1 For more discussion of the preta realm in relationship to addictions: Metzner, R., 1994. Addiction and Transcendence as Altered States of Consciousness. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 26:1, 1–17. Metzner, R., 1996. Addiction and Transcendence in Buddhist and Western Psychology. In A. Montuori. (Ed.) Unusual Associates: A Festschrift for Frank Barron. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Maté, G., 2008. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction. Canada: Vintage.