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INDEX |
Aegean Sea 143
Afghanistan 23, 92, 109, 140, 142
Africa 79, 96, 98
agate 23, 63, 64, 66, 67, 134
Agni (Hindu god) 118, 179
agriculture 23, 24, 42, 77–89, 182
Ahmedabad 41
Akkad 91, 100, 106
Akkadian (script) 75, 91, 100, 101, 102, 145
Alamgirpur 40
Alexander the Great 12, 25, 28, 31, 73
Allah Bund 138
Allahabad 137
Allahdino 46, 47, 51, 66–7, 69, 94, 152
alphabetic scripts 18, 19, 145, 150, 157, 159
Altyn Depe 141
Amri 42, 43, 172
Anatolia 140
antelopes 111
Arabia 79, 96, 98
Arabian Sea 22, 60, 89, 98
Aravalli hills 23, 63, 91, 109
Archaeological Survey of India 27, 29, 32, 33, 33, 38, 39, 149
armour 181
Arthasastra 65
Aryans and Indo-Aryans 18, 20, 34, 39, 124, 131, 143, 152, 186
Ashmolean Museum (Oxford) 99
Asoka (Maurya) 12, 18, 28, 31, 34, 64, 114
aurochs bulls 100
Babylonia 11, 117, 140
Bactria and Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) 140–41, 142
Bahrain 91, 99, 102
Balakot 85
Baluchistan 17, 23, 41, 78, 91, 109, 134, 141, 167
Banawali 51, 79
Banerji, Rakhal Das 32–3, 34
bangles 32, 34, 62, 64, 66, 70–71, 70, 73, 106, 108, 110, 113, 122, 126, 128, 169–70
barley 24, 42, 79, 81, 88, 134
Basham, A. L. 124
baskets 42, 74, 91
bathing 54, 56, 57, 59–60, 112, 185
beads 16, 34, 53, 62, 63, 66–70, 67, 68, 69, 92, 98, 100, 101, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114, 128, 134
beans 24
bears 83
Bengal 64
Bhagwanpura 40
Bhandarkar, Devadatta Ramakrishna 32–3
Bihar 116
birds 83, 96, 96, 98
bison 83, 99
boats and ships 15, 23, 61, 65, 91, 95–8, 96, 97, 100, 180
Bolan Pass 41, 63
Bonta, Steven 159, 161
Brahma (Hindu god) 124
Brahmi (script) 18, 31, 32, 135
Brahmins 112, 135–6, 176
Brahui (language) 167
bricks 15, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 57, 65, 77, 82, 92, 96, 132, 140
Britain 38, 52
British Museum (London) 30, 31, 32, 152
bronze 53, 63, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 92
Buddha 28, 35, 126
Buddhism 11, 12, 28, 29, 31, 32, 49, 49, 73, 127, 176, 177
buffaloes 20, 83, 84–5, 100, 111, 122, 123, 124, 173
burial practices 11, 69, 70, 105–6, 112–14, 113
Burushaski (language) 165
cabotage 97
Caldwell, Robert 168
camels 84, 91, 134, 141
carnelian 16, 23, 66–70, 74, 91, 92, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110, 113
carpentry 65, 182
caste 17, 112, 135, 136, 176, 179
cats 86
cemeteries 15, 16, 37, 69, 70, 105, 112
Chakrabarti, Dilip 36, 82, 86, 107, 108, 114, 173, 186
chalcedony 66
Chanhu-daro 67, 68, 51, 83, 84, 85, 92, 98, 103, 141, 174
chariots 20, 181, 182
chert 34, 63, 64, 94
China 17, 17, 28, 82, 146
‘citadels’ 39, 40, 46, 50, 51–2, 54, 55, 128
Clark, Kenneth 11, 12, 187
Clerk, Malcolm George 30–31
Cline, Eric 142
Coe, Michael 146
coinage 92, 110
cookery 87–9
copper 23, 42, 53, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 74, 78, 91, 92, 105, 106, 113, 132, 140, 143
cotton 24, 65, 95
cows 66, 84, 118, 140, 171, 176, 181
cremation 112, 176
crocodiles 83, 111, 172–3, 173, 180
cuneiform scripts 11, 15, 19, 65, 75, 83, 85, 91, 100, 101, 102, 102, 103, 104, 106, 116, 145, 158
Cunningham, Alexander 28–31, 29, 33
Curzon, Lord 31
Daimabad 135
Dales, George 41, 47, 63, 136
dams and irrigation 24, 25, 26, 61, 78, 92
Danube river 35
Darius the Great 176
Dasas 141–2, 142, 179
dates 24, 103
deforestation 132, 140
DeFrancis, John 145
Derawar 112
dharma 177
Dholavira 23, 40, 45, 46, 51, 52, 67, 78, 89, 103, 107, 134, 138
Dilmun 91, 99, 100, 102
diseases 132, 138, 139, 143, 173
‘dockyard’ 47, 60, 60, 61, 78
dogs 83, 85–6, 86
Doniger O’Flaherty, Wendy 181
drainage and sanitation 15–16, 46, 56–9, 57, 58, 132, 138, 185
Dravidian (languages) 17, 152, 153, 160, 165–8, 170, 183
drills 67–9, 75
dung 66, 71, 82, 118, 140
earthquakes 132, 138–9, 143
Egypt 11–12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 35, 36, 47, 58, 62, 64, 78, 103, 104, 107, 109, 113, 142, 145, 152, 184, 186, 187
Egyptian hieroglyphs 11, 19, 116, 145, 147, 150, 154
Elam 103, 124, 146
elephants 25, 72, 77, 83, 86, 87, 87, 93, 93, 111, 122, 123, 124, 141
Euphrates river 21, 35, 36
Europe 14, 18, 79
Fagan, Brian 97
faience 66, 70, 113, 134
Failaka 99
Fairservis, Walter 66–7, 152–3, 160, 168, 169, 170, 171
Farmer, Steve 20, 145
figurines 21, 32, 34, 42, 55, 72, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 85, 86, 86, 87, 87, 92, 118–21, 120–21, 126, 174, 180
‘fire altars’ 116, 117–18, 119, 119, 176
fire destruction 43, 44, 93
fish and fishing 42, 43, 43, 57, 78, 92, 148–9, 153, 168–9, 172, 173
Flam, Louis 137
flint 63
floods 24, 26, 43–4, 47, 52, 78, 79, 82, 91, 109, 128, 131, 132, 136–7, 136, 138, 143
Gadd, C. J. 100
gambling and games 141, 181–2, 182
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) 185, 186
Ganges river 28, 35, 40, 59, 77, 81, 82, 133, 137
Ganweriwala 19, 46, 137
gateways 46, 52–3, 94, 135
Ghaggar-Hakra river 40, 137
gharials 172
goats 83, 84, 91, 127, 127, 172
gold 15, 23, 53, 66, 67, 70, 74, 92, 100, 106, 110, 113, 114
Gonur 141
Granary (Harappa) 37, 54–5
grapes 24
Great Bath (Mohenjo-daro) 14, 14, 15, 35, 38, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60, 96, 105, 116
Greece 11, 21, 28, 31, 34, 73, 84, 145, 176, 178, 184
Guabba 101, 103
Gudea 100
Gujarat 19, 20, 23, 40, 41, 46, 57, 60, 69, 79, 82, 84, 91, 92, 96, 107, 132, 134, 139, 140, 172, 173, 175, 180, 185
Gumla 43
Gupta, S. P. 86
gypsum 74
Hammurabi 140
Hanuman (Hindu god) 175
Harappa 12, 15, 24, 26, 27–9, 30–31, 32, 33–4, 37–9, 43, 46, 50–59, 54, 94, 95, 111, 113, 132, 133, 134
hares 83, 111
Haryana 23, 46
hemp 24
Heras, Henry 168, 169
Heyerdahl, Thor 96–7, 98
Himalaya mountains 15, 22, 23, 65, 131, 137, 165
Hindu nationalism 18–21, 87, 167, 177, 182
Hinduism 11, 17, 18, 59, 112, 114, 116, 118, 122–4, 126, 127–8, 135, 165, 172–83, 185, 186
Hindustan 176
hindutva 177
Hittite hieroglyphs 146
horses 19–21, 84, 86–7, 91, 134, 181
Hulas 82
human sacrifice 106, 122, 126, 128
incense 104, 125, 126
Indo-European (languages) 18, 152
Indra (Hindu god) 39, 179
Indus civilization
agriculture 23–4, 77–89
architecture 46–61
arts and crafts 62–76
burial practices 106, 112–14
climate 23–6
dating 35, 41
decline and disappearance 131–43
discovery 27–45
drainage and sanitation 56–9
geographical environment 21–5
language 165–8
legacy 172–87
map 13
religion 115–30
script 18–21, 30–31, 144–71
society 105–14
trade 91–104
water supply 56–7
Indus river 12, 15, 19, 21–3, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 35, 43, 47, 57, 65, 77–8, 91, 92, 95–8, 97, 131–2, 136–8, 136, 176
Iraq 96
iron 63, 66, 180
ivory 42, 53, 65, 66, 74, 86, 141, 181
Jainism 176, 177
Jansen, Michael 57
Japan 18, 185
Jarrige, Catherine 118, 119
Jarrige, Jean-François 41–2
jasper 30, 64, 66, 68
jewellery 15, 47, 53, 62, 66–9, 67, 68, 69, 91, 110, 113, 113, 180
Jha, N. 19–21
Jinnah, Muhammed Ali 185
jujube 24
jute 24, 66
Kalibangan 31, 46, 47, 51, 65, 77, 79, 108, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119, 138, 174, 177
Karachi 185
Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. 138
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark 24, 25, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 63–4, 65, 66, 68–9, 71, 75, 84, 85, 87, 88, 94–5, 101, 102, 108, 110–11, 113, 125, 126, 133–4, 135
Khambat 63, 67
Kharosthi (script) 18, 31
kilns 25, 42, 44, 47, 53, 71, 74, 118, 132, 134, 140
Kinnier Wilson, James 148–9
Kish 36, 99
knives and spears 34, 64, 66, 105, 108
Knorozov, Yuri 171
Kot Diji 42, 43, 51
Kuntasi 134
Kurukh (language) 167
Kutch 23, 57, 97, 134, 138, 138–9
Lagash 100, 101
lapis lazuli 23, 42, 63, 66, 74, 91, 92, 103, 106, 134
leather 56, 95, 180
lentils 24, 88
Levant 140
Lewis, James 27
linen 24
lingam 116, 118, 172, 175, 177, 177
lions 25
looms 65
Lothal 23, 40, 46, 47, 51, 52, 55, 60–61, 60, 65, 77, 78, 82, 89, 92, 93, 102, 110, 112, 118, 134, 149
Louvre (Paris) 99
McIntosh, Jane 17, 56, 71, 77, 82, 87, 98, 104, 109, 112, 118, 137, 143
Mackay, Ernest 36–8, 68, 71, 95, 97, 119
Magan 91
Mahabharata, The 179, 180
Mahadevan, Iravatham 20, 125, 144, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 186
Maharashtra 91, 92, 135
Makran 23, 31, 41, 91, 97, 98
Malto (language) 167
Manchar lake 82
Marshall, John 18, 25, 27, 31–7, 33, 38, 40, 41, 47, 50, 54, 58, 60, 67, 73, 74, 78, 81, 84, 85, 99, 103, 105, 114, 116–17, 119, 121–4, 125, 126, 128, 167, 173, 174, 181, 185, 187
Masson, Charles 27–8, 31
Mayan glyphs 128–9, 145–6, 154, 158, 171
Meadow, Richard 42, 78, 87
Mediterranean Sea 31, 89, 141–2, 184
Mehrgarh 17, 38, 41–2, 50, 55, 63, 71, 77, 109, 118–21, 134
melons 24
Meluhha 15, 65, 69, 75, 83, 85, 89, 91, 98, 100, 101, 102
Mesopotamia 11–12, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 35–6, 41, 51, 58, 62, 64, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 85, 89, 91, 92, 95, 97, 98–106, 107, 109, 110, 113, 116, 124, 132, 140, 145, 147, 161, 183
metals 16, 17, 23, 53, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 74, 92, 94, 103, 105, 111, 114, 154, 180, 182
Miller, Naomi 82
millet 24, 79, 81, 98, 134
Minoan Crete 31, 34, 37
Modi, Narendra 139
Mohenjo-daro 12, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 26, 28, 32–4, 37–9, 37, 43–4, 47–59, 48–9, 51, 57, 58, 109, 111, 133, 137, 184, 185, 186, 187
monkeys 83, 175
monsoon 23, 25, 79, 81, 91, 97, 137
Mrigasirsa 169
Mughal, Mohammed Rafique 19, 186
Mughals 12, 177
Munda (language) 165
Murukan (Tamil god) 170
mustard 24, 79
Nageswar 117, 118
Nara river 137
Nausharo 42, 43, 52, 79
Nehru, Jawaharlal 18, 184–5, 186
Nile river 21, 24, 35, 78
Nissen, Hans 36, 99
numbers 159–61
oats 24
Oman 36, 63, 79, 91, 103
onager (steppe ass) 20, 87, 88, 88
oxcarts 65, 81, 84, 95
Oxus river 23, 92
Pakistan 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 64, 65, 66, 96, 126, 131, 137, 157, 165, 171, 185–6, 187
palaces 15, 17, 55, 83, 106
Palestine 36, 37, 150
Parpola, Asko 20, 32, 36, 45, 51, 64, 73, 100, 102, 107, 126, 135, 141, 144, 146, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169–71, 172, 177, 183
parrots 83
partition of India 40
Pashupati (Hindu god) 122
peacocks 83, 173
peepal trees 27, 122, 125–6, 171, 175
Persia; Iran 11, 23, 99, 124, 167, 176, 184
Persian Gulf 15, 36, 63, 91, 97, 98, 99, 103, 110, 140
Petrie, Flinders 16, 36, 147, 148, 149
phalluses 55, 116, 124, 174
Piggott, Stuart 38, 40, 58, 74
pigs 83
Pirak 134
Pleiades 51, 167
ploughs 79, 84, 92, 157, 182
Possehl, Gregory 40, 47, 53, 81, 107, 112, 118, 132, 135, 141, 146, 147, 153
pottery 31, 34, 36, 42, 43, 43, 44, 173
Prajapati (Hindu god) 124, 178
priests 10, 10, 17, 35, 37, 37, 40, 55, 62, 71, 72–3, 107, 111, 112, 114, 115, 115, 118, 122, 124, 126, 128, 136, 153, 179, 183
Ptolemy, Claudius 176
Punjab 12, 23, 24, 27, 28, 46, 65, 86, 107, 185
radiocarbon dating 35, 41, 131, 134
Rajagriha 116
Rajaram, N. S. 19–21
Rajasthan 23, 31, 91, 109, 141
Rajpipla 23
Rakhigarhi 46, 52, 117
Ramayana, The 178
Rangpur 82
Rann of Kutch 23, 57
Rao, Shikaripura Ranganatha 61, 149–52, 157, 158
Ratnagar, Shereen 99, 102
Rau, Wilhelm 141
Ravi river 57, 85
Ray, Satyajit 74
reeds 96–7, 98, 181
Renou, Louis 180
rhinoceroses 25, 83, 92, 111, 122, 123, 124, 162
rice 24, 77, 79, 81–2, 88, 134
roads 91, 110
Rojdi 41, 134–5
Roman empire; Rome 11, 14, 15, 34, 38, 43, 52, 55, 56, 58, 131, 146
rules 65
Rupar 112
Russia 18
Sahiwal 84
Sahni, Daya Ram 32, 33, 34, 37
salination 26, 26, 41, 131
sandstone 74
Sanskrit (language) 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 116, 124, 127, 128, 144, 151–2, 165, 167, 176, 177
Saraswati river 19, 21, 23, 40, 77, 131, 137
Sargon 75, 91, 100, 101, 102, 106
Sarianidi, Viktor 140
Saurashtra 23, 41, 135, 185
Savarkar, V. D. 177
saws 63, 65
Schliemann, Heinrich 27
sculpture and statuettes 10, 35, 37, 37, 56, 62, 71, 72–4, 73, 114, 115, 115, 118, 126, 129, 129, 175
seal carving 74–5
seals and seal impressions 16, 16, 17, 19–20, 21, 25, 29–31, 30, 32, 33, 35, 45, 74–6, 75, 82–4, 83, 93–4, 93, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 102, 108, 108, 110–11, 119, 122–8, 123, 127, 135, 144–71, 155, 156, 162, 163, 169, 175
semi-precious stones 23, 66, 74, 103
Semitic alphabet 150–52
sesamum 24
shadoof 78
sheep 83, 84, 85, 91
shell 53, 62, 63, 65, 66, 70, 70, 74, 91, 92, 106, 110, 113, 114, 134, 174, 181, 182
Shiva (Hindu god) 17, 116, 118, 119, 121–4, 123, 128, 144, 175, 177, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183
shops and markets 53, 64, 88, 101
Shortugai 23, 92, 109, 110, 141
Shulgi 100, 106
silver 53, 66, 67, 74, 103, 106, 185
Simpson, Edward 138
Sindh 24, 25, 26, 33, 41, 84, 95, 107, 137, 141, 172, 176, 185
sindoor 174
skeletons 39, 43, 112–13, 133, 133, 137–8, 139, 139
slavery 109
smelting 53, 132, 140
snakes 175
soma 125, 179
Southeast Asia 81, 146
spices 88–9
Sproat, Richard 145
squirrels 82
steatite 16, 23, 62, 66, 72, 74, 75, 83, 92, 95, 96, 97, 113, 114, 115, 127
Stein, Aurel 27, 41
stoneware 62, 71, 110, 113, 169, 170
Su-ilisu 101–2
Sukkur 26, 82
Sumer 11, 35–6, 58, 93, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 117, 148–9, 187
Surkotada 52
Susa 99, 100, 106
Sutkagen-dor 23, 31, 46, 47, 52, 109
swastika 93, 126–8, 135, 174–5, 174, 175
Tajikistan 23
Tamil (language) 152, 167, 169, 170
Tamil Nadu 152
Tarkhanwala Dera 112
taxation 94, 110
Taxila 185
temples 15, 17, 55, 56, 100, 106, 114, 117, 118, 128, 142, 174
terracotta 16, 21, 42, 43, 65, 66, 71, 74, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 95, 96, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 144, 174, 175, 177
textiles 65, 85, 103–4
Thapar, Romila 176
Thar desert 23
Thompson, Eric 128–9
Tibeto-Burman (language) 165
tigers 25, 83, 108, 122, 123, 124
Tigris river 21, 35, 91, 97
timber and wood 23, 54, 55, 56, 58, 62, 63, 65, 68, 74, 91, 92, 95, 117, 140, 147, 172, 174
tools 42, 62, 63, 65, 113, 157
Tosi, Maurizio 92, 99, 134
toys 66, 72, 79, 86, 95, 118, 119
trade 23, 36, 52, 65, 66, 79, 88–9, 90–104, 105, 110, 132, 139, 140, 143, 145, 181, 182
Trautmann, Thomas 179
Turkestan 27
Turkmenistan 140
turquoise 66
Umma 99
UNESCO 44, 45, 187
‘unicorn’ bulls 16, 16, 30–31, 71, 74, 84, 93, 94, 104, 110, 122, 124–5, 145, 154, 155, 162, 163, 169
United States of America 17, 41
Ur 15, 16, 69, 70, 98, 99, 101, 103, 105–6
Urban, Günter 44
Ursa Major 169
Uzbekistan 23
Vagad 117
Varanasi 59
Varuna (Hindu god) 178–9
Vats, Madho Sarup 33–4, 37, 50
Vedas and Vedic literature 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 39, 51, 88, 112, 116, 118, 124, 125, 127, 134, 135–6, 137, 141, 144, 151, 165, 177–83, 178, 186
vegetables 88
Vidale, Massimo 53, 71
Vishnu (Hindu god) 178, 179
warfare and weapons 17, 39, 43, 106, 108, 108, 181, 185
water supply 24, 56–7, 61, 78, 82, 136, 137, 139
water worship 59–60, 175
weaving 180
weights 15, 16, 53, 62, 64–5, 91, 93, 94–5, 94, 98, 99, 103, 107, 110, 161, 181
wells 15, 46, 47, 50, 56–7, 57, 58
Wells, Bryan 144, 158
wheat 24, 42, 79, 81, 88, 134
Wheeler, Mortimer 16, 38–40, 39, 41–2, 43, 52, 54, 55, 62, 74, 77, 131, 132, 141, 179
Witzel, Michael 20, 45, 167
wool 85, 91, 103–4
Woolley, Leonard 101, 105–6
Wright, Rita 40, 44, 56, 101, 108
Xuanzang 28
Yama (Hindu god) 179
Yamuna river 40, 82, 137
yoga 122, 123, 124, 175
zebus 42, 80, 80, 82, 83, 83, 91