1
Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives
The Gender of Nouns and the Definite Article
A noun is a person, place, or thing.
In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine.
In Spanish, the definite article (English the) agrees with the noun in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural): el, la, los, las.
Singular Nouns
Masculine
The masculine singular noun takes the definite article el.
Most nouns that end in -o are masculine. Pronounce the following words aloud.
el amigo |
the friend |
el banco |
the bank |
el baño |
the bathroom |
el carro |
the car |
el gato |
the cat |
el hermano |
the brother |
el libro |
the book |
el muchacho |
the boy |
el niño |
the little boy, the child |
el perro |
the dog |
el teléfono |
the telephone |
el vino |
the wine |
Many masculine nouns do not end in -o; therefore, it is necessary to learn each noun with its article.
el animal |
the animal |
el café |
the coffee |
el doctor |
the doctor |
el hombre |
the man |
el hospital |
the hospital |
el hotel |
the hotel |
el tomate |
the tomato |
el tren |
the train |
Some masculine nouns end in -a or -ma.
el clima |
the climate |
el día |
the day |
el drama |
the drama |
el idioma |
the language |
el mapa |
the map |
el planeta |
the planet |
el poema |
the poem |
el problema |
the problem |
el programa |
the program |
el sistema |
the system |
Feminine
The feminine singular noun takes the definite article la.
Most nouns that end in -a are feminine. Pronounce the following words aloud.
la amiga |
the friend |
la blusa |
the blouse |
la bolsa |
the bag |
la cama |
the bed |
la casa |
the house |
la cerveza |
the beer |
la comida |
the meal |
la hermana |
the sister |
la iglesia |
the church |
la lámpara |
the lamp |
la mesa |
the table |
la muchacha |
the girl |
la niña |
the little girl |
la persona |
the person |
la planta |
the plant |
la silla |
the chair |
la tienda |
the store |
la ventana |
the window |
Nouns that end in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, or -tud are feminine.
la canción |
the song |
la conversación |
the conversation |
la invitación |
the invitation |
la lección |
the lesson |
la ilusión |
the illusion |
la televisión |
the television |
la ciudad |
the city |
la verdad |
the truth |
la amistad |
the friendship |
la actitud |
the attitude |
A few nouns that end in -o are feminine.
la foto |
the photograph |
la mano |
the hand |
la radio |
the radio |
Many feminine nouns do not follow these patterns; therefore, it is important to learn each noun with its article.
la clase |
the class |
la flor |
the flower |
la luz |
the light |
la mujer |
the woman |
la piel |
the skin |
la suerte |
the luck |
Exercise 1.1
Write the appropriate masculine or feminine form of the definite article for each of the following nouns. As you write the answer, make sure you know the meaning of the word.
1. _______ amigo
2. _______ hombre
3. _______ casa
4. _______ luz
5. _______ hotel
6. _______ hermano
7. _______ ciudad
8. _______ carro
9. _______ tomate
10. _______ cerveza
11. _______ persona
12. _______ canción
13. _______ teléfono
14. _______ muchacho
15. _______ flor
16. _______ mujer
17. _______ baño
18. _______ vino
19. _______ comida
20. _______ conversación
A noun ending in -ista can be masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. The article indicates the gender of the noun.
el artista |
the (male) artist |
la artista |
the (female) artist |
el dentista |
the (male) dentist |
la dentista |
the (female) dentist |
el pianista |
the (male) pianist |
la pianista |
the (female) pianist |
el taxista |
the (male) cabdriver |
la taxista |
the (female) cabdriver |
A noun ending in -nte can be masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. The article indicates the gender of the noun.
el cantante |
the (male) singer |
la cantante |
the (female) singer |
el estudiante |
the (male) student |
la estudiante |
the (female) student |
el gerente |
the (male) manager |
la gerente |
the (female) manager |
el presidente |
the (male) president |
la presidente |
the (female) president |
Plural Nouns
Masculine
A masculine noun that ends in a vowel adds -s to form the plural; it takes the definite article los.
Singular |
Plural |
el día |
los días |
el hermano |
los hermanos |
el libro |
los libros |
el muchacho |
los muchachos |
el perro |
los perros |
el problema |
los problemas |
If the noun ends in a consonant, el changes to los and the noun adds -es.
el animal |
los animales |
el doctor |
los doctores |
el hospital |
los hospitales |
el hotel |
los hoteles |
el tren |
los trenes |
Feminine
A feminine noun that ends in a vowel adds -s to form the plural; it takes the definite article las.
la bolsa |
las bolsas |
la lámpara |
las lámparas |
la niña |
las niñas |
la persona |
las personas |
la tienda |
las tiendas |
la ventana |
las ventanas |
If the noun ends in a consonant, la changes to las and the noun adds -es.
la canción |
las canciones |
la ciudad |
las ciudades |
la flor |
las flores |
la invitación |
las invitaciones |
la lección |
las lecciones |
la mujer |
las mujeres |
Exercise 1.2
Write the plural form of each of the following singular nouns.
EXAMPLE el hotel los hoteles
1. el animal |
_________________ |
2. la amistad |
_________________ |
3. el teléfono |
_________________ |
4. el tren |
_________________ |
5. la ventana |
_________________ |
6. el doctor |
_________________ |
7. la ciudad |
_________________ |
8. la bolsa |
_________________ |
9. la mesa |
_________________ |
10. el idioma |
_________________ |
11. la planta |
_________________ |
12. la flor |
_________________ |
13. el perro |
_________________ |
14. la ilusión |
_________________ |
15. la clase |
_________________ |
16. la lección |
_________________ |
17. el taxista |
_________________ |
18. la lámpara |
_________________ |
19. la silla |
_________________ |
20. la luz |
_________________ |
The Indefinite Article
The Spanish singular indefinite article (English a, an) is un before a masculine noun and una before a feminine noun. Pronounce the words in the following lists aloud. By learning these nouns, you are building your vocabulary.
Singular Indefinite Articles
Masculine
un amigo |
a (male) friend |
un baño |
a bathroom |
un carro |
a car |
un espejo |
a mirror |
un gato |
a cat |
un jardín |
a garden |
un museo |
a museum |
un pianista |
a (male) pianist |
un sillón |
an armchair |
un tiquete |
a ticket |
Feminine
una amiga |
a (female) friend |
una biblioteca |
a library |
una ciudad |
a city |
una idea |
an idea |
una librería |
a bookstore |
una maleta |
a suitcase |
una mujer |
a woman |
una página |
a page |
una persona |
a person (male or female) |
una pluma |
a pen |
Plural Indefinite Articles
The Spanish plural indefinite article (English some) is unos before a masculine plural noun and unas before a feminine plural noun.
Masculine
unos barcos |
some boats |
unos gatos |
some cats |
unos idiomas |
some languages |
unos libros |
some books |
Feminine
unas artistas |
some (female) artists |
unas casas |
some houses |
unas conversaciones |
some conversations |
unas flores |
some flowers |
Exercise 1.3
Translate the following nouns into English. Remember to practice pronouncing the words.
1. el libro |
________________________ |
2. la página |
________________________ |
3. la casa |
________________________ |
4. las flores |
________________________ |
5. el baño |
________________________ |
6. el vino |
________________________ |
7. el muchacho |
________________________ |
8. el hermano |
________________________ |
9. la biblioteca |
________________________ |
10. el café |
________________________ |
11. el tren |
________________________ |
12. el planeta |
________________________ |
13. el dentista |
________________________ |
14. el jardín |
________________________ |
15. la flor |
________________________ |
16. la cerveza |
________________________ |
17. la planta |
________________________ |
18. la amistad |
________________________ |
19. la verdad |
________________________ |
20. la suerte |
________________________ |
21. la gerente |
________________________ |
22. la tienda |
________________________ |
23. la ventana |
________________________ |
24. un museo |
________________________ |
25. un espejo |
________________________ |
26. una librería |
________________________ |
27. una pluma |
________________________ |
28. una lección |
________________________ |
29. una idea |
________________________ |
30. una maleta |
________________________ |
31. el sillón |
________________________ |
32. los amigos |
________________________ |
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
A Spanish adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. In Spanish, an adjective almost always follows the noun it describes.
Singular Form of Adjectives
Adjectives that end in -o are masculine in form and agree with a masculine noun. As you pronounce the following examples aloud, note that the adjective follows the noun it describes.
el libro blanco |
the white book |
el gato negro |
the black cat |
el carro rojo |
the red car |
el muchacho simpático |
the nice boy |
el hombre hermoso |
the handsome man |
Adjectives that end in -o change the -o to -a when describing a feminine noun.
la casa blanca |
the white house |
la chaqueta negra |
the black jacket |
la lámpara roja |
the red lamp |
la muchacha simpática |
the nice girl |
la mujer hermosa |
the beautiful woman |
Adjectives that do not end in -o have the same form for describing both masculine and feminine nouns. It doesn’t matter what letter ends the adjective, as long as it is not -o.
Masculine |
Feminine |
el libro excelente |
la comida excelente |
el perro horrible |
la cucaracha horrible |
el poema difícil |
la lección difícil |
el barco azul |
la pluma azul |
el baño verde |
la cama verde |
el tren gris |
la mesa gris |
el tema interesante |
la idea interesante |
el hombre fuerte |
la mujer fuerte |
Key Vocabulary
Los colores (The colors)
amarillo |
yellow |
anaranjado |
orange |
azul |
blue |
blanco |
white |
gris |
gray |
marrón, pardo |
brown |
morado |
purple |
moreno |
brown-skinned |
negro |
black |
rojo |
red |
rosado |
pink |
verde |
green |
Other Adjectives
agradable |
agreeable, pleasant |
alegre |
happy |
barato |
inexpensive |
caro |
expensive |
débil |
weak |
delgado |
slender |
difícil |
difficult |
estupendo |
great, terrific |
excelente |
excellent |
fácil |
easy |
fantástico |
fantastic |
feliz |
happy |
feo |
ugly |
flaco |
thin |
frágil |
fragile |
fuerte |
strong |
gordo |
fat |
grande |
big |
guapo |
handsome, beautiful |
hermoso |
beautiful |
horrible |
horrible |
inteligente |
intelligent |
interesante |
interesting |
joven |
young |
maravilloso |
marvelous, wonderful |
pequefño |
little, small |
pobre |
poor |
rico |
rich |
simpático |
nice |
sincero |
sincere |
tacaño |
stingy |
típico |
typical |
triste |
sad |
viejo |
old |
Exercise 1.4
Complete the following phrases with the following Spanish adjective.
1. el hombre ___________________ (old)
2. la situación ___________________ (difficult)
3. el idioma ___________________ (marvelous)
4. la persona ___________________ (nice)
5. la flor ___________________ (yellow)
6. el jardín ___________________ (beautiful)
7. la muchacha ___________________ (slender)
8. el vino ___________________ (white)
9. el apartamento ___________________ (expensive)
10. el carro ___________________ (inexpensive)
11. el hotel ___________________ (small)
12. el clima ___________________ (fantastic)
13. la hermana ___________________ (intelligent)
14. el libro ___________________ (interesting)
15. la ciudad ___________________ (big)
16. el hombre ___________________ (rich)
17. el dentista ___________________ (young)
18. la bolsa ___________________ (red)
19. la ventana ___________________ (blue)
20. la planta ___________________ (green)
Plural Form of Adjectives
Adjectives that end in a vowel add -s to form the plural.
Singular |
Plural |
blanco |
blancos |
roja |
rojas |
verde |
verdes |
excelente |
excelentes |
Adjectives that end in a consonant add -es to form the plural.
gris |
grises |
fácil |
fáciles |
joven |
jóvenes |
marrón |
marrones |
Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Review each singular and plural form as you pronounce the following nouns and the adjectives that describe them.
Masculine
Singular |
Plural |
el libro blanco |
los libros blancos |
el tomate rojo |
los tomates rojos |
el hombre hermoso |
los hombres hermosos |
el baño verde |
los baños verdes |
el barco marrón |
los barcos marrones |
el tren gris |
los trenes grises |
el tiquete caro |
los tiquetes caros |
Feminine
la casa blanca |
las casas blancas |
la persona simpática |
las personas simpáticas |
la mujer hermosa |
las mujeres hermosas |
la comida excelente |
las comidas excelentes |
la lección fácil |
las lecciones fáciles |
la muchacha fuerte |
las muchachas fuertes |
la tienda vieja |
las tiendas viejas |
Exercise 1.5
Write the plural form of each of the following noun and adjective phrases.
1. la lámpara azul |
_______________________________ |
2. el amigo fantástico |
_______________________________ |
3. el perro gris |
_______________________________ |
4. la cerveza negra |
_______________________________ |
5. el vino rosado |
_______________________________ |
6. la persona fuerte |
_______________________________ |
7. el día maravilloso |
_______________________________ |
8. la luz verde |
_______________________________ |
9. la ciudad pequeña |
_______________________________ |
10. el muchacho joven |
_______________________________ |
Exercise 1.6
Translate the following phrases into Spanish.
1. the red tomatoes |
_______________________________ |
2. the strong men |
_______________________________ |
3. the thin women |
_______________________________ |
4. the yellow blouses |
_______________________________ |
5. the interesting songs |
_______________________________ |
6. the green planets |
_______________________________ |
7. the blue windows |
_______________________________ |
8. the old hotels |
_______________________________ |