Index


abstract materialism 24–5, 33–4, 44–5, 143–4

adaptation, efficacy of 42

adjectival status, theorists’ 64

Adorno, Theodor 93

Agassiz, Louis 51

Althusser, Louis, and enchantment of science 106–27

Anderson, Kevin 93, 94

Anderson, Perry 106, 107, 110, 120

animal behaviour 138–9

anthropocentrism 132–4, 136

anthropological nature 26–7

anti-communist scientific right 84–5

Anti-Dühring (Engels) 36, 39, 41–2, 46–7, 48, 66–7, 87, 90, 97, 103;

Marx’s familiarity with 910

anti-metaphysical naturalism 130

apocalyptic dualism 134–5

Aprahhamian, Francis 77

Arbeiterfragen (Lange) 61

Aristotle 58

artificial selection 53–4

Association of Scientific Workers 74

Auden, W.H. 78

Autobiography (Darwin) 55, 60

autonomy, scientific profession 73–4

Aveling, Edward 60, 61

Avineri, Shlomo 19, 61


Babeuf, François-Noël (“Gracchus”) 13, 32

Bachelard, Gaston 110, 113, 117, 119, 121

Bacon, Sir Francis 134, 136, 150–1

Balibar, Etienne 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122

Ball, Terence 44, 61, 62, 135

Barker, Ernest 64

Barlow, Nora 55, 57

Barrett, Paul H. 57, 58, 59

Bebel, August 36, 37

Benton, Ted 107, 120

Berlin, Sir Isaiah 5

Bernal, J.D. 70, 71, 73, 7685

Bernstein, Eduard 9, 18, 37, 38, 89, 90

Bhaskar, Roy 135

Blanc, Louis 13, 14

Bogdanov, Alexander 25

Bolshevik Revolution 36–7

Bolshevism 57

Boltmann, Ludwig 101

Bonaparte, Louis 14, 17

Bottomore, T.B. 16, 26, 34, 95

Boucher, David 129

bourgeois right 146

Bray, Francesca 79

Britain:

capitalism 28;

scientific profession 7185

Brown, Andrew 77

Bukharin, Nikolai 68, 6970, 71–2, 75, 77, 79, 81

Buonarroti, Philippe 13

Burns, Tony 86


Cabet, Etienne 13, 32

Callinicos, Alex 123–4

Cambridge University 79;

Anti-War Group 74

Canguilhem, Georges 110, 113, 121–2

Capital (Marx) 10, 14, 18, 21–2, 23, 24, 27–8, 29, 30, 32, 35, 38, 40, 44, 60–1, 62, 104, 116, 128, 136

capitalism:

Britain 76;

development of 27–9

Carpenter, William B. 51

Cartesians 32

Carver, Terrell 3, 4, 7, 24, 26, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 61, 63, 64, 65–8, 8990, 91, 100, 101, 143, 144–5

causal origins of needs 149

Caute, David 79, 83

Cavaillès, Jean 110, 112–13, 119

Chance and Necessity (Monod) 12

Christentum und Sozialismus (Bebel) 36

class conflict, Britain 75–6

class struggles, France 1315

Class Struggles in France (Marx) 15, 38

classical genetics 83–4

cognitive statements 1819

Cohen, G.A. 128, 132–3, 134–5, 137, 138, 141, 159

Cohen, Stephen 69

Cohn-Bendit, D. 107

Cohn-Bendit, G. 107

Cold War 45, 87, 106, 126

Colletti, Lucio 29

commodities 25–6

communism 1315

Communist Manifesto (Marx) 1315, 36, 38, 126–7, 130–1, 147

Communist Party of France (PCF) 106–10, 125

Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) 7585

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 7, 36–7, 86

Communist Trial in Cologne (Marx) 38

Comte, Auguste 1718, 19, 20, 58–9, 118

Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de 33

Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels) 37–8, 49

Condorcet, Marquis de 32

Conservative government 74–5

Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Marx) 19, 86, 129

cosmology 98–9

Cours de Philosophie Positive (Comte) 1718

Critique of the Gotha Program (Marx) 7, 15, 27, 127, 133, 142–3, 146

Croce, Benedetto 90

Crowther, J.G. 80


Darwin, Charles 5060;

and Marx 60–7;

misrepresentation of 64–6

Darwinian/Darwinist distinctions 63

Darwinism and Marxism 63–4

Das Volk (journal) 86

Davidson, Donald 96

De Beer, Gavin 57, 58

Décomposition de Marxisme (Sorel) 14

Defence of Materialism:

the Development of the Monist View of History (Plekhanov) 7, 87

Democritus 34, 47, 145

Depression (1929) 74

Derrida, Jacques 110

Descartes, René 32

Descent of Man (Darwin) 55

deterministic materialism 46–8

Dialectical and Historical Materialism (Stalin) 92, 98–9

dialectical “leaps” 95

dialectical materialism 86105

dialectics:

principles of 91–2;

three laws of 92–3

dialectics of nature 96105

Dialectics of Nature (Engels) 7, 12, 25, 27, 33, 36, 41, 90, 91, 97–8, 99102

Die Neue Zeit (journal) 87, 89

Dietzgen, Joseph 86, 87

distortion:

effects of 3542;

nature of 46–8;

patterns of 42–5;

stakes of 48–9

division of labour 139

domination-and-control philosophies of nature 44

Dühring, Eugen 101;

see also Anti-Dühring

Dunayevskaya, Raya 93


Ecole Normale Supérieure 107

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (Marx) 7, 12, 1516, 22–3, 24, 63, 100, 106, 128, 136, 140

“economic determinism” 10

Elster, Jon 132

Emendatio Intellectus (Spinoza) 120

empirical knowledge 1718

empirical observation 30–1

empirio-criticism 93–7

Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Hegel) 91–2

Engels, Friedrich:

augmentation of Marx’s arguments 13, 45;

and Darwinism 12, 64–6;

intellectual relationship with Marx 48–9;

supposed joint identity with Marx 910;

popularization of scientific socialism 1011, 3549;

reproduction/updating of Marx texts 35–8

Enlightenment 32, 129, 146, 148

Entwicklung 1920

Entzenberger, Hans Magnus 90

Epicurus 34, 47, 145

“epistemological break”, Althusser 124–5

epistemological realism 96

Erfurt Programme (German Social Democratic Party) 36

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke) 33

Essays in Self-criticism (Althusser) 125–6

Essays on the Materialist Conception of History (Labriola) 7

Ethik und Materialistische Geschichtsauffassung (Kautsky) 19

evaluative statements 1819

evolution 5067

Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein) 9

“expressive” causality 114–15, 116


“false consciousness” 119

Farr, James 44, 135

Farrington, Benjamin 81–3

Fassbinder, Rainer Werner 106

Feuerbach, Ludwig 26–7, 32, 100, 143, 146, 148;

see also Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classic Philosophy

First International 1415, 1617

Foucault, Michel 110, 112

Fourier, Joseph 13, 32

Fox, Christopher 112

France, class struggles 1315

Frankfurt School 11, 93

freedom and necessity 141–2

French Revolution 13

Freud, Sigmund 9, 30

Frey, Susan Thornton 96, 102

Freymond, Jacques 15

Future Lasts Forever (Althusser) 107, 126

Future of an Illusion (Freud) 9


Garaudy, Roger 106

Gay, Peter 18

Geary, Dick 89

General Strike (1926) 74, 76

genuine science 2834

German Ideology (Marx) 7, 12, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 33, 87, 100, 122, 144, 146, 148–9

German Marxists, search for theory 3542

German Social Democratic Party (SPD):

abandonment of ‘communist’ 15;

and Engels 88, 90;

Erfurt Program 36, 89;

Gotha Congress (1877) 90;

as mainstay of “evolutionary socialism” 56;

modification of texts 37;

“orthodoxy” of 99

German working class movement 27–9

Gerratana, Valentina 19

Gouldner, Alvin 3

Graham, Loren R. 32

Gregory, Frederick 101

Gruber, Howard E. 58, 59

Grün, Karl 13

Grundrisse (Marx) 7, 23, 149

Gurvitch, Georges 90

Gutting, Gary 110


Habermas, Jürgen 11

Haldane, J.B.S. 73, 7685

Harrison, Royden 17

Hegel, Georg W.F.:

on civil society 60–1;

and dialectical materialism 8993, 95–6;

on empirical knowledge 1718;

Engels use of 101–2, 103;

and Entwicklung 1920;

Marx reference to 10

Hegel Notebooks (Lenin) 93–4

Hegelianism:

and Althusser 115–16, 124–5

and Lenin 93–4;

and Marx 8990, 113

Heidegger, Martin 112

Herbert, Sandra 57, 64

Hessen, Boris 68–9

historical materialism 7, 8590, 98, 103;

development of 3542

History and Class Consciousness (Lukács) 130

History of the CPSU (Lenin) 99

Hillel-Ruben, David 135

Hobbes, Thomas 58, 60

Hobsbawn, E.J. 6, 7, 36, 37, 38, 41–2, 88, 100

Hogben, Lancelot 70, 71, 73, 83

Holy Family (Marx) 53, 134

Hook, Sidney 102

human capacities 147–8

human labour 136–42

human nature 135–8

human needs 145–9

humanism 128–31

Huxley, Thomas Henry 62

Hynes, Samuel 78


idealism 33–4

ideology:

displacement by science 123–4;

as practical concept 119

inhuman needs 147

instrumentalism 150–1

intellectual power 56–9

intellectual stature of Marxism 6

intellectuals, Britain 78

International 56, 1415, 1617, 6871, 75

interpenetration of opposites 92–3

Invisible College (Werskey) 78–9


Jameson, Frederic 114

Jay, Martin 107, 113, 114, 118, 119, 122–3

Joffe, F.A. 68

Johnson, Douglas 109

Jordan, Zbigniew A. 1, 14, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 129, 130


Kant, Immanuel 18, 19

Kautsky, Karl 7, 19, 20, 36, 37, 38, 8990

Keat, Russel 135

Kelly, Paul 129

Kofman, Sarah 123

Kolakowski, Leszek 5, 8, 11, 42, 89, 92, 93, 94, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 150

Kraus, Karl 50

Krieger, Leonard 48–9

Kuhn, Thomas 110–12, 113, 116


Labedz, Leo 93

Labour Party, Britain 75–6

Labriola, Antonio 7

Lacan, Jacques 109, 110, 119, 121, 122–3

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 55–6

Lange, Friedrich Albert 61, 91

Lassalle, Ferdinand 27, 29, 60

late capitalism 140–1

Latour, Bruno 110

Lecourt, Dominique 113, 117, 119, 121, 124

Leff, Gordon 10

left-scientific agenda, Britain 7385

legitimating device 6

Leibniz, Gottfried 54, 114

Lenin 6, 33, 43, 87, 92, 93–8, 99, 104, 122

Lenin and Philosophy (Althusser) 112, 122

Lévi-Strauss, Claude 109, 110

Levins, R. 77

Levy, Hyman 70, 71, 73, 81

Lewis, William S. 114

Lewontin, R. 77

Leys, Colin 127, 130

Lichtheim, George 11, 12, 18, 20, 95–6, 98–9, 105

Livergood, Norman 34

Locke, John 32–3, 137, 146

Löwith, Karl 90

Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classic Philosophy (Engels) 39, 87, 97

Lukács, Georg 93, 113, 130

Lysenko affair 83–5


Mach, Ernst 94, 101

McLellan, David 17, 34

McMurtry, John 135

Malthus, Thomas R. 51–2, 56, 60, 61

Mandelbaum, Maurice 4, 52, 61

mankind, exalted status of 5760

Mao Tse-tung 92–3, 117

Marcuse, Herbert 11, 102–3

Marx:

complexity of works 38;

and Darwinism 60–7;

development as theorist 3940;

dogmas attributed to 28;

and genuine science 2834;

intellectual relationship with Engels 48–9;

and political economy 21–8;

reproduction/updating of texts 35–8;

familiarity with Anti-Dühring 46–8;

misrepresentation of 3549;

and natural science 1112;

and positivism 1521;

and socialism/communism 1315;

and Wissenschaft 2930

Marx–Engels Institute 36, 37, 99

Marxian belief versus Marxist belief 34, 62–3

Marxism, compared with Darwinism 63–4

Marxism–Leninism 98–9;

disservice to Marx 41–2

materialism 32–3, 128–31, 142–5;

and empirio-criticism 93–7;

and human needs 145–9

Materialism and Empirio-criticism (Lenin) 33, 87, 94–6, 122

Materialist Conception of History (Kautsky) 7

Mayevski, Pavel 11

media penetration, left intellectuals’ 78

Mehring, Franz 7

Mepham, John 134

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 21–2

metaphysical materialism 87, 95–6, 104

militarization, scientific community 74–5

Mill, John Stuart 23

Miller, A.V. 10

Mitin, M.B. 98

Monod, Jacques 12

Montesquieu, Charles 114

Moore, James 54, 57

Moore, Samuel 60

Moretti, Franco 59


National Union of Scientific Workers 74

natural acts 138–42

natural science and nature 142–5

natural selection 5067

“naturalistic evolutionism” 132, 135

Nature (journal) 72

nature:

dialectics of 97105;

and human nature 135–8;

and natural science 142–5

necessity and freedom 141–2

Needham, Joseph 70, 71, 73, 79, 82

negation of the negation 43, 91–3

neo-Kantians 18

Nettl, J.P. 20

Neue Zeit (journal) 89

Newton, Isaac 68–9

Nietzsche, Friedrich 111, 123

“normal science” 110–12

Notes on Adolph Wagner (Marx) 143


“objects of knowledge” 120–1

On Historical Materialism (Mehring) 7

On the Occasion of Hegel’s Sixtieth Birthday (Plekhanov) 89

One-dimensional Man (Marcuse) 11

Origin of Species (Darwin) 7, 19, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 101

Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (Engels) 38–9

orthodoxy 112–16

Orwell, George 78

Ospovat, Dov 51, 52, 56

Ostwald, Wilhelm 101

Outhwaite, William 95

Owen, Richard 13, 32, 51


Paley, William 54

Panitch, Leo 127, 130

Paris Commune (1871) 5, 13, 1415

Paul, D.B. 84

Peasant War in Germany (Engels) 15, 38

Peckham, Morse 55, 63

Phenomenology (Hegel) 60, 148

Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein) 9

Philosophie de la Misère (Proudhon) 16

Philosophy of Right (Hegel) 60

Physics and Philosophy (Heisenberg) 9

Plekhanov, Georgi 7, 20, 86–7, 8991, 92, 95–9

political cosmology 98–9

political economy, critique of 22–4

political effectiveness, CPBG 80–1

politicization of science, Britain 72–3

politics and vision 122–6

Popular Front strategy, Britain 78, 80, 81

population pressure theory 51–2, 56, 60, 61

Porter, Roy 112

positivism 5, 1522, 65, 135, 150–1

Pound, Ezra 77

Poverty of Philosophy (Marx) 23, 30, 38

pre-social nature 142

“primitive” peoples 56–7, 148–9

Principia (Newton) 68–9

professional recognition 80–1

Prometheanism 133–4, 136, 146

Proudhon, M. 13, 1617, 18, 30–1

providentialism 55–6

“public intellectuals”, Britain 80

publications, Soviet Union 7

“pure” science, pursuit of 79


Ranger, Terence 88

Reading Capital (Althusser) 112, 116, 118, 122

“real objects” 120–1

Resch, Robert Paul 113

“revolutionary science” 31–2, 110–12

Rogers, J.A. 64

Rogin, Michael 5

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 58, 149

Royal Society for the Advancement of Science 77, 80

Rubel, Maximilien 14

Ruge, Arnold 47–8

Ryazanov, David 7, 36


Sakhar, Sahota 82

Santyana, George 130

Sartre, Jean-Paul 106

Sayer, Derek 135

Schmidt, Alfred 10, 27, 43, 134, 135, 141, 144

Schwann, Theodor 51

Schweitzer, J.B. 16

science:

enchantment of 126–7;

as force of production 82;

“normal” versus “revolutionary” 110–12;

and orthodoxy 112–16;

and positivism 1521;

and society 21–8;

and technology 117–22

Science at the Crossroads 71

science-based monopolies 72

scientific “continents” (Althusser) 124

scientific profession, Britain 7185

scientific socialism, origins of concept 48

Search (Snow) 76–7

Second International (1885–1914) 56, 1617, 6871

Selected Correspondence (Marx and Engels) 47

sensuous needs 148

Shapiro, Arthur M. 82

Shaw, William 135

Sheehan, Helena 47

Sinclair, Upton 77

slavery 57–8

Snow, C.P. 73, 76–7

Sober, Elliott 53, 54, 56

Social and Economic Roots of Newton’s Principia (Hessen) 68–9

Social Function of Science (Bernal) 79

Social Revolution (Kautsky) 36

socialism 1315

Socialism:

Utopian and Scientific (Engels) 10, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 86–7

Socialist Darwinism 63–4

socially-mediated nature 142

societies as systems of relations 1920

society and science 21–8

Sombart, Werner 90

Sorel, Georges 14

Soviet Academy of Sciences 68

Soviet Marxism 86105

Soviet Marxism (Marcuse) 102–3

Soviet Union:

Bolshevism 57;

colonization of scientific socialism 90;

delegation at London Conference 6871;

failure of social science 83–5;

historical materialism 88;

regime consolidation 94–5;

scientific achievements 78, 79, 81;

status of Engel’s works 36–7

Sozialismus und Kommunismus des Heutigen Frankreichs (von Stein) 13

Spanish Civil War 76, 81

“special creation” 58–9

“species-being” 137, 140–1

Spencer, Herbert 55, 56, 62

Spinoza, Baruch 102, 112, 117, 120

Springborg, Patricia 149

Stalin 79, 87, 92, 94, 97–9, 104, 108

Stanley, John 47

state intervention, Britain 74–5

Steger, Manfred 89

Steward, A.C. 56, 59

Steward, Fred 77

Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn) 110–12

Supreme Economic Council 68

Swan, Brenda 77


technology 117–22

teleological interpretation of organisms 46–8, 51–2

Theories of Surplus Value (Marx) 38

“Theory and Practice from the Standpoint of Dialectical Materialism” (Bukharin) 6970

Theses on Feuerbach (Marx) 24–6, 27, 39, 45, 129–31, 143–4

Third International 75

Thomas, Paul 3, 5, 7, 42, 43, 89, 94, 100, 114, 127, 129, 130, 135

Thompson, E.P. 107

Tierra del Fuego 56

Trade Union Congress (TUC) 75, 76

transformation of quantity into quality 10, 92–3

tree of life 53

Two Marxisms (Gouldner) 3


University College, London 77

unnatural acts 138–42

Urry, John 135

Utechin, S.V. 25

Utopianism 13, 15, 31–2


“vanguardism” 3, 79

Vavilov, N.A. 68

verum factum principle 23–4, 118

Vico, Giambattista 23, 33, 118

vision and politics 122–6

von Helmholtz, Hermann 101

von Stein, Lorenz 13

Vorländer, Karl 90

Vorwärts (journal) 90


Waddington, C.H. 83

Wage-labour and Capital (Marx) 38

Watnick, Morris 93

Weber, Max 126

Weitling, Wilhelm 13, 14

Wellmer, Albrecht 135

Werskey, Gary 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 7880, 81, 82, 83, 84–5

Western Marxism 93–4, 107–8

Wetter, Gustav 91

What the “Friends of the People” are (Lenin) 87

Wischnewetzky, Florence Kelly 38

Wissenschaft 2930

Wittgenstein, Ludwig 9

Wokler, Robert L. 112

Wolfe, Bertrand D. 94

World Wars 74–5


Young Hegelians 32, 45


Zavadovsky, N. 70

Zimmerman, Ernest 47

Žižek, Slavoj 93