Notes

1. Escape

1. 1. VTA.,”Jessikka Aron Trollijahti,” YouTube video, 4:10, February 26, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igOa1EXKzTI.

2. 2. Harris, Lasana T., and Susan T. Fiske, “Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups,” Psychological Science 17, no. 10 (October 2006): 847–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x.

3. 3. Aro, Jessikka, “Putinin Entinen Neuvonantaja Yle Uutisille: Venäjä Informaatiosotii Suomessa—‘Haluaa Näyttää, Kuka on Pomo.,” Yle Uutiset, September 19, 2014, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7480089.

4. 4. Гармажапова, Александра, “Где Живут Тролли. И Кто Их Кормит,” Novaja Gazeta, September 9, 2013, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2013/09/07/56253-gde-zhivuttrolli-i-kto-ih-kormit?print=true.

5. 5. Seddon, Max, “Documents Show How Russia’s Troll Army Hit America,” BuzzFeed News, June 2, 2014, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/maxseddon/documents-show-how-russias-troll-army-hit-america.

6. 6. Aro, Jessikka, “Kyberturva-Asiantuntija Limnéll: ‘Suomi on Hybridisodankäynnin Kohteena—Tätä EI Pidä Hyssytellä,’” Yle Uutiset, September 18, 2014, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7371020.

7. 7. Bäckman, Johan, Johan Bäckmanin blogi, n.d., https://kohudosentti.blogspot.com.

8. 8. Bäckman, Johan. “Johan Bäckman Official,” YouTube video, November 22, 2008, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqMol3k-DIlbbUBV94We5rQ.

9. 9. Stormark, Kjetil, The Spokesman—a Documentary from Aldrimer. no. YouTube video, 34:00, April 17, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEbPZxlk8o8&ab_channel=KjetilStormark.

10. 10. “Information Warfare,” LevadaCenter, January 25, 2016, https://www.levada.ru/en/2014/11/12/information-warfare/.

11. 11. Laakso, Antti, “Kohudosentti Ja Demaripoliitikko Edustavat Itä-Ukrainan Kapinallisia Suomessa,” Yle Uutiset, July 25, 2014, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7376165.

12. 12. Juujärvi, Tiina, “Pieksämäeltä Sotilaaksi Itä-Ukrainaan—Petri Viljakainen ODOTTAA Rintamalle Pääsyä Donetskin Liepeillä,” Helsingin Sanomat, July 31, 2015, https://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000002842087.html.

13. 13. “Бекман Эркки Йохан,” Myrotvorets.center, July 15, 2015, https://psb4ukr.org/criminal/bekman-erkki-jokhan/.

14. 14. Sajari, Petri, Anssi Miettinen, Esa Mäkinen, Suvi Vihavainen, Jussi Konttinen, and Laura Saarikoski, “Bäckman on Tehtaillut Yli 90 Valitusta Ja Rikosilmoitusta,” Helsingin Sanomat, February 12, 2012, https://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/art-2000002596812.html.

15. 15. Private Interview, personal, n.d.

2. The Diplomat

1. 1. “Republic of Belarus - Presidential Election,” OSCE, March 19, 2006, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/4/c/19395.pdf.

2. 2. “В Парламенте Грузии Предлагают Провести Экспертизу Аудиозаписи, Представленной в Программе ‘Однако,’” naviny.by, June 15, 2016, https://naviny.online/en/node/81086.

3. 3. БАРТАШЯВИЧЮС, Валдас, “Вильнюсские Дипломаты Попали в Западню Москвы,” ИноСМИ.Ru, November 16, 2015, https://inosmi.ru/world/20060424/226990.html.

4. 4. “Суда Не Будет, Однако,” gazeta.ru, April 25, 2006, https://www.gazeta.ru/2006/04/25/oa_197425.shtml.

5. 5. https://www.belaruspartisan.org/politic/102283/ RL note: This page does not exist

6. 6. “Putin: Soviet Collapse a ‘Genuine Tragedy’,” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group, April 25, 2005, https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7632057.

7. 7. Lepomäki Elina, Vapauden Voitto, Helsingissä: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, 2018.

8. 8. Tracevskis, Rokas M, “Secret Agent’s Death Is under Re-Investigation,” The Free Library, January 13, 2010, https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Secret+Agent%27s+death+is+under+re-investigation.-a0217184755.

9. 9. “Jukka Mallinen Valta Puhuu Rahan Äänellä,” netn.fi, n.d., https://netn.fi/sites/www.netn.fi/files/netn102-18.pdf.

10. 10. “President Presented Letters of Credence to Lithuania’s Ambassador to Hungary,” President of the Republic of Lithuania, n.d., http://www.adamkus.lt/en/activities/press_releases/president_presented_letters_of_credence_to_lithuanias_ambassador_to_hungary.html.

11. 11. “Two Lithuanian Ambassadors Removed from Office after Phone Tapping Scandal,” Baltic News Network—News from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, August 29, 2013, https://bnn-news.com/lithuanian-ambassadors-removed-office-phone-tapping-scandal-102193.

12. 12. Мокрушин, Валерий, “Скандал Вокруг ‘Восточного Партнерства’: Опубликованы Переговоры Дипломатов Об Армянах,” www.nakanune.ru, August 5, 2013, https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/17989/.

13. 13. “Скандал Вокруг ‘Восточного Партнерства’: Опубликованы Переговоры Дипломатов Об Армянах,” LiveJournal, August 5, 2013, https://iolantaz.livejournal.com/420974.html.

14. 14. Landry, David, “YouTube-Gate? Ambassador Scandal Repercussions in Lithuania,” Budapest Business Journal, August 20, 2013, https://bbj.hu/budapest/culture/history/youtube-gate-ambassador-scandal-repercussions-in-lithuania.

15. 15. ibid.

16. 16. “L. Linkevičius Siūlymą Dėl Ambasadorių Pateiks Penktadienį,” Kauno diena, August 21, 2013, https://kauno.diena.lt/naujienos/lietuva/politika/llinkevicius-siulyma-del-ambasadoriu-pateiks-penktadieni-410233.

17. 17. “Dalia Grybauskaitė Considers Provocation Publication of Lithuanian Diplomat’s Conversation about Nagorno-Karabakh,” armenpress.am, August 5, 2013, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/728302/dalia-grybauskaitC497-considers-provocation-publication-of-lithuanian-diplomatE28099s-conversationabout.html.

18. 18. “Lithuanian Foreign Minister Decides to Recall Ambassadors from Hungary and Azerbaijan but Keep Them in Diplomatic Corps,” 15min, August 23, 2013, https://www.15min.lt/en/article/politics/lithuanian-foreign-minister-decides-to-recall-ambassadors-from-hungary-and-azerbaijan-but-keep-them-in-diplomatic-corps-526-363404.

19. 19. “Lietuvos Ambasadorius Azerbaidžane Prašo Atšaukti Jį Iš Pareigų,” DELFI, August 6, 2013, https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/lietuvos-ambasadorius-azerbaidzane-praso-atsaukti-ji-is-pareigu.d?id=61995743.

20. 20. “Felavatták Hedvig És Jagelló Szobrát Budapesten,” BDK, October 31, 2013, https://bdk.hu/2013/10/hedvig-es-jagello-szobrot-avattak-budapesten-4/.

21. 21. “National Security Threat Assessment,” MEPOFORUM.SK, 2013, http://mepoforum.sk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Threat-Assessment-Lithuania-2013.pdf.

22. 22. “Mirė Lietuvos Diplomatas Renatas Juška,” 15min, September 4, 2019, https://www-15min-lt.translate.goog/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/mire-lietuvos-diplomatas-renatas-juska-56-1197614?_x_tr_sl=lt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=nui%2Cop%2Csc.

3. Psyops

1. 1. Topelius, Karoliina, Facebook, n.d., https://www.facebook.com/notes/karoliina-topelius/ylen-toiminta-perustuslain-henkil%C3%B6tietolain-jarikoslain-suhteen-ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4%C3%A4n-liitty/10152729735230499?fref=nf&refid=12.

2. 2. “Infosoturi Janus Vaihtoi Kiväärin Kirjaimiin,” Loviisan Sanomat, February 24, 2015.

3. 3. Toivonen, Janne, “Suomalainen ‘Infosoturi’ Janus Putkonen Nousi Ukrainan Kapinallismedian Johtohahmoksi,” Yle Uutiset, November 1, 2015, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8416989.

4. 4. DONi News Agency (@Dninews), Twitter, https://twitter.com/dninews?lang=enhttp%3A%2F%2Fkhpg.org%2Fen%2F1508187981.

5. 5. MarkoSE, “Janus Putkonen Ja Doni News—Disinformaatiota JA Harhaanjohtamista,” Vartiopaikalla Blogspot, October 16, 2016, https://vartiopaikalla.blogspot.com/2017/10/janus-putkonen-ja-doni-news.html.

6. 6. “EgorovaLeaks: Filtering and Control of Foreign Journalists in DPR,” Inform Napalm, August 9, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/foreign-journalists-in-dpr/.

7. 7. Verkkomedia JanusPutkonen, “Suomalaissotilaan Haastattelu Donbassin Etulinjan Tukikohdassa - DONi News,” YouTube video, 11:46, March 31, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2Apsq5GUys.

8. 8. Losh, Jack, “Inside Rebel-Held Ukraine’s Palaces of Propaganda,” VICE, March 28, 2016, https://www.vice.com/en/article/neyqa8/inside-rebel-held-ukraines-palaces-of-propaganda.

9. 9. Leinonen, Nina, “Massiivinen Tietovuoto Donetskissa - Todistaa Yhteydet Venäjään,” Iltalehti, August 7, 2016, https://www.iltalehti.fi/ulkomaat/a/2016080722024403.

10. 10. Aro, Jessikka, and Antti Kuronen, “Itä-Ukrainassa Venäjän Puolesta Taistelleet Suomalaiset Kehuskelevat Kokemuksillaan—Muualla Euroopassa Vierastaistelijoita on Tuomittu Rikoksista,” Yle Uutiset, November 26, 2021, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12153718.

11. 11. Johan Bächman Official, “Zaharchenko Lahjoittaa Janus Putkoselle Ladatun Makarov-Pistoolin,” YouTube video, September 2, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5t6W7cfGHE&ab_channel=JohanB%C3%A4ckmanOfficial.

12. 12. “Venäjän Trolliarmeija,” Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/groups/389891377829035.

4. The Volunteer

1. 1. “Informnapalm International Intelligence Community,” InformNapalm. org, April 4, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/.

2. 2. “Conflict in Ukraine’s Donbas: A Visual Explainer,” Crisis Group, September 21, 2021, https://www.crisisgroup.org/content/conflict-ukraines-donbas-visual-explainer.

3. 3. USA for UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, “Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News,” UNRefugees.org, https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/ukraine/#:~:text=More%20than%20three%20years%20of,sought%20asylum%20in%20neighboring%20countries.

4. 4. “Donbas In Flames,” Prometheus, 2017, https://prometheus.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Donbas_v_Ogni_ENG_web_1-4.pdf.

5. 5. Weaponry of the Russian Federation in the War against Ukraine, InformNapalm 2018.

6. 6. Osipova, Natalia V., “How the Buk Missile System Works,” New York Times, July 21, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/100000003010629/how-the-buk-missile-system-works.html?searchResultPosition=1.

7. 7. “Buk-M2E Air Defence Missile System,” Army Technology, November 17, 2021, https://www.army-technology.com/projects/buk-m2e-air-defence-missile-system/.

8. 8. Kharkova , Marina, trans., “A Nest of Electronic Warfare Forces of Russian Federation in Luhansk Tax Administration Office Building,” InformNapalm. org, December 24, 2015, https://informnapalm.org/en/nest-electronic-warfare-forces-russian-federation-luhansk-tax-administration-office-building/.

9. 9. Dobrovolska, Christina, ed., “Russian R-378B Jamming Station Identified in Donbas,” Translated by Mc Joy, InformNapalm.org, October 9, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-r-878b-donbas/.

10. 10. Klymenko, Oleksandr, trans., “The Newest Electronic Warfare Systems ‘Borisoglebsk-2’ Are Noticed at the Border and in the Ato Zone,” InformNapalm. org, December 24, 2015, https://informnapalm.org/en/4723-the-newest-electronic-warfare-systems-borisoglebsk-2-are-noticed-at-the-border-and-inthe-ato-zone/.

11. 11. Lapaiev, Yuri, “Ukraine as Clandestine Testing Ground for Russian Electronic Warfare,” Jamestown, November 5, 2018, https://jamestown.org/program/ukraine-as-clandestine-testing-ground-for-russian-electronic-warfare/.

12. 12. Gould, Joe, “Electronic Warfare: What US Army Can Learn from Ukraine,” Defense News, August 8, 2017, https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/08/02/electronic-warfare-what-us-army-can-learn-from-ukraine/.

13. 13. Аваков, Артур, “Украинские Сайты Разместили Личные Данные Российских Летчиков, Воюющих в Сирии,” Московский Комсомолец, October 13, 2015, https://www.mk.ru/politics/2015/10/13/ukrainskie-saytyrazmestili-lichnye-dannye-rossiyskikh-letchikov-voyuyushhikh-v-sirii.html.

14. 14. “Песков Назвал ‘Враждебными Действиями’ Появление Сайтов с Данными Пилотов ВКС,” Московский Комсомолец, October 15, 2015, https://www.mk.ru/politics/2015/10/15/peskov-nazval-vrazhdebnymi-deystviyami-poyavlenie-saytov-s-dannymi-pilotov-vks.html.

15. 15. Ling, Justin, “A Ukrainian Website Is Outing Russian Soldiers, and Moscow Wants Canada to Stop It,” VICE, December 17, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjk7ea/a-ukrainian-website-is-outing-russian-soldiers-and-moscow-wants-canada-to-stop-it.

16. 16. Ling, Justin, “A Ukrainian Website Is Outing Russian Soldiers, and Moscow Wants Canada to Stop It,” VICE, December 17, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjk7ea/a-ukrainian-website-is-outing-russian-soldiers-and-moscow-wants-canada-to-stop-it.

17. 17. Pugliese, David, “Canada-Linked Website Exposing Pilots’ Identities to Extremists, Russians Say,” Ottawa Citizen, June 3, 2020, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/politics/canada-linked-website-exposing-pilots-identities-to-extremists-russians-say.

18. 18. Перевозкина, Марина, “Украина Слила Личные Данные Российских Пилотов Террористам ИГИЛ,” Московский Комсомолец, October 28, 2015, https://www.mk.ru/politics/2015/10/28/ukraina-slila-lichnye-dannyerossiyskikh-pilotov-terroristam-igil.html.

19. 19. Belvpo.com, December 10, 2021, https://www.belvpo.com/.

20. 20. Yurchenko, Grigory, “Informnapalm - Проект Специальных Структур Минобороны Украины (ДОКУМЕНТЫ),” Русская весна, August 4, 2016, https://rusvesna.su/recent_opinions/1454880002.

21. 21. Strubinger, Lee Michael, “What Is Burning the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation? Informnapalm to Start Series Based on Leaked Information,” InformNapalm, May 14, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/burning-ministry-defence-russian/.

22. 22. Yaresko, Kateryna, and Mikhail Kuznetsov, “Russia Opens Visas for Terrorists Operating in Ukraine - Leaked Passport Data of Mercenaries,” trans. Artyom Velichko, InformNapalm, May 14, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/russia-opens-visas-terrorists-operating-ukraine/.

23. 23. “Ukrainian Hackers Defacing the Russian Propaganda Site Anna News (Video),” InformNapalm, May 14, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/ukrainian-hackers-anna-news/.

24. 24. Большаков, Михаил, “Горелый Запах ‘Информнапалма’: ‘Волонтеры’, Которых Кормит Минобороны Украины,” Федеральное агентство новостей, No.1, September 9, 2016, https://riafan.ru/553573-gorelyi-zapahinformnapalma-volontery-kotoryh-kormit-minoborony-ukrainy.

25. 25. “SurkovLeaks: 1GB Mail Cache Retrieved by Ukrainian Hacktivists,” InformNapalm, November 2, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/surkovleaks/.

26. 26. “SurkovLeaks (Part 2): Hacktivists Publish New Email Dump.” InformNapalm, November 3, 2016, https://informnapalm.org/en/surkovleaks-part2/.

27. 27. Barbashin, Anton, and Hannah Thoburn, “Putin’s Brain,” Foreign Affairs, April 4, 2014, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-03-31/putins-brain.

28. 28. Egutkina, Anna, “Hybridiosaamiskeskuksen Perustamisasiakirja Allekirjoitettiin - Bäckmanin Kutsuma Dugin Kuumensi Tunteita,” Iltalehti, April 11, 2017, https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/201704112200101198.

29. 29. “In Estonia, NATO Trains Personnel for the Occupation of Russia,” Evrazia.org, October 28, 2016, http://evrazia.org/news/47013.

30. 30. “Kremlin Financing Polish Radicals: Tasks, Payments, and Reporting to Moscow,” InformNapalm, March 18, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/kremlin-financing-polish-radicals-tasks-payments-reporting-moscow/.

31. 31. “Private Military Companies in Russia: Carrying out Criminal Orders of the Kremlin,” InformNapalm.rocks, n.d., http://informnapalm.rocks/private-military-companies-in-russia-carrying-out-criminal-orders-of-the-kremlin.

32. 32. “Russian Citizen Making Hoax Bomb Threats against Ukrainian Infrastructure with FSB Support,” InformNapalm.org, August 10, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-citizen-making-hoax-bomb-threats-against-ukrainian-infrastructure-with-fsb-support/.

33. 33. “UCA: Hunting down Russian Propagandists on an Industrial Scale,” InformNapalm.org, March 24, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/uca-hunting-russian-propagandists-industrial-scale/.

34. 34. “Alexander Usovsky Archives,” InformNapalm.org, https://informnapalm.org/en/tag/alexander-usovsky/.

35. 35. Velichko, Artem, ed., “Kremlin Is behind Anti-Ukrainian Protests in Poland: Analysis of the Hacked Correspondence,” trans. Victor Danilchenko, InformNapalm.org, March 7, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/kremlin-behind-anti-ukrainian-protests-poland-analysis-hacked-correspondence/.

36. 36. Velichko, Artem, ed., “Kremlin Is behind Anti-Ukrainian Protests in Poland: Analysis of the Hacked Correspondence,” trans. Victor Danilchenko, InformNapalm.org, March 7, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/kremlin-behind-anti-ukrainian-protests-poland-analysis-hacked-correspondence/.

37. 37. “Monuments of Contention: A Study into Russia’s Interference in Ukrainian-Polish Relations (Video),” InformNapalm.org, December 5, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/monuments-of-contention-a-study-into-russias-interference-in-ukrainian-polish-relations-video/.

38. 38. “Kremlin Financing Polish Radicals: Tasks, Payments, and Reporting to Moscow,” InformNapalm.org, March 18, 2017, https://informnapalm.org/en/kremlin-financing-polish-radicals-tasks-payments-reporting-moscow/.

39. 39. France-Presse, Agence, “Poland Detains pro-Kremlin Party Leader for ‘Spying’,” The Guardian, May 19, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/19/poland-detains-pro-kremlin-party-leader-mateusz-piskorski-spying.

40. 40. “MIP and InformNapalm Volunteers Present Evidence of Involvement of the Kremlin’s Private Military Companies in Aggression in Donbas,” Ministry of Information Policy of Ukraine, August 31, 2017, https://mip.gov.ua/en/news/1947.html.

41. 41. Lapayev, Yuriy, “Ivan Lishchyna: ‘The ECHR Is One of the Best International Institutions to Help Ukraine Establish Russia’s Aggression,’” PressReader.com, February 15, 2018, https://www.pressreader.com/.

42. 42. “Proofs of the Russian Aggression: Informnapalm Releases Extensive Database of Evidence,” InformNapalm, March 12, 2021, https://informnapalm.org/en/proofs-of-the-russian-aggression-informnapalm-releases-extensive-database-of-evidence/.

43. 43. Shandra, Alya, “Ukrainian OSINT SLEUTHS Release Largest Existing Database of Evidence of Russian Aggression in Ukraine,” Euromaidan Press, April 26, 2018, http://euromaidanpress.com/2018/04/25/informnapalm-release-huge-osint-database-of-evidence-of-russian-aggression-in-ukraine/.

44. 44. Facebook, March 25, 2018, https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1744863948935284&id=920861058002248.

45. 45. “Facebook Muzzles Free Media,” InformNapalm, May 26, 2018, https://informnapalm.org/en/facebook-muzzles-free-media/.

46. 46. “44 People Disappeared in Crime during the Annexation—CrimeaSOS,” Zmina, August 31, 2017, https://humanrights.org.ua/en/material/u_krimu_a_chas_aneksiji_znikali_44_ljiudini__krimsos.

5. Millions of Views

1. 1. RighteousWrath17, “Ukrainian Prisoners of War with Givi,” YouTube video, 6:07, April 29, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2NeXrUgfco.

2. 2. RT. “Deadly Thunder: Exclusive Close-up Footage of GRAD Missile Launcher in Action (Ukraine, 02.09.2014),” YouTube Video, September 5, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KCzUCJzpig.

3. 3. Grishanov, “Артём Гришанов – Мобилизационный Ролик / Mobilization Video / War in Ukraine (English Subtitles),” YouTube video, 5:45, February 2, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIPCvCERghQ

6. The Businessman

1. 1. Higgins, Andrew, “Efforts to Expose Russia’s ‘Troll Army’ Draws Vicious Retaliation,” New York Times, May 30, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/31/world/europe/russia-finland-nato-trolls.html

2. 2. Chazan, Guy. “Hermitage Management Capital Runs Into Trouble in Russia.” Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2008, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120725601229787559

3. 3. Buckley, Neil and Catherine Belton, “Hermitage in Russian Fraud Claim,” Financial Times, April 3, 2008, https://www.ft.com/content/da0bbffe-01b7-11dd-a323-000077b07658

4. 4. Knight, Amy, “Russia’s Magnitsky affair and how it comes closer to Donald Trump,” Financial Review, February 15, 2018, https://www.afr.com/world/europe/russias-magnitsky-affair-and-how-it-comes-closer-to-donald-trump-20180212-h0vx5a

5. 5. Ibid.

6. 6. “Sanctions Programs and Country Information,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, November 22, 2021, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information.

7. 7. Herszenhorn, David M. and Erik Eckholm, “Putin Signs Bill that Bars US Adoptions, Upending Families,” New York Times, December 27, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/28/world/europe/putin-to-sign-ban-on-us-adoptions-of-russian-children.html

8. 8. Gray, Rosie, “Bill Browder’s Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee,” The Atlantic, July 26, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/.

9. 9. Список Браудера, NTV Video, 23:35, June 3, 2013, https://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/proisschestvie/m4001/o149336/video/.

10. 10. Tsvetkova, Maria and Steve Gutterman, “Russia Convicts Lawyer Magnitsky in Posthumous Trial,” Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-magnitsky/russia-convicts-lawyer-magnitsky-in-posthumous-trial-idUSBRE96A09V20130711

11. 11. “Designation of Eighteen Individuals Pursuant to the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012,” The Federal Register, April 22, 2013, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/04/22/2013-09369/designation-of-eighteen-individuals-pursuant-to-the-sergei-magnitsky-rule-of-law-accountability-act

12. 12. Heintz, Jim, “Russia Bans 18 Americans after similar US move,” Associated Press, April 13, 2013, https://apnews.com/article/5595e7134d5e4594808ddcd48e0c5302

13. 13. Gordon, Michael R., “U.S. Imposes New Sanctions on 12 Russians,” New York Times, May 20, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/world/europe/us-imposes-new-sanctions-on-12-russians.html

14. 14. “Глазами Шерлока Холмса, Литера ‘М,’” NTV Video, 20:10, November 16, 2014, https://www.ntv.ru/peredacha/Litera_M/m80980/o307456/video/.

15. 15. Browder, Bill, Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

16. 16. “Chaika: An investigative documentary by the Anti-Corruption Foundation,” January 16, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eO8ZHfV4fk.

17. 17. Radu, Paul, “Russia: The Cellist and the Lawyer,” Organized Crime and Corruption Reportingn Project, April 26, 2016, https://www.occrp.org/en/panamapapers/russia-the-cellist-and-the-lawyer.

18. 18. Eckel, Mike, “In U.S. Money-Laundering Case, Shades Of Russian Corruption,” Radio Free Europe, January 18, 2016, https://www.rferl.org/a/us-money-laundering-case-russian-corruption-browder-magnitsky-prevezon-katsyv/27494612.html

19. 19. Weiss, Michael, “Russian Oligarch or FBI Rat?” The Daily Beast, December 11, 2015, https://www.thedailybeast.com/russian-oligarch-or-fbi-rat.

20. 20. “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Civil Forfeiture Complaint Against Real Estate Corporations Allegedly Involved In Laundering Proceeds Of Russian Tax Refund Fraud Scheme,” Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New York, September 10, 2013, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-announces-civil-forfeiture-complaint-against-real-estate.

21. 21. Macfarquhar, Neil, and Andrew E. Kramer. “Natalia Veselnitskaya, Lawyer Who Met Trump Jr., Seen as Fearsome Moscow Insider,” New York Times, July 12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/11/world/europe/natalia-veselnitskaya-donald-trump-jr-russian-lawyer.html.

22. 22. Moscow Project Research Staff, “Everything You Need to Know about Natalia Veselnitskaya, Contextualized,” The Moscow Project, October 24, 2018, https://themoscowproject.org/explainers/everything-need-know-natalia-veselnitskaya-contextualized/index.html.

23. 23. BakerHostetler, “About Us,” Last modified 2021, https://www.bakerlaw.com/AboutUs/Overview.

24. 24. “Acting Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces $5.9 Million Settlement Of Civil Money Laundering And Forfeiture Claims Against Real Estate Corporations Alleged To Have Laundered Proceeds Of Russian Tax Fraud,” Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of New York, May 12, 2017, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/acting-manhattan-us-attorney-announces-59-million-settlement-civil-money-laundering-and.

25. 25. Released 13 April 2016, name “Browder Effect,” distributor Russia Channel One, production company not known, likely the troll factory in St. Petersburg.

26. 26. “The Magnitaky Act—Behind the Scenes,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snbepDSmA-4.

27. 27. Nekrasov, Andrei, “A Spectre is haunting Europe—the Spectre of Magnitsky,” November 26, 2020, https://rebelheldblog.medium.com/a-spectre-is-haunting-europe-the-spectre-of-magnitsky-dab601ce548e.

28. 28. RFE/RL, “U.K. Imposes First Sanctions from Magnitsky Law, Including 14 Russians,” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, April 27, 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/uk-first-magnitsky-sanctions-include-14-russians/31224946.html.

29. 29. “European Parliament Cancels Show of Film about Magnitsky on Browder’s Order - Lawyer,” Russian News Agency, April 27, 2016, https://tass.com/politics/872893.

30. 30. Ibid.

31. 31. “В Брюсселе Сорван Показ Фильма о Смерти Сергея Магнитского,” Пятый канал, Пятый канал, April 28, 2016, https://www.5-tv.ru/news/106468/.

32. 32. Sirén, Vesa, “Andrei Nekrasovin Kohudokumentista Tuli Massiivinen Poliittinen Puheenvuoro,” Helsingin Sanomat, September 21, 2016, https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000002921959.html.

33. 33. Satter, Raphael, “Emails: Lawyer who met Trump Jr. tied to Russian officials,” Associated Press, July 27, 2018, https://apnews.com/article/moscow-donald-trump-ap-top-news-international-news-russia-d093a02a3d8a4e1b8dc7f5d19475899b.

34. 34. “Lobbyist who met Trump team says he’s not with Russian intel,” PBS News Hour, July 15, 2017, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/lobbyist-met-trump-team-says-hes-not-russian-intel.

35. 35. Arnsdorf, Isaac, and Benjamin Oreskes, “Vladimir Putin’s Favorite US Congressman,” Politico, November 25, 2016, https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-favorite-us-congressman-dana-rohrabacher-magnitsky-act-russia/.

36. 36. Weiss, Michael, “Putin’s Dirty Game in the U.S. Congress,” The Daily Beast, April 13, 2017, https://www.thedailybeast.com/putins-dirty-game-in-the-us-congress.

37. 37. Hines, Nico, “GOP Lawmaker Got Direction from Moscow, Took It Back to DC,” The Daily Beast, July 19, 2017, https://www.thedailybeast.com/gop-lawmaker-got-direction-from-moscow-took-it-back-to-dc.

38. 38. Goodman, Alana, “Russian Lawyer Who Met Don Jr Pictured with the D.C. Elite,” Daily Mail Online, July 14, 2017, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4694566/Russian-lawyer-met-Don-Jr-pictured-D-C-elite.html.

39. 39. Eckel, Mike, “Russian ‘Gun-for-Hire’ Lurks in Shadows of Washington’s Lobbying World,” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, November 5, 2019, https://www.rferl.org/a/rinat-akmetshin-russia-gun-for-hire-washington-lobbying-magnitsky-browder/27863265.html.

40. 40. “Украина, Санкции, США: Большое Интервью Сергея Лаврова,” RT, May 31, 2016, https://russian.rt.com/article/305390-sergei-lavrov.

41. 41. “Чайка Назвал Фильм ‘Акт Магнитского, За Кулисами’ ‘Приговором Браудеру,’” РИА Новости, March 2, 2020, https://ria.ru/20160615/1447921648.html.

42. 42. “United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary,” April 4, 2017, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2017-04-04%20CEG%20to%20DHS%20%28Akhmetshin%20Information%29%20with%20attachment.pdf.

43. 43. “We Demand That the U.S. Congress Repeals the Magnitsky Act,” National Archives and Records Administration, April 23, 2016, https://petitions.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/petition/we-demand-us-congress-repeals-magnitsky-act/.

44. 44. Solomon, John, and Jonathan Easley, “Trump Jr. Pitch Was Part of Broad Russian Effort,” The Hill, July 15, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/341946-trump-jr-pitch-was-part-of-broad-russian-effort.

45. 45. Delk, Josh, “Rohrabacher Aide Fired over Russia Connections,” The Hill, July 20, 2017, https://thehill.com/homenews/house/342917-rohrabacher-aide-fired-over-russia-connections.

46. 46. Kramer, Andrew E. and Sharon LaFraniere, “Lawyer Who Was Said to Have Dirt on Clinton Had Closer Ties to Kremlin Than She Let On,” New York Times, April 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/us/natalyaveselnitskaya-trump-tower-russian-prosecutor-general.html

47. 47. “Trump Jr. Scandal: Russian Lawyer Veselnitskaya Ready ‘to Share Everything’ with Senate,” RT, July 18, 2017, https://www.rt.com/news/396728-russian-lawyer-scandal-america/.

48. 48. Gray, Rosie, “Bill Browder’s Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee,” The Atlantic, July 26, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/.

49. 49. “Testimony of NATALIA VESELNITSKAYA Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary,” November 20, 2017, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2017-11-20%20Veselnitskaya%20to%20CEG%20(June%209%20Meeting).pdf.

50. 50. Ibid.

51. 51. Ibid, 33.

52. 52. “Interview of: Glenn Simpson,” United States Congress, August 22, 2017, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4345537-Fusion-GPS-Simpson-Transcript.html.

53. 53. Baker, Stephanie, “Russia-Funded Adoption Group Is Said to Draw Mueller Scrutiny,” BloombergQuint, December 21, 2017, https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/russia-funded-adoption-group-is-said-to-draw-mueller-scrutiny.

54. 54. “Russia Asks Interpol To Arrest Kremlin Critic Bill Browder Again,” Reuters, April 9, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-browder/russia-asks-interpol-to-arrest-kremlin-critic-bill-browder-again-letter-idUKL8N21Q5ZK?edition-redirect=uk.

55. 55. “Interview of: Glenn Simpson,” United States Congress, August 22, 2017, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4345537-Fusion-GPS-Simpson-Transcript.html.

56. 56. “Interview of: Rinat Akhmetshin,” United States Congress, November 14, 2017, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Akhmetshin%20Transcript_redacted.pdf.

57. 57. Butler, Desmond, and Chad Day, “Russian-American Lobbyist Joined Trump’s Son’s Meeting, Too,” Associated Press, July 15, 2017, https://apnews.com/dceed1008d8f45afb314aca65797762a.

58. 58. Weiss, Michael, “US Congressman Talks Russian Money Laundering with Alleged Ex-Spy in Berlin,” CNN, May 4, 2017, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/04/politics/rohrabacher-prevezon/index.html.

59. 59. “Treasury Targets Individuals Involved in the Sergei Magnitsky Case and Other Gross Violations of Human Rights in Russia,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, December 20, 2017, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0240.

60. 60. “United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors across the Globe,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, June 4, 2018, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243.

61. 61. “Moscow Court Sentences US-Born Investor Browder to 9 Years for Massive Tax Fraud,” RT International, December 29, 2017, https://www.rt.com/russia/414540-moscow-court-sentences-us-investor/.

62. 62. Townsend, Mark, “Putin Accuses British Anti-Corruption Campaigner Browder of Three Murders,” The Guardian, November 19, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/19/bill-browder-putin-accuses-three-murders-campaigner-sergei-magnitsky.

63. 63. Breuninger, Kevin, “Russian Lawyer from Infamous Trump Tower Meeting Admits to Being an Informant for the Kremlin: Report,” CNBC, April 27, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/27/emails-show-new-ties-between-trump-tower-russian-and-kremlin-nbc.html.

64. 64. “Russian Lawyer Who Met with Donald Trump Jr. in Trump Tower Says Mueller Hasn’t Contacted Her, Accuses Him of ‘Not Working to Discover the Truth’,” Business Insider, April 22, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-russian-lawyer-questions-why-mueller-hasnt-contacted-her-2018-4?r=US&IR=T.

65. 65. Akhmetshin v. Browder, No. 19-7129 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 13, 2021). https://casetext.com/case/akhmetshin-v-browder-2.

66. 66. Ibid.

67. 67. United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 Election,” 116th Congress, 1st session, Report 116-XX, Vol. 5, p. ix, August 8, 2020, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/report_volume5.pdf.

68. 68. United States of America v. Viktor Borisovich Netyksho et. al., No. 1:18-cr-00215-ABJ (D.C. Cir. July 13, 2018), https://www.justice.gov/file/1080281/download.

69. 69. Neufeld, Jennie, “Read the Full Transcript of the Helsinki Press Conference,” Vox, July 16, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/7/16/17576956/transcript-putin-trump-russia-helsinki-press-conference.

70. 70. “Russia Ready to Send Request to US over Questionings in Browder Case,” Russian News Agency, July 17, 2018, https://tass.com/world/1013707.

71. 71. Mueller, Eleanor, “White House: Trump Will Consider Letting Russia Question Investor, Former Ambassador,” Politico, July 18, 2018, https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/18/trump-russia-browder-mcfaul-questioning-731616.

72. 72. Rodriguez, Jesus, “State Dept: Russia’s Allegations about American Citizens ‘Absolutely Absurd’,” TheHill, July 18, 2018, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/397763-state-dept-russias-allegations-about-american-citizens-absolutely.

73. 73. Staff, “Russian Prosecutors Seek Ex-U.S. Ambassador Mcfaul for Questioning in Browder Case,” The Moscow Times, July 18, 2018, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/07/18/russian-prosecutors-seek-ex-us-ambassador-mcfaul-for-questioning-in-browder-case-a62280.

74. 74. Kramer, David J., “I’m on Putin’s Hit List but I’m Not the Real Victim,” Politico, April 18, 2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-william-browder-the-real-victims-of-putins-enemies-list/.

75. 75. “Bill Browder: Vladimir Putin is Obsessed With Me,” Fox News, July 22, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTuLb7Rl2sY

76. 76. Loop, Emma, Anthony Cormier, Jason Leopold, John Templon, and Tanya Kozyreva, “A Lobbyist at the Trump Tower Meeting Received Half a Million Dollars in Suspicious Payments,” BuzzFeed News, April 17, 2019, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/emmaloop/trump-tower-meeting-russian-lobbyist-akhmetshin-suspicious-p.

77. 77. Barr, William P., Letter to House and Senate, March 24, 2019, https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:AG_March_24_2019_Letter_to_House_and_Senate_Judiciary_Committees.pdf?page=4.

78. 78. Palmeri, Tara, “Russian lobbyist at Trump Tower meeting ‘happy and relieved’ Mueller probe over,” ABC News, March 26, 2019, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/russian-lobbyist-trump-tower-meeting-happy-relieved-mueller/story?id=61943196https.

79. 79. Mueller, Robert S., “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, volumes I and II,” United States Department of Justice, March 2019, https://justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816.

80. 80. Becker, Jo, Mark Mazzetti, Matt Apuzzo, Maggie Haberman, “Mueller Zeros In on Story Put Together about Trump Tower Meeting,” New York Times, January 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/us/politics/trump-russia-hope-hicks-mueller.html.

81. 81. “Russian Senator Suggests Compiling ‘Browder’s List’ of Politicians Lying about Russia,” Russian News Agency, December 25, 2018, https://tass.com/politics/1037889.

82. 82. “Russian Attorney Natalya Veselnitskaya Charged With Obstruction Of Justice In Connection With Civil Money Laundering And Forfeiture Action,” United States Department of Justice, January 8, 2019, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/russian-attorney-natalya-veselnitskaya-charged-obstruction-justice-connection-civil.

83. 83. France-Presse, Agence, and Guillaume Lavallee, “Moscow Demands ‘Clear Explanation’ of US Charges against Russian Lawyer,” Rappler, January 11, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/world/europe/moscow-demands-explanation-of-charges-against-russian-lawyer.

84. 84. Neumann, Jeanette. “Last Stop for Some of Danske Bank’s Dirty Money: Spanish Real Estate,” Bloomberg, April 10, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-10/last-stop-for-some-of-danske-s-dirty-money-spanish-real-estate.

85. 85. Spriņģe, Inga, and Karina Shedrofsky, “Mega-Donor to pro-Russian Party Benefits from Magnitsky and Azerbaijani Laundromats,” re:baltica, March 20, 2019, https://en.rebaltica.lv/2019/03/mega-donor-to-pro-russian-party-benefits-from-magnitsky-and-azerbaijani-laundromats.

86. 86. “Russia Asks Interpol to Arrest Kremlin Critic Bill Browder Again -Letter,” Reuters, April 9, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-browder/russia-asks-interpol-to-arrest-kremlin-critic-bill-browder-again-letter-idUKL8N21Q5ZK?edition-redirect=uk.

87. 87. Mendick, Robert, “Interpol’s Integrity at Risk over Russia’s Attempts to Force the International Arrest of Bill Browder,” The Telegraph, April 13, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/13/interpols-integrity-risk-russias-attempts-force-international.

88. 88. Browder, Bill (@Billbrowder), “I’m feeling good today…,” Twitter post, May 15, 2019, 8:45 am, https://twitter.com/Billbrowder/status/1128642653434929153?s=20

89. 89. Russia In Australia (@RusEmbAu), “#BillBrowder stole…,” Twitter post, May 15, 2019, 4:23 am, https://mobile.twitter.com/rusembau/status/1128576523600928768.

90. 90. “Treasury Targets Additional Individuals Involved in the Sergei Magnitsky Case and Gross Violations of Human Rights in Russia,” US Department of The Treasury, May 16, 2019, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm691.

91. 91. Browder, Bill (@Billbrowder). “So far 42…,” Twitter post, May 16, 2019, 2:25 pm, https://twitter.com/Billbrowder/status/1129090531378835456

92. 92. Engel, Richard, and Aggelos Petropoulos, “Lawyer Probing Russian Corruption Says His Balcony Fall Was ‘No Accident’,” NBCNews.com, July 8, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/lawyer-probing-russian-corruption-says-his-balcony-fall-was-no-n780416.

7. Special Courses at Moscow State University

1. 1. Илларионов, Андрей, “В.Яковлев. Методы Боевой Спецпропаганды,” Web log. LiveJournal (blog), August 17, 2015, https://aillarionov.livejournal.com/846809.

2. 2. Zabrisky, Zarina, “Big Lies and Rotten Herrings: 17 Kremlin Disinformation Techniques You Need To Know Now,” Byline Times, March 4, 2020, https://bylinetimes.com/2020/03/04/big-lies-and-rotten-herrings-17-kremlin-disinformation-techniques-you-need-to-know-now/.

8. The Reporters

1. 1. The Independent Barents Observer, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en.

2. 2. Ibid.

3. 3. “Promoting Norwegian-Russian Relations in the North,” Barents Secretariat, May 23, 2016, https://barents.no/en/promoting-norwegian-russian-relations-north.

4. 4. “Statoil to Change Name to Equinor - Statoil to Change Name to Equinor,” Equinor, March 15, 2018, https://www.equinor.com/en/news/15mar2018-statoil.html.

5. 5. “Russia Running out of Oil? Profitable Reserves May Last Only Another 20 Years, Moscow Says, Citing Improved Tech as Only solution2021,” RT International, September 15, 2021, https://www.rt.com/russia/534890-oil-depozits-running-dry/.

6. 6. Farchy, Jack, “Igor Sechin: Russia’s Second Most Powerful Man,” Financial Times, April 28, 2014, https://www.ft.com/content/a8f24922-cef4-11e3-9165-00144feabdc0.

7. 7. “Sechin Igor,” Putin’s List, The Database of Free Russia Forum, November 19, 2021, https://www.spisok-putina.org/en/personas/sechin-2/.

8. 8. “Federal Security Service—Cheka 2.0,” Warsaw Institute, February 6, 2018, https://warsawinstitute.org/fsb-cheka-2-0-2/.

9. 9. Digges, Charles, “Son of FSB Director Patrushev to Be Advisor to Chairman of Oil Giant Rosneft,” Bellona, June 11, 2015, https://bellona.org/news/fossil-fuels/oil/2006-09-son-of-fsb-director-patrushev-to-be-advisor-to-chairman-of-oil-giant-rosneft.

10. 10. Galeotti, Mark, “Stolypin: Adding Spooks to Companies Creates Stagnation,” bne IntelliNews, April 20, 2017, https://www.intellinews.com/stolypin-adding-spooks-to-companies-creates-stagnation-119924/.

11. 11. Nilsen, Thomas, “Sanctions No Obstacle for Rosneft’s Deal with Norwegian Seadrill,” Barents Observer, August 24, 2014, https://barentsobserver.com/en/energy/2014/08/sanctions-no-obstacle-rosnefts-deal-norwegian-seadrill-24-08.

12. 12. Aro, Jessikka, Personal interview with Thomas Nilsen and Atle Staalesen, n.d.

13. 13. Pettersen, Trude, “Russia Sends Aircraft Carrier to Lebanon, Syria,” Barents Observer, November 28, 2011, https://barentsobserver.com/en/articles/russia-sends-aircraft-carrier-lebanon-syria.

14. 14. Nilsen, Thomas, “Barents Cooperation in Putin’s Dangerous New Era,” Barents Observer, April 11, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20151002175914/ http://barentsobserver.com/en/opinion/2014/04/barents-cooperation-putins-dangerous-new-era-11-04.

15. 15. Pedersen, Ole-Tommy, “– Neinei, Hva Mener Du? Ukrainerne Dro Frivillig,” iFinnmark, April 29, 2014, https://www.ifinnmark.no/nyheter/neinei-hva-mener-du-ukrainerne-dro-frivillig/s/1-30002-7322052.

16. 16. Mathiesen, Karl, “Russian Intelligence Accused of Silencing Norwegian Newspaper Editor,” The Guardian, October 6, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/06/russian-intelligence-accused-of-silencing-norwegian-newspaper-editor.

17. 17. DeGeorge, Krestia, “Norwegian Arctic Journalist Barred from Russia Is Suing to Overturn the Decision,” ArcticToday, June 16, 2017, https://www.arctictoday.com/norwegian-arctic-journalist-barred-from-russia-is-suing-to-overturn-the-decision/.

18. 18. Staalesen, Atle, “Barents Observer Editor Thomas Nilsen Is Declared Unwanted in Russia by FSB,” Barents Observer, March 9, 2017, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/civil-society-and-media/2017/03/barents-observer-editor-thomas-nilsen-declared-unwanted-russia.

19. 19. Leisti, Tapani, “Venäjän Konsuli Puuttui Norjan Uutissivusto Barentsobserverin Sananvapauteen,” Yle Uutiset, April 30, 2014, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7213624.

20. 20. France-Presse, Agence, “Rosneft Begins Oil Prospecting off Norway despite Sanctions,” IndustryWeek, August 18, 2014, https://www.industryweek.com/technology-and-iiot/energy/article/21963472/rosneft-begins-oil-prospecting-off-norway-despite-sanctions.

21. 21. “Rosneft and Statoil Start Exploration Operations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf in the Barents Sea,” Rosneft, August 18, 2014, https://www.rosneft.com/press/news/item/153659/.

22. 22. Pettersen, Trude, “Russia Builds New Airfield on Franz Josef Land,” Barents Observer, February 16, 2015, https://barentsobserver.com/en/security/2015/02/russia-builds-new-airfield-franz-josef-land-16-02.

23. 23. “Rogozin Tells Japanese to Commit Ritualistic Suicide amid Kuril Island Spat,” The Moscow Times, August 24, 2015, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/08/24/rogozin-tells-japanese-to-commit-ritualistic-suicide-amid-kuril-island-spat-a49121.

24. 24. France-Presse, Agence, “Russian Official: ‘Tanks Don’t Need Visas’,” Defense News, August 8, 2017, https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2015/05/25/russian-official-tanks-don-t-need-visas/.

25. 25. Nilsen, Thomas, “Russia’s Sanctioned Rogozin Landed on Svalbard,” Barents Observer, April 18, 2015, https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/2015/04/russias-sanctioned-rogozin-landed-svalbard-18-04.

26. 26. Ibid.

27. 27. Nilsen, Thomas, “Norway Summons Russian Ambassador,” Barents Observer, April 20, 2015, https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/2015/04/norway-summons-russian-ambassador-20-04.

28. 28. Ibid.

29. 29. Pettersen, Trude, “Stronger Control of Visitors to Svalbard,” Barents Observer, August 3, 2015, https://barentsobserver.com/en/borders/2015/08/stronger-control-visitors-svalbard-03-08.

30. 30. Association of Norwegian Editors, https://www.nored.no/Association-of-Norwegian-Editors.

31. 31. Nilsen, Thomas, Atle Staalesen, Trude Pettersen, and Jonas Karlsbakk, “Owners Clamp down on BarentsObserver,” Barents Observer, May 21, 2015, https://barentsobserver.com/en/politics/2015/05/owners-clamp-down-barentsobserver-21-05.

32. 32. Staalesen, Atle, “Owners of Norwegian Arctic Newspaper Fire Editor,” Anchorage Daily News, September 28, 2016, https://www.adn.com/arctic/article/owners-fire-barentsobserver-editor/2015/09/30.

33. 33. Strand, Tormod, “Kilde Til NRK: – Russisk Etterretning Ba Norge Om Å Bringe Barentsobserver Til Taushet,” NRK, December 16, 2015, https://www.nrk.no/norge/kilde-til-nrk_-_-russisk-etterretning-ba-norge-om-a-bringebarentsobserver-til-taushet-1.12583998.

34. 34. Ibid.

35. 35. “Agenttien Värvääminen Suomessa,” Suojelupoliisin vuosikirja, n.d. https://vuosikirja.supo.fi/agenttien-varvaaminen-suomessa.

36. 36. Aro, Jessikka, Interview with Thomas Nilsen and Atle Staalesen. n.d.

37. 37. Staalesen, Atle, “Researcher Calls to Stand up for Independent Barents Observer,” Barents Observer, October 27, 2015, https://thebarentsobserver.com/ru/2015/10/researcher-calls-stand-independent-barents-observer.

38. 38. Pettersen, Trude, “Russian Military Instructors Plan to Land on Svalbard,” Barents Observer, April 7, 2016, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2016/04/russian-military-instructors-plan-land-svalbard.

39. 39. Balmforth, Tom, “Russian Media Behemoth Set to Launch Wave of Foreign Bureaus,” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, October 29, 2014, https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-rossiya-segodnya-expansion-belgrade-dushanbe/26664310.html.

40. 40. Nilsen, Thomas, “Russia’s Oslo Embassy: Norway’s Selective Approach for Cooperation Is Not Tenable,” Barents Observer, February 17, 2017, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/life-and-public/2017/02/russias-oslo-embassy-norways-selective-approach-cooperation-not-tenable.

41. 41. Den Russiske Ambassade Oslo, “Kommentar fra Russlands Ambassade i Norge i forbindelse med innreiseforbud for sjefredaktøren i Independent Barents Observer Thomas Nielsen,” March 10, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20170320010059/https://norway.mid.ru/press_17_014.html/.

42. 42. Staalesen, Atle, “Supreme Court Sides with FSB, Says Barents Observer Editor Poses Threat to Russia’s National Security,” Barents Observer, May 25, 2018, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/2018/05/supreme-court-sides-fsb-says-barents-observer-editor-poses-threat-russias-national-security.

43. 43. Nilsen v. Russia, No. 58505/18, European Court of Human Rights, March 1 2021, https://polit-x.de/en/documents/5165450.

44. 44. Hofman, Marianne, “From Suicide Attempts to Happiness and Sámi Pride,” Barents Observer, January 10, 2019, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/life-and-public/2019/01/suicide-attempts-happiness-and-pride.

45. 45. Hofman, Marianne, “От Попыток Самоубийства к Счастью и Гордости.” Barents Observer, January 14, 2019, https://thebarentsobserver.com/ru/obshchestvennost/2019/01/ot-popytok-samoubiystva-k-schastyu-i-gordosti.

46. 46. Staalesen, Atle, “Russia’s Media Controllers Aim for Blocking the Barents Observer,” Barents Observer, January 30, 2019, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/civil-society-and-media/2019/01/russias-media-controllers-aim-blocking-barents-observer.

47. 47. Staalesen, Atle, “The Barents Observer Is Now Blocked in Russia,” Barents Observer, February 19, 2019, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/civil-society-and-media/2019/02/barents-observer-now-blocked-russia.

48. 48. Ibid.

49. 49. Staalesen, Atle, “Repressive Authority Steps up Blocking of Independent News Media,” Barents Observer, February 1, 2019, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/2019/02/repressive-authority-steps-blocking-independent-news-media.

50. 50. Staalesen, Atle, “Appeal Case ‘Barents Observer vs Roskomnadzor’ Comes up in Moscow Court,” Barents Observer, August 18, 2020, https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/civil-society-and-media/2020/08/appeal-case-barents-observer-vs-roskomnadzor-comes-moscow-court.

9. 55 Savushkina Street

1. 1. Alexandra Garmazhapova, Где живут тролли. Как работают интернет-провокаторы в Санкт-Петербурге и кто ими заправляет, Novaya Gazeta, September 9, 2013.

2. 2. Aro, Jessikka, and Mika Mäkeläinen, “Yle Kioski Traces the Origins of Russian Social Media Propaganda—Never-before-Seen Material from the Troll Factory,” Yle Kioski, February 20, 2015, https://kioski.yle.fi/omat/at-the-origins-of-russian-propaganda.

3. 3. Lucas, Ryan, “How Russia Used Facebook to Organize 2 Sets of Protesters,” NPR, November 1, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/11/01/561427876/how-russia-used-facebook-to-organize-two-sets-of-protesters.

4. 4. Bertrand, Natasha, “Russia Organized 2 Sides of a Texas Protest and Encouraged ‘Both Sides to Battle in the Streets’,” Business Insider, November 1, 2017, https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-trolls-senate-intelligence-committee-hearing-2017-11.

10. The Scholar

1. 1. Martin Kragh and Åsberg, Sebastian, “Russia’s Strategy for Influence through Public Diplomacy and Active Measures: The Swedish Case,” Journal of Strategic Studies 40, no. 6, January 5, 2017.

2. 2. Andrew Brown, “Wikileaks and Israel Shamir,” The Guardian, December 17, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2010/dec/17/wikileaks-israel-shamir-russia-scandinavia.

3. 3. Aagård, Martin, “Häxjakten Måste Få Ett Slut,” Aftonbladet, January 9, 2017, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/Kgva7/haxjakten-maste-fa-ett-slut.

4. 4. Linderborg, Åsa, “Försvara Det Fria Ordet,” Aftonbladet, January 9, 2017, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/ErWvo/forsvara-det-fria-ordet).

5. 5. Andersson, Tom, “Analysen Liknar Viskningsleken,” Aftonbladet, January 18, 2017, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/kgBL6/analysen-liknar-viskningsleken.

6. 6. Kälvemark, Torsten, “En Välkommen Tillnyktring I Rysslandsdebatten,” Aftonbladet, June 30, 2017, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/4PmKE/en-valkommen-tillnyktring-i-rysslandsdebatten.

7. 7. “HBL: Ex-Suurlähettiläs Pitää Ahvenanmaan Rauhanleiriä Venäjän Vaikuttamisoperaationa,” MTV Uutiset, June 26, 2017, https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/hbl-ex-suurlahettilas-pitaa-ahvenanmaan-rauhanleiria-venajan-vaikuttamisoperaationa/6485014#gs.h0yxod.

8. 8. Linderborg, Åsa, “Forskarna Duckar Kritiken,” Aftonbladet, February 22, 2017, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/8aqQx/forskarna-duckar-kritiken.

9. 9. Törner, Amanda, “Åsa Linderborg: ‘De Här Ryktena Måste Vi Döda,’” Dagens Media, January 16, 2017, https://www.dagensmedia.se/medier/dagspress/asa-linderborg-de-har-ryktena-maste-vi-doda-6818363.

10. 10. “Anti-Euromaiden Sweden,” Facebook Group, n.d., https://www.facebook.com/groups/757952094312159.

11. 11. “White Helmets Video: Swedish Doctors for Human Rights Denounce Medical Malpractice and ‘Misuse’ of Children for Propaganda Aims,” March 2017, https://theindicter.com/white-helmets-video-swedish-doctors-for-human-rights-denounce-medical-malpractice-and-misuse-of-children-for-propaganda-aims.

12. 12. Katia Patin, “Russia Used A Two-Year Old Video and an ‘Alternative” Swedish Group to Discredit Reports of a Syria Gas Attack,” May 2, 2017, https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/armed-conflict/a-swedish-alternative-ngo-disputes-a-video-of-syrian-carnage-and-a-russian-fake-news-meme-is-born.

13. 13. Wechselmann, Maj, “Maj Wechselmann: Här Borde Också Huvuden Falla!” Göteborgs-Posten, February 6, 2017, https://www.gp.se/kultur/kultur/maj-wechselmann-h%C3%A4r-borde-ocks%C3%A5-huvuden-falla-1.4144487.

14. 14. Asplid, Åsa, “Egor Putilov Har Skaffat Ny Identitet,” Expressen, February 18, 2018, https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/egor-putilov-har-skaffat-ny-identitet/.

15. 15. Wiman, Erik, Frida Svensson, Frida Sundkvist, and Maria Georgieva, “Här Tränar Svenska Nazister Krig I Ryssland: SVD,” Svenska Dagbladet, September 29, 2017, https://www.svd.se/har-tranar-svenska-nazister-krig-i-ryssland.

16. 16. Ståhle, Mathias, “Så Styrs Den Svenska Trollfabriken Som Sprider Hat På Nätet Mot Betalning,” SN, February 17, 2017, https://sn.se/tjanster/sa-styrs-den-svenska-trollfabriken-som-sprider-hat-pa-natet-mot-betalning.

17. 17. “Sweden Caught Peddling Fake News about ‘Russian Influence’,” Sputnik International, April 10, 2017, https://sputniknews.com/20170410/sweden-russia-fake-news-1052490607.

18. 18. Shamir, Israel, “Вашими Устами Да Мёд Пить,” RT, February 7, 2017, https://russian.rt.com/opinion/356770-shamir-shveciy-usa-rt.

19. 19. Brown, Andrew, “Wikileaks and Israel Shamir,” The Guardian, December 17, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2010/dec/17/wikileaks-israel-shamir-russia-scandinavia.

20. 20. Kishkovsky, Sophia, “Russian Publisher Rewrites Books on Putin without Western Authors’ Consent,” New York Times, August 14, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/15/world/europe/russian-publisher-rewrites-books-on-putin-without-western-authors-consent.

21. 21. АСЛАМОВА, Дарья, “Оппозиционер Сахнин: В Швеции Меня Привечали, Пока Выступал Против Путина, А Когда Написал Правду Об Украине, Объявили ‘Агентом ГРУ,’” kp.ru, June 22, 2017, https://www.kp.ru/daily/26667.5/3688877.

22. 22. Edwards, Jim, “What it’s like when the Russians hack your company and turn you into a fake news conspiracy story on state TV,” Insider, December 23, 2019, https://www.insider.com/russia-hack-on-institute-for-statecraft-tactics-in-west-2019-12.

23. 23. “UK Psyops Bigwig Pushed Plan to ‘Mine Sevastopol Bay’ during 2014 Crimea Crisis – Leaked Documents,” RT International, December 17, 2018, https://www.rt.com/news/446728-uk-psyops-mine-crimea/.

24. 24. Сахнин, Алексей, “Novayagazeta.ru,” Новая газета, February 5, 2019, https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/02/05/79440-vas-zastavyat-pomenyat-svoe-mnenie.

25. 25. Linderborg, Åsa, “Martin Kragh Är Ett Demokratiskt Problem,” Aftonbladet, February 21, 2019, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/0E1nm6/martin-kragh-ar-ett-demokratiskt-problem.

26. 26. Linderborg, Åsa, “Karin Olssons Utbrott Döljer Sakfrågan,” Aftonbladet, February 12, 2019, https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/a/XwX77x/karin-olssons-utbrott-doljer-sakfragan.

27. 27. Samuelsson, Lena K., “Anmälan Om Brott (Brådskande P.g.a. Förestående Preskription),” https://static1.squarespace.com/static/550b4d42e4b09d0652882d74/t/5cdc08c6a4222f0418d2b10c/1557924040210/Anm%C3%A4lan+om+brott_version+f%C3%B6r+hemsidan.pdf.

28. 28. “Aftonbladet Klandras För En Artikel Om Forskare,” Aftonbladet, December 2, 2019, https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/zGwXn9/aftonbladet-klandras-for-en-artikel-om-forskare.

11. The Trolls’

1. 1. “Jessikka Aro’s Prize-Winning Stories on Russian Propaganda,” Yle Kioski, June 17, 2016, https://kioski.yle.fi/omat/jessikka-aros-prize-winning-stories-on-russian-propaganda.

2. 2. “Jessikka Aro (Yle), Tutkivan Journalismin Pelle!!” MV-Lehti, May 19, 2015. https://mvlehti.net/2015/05/19/jessikka-aro-yle-tutkivan-journalismin-pelle/.

3. 3. “Jessikka Aron Trollijahti” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igOa1EXKzTI.

12. The Think-Tanker

1. 1. “Politico 28 Class of 2017 Ranking,” Politico, https://www.politico.eu/list/politico-28-class-of-2017-ranking/.

2. 2. Talović, Violeta, “Čepurin: Nećemo da budemo veći Srbi od vas,” Novosti, October 17, 2013, https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/politika/aktuelno.289.html:459411-Cepurin-Necemo-da-budemo-veci-Srbi-od-vas.

3. 3. “Even Less than the ‘30 Pieces of Silver’ Is More, Mister Chepurin, It.” CEAS, n.d. https://www.ceas-serbia.org/en/announcements/1691-less-is-also-more-than-the-30-pieces-of-silver-mister-chepurin-it-is-a-pity-that-you-donot-understand.

4. 4. Rudic, Fillip, “Serbian Far Right Leader Acquitted for Publishing ‘Traitor’ List,” BalkanInsight, November 7, 2017, https://balkaninsight.com/2017/11/07/serbian-right-extremist-acquitted-for-publishing-traitors-list-11-07-2017/.

5. 5. “Eyes Wide Shut - Strengthening of the Russian Soft Power in Serbia—Goals, Instruments and Effects,” CEAS, July 6, 2016, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/en/ceas-publications/study-eyes-wide-shut.

6. 6. “Conference Serbia and Russia: Russian Influence on Stabilization, Democratization and European Integration of Serbia,” CEAS, February 22, 2016, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/en/news/ceas-news/4628-conference-serbia-and-russia-russian-influence-on-stabilization-democratization-and-european-integration-of-serbia.

7. 7. Sudar, Vladimir, “Nato Demokrate U Staljinovom Šinjelu (Video),” Sputnik Srbija, August 30, 2021, https://rs-lat.sputniknews.com/20160222/nato-ceas-srbija-staljin-1103452465.html.

8. 8. “Suspect in Alleged Montenegrin Coup Plot Pictured with Lavrov in Belgrade,” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, December 15, 2016, https://www.rferl.org/a/montenegro-coup-plot-suspect-instagram-lavrov-ristic/28176472.html.

9. 9. “Vencislav the Virgin - Ceas-Serbia.org,” CEAS, March 2018, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/images/2018/201803_CEAS_Report.pdf.

10. 10. Dragojlo, Sasa, “With Ruling Party Ties, Serbian Right-Wing ‘Security’ Groups Flourish,” BalkanInsight, December 9, 2021, https://balkaninsight.com/2021/12/09/with-ruling-party-ties-serbian-right-wing-security-groups-flourish.

11. 11. Grozev, Christo, “The Kremlin’s Balkan Gambit: Part I,” Bellingcat, November 1, 2019, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2017/03/04/kremlins-balkan-gambit-part/.

12. 12. “Eyes Wide Shut: Russian Soft Power Gaining Strength in Serbia—Goals, Instruments and Effects,” CEAS, May 2016, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/images/2016/05/CEAS_-_Eyes_Wide_Shut_-_Russian_soft_power_gaining_strength_in_Serbia_-_Executive_summary.pdf.

13. 13. “Who We Are,” Open Society Foundations, n.d., https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/who-we-are.

14. 14. “Vilify and Amplify From Serbian and Russian Trolls Factories to pro Serbian and Russian Governments Mainstream Media,” CEAS, December 2017, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/images/2016/vilify-and-amplify/CEAS_Vilify_and_Amplify.pdf.

15. 15. Ibid.

16. 16. “CEAS press announcement: The case of the Center for Euro-Atlantic Studies and its Director Jelena Milić confirms that Serbia is not a state with the rule of law,” December 28, 2017, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/en/news/announcements/6784-ceas-press-announcement-the-case-of-the-center-foreuro-atlantic-studies-and-its-director-jelena-milic-confirms-that-serbia-is-nota-state-with-the-rule-of-law.

17. 17. “UN Judges Overturn Acquittal of Serbian Ultra-Nationalist for Role in Wars,” Reuters, April 11, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-warcrimesserbia/u-n-judges-overturn-acquittal-of-serbian-ultra-nationalist-for-role-in-wars-idUSKBN1HI1X3.

18. 18. “CEAS press announcement: The case of the Center for Euro-Atlantic Studies and its Director Jelena Milić confirms that Serbia is not a state with the rule of law,” December 28, 2017, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/en/news/announcements/6784-ceas-press-announcement-the-case-of-the-center-foreuro-atlantic-studies-and-its-director-jelena-milic-confirms-that-serbia-is-nota-state-with-the-rule-of-law.

19. 19. “Announcement: A Warning on the Activities Executed by Vencislav Bujić,” CEAS, February 27, 2018, https://www.ceas-serbia.org/en/news/announcements/6909-announcement-a-warning-on-the-activities-executed-by-vencislav-bujic-against-ceas.

20. 20. Ibid.

21. 21. Ibid.

22. 22. “Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security,” govinfo.gov, January 10, 2018, https://www.govinfo.gov/metadata/granule/CPRT-115SPRT28110/CPRT-115SPRT28110/mods.xml.

23. 23. “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Serbia,” U.S. Department of State, 2016, https://www.state.gov/reports/2016-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/serbia/.

13. What the F … k??!!

1. 1. “Näistä Epäilyistä ‘Rikoksista’ Ilja Janitskin on Ollut Vangittuna Yli 8KK - 12 Kohtaa ‘Perusteluineen,’” MV-Lehti, April 24, 2018, https://mvlehti.net/2018/04/23/naista-epailyista-rikoksista-ilja-janitskin-on-ollut-vangittunayli-8kk-12-kohtaa-perusteluineen/.

2. 2. “Fire that broke out in a future reception centre in Rauma was lit on purpose, police confirm,” Helsinki Times, December 8, 2015, https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/13650-fire-that-broke-out-in-a-future-reception-centre-in-rauma-was-lit-on-purpose-police-confirm.html.

3. 3. “Yle-Toimittaja Jessikka Aro on Tuomittu Huumerikollinen!” MV-Lehti, February 22, 2016, https://mvlehti.net/2016/02/22/yle-toimittaja-jessikka-aro-on-tuomittu-huumerikollinen/.

4. 4. “NATO’s Information Expert Jessikka Aro Turned out to Be a Convicted Drug Dealer,” MV-Lehti, December 9, 2018, https://mvlehti.net/2016/02/24/natos-information-expert-jessikka-aro-turned-out-to-be-a-convicted-drug-dealer/.

5. 5. “Päätoimittajien Kannanotto: Luotettavan Median Puolesta,” Yle Uutiset, February 29, 2016, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-8709207.

6. 6. “Aro and Kankkonen win Bonnier journalism prizes,” Yle, March 3, 2016, https://yle.fi/news/3-8748609.

7. 7. “Jessikka Aro,” Wikipedia, https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessikka_Aro.

8. 8. Gustafsson, Mikko, “Poliisi on Aloittanut Esitutkinnan Johan Bäckmanista Ja MV-Lehden Ilja Janitskinista,” Iltalehti, March 2, 2016, https://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/a/2016030221205667.

9. 9. “MV-Lehdessä Puhutaan Poliisin Ja Syyttäjän Murhasta – Poliisi Hermostui: Tämä Ylittää Kaikki Rajat,” Yle Uutiset, November 2, 2016, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9267637.

10. 10. “Anti-Immigrant Agitator Janitskin Extradited to Finland, in Police Custody in Helsinki,” Yle Uutiset, April 14, 2018, https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/anti-immigrant_agitator_janitskin_extradited_to_finland_in_police_custody_in_helsinki/10160365.

11. 11. https://mvlehti.net/?s=Juha+Molari+jessikka+aro.

12. 12. Paananen, Arja, “Ex-Kirkkoherra Juha Molari Tuomittiin Ehdolliseen Vankeuteen Ja Liki 100 000 Euron Korvauksiin – Vainosi Jessikka Aroa,” Ilta-Sanomat, October 16, 2020, https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000006671979.html. 13 Gertsch, Mia. “Ylen Työntekijä Epäiltynä Avunannosta Ylen Toimittajan Vainoamiseen.” Yle Uutiset, October 11, 2016. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-9223341.

14. The Investigator

1. 1. Butler, Declan, and Katia Moskvitch, “HIV Community Reels from Losses in MH17 Plane Tragedy,” Nature News, July 18, 2014, https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.15584.

2. 2. Bosker, Bianca, “Inside the One-Man Intelligence Unit That Exposed the Secrets and Atrocities of Syria’s War,” HuffPost, December 7, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eliot-higgins-syria_n_4269417.

3. 3. Bellingcat, “Home Page,” https://www.bellingcat.com/.

4. 4. Paul, Christopher and Miriam Matthews, The Russian “Firehose of Falsehood” Propaganda Model: Why It Might Work and Options to Counter It,” Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2016. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE198.html.

5. 5. Ofcom, “Home Page,” https://www.ofcom.org.uk/home.

6. 6. “The Ofcom Broadcasting Code (with the Cross-Promotion Code and the On Demand Programme Service Rules),” Ofcom, July 27, 2021, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code.

7. 7. “Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin,” Ofcom, February 3, 2014, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/46652/obb247.pdf.

8. 8. “MH17: Conspiracy Theories Swirl over Putin Assassination, War Ploys and Mass Murder,” thespec.com, July 22, 2014, https://www.thespec.com/news/world/2014/07/22/mh17-conspiracy-theories-swirl-over-putin-assassination-war-ploys-and-mass-murder.html.

9. 9. “MH17 - Forensic Analysis of Satellite Images Released by the Russian Ministry of Defence,” bellingcat, May 31, 2015, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/05/31/mh17-forensic-analysis-of-satellite-images-released-by-the-russian-ministry-of-defence/.

10. 10. “За мгновения до крушения ‘Боинга’ под Донецком – уникальный кадр в аналитической программе ‘Однако’ – Первый канал”, 1tv.ru (in Russian), 14 November 2014.

11. 11. “The Criminal Investigation by the Joint Investigation Team ( JIT),” Public Prosecution Service, Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid, March 10, 2020, https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash/criminal-investigation-jit-mh17.

12. 12. Toler, Aric, “The Weird World of mh17 Conspiracy Theories,” bellingcat, July 11, 2017, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/08/07/mh17-conspiracies/.

13. 13. Fleming, Patrick, “Top Russian Officials: Putin’s Superweapons Are like Nothing the West Has Ever Seen (Russian TV),” Russia Insider, July 25, 2018, https://russia-insider.com/en/military/top-russian-officials-putins-superweapons-are-nothing-west-has-ever-seen-russian-tv/ri24307.

14. 14. Ibid.

15. 15. Cunningham, Finnian, “Is There a British Assassination Campaign Targeting Russian Exiles?” Russia Insider, July 24, 2018, https://russia-insider.com/en/there-british-assassination-campaign-targeting-russian-exiles/ri24297.

16. 16. Mercouris, Alexander, “Russia’s Chief Intelligence Analyst Comes Out of the Shadows,” Russia Insider, May 28, 2015, https://russia-insider.com/en/politics/russias-chief-intelligence-analyst-comes-out-shadows/ri7475.

17. 17. Ibid.

18. 18. “The Wall Street Journal Thinks Russian Hackers Are Super Smart, and Super Stupid,” Russia Insider, November 6, 2014, https://russia-insider.com/en/media_watch/2014/11/07/01-12-06pm/wall_street_journal_thinks_russian_hackers_are_super_smart_and.

19. 19. “GPS Enthusiast Eliot Higgins Gets Creamed by Actual Journalist,” Russia Insider, May 19, 2015, https://russia-insider.com/en/politics/transparent-fraud-eliot-higgins-defends-fake-mh17-evidence/ri7085.

20. 20. “Guardian Corrects Anti-Russian Story Based on ‘Research’ of Own Reporter,” Sputnik International, February 19, 2015, https://sputniknews.com/20150219/1018504330.html

21. 21 “Report on Shelling Ukraine by Russia Based on Discredited Source - Experts,” Sputnik International, February 20, 2015, https://sputniknews.com/20150219/1018513293.html.

22. 22. “British Blogger Takes Pride in Refusing to Defend His Claims on MH17 Crash,” Sputnik International, June 4, 2015, https://sputniknews.com/20150604/1022932357.html.

23. 23. Czuperski, Maksymilian, John Herbst, Eliot Higgins, Alina Polyakova, and Damon Wilson, “Hiding in Plain Sight: Putin’s War in Ukraine,” Atlantic Council, February 4, 2021, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/hiding-in-plain-sight/.

24. 24. “Crowdsourced Geolocation and Analysis of Russian Mod Airstrike Videos from Syria,” bellingcat, October 5, 2015, https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2015/10/05/crowdsourced-geolocation-and-analysis-of-russian-mod-airstrike-videos-from-syria/.

25. 25. RT UK, “MSM-Source Leicester Citizen Journo Torn to Shreds over MH17,” YouTube video, 3:00, October 8, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqDvTgbgmjg&list=PLPC0Udeof3T48YMaClFdtWl6l_D6WDwRW&index=5&ab_channel=RTUK.

26. 26. “Bellingcat Accuses Russia of Faking Videos Showing Jets Dropping Bombs on Isis,” RT International, October 8, 2015, https://www.rt.com/news/317971-bellingcat-russia-syria-videos-geolocation/.

27. 27. “Hide, It’s RT! Amateur Journo behind Bellingcat so Informed on Russian Targets, He Ducks Interview,” RT International, October 9, 2015, https://www.rt.com/news/318067-bellingcat-higgins-evades-rt/.

28. 28. ThreatConnect, “Home Page,” https://threatconnect.com/.

29. 29. “Belling the BEAR,” ThreatConnect, November 2, 2021, https://www.threatconnect.com/blog/russia-hacks-bellingcat-mh17-investigation/#post_content.

30. 30. “U.S. Charges Russian GRU Officers with International Hacking and Related Influence and Disinformation Operations,” U.S. Department of Justice, October 4, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-charges-russian-gru-officers-international-hacking-and-related-influence-and.

31. 31. “КиберБеркут Выявил Связь СБУ и Геращенко с Российскими ‘Правозащитниками.’” vesti.ru, October 29, 2015, https://www.vesti.ru/article/1727739.

32. 32. Schultz, Robert. “British Citizen Exposed as a Tool of Russia’s FSB,” Ukraine: War Log (blog), July 14, 2015, https://ukrainewarlog.blogspot.com/2015/07/british-citizen-exposed-as-tool-of.html.

33. 33. “‘Because I Work for RT’: Graham Phillips Deported from Ukraine,” RT International, July 25, 2014, https://www.rt.com/news/175676-ukraine-deport-rt-contributor/.

34. 34. “Open Letter from Ambassador of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Natalia Galibarenko,” Головна, September 22, 2016, https://uk.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/news/51028-vidkritij-list-posla-ukrajini-u-velikij-britaniji-movoju-originalu.

35. 35. “Ukraine Calls on UK Police to Probe Graham Phillips for ‘Terrorist Activity’ in Donbas,” UNIAN Information Agency, August 8, 2018, https://www.unian.info/politics/10217576-ukraine-calls-on-uk-police-to-probe-graham-phillips-for-terrorist-activity-in-donbas.html.

36. 36. “Graham Phillips Youtube Channel,” YouTube channel, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbwfUqs5Y6_jblWJwMIfRzA.

37. 37. “Sergey Skripal’s Home—I visit,” June 21, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dho2uZkf-_c

38. 38. Bright, Sam, “The Communist Soldier Using Charity Sites to Fund His War,” BBC News, July 24, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-40647061.

39. 39. “Брифинг Официального Представителя МИД России М.В.Захаровой, Москва, 6 Апреля 2016 Года.” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, April 6, 2016, https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2211888#21).

40. 40. “Response from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Bellingcat Regarding Fakery Allegations,” bellingcat, April 15, 2016, https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2016/04/14/response-from-the-russian-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-to-bellingcat-regarding-fakery-allegations/.

41. 41. Ibid.

42. 42. “MFA Response,” bellingcat, April 2016, https://www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MFA_response_1_en.pdf.

43. 43. “MH17 - The Open Source Investigation, Two Years Later,” bellingcat, July 15, 2016, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2016/07/15/mh17-the-open-source-investigation-two-years-later/.

44. 44. “The Falsification of Open Sources about MH17,” segodnia.ru, n.d., http://www.segodnia.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/The%20Falsification%20of%20Open%20Sources%20About%20MH17.pdf.

45. 45. “The Falsification of Open Sources about MH17: Two Years Later,” vdocument.in, n.d. https://vdocument.in/reader/full/the-falsification-of-open-sources-about-mh17-two-years-later.

46. 46. “Anti-Bellingcat,” https://www.segodnia.ru/sites/default/files/pdf/Бук%203_2%20тайна%20потерянной%20цифры.pdf

47. 47. “JIT Presentation of First Results of the MH17 Criminal Investigation,” Public Prosecution Service, Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid, January 15, 2020, https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash/criminal-investigation-jit-mh17/jit-presentation-first-results-mh17-criminal-investigation-28-9-2016.

48. 48. RT, “Debunking ‘Arm Chair Blogger’ Bellingcat,” YouTube video, 1:55, September 28, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3lwPS_1E2w.

49. 49. Aro, Jessikka, “The Cyberspace War: Propaganda and Trolling as Warfare Tools,” European View 15, no. 1 (2016): 121–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-016-0395-5.

50. 50. “Revealed! SouthFront Is Run by ‘the Russian Military’,” SouthFront, December 9, 2020, https://southfront.org/southfront-is-run-by-the-russian-military/.

51. 51. “Whither Bellingcat in the Age of Trump?” SouthFront, February 20, 2017, https://southfront.org/whither-bellingcat-in-the-age-of-trump/.

52. 52. “Примеры Публикаций, Тиражирующих Недостоверную Информацию о России,” Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, n.d. https://www.mid.ru/nedostovernie-publikacii.

53. 53. EU vs Disinformation, July 28, 2021, https://euvsdisinfo.eu/.

54. 54. “Ofcom Fines RT £200,000,” Ofcom, July 26, 2019, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/media/media-releases/2019/ofcom-fines-rt.

55. 55. “Russian Claim against Ofcom Dismissed,” BBC News, March 27, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52066359.

56. 56. “RT Loses Appeal over Ofcom’s £200,000 Impartiality Fine,” Press Gazette, November 1, 2021, https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/rt-ofcom-fine-court-of-appeal/.

57. 57. “Update Investigation Jit Mh17 - Press Meeting (24-5-2018),” Public Prosecution Service, Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid, March 5, 2020, https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash/criminal-investigation-jit-mh17/speakers-text-jit-mh17-press-meeting-24-5-2018.

58. 58. Bloomberg Politics, “Putin, Macron, Abe, Wang, Lagarde Speak at SPIEF,” YouTube video, 2:43:14, May 26, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQh4YztucQU.

59. 59. Ibid.

60. 60. Bellingcat (@bellingcat), “Having asked @Dpol_un for…,” Twitter post, June 12, 2018, 11:37 am, https://twitter.com/bellingcat/status/1006561126535041024

61. 61. Ibid.

62. 62. “Report of the Secretary-General on progress in the implementation of the 31 December 2016 political agreement,” United Nations Security Council, February 15, 2018, https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/S/2018/128.

63. 63. Nakashima, Ellen, “Russian hackers harassed journalists who were investigating Malaysia Airlines plane crash,” Washington Post, September 28, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russian-hackers-harass-researchers-who-documented-russian-involvement-in-shootdown-of-malaysian-jetliner-over-ukraine-in-2014/2016/09/28/d086c8bc-84f7-11e6-ac72-a29979381495_story.html.

64. 64. Polyanskiy, Dmitry, “Letter to the Editor of the Washington Post with Regard to the Article Entitled ‘A Dispatch from the Fight against Russian Disinformation and a Place Where Truth Is Winning,’” Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, August 3, 2018, https://russiaun.ru/en/news/letterwp.

65. 65. “Baltic Parliamentary Committee Chairmen Nominate Bellingcat for Pulitzer,” ERR, February 1, 2019, https://news.err.ee/906652/baltic-parliamentary-committee-chairmen-nominate-bellingcat-for-pulitzer.

66. 66. “Decision on Prosecution MH17,” Parliamentary document, Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, June 19, 2019, https://www.government.nl/documents/parliamentary-documents/2019/06/19/decision-on-prosecution-mh17.

67. 67. “Identifying the Separatists Linked to the Downing of MH17,” bellingcat, October 12, 2020, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/06/19/identifying-the-separatists-linked-to-the-downing-of-mh17/.

68. 68. “MH17 Trial: What You Need to Know., DW.COM, July 6, 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/mh17-trial-what-you-need-to-know/a-52681068.

15. The Trial

1. 1. “Report for: The Cyberspace War: Propaganda and Trolling as Warfare Tools,” Altmetric, n.d., https://sage.altmetric.com/details/7574376.

2. 2. Chandra, Akshay, “This YouTube Update Can Make YouTubers Super Rich,” Vidooly, March 19, 2018, https://vidooly.com/blog/this-youtube-update-can-make-youtubers-super-rich/.

3. 3. “Anti-Immigrant Agitator Ilja Janitskin Gets 22-Month Jail Sentence,” Yle Uutiset, November 8, 2018, https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/anti-immigrant_agitator_ilja_janitskin_gets_22-month_jail_sentence/10463931.

4. 4. Paananen, Arja, “Venäjän Valtionmedia Löysi Tavan Kertoa Bäckmanin Ja Janitskinin Tuomiosta,” Ilta-Sanomat, October 20, 2013, https://www.is.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000005871022.html.

16. The Insider

1. 1. Carroll, Rory, “Russia Today News Anchor Liz Wahl Resigns Live on Air over Ukraine Crisis., The Guardian, March 5, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/06/russia-today-anchor-liz-wahl-resigns-on-air-ukraine.

2. 2. DFRLab, “Question That: RT’s Military Mission.” Medium, November 23, 2018, https://medium.com/dfrlab/question-that-rts-military-mission-4c4bd9f72c88.

3. 3. Габуев , Александр, “‘Нет Никакой Объективности,’” Коммерсантъ, April 7, 2012, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1911336.

4. 4. Pilkington, Ed, “Manning Conviction under Espionage Act Worries Civil Liberties Campaigners,” The Guardian, July 31, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/bradley-manning-espionage-act-civil-liberties.

5. 5. Asp, David, “Espionage Act of 1917,” The First Amendment Encyclopedia, May 2019, https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1045/espionage-act-of-1917.

6. 6. RT America, “Alex Jones: Obama’s Executive Order Facilitates Martial-Law,” YouTube video, 14:25, 2012.

7. 7. Ibid.

8. 8. Chappell, Bill, “Steven Seagal Is Now a Citizen of Russia, Courtesy of Putin,” NPR, November 3, 2016, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/03/500535943/steven-seagalis-now-a-citizen-of-russia-courtesy-of-putin.

9. 9. “RT Reacts to Anchor Liz Wahl Quitting on Air,” RT International, March 6, 2014, https://www.rt.com/usa/rt-reacts-liz-wahl-042/.

10. 10. “Brainwash Level - ‘Neocons’: Staged Liz Wahl Psy-Op Exposure Explodes on Twitter,” RT International, March 20, 2014, https://www.rt.com/usa/liz-whal-neocons-twitter-101/.

11. 11. Simonyan, Margarita, “About Abby Martin, Liz Wahl and Media Wars,” RT International, March 6, 2014, https://www.rt.com/op-ed/about-liz-wahl-media-wars-126/.

12. 12. RT, “Full Skripal Case Interview with the UK’s Suspects (EXCLUSIVE),” YouTube video, 27:43, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ku8OQNyI2i0.

13. 13. Watson, Paul Joseph, “The Truth about RT Host Liz Wahl’s Resignation,” YouTube video, 9:00, March 7, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIiiwe6TUtY&list=PL4WqBfljt6TjtMG7GwJJrpq5I_KrC3a1S&ab_channel=PaulJosephWatson.

14. 14. “Neocon Con? US right stage media attack on Alternative Views,” RT, March 20, 2104, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1ZwDjzga2k&t=80s.

15. 15. “Confronting Russia’s Weaponization of Information,” House Committee on Foreign Affairs Republicans, April 15, 2015, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA00/20150415/103320/HHRG-114-FA00-Transcript-20150415.pdf.

16. 16. Gold, Hadas, “Russia’s RT Television Network Will Go Dark in Washington D.C.,” CNNMoney, March 30, 2018, https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/29/media/russia-rt-washington-dc/index.html.

17. The Return

1. 1. “PS:N Koko Johto Otti Kantaa Ilja Janitskinin Tuomioon,” Verkkouutiset, October 21, 2018, https://www.verkkouutiset.fi/psn-koko-johto-kauhisteli-ilja-janitskinin-tuomiota/#7fa90140.

2. 2. “Haastattelussa: Ilja Janitskin,” Suomen Uutiset, May 23, 2018, https://www.suomenuutiset.fi/haastattelussa-ilja-janitskin/.

3. 3. “MV-Lehti Nimitti Tiedotusvastaavan - Tiina Keskimäki,” MV-Lehti, November 20, 2016, https://mvlehti.net/2016/11/19/mv-lehti-nimitti-tiedotusvastaavan-tiina-keskimaki/.

4. 4. “Site:Mvlehti.net ‘Jessikka Aro,’” Google search, Google, n.d., https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amvlehti.net%2B%22Jessikka%2BAro%22&oq=site%3Amvlehti.net%2B%22Jessikka%2BAro%22&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i58.8582j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8.

5. 5. “Eikka Lehtosaari Haastattelee Ilja Janitskinia (Video),” MV-Lehti, January 8, 2019, https://mvlehti.net/2019/01/08/eikka-lehtosaari-haastattelee-ilja-janitskinia-video.

6. 6. Secretary of State’s International Women of Courage Award, https://www.state.gov/secretary-of-states-international-women-of-courage-award.

7. 7. Wendling, Mike, and Will Yates, “NATO Says Viral News Outlet Is Part of ‘Kremlin Misinformation Machine,’” BBC News, February 11, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-38936812.

8. 8. Wendling , Mike, and Will Yates, “NATO Says Viral News Outlet Is Part of ‘Kremlin Misinformation Machine.’”

9. 9. Gleicher, Nathaniel, “Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior from Russia,” Meta, January 17, 2019, https://about.fb.com/news/2019/01/removing-cib-from-russia/.

10. 10. Walker, James,“Facebook Removes 364 ‘Sputnik Employee-Linked’ Pages and Accounts for ‘Co-Ordinated Inauthentic Behaviour’,” Press Gazette, January 17, 2019, https://pressgazette.co.uk/facebook-removes-364-sputnik-employee-linked-pages-and-accounts-for-co-ordinated-inauthentic-behaviour/.

11. 11. Aro, Jessikka, “Emilia Seikkanen Worked in a Trendy Video Start-up in Berlin – Tells All about the Kremlin’s Global Information Operation,” Yle Uutiset, March 6, 2021, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11820154

12. 12. Wiebe, Von Jan-Henrik, “Wie Russische Medien Mitten in Berlin Meinung Machen,” t-online, November 16, 2018, https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/deutschland/id_84584050/mitten-in-berlin-russlands-heimlichemedienzentrale-in-europa.html).

13. 13. “Populistinen Vastamedia Journalismia Haastamassa: Suomalaiset Vastamediat Yleisötutkimuksen Näkökulmasta,” n.d., https://www.hssaatio.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Loppuraportti-Laura-Ahva.pdf.

14. 14. Aro, Jessikka, “Venäjän Valtionmediat Levittävät Koronasta Salaliittoteorioita Länsimaihin – Samat Teoriat Kiertävät Myös Suomenkielisillä Foorumeilla,” Yle Uutiset, July 4, 2020, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11386660.

15. 15. Newman, Nic, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, David A.L. Lev and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, “The Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021,” Reuters, 2018, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf.

16. 16. Standish, Reid, and Robbie Gramer, “U.S. Cancels Journalist’s Award Over Her Criticism of Trump,” Foreign Policy, March 7, 2019, https://foreign-policy.com/2019/03/07/u-s-cancels-journalists-award-over-her-criticism-of-trump-international-women-in-courage-award-state-department/.

17. 17. Kirby, Jen, “State Department Rescinds Award for Finnish Journalist over Trump Criticism: Report,” Vox, March 7, 2019, https://www.vox.com/world/2019/3/7/18254829/state-department-jessikka-aro-trump-international-women-courage-awards.

18. 18. Menendez, Bob (@SenatorMenendez), “The United States presents this award…,” Twitter post, March 7, 2019, 3:25 PM, https://twitter.com/SenatorMenendez/status/1103753480949428225.

19. 19. “Eikka Lehtosaari Haastattelee Ilja Janitskinia (Video),” MV-Lehti, January 8, 2019, https://mvlehti.net/2019/01/08/eikka-lehtosaari-haastattelee-ilja-janitskinia-video/.

20. 20. Глумов, Данила. “Финская Журналистка Лишилась Престижной Премии За Критику Трампа в Соцсети Twitter,” Федеральное агентство новостей No.1, March 9, 2019, https://riafan.ru/1158868-finskaya-zhurnalistka-lishilas-prestizhnoi-premii-za-kritiku-trampa-v-socseti-twitter.

21. 21. Collins, Ben, and Brandy Zadrozny, “This Man Is Running Russia’s Newest Propaganda Effort in the U.S. - or at Least He’s Trying To,” NBCNews.com, June 15, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/man-running-russia-s-newest-propaganda-effort-u-s-or-n883736.

22. 22. “News of Politics, Economy. Interviews, Opinions, Reports,” USA Really, December 11, 2021, https://usareally.com/.

23. 23. Vankin, Jonathan, “Russian ‘Election Observer’ and Internet ‘Troll,’ Alexander Malkevich, Detained and Questioned by FBI,” Yahoo! News, November 11, 2018, https://news.yahoo.com/russian-election-observer-internet-troll-054212674.html.

24. 24. “Treasury Escalates Sanctions Against the Russian Government’s Attempts to Influence U.S. Elections,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 15, 2021.,https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0126.

25. 25. “Engel Decries Reported State Department Retaliation Against Journalist for Criticizing Trump,” House Foreign Affairs Committee, March 8, 2019, https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/2019/3/engel-decries-reported-state-department-retaliation-against-journalist-for-criticizing-trump.

26. 26. Trump White House Archive, “First Lady Melania Trump at the 2019 International Women of Courage Awards,” YouTube video, 0:58, March 8, 2019.,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tbc_syd8jz8.

27. 27. “Examining the State Department’s Claims about the International Women of Courage Award and Jessikka Aro,” senate.gov, March 2019, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SFRC%20Dem%20staff%20report%20on%20Aro%20-%203-28-19.pdf).

28. 28. “Following IG Report, Eight Democratic Senators Demand Secretary Pompeo Answer for Department’s Lies about Rescinding Award to Journalist: U.S. Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey,” October 2, 2020, https://www.menendez.senate.gov/newsroom/press/following-ig-report-eight-democratic-senators-demand-secretary-pompeo-answer-for-departments-lies-about-rescinding-award-to-journalist.

29. 29. “Tähän Loppui Foliohattuilu Ja Arvailu Jessikka Aron Touhuista -Katso!” MV-Lehti, March 31, 2019, https://mvlehti.net/2019/03/31/tahan-loppui-foliohattuilu-ja-arvailu-jaessikka-aron-touhuista-katso/.

30. 30. “Lännen Trollitehdas Rakensi Tubettajaverkoston Venäjälle Mielipidevaikuttamiseen - Rahoituksen Jäljet Peitelty,” MV-Lehti, March 31, 2019, https://mvlehti.net/2019/03/31/lannen-trollitehdas-rakensi-tubettajaverkoston-venajalle-mielipidevaikuttamiseen-rahoituksen-jaljet-peitelty/.

31. 31. Haynes, Deborah, “‘Highly Likely’ GRU Hacked UK Institute Countering Russian Fake News,” Sky News, March 6, 2019, https://news.sky.com/story/highly-likely-moscow-hacked-uk-agency-countering-russian-disinformation-11656539.

32. 32. “Finnish Reporter Jessikka Aro Says Fake News Stories about Her Have Led to Real Threats,” The Washington Post, April 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/postlive/finnish-reporter-jessikka-aro-says-fake-news-stories-about-her-have-led-to-real-threats/2019/04/18/8b269948-be64-4d21-9085-2de5fd48ef11_video.html.

33. 33. “Read and Search the Full Mueller Report,” CNN, July 21, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/18/politics/full-mueller-report-pdf/index.html.

34. 34. “Putin: Trump ‘Unquestionably Talented’ Person, ‘Absolute …,” RealClear Politics, December 17, 2015, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2015/12/17/putin_trump_unquestionably_talented_person_absolute_leader.html#!

35. 35. Parker, Ned, Jonathan Landay, and John Walcott, “Putin-Linked Think Tank Drew up Plan to Sway 2016 US Election – Documents,” Reuters, April 19, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-election-exclusive-idUSKBN17L2N3.

36. 36. Parliamentlive.tv, June 11, 2019. https://parliamentlive.tv/Event/Index/385a6d4c-3764-4570-8796-54f873a054aa.

37. 37. House Foreign Affairs Committee, “Russian Disinformation Attacks on Elections: Lessons from Europe (EventID=109816),” YouTube video, 1:58:06, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3heju1HIQE&ab_channel=HouseForeignAffairsCommittee.

38. 38. Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President—What We Don’t, Can’t, and Do Know, New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.

39. 39. Singh, Maanvi, Joan E Greve, Lauren Gambino, Julia Carrie Wong, Amanda Holpuch, Oliver Laughland, and David Smith, “Mueller Warns of Russian Meddling in 2020: ‘They’re Doing It as We Sit Here’—as It Happened,” The Guardian, July 25, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2019/jul/24/mueller-testimony-live-stream-trump-news-today-russia-obstruction-report-latest-updates-hearing?page=with%3Ablock-5d38a9368f0845f89e313b79.