, Wilhelm 101
Outhwaite, William 95
Paley, William 54
Paris Commune (1871) 5, 13, 14–15
Paul, D.B. 84
Peasant War in Germany (Engels) 15, 38
Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein) 9
Philosophie de la Misère (Proudhon) 16
Philosophy of Right (Hegel) 60
Physics and Philosophy (Heisenberg) 9
Plekhanov, Georgi 7, 20, 86–7, 89–91, 92, 95–9
political cosmology 98–9
political economy, critique of 22–4
political effectiveness, CPBG 80–1
politicization of science, Britain 72–3
politics and vision 122–6
Popular Front strategy, Britain 78, 80, 81
population pressure theory 51–2, 56, 60, 61
Porter, Roy 112
positivism 5, 15–22, 65, 135, 150–1
Pound, Ezra 77
Poverty of Philosophy (Marx) 23, 30, 38
pre-social nature 142
“primitive” peoples 56–7, 148–9
Principia (Newton) 68–9
professional recognition 80–1
Proudhon, M. 13, 16–17, 18, 30–1
providentialism 55–6
“public intellectuals”, Britain 80
publications, Soviet Union 7
“pure” science, pursuit of 79
Ranger, Terence 88
Reading Capital (Althusser) 112, 116, 118, 122
“real objects” 120–1
Resch, Robert Paul 113
“revolutionary science” 31–2, 110–12
Rogers, J.A. 64
Rogin, Michael 5
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 58, 149
Royal Society for the Advancement of Science 77, 80
Rubel, Maximilien 14
Ruge, Arnold 47–8
Sakhar, Sahota 82
Santyana, George 130
Sartre, Jean-Paul 106
Sayer, Derek 135
Schmidt, Alfred 10, 27, 43, 134, 135, 141, 144
Schwann, Theodor 51
Schweitzer, J.B. 16
science:
enchantment of 126–7;
as force of production 82;
“normal” versus “revolutionary” 110–12;
and orthodoxy 112–16;
and society 21–8;
and technology 117–22
Science at the Crossroads 71
science-based monopolies 72
scientific “continents” (Althusser) 124
scientific profession, Britain 71–85
scientific socialism, origins of concept 4–8
Search (Snow) 76–7
Second International (1885–1914) 5–6, 16–17, 68–71
Selected Correspondence (Marx and Engels) 47
sensuous needs 148
Shapiro, Arthur M. 82
Shaw, William 135
Sheehan, Helena 47
Sinclair, Upton 77
slavery 57–8
Social and Economic Roots of Newton’s Principia (Hessen) 68–9
Social Function of Science (Bernal) 79
Social Revolution (Kautsky) 36
Socialism:
Utopian and Scientific (Engels) 10, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 86–7
Socialist Darwinism 63–4
socially-mediated nature 142
societies as systems of relations 19–20
society and science 21–8
Sombart, Werner 90
Sorel, Georges 14
Soviet Academy of Sciences 68
Soviet Marxism (Marcuse) 102–3
Soviet Union:
colonization of scientific socialism 90;
delegation at London Conference 68–71;
failure of social science 83–5;
historical materialism 88;
regime consolidation 94–5;
scientific achievements 78, 79, 81;
status of Engel’s works 36–7
Sozialismus und Kommunismus des Heutigen Frankreichs (von Stein) 13
“special creation” 58–9
Spinoza, Baruch 102, 112, 117, 120
Springborg, Patricia 149
Stalin 79, 87, 92, 94, 97–9, 104, 108
Stanley, John 47
state intervention, Britain 74–5
Steger, Manfred 89
Steward, Fred 77
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn) 110–12
Supreme Economic Council 68
Swan, Brenda 77
technology 117–22
teleological interpretation of organisms 46–8, 51–2
Theories of Surplus Value (Marx) 38
“Theory and Practice from the Standpoint of Dialectical Materialism” (Bukharin) 69–70
Theses on Feuerbach (Marx) 24–6, 27, 39, 45, 129–31, 143–4
Third International 75
Thomas, Paul 3, 5, 7, 42, 43, 89, 94, 100, 114, 127, 129, 130, 135
Thompson, E.P. 107
Tierra del Fuego 56
Trade Union Congress (TUC) 75, 76
transformation of quantity into quality 10, 92–3
tree of life 53
Two Marxisms (Gouldner) 3
University College, London 77
unnatural acts 138–42
Urry, John 135
Utechin, S.V. 25
Vavilov, N.A. 68
verum factum principle 23–4, 118
Vico, Giambattista 23, 33, 118
vision and politics 122–6
von Helmholtz, Hermann 101
von Stein, Lorenz 13
Vorländer, Karl 90
Vorwärts (journal) 90
Waddington, C.H. 83
Wage-labour and Capital (Marx) 38
Watnick, Morris 93
Weber, Max 126
Wellmer, Albrecht 135
Werskey, Gary 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78–80, 81, 82, 83, 84–5
Wetter, Gustav 91
What the “Friends of the People” are (Lenin) 87
Wischnewetzky, Florence Kelly 38
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 9
Wokler, Robert L. 112
Wolfe, Bertrand D. 94
World Wars 74–5
Zavadovsky, N. 70
Zimmerman, Ernest 47
Žižek, Slavoj 93