Quick guide and checklist: culinary herbs and spices of the world

Names of treated and illustrated species are printed in bold; illustrated plant parts are printed in bold.

Abbreviations (region of ORIGIN): Afr – Africa; Am – America; As – Asia; Aus – Australia; Bangl – Bangladesh; Braz – Brazil; C – Central; E – East / Eastern; Eur – Europe; Euras – Eurasia; Himal – Himalayas; Ind – India; Indomal – Indonesia-Malaysia; Jap – Japan; Madag – Madagascar; Malay – Malaysia; Med – Mediterranean; Mex – Mexico; N – North / Northern; NE – Northeast; OW – Old World; Pac – Pacific; Philipp – Philippines; S – South / Southern; SE – Southeast; SW – Southwest; Temp – Temperate; Trop – Tropical; Venez – Venezuela; W – West / Western.

Species	Family	Common name	Region of ORIGIN	Plant part(s) used
Abelmoschus moschatus	Malvaceae	abelmosk seed; ambrette seed; amber seed; musk mallow; musk okra	E As	seed
Achillea ageratum	Asteraceae	English mace; sweet nancy; sweet yarrow	Eur	leaf; herb
Achillea atrata	Asteraceae	black yarrow	Eur	herb
Achillea clavenae	Asteraceae	bitter yarrow	As; Eur; N Am	leaf
Achillea erba-rotta	Asteraceae	alpine yarrow; musk milfoil; musk yarrow	Eur	leaf; herb
Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae	common yarrow; fragrant yarrow; milfoil	As; Eur; N Am	leaf
Achillea nobilis	Asteraceae	noble milfoil; noble yarrow	As; Eur	leaf
Achyrocline satureioides	Asteraceae	alecrim da parede; macela	Afr; S Am	flower
Acinos arvensis	Lamiaceae	basil thyme; mother of thyme; spring savory	N Am	herb
Acorus calamus	Acoraceae	calamus; sweet flag	As; Eur; N Am	rhizome
Acorus gramineus	Acoraceae	Chinese sweet grass; Japanese sweet flag; grass leaf sweet flag	E As	rhizome
Adansonia digitata	Bombacaceae	baobab	Afr	leaf; seeds
Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	bael; bel; Bengal quince; Indian bael	As	leaf
Aeollanthus heliotropoides	Lamiaceae	chegadinka; macassa	Afr	leaf
Aframomum alboviolaceum	Zingiberaceae	Cameroon cardamom	Trop Afr	leaf
Aframomum angustifolium	Zingiberaceae	Madagascar cardamom	Madag	seed
Aframomum daniellii	Zingiberaceae	bastard Melegueta; Cameroon cardamom	Trop W Afr	seed
Aframomum exscapum	Zingiberaceae	alligator pepper; grains of paradise	Trop W Afr	seed
Aframomum granum-paradisi	Zingiberaceae	grains of paradise	W Afr	seed
Aframomum hanburyi	Zingiberaceae	Cameroon cardamom	Trop W Afr	seed
Aframomum corrorima	Zingiberaceae	Ethiopian cardamom; korarima	Trop NE Afr	seed
Aframomum macrospermum	Zingiberaceae	Guinea cardamom	W Afr	seed
Aframomum melegueta	Zingiberaceae	Melegueta pepper; grains of paradise; alligator pepper	Trop W Afr	seed
Aframomum sceptrum	Zingiberaceae	black amomum	W Afr	leaf
Afrostyrax kamerunensis	Styracaceae	Cameroon garlic tree	Trop Afr	bark; seed
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus	Styracaceae	garlic bark (tree)	Trop Afr	bark; seed
Agastache foeniculum	Lamiaceae	anise hyssop	N Am; W As	leaf
Agastache mexicana	Lamiaceae	Mexican giant hyssop; lemon hyssop	As	leaf
Agastache rugosa	Lamiaceae	Chinese giant hyssop; Korean mint	N Am; W As	leaf
Agathosma betulina	Rutaceae	buchu; round leaf buchu	S Afr	leaf
Agathosma crenulata	Rutaceae	oval leaf buchu	S Afr	leaf
Aglaia odoratissima	Meliaceae	mock lime; orchid tree	As; W Pac	flower
Aleurites moluccana	Euphorbiaceae	candle nut	SE As	seed
Alliaria petiolata	Brassicaceae	garlic mustard	Eur; Temp As	leaf
Allium altaicum	Alliaceae	Altai onion	C As	bulb
Allium ameloprasum	Alliaceae	leeks	Med; W As	bulb; leaf
Allium cepa	Alliaceae	onion	W As; C As	bulb
Allium chinense	Alliaceae	Chinese onion; oriental onion; rakkyo	China	bulb
Allium fistulosum	Alliaceae	Welsh onion; Japanese bunching onion	China	bulb; leaf
Allium giganteum	Alliaceae	giant onion	C As	bulb
Allium kurrat	Alliaceae	kurrat; salad leek; Egypt leek	Med; W As	leaf
Allium moly	Alliaceae	lily leek; moly; yellow onion	Eur	bulb
Allium neopolitanum	Alliaceae	daffodil garlic; Naples garlic; false garlic	Med; W As	bulb; leaf
Allium obliquum	Alliaceae	oblique onion	Eur; As	bulb
Allium oleraceum	Alliaceae	field garlic	Eur	bulb; leaf
Allium oschaninii	Alliaceae	Oschanin onion	C As; W As	bulb
Allium paradoxum	Alliaceae	few-flowered leek	Eur; W As	bulb; leaf
Allium ×proliferum	Alliaceae	Egyptian onion; top onion; tree onion	cultigen	bulblet; leaf
Allium pskemense	Alliaceae	Russian onion	As	bulb
Allium ramosum	Alliaceae	Chinese leek	As	bulb; leaf
Allium sativum	Alliaceae	garlic	C As; W As	bulb
Allium schoenoprasum	Alliaceae	chive; chives	Med; Eur; As	leaves
Allium schorodoprasum	Alliaceae	sand leek; Spanish garlic; rocambole	Eur; As	bulblet; leaf
Allium senescens	Alliaceae	mountain leek	C Eur; As	leaf
Allium sphaerocephalon	Alliaceae	ball leek	Med; Eur	leaf
Allium stipitatum	Alliaceae	drumstick onion	C As	bulb
Allium tricoccum	Alliaceae	ramp; wild leek; wood leek	N Am	bulb; leaf
Allium tuberosum	Alliaceae	garlic chive; Chinese chive	As	leaf
Allium ursinum	Alliaceae	bear’s garlic; ramsons; wood garlic	Eur; As	leaf
Allium vavilovii	Alliaceae	Vavilov’s leek	C As	bulb; leaf
Allium victoralis	Alliaceae	alpine leek	Eur; As	leek; bulb
Allium vineale	Alliaceae	crow garlic; false garlic; field garlic	Eur	leaf
Aloysia citrodora (=Aloysia triphylla)	Verbenaceae	lemon verbena; vervain; cidron; herb Luisa	S Am	leaves
Alpinia calcarata	Zingiberaceae	Indian ginger; snap ginger	As; Pac; E Ind	rhizome
Alpinia conchigera	Zingiberaceae	mussel galangal	SE As	rhizome
Alpinia galanga	Zingiberaceae	galangal; greater galangal	Trop As	rhizome
Alpinia nigra	Zingiberaceae	black galangal	Pac; SE As	rhizome
Alpinia officinarum	Zingiberaceae	lesser galangal; small galangal	E As; SE As	rhizome
Alpinia purpurata	Zingiberaceae	red ginger	As; Pac; Malay	leaf
Alpinia zerumbet	Zingiberaceae	shell ginger	As; Pac; E As	leaf; rhizome
Alstonia scholaris	Apocynaceae	devil tree; dita bark; palmira alstonia	Indomal; Aus	bark
Alyxia lucida	Apocynaceae	alyxia cinnamon	Indomal	bark
Amelanchier alnifolia	Rosaceae	alderleaf berry; Pacific berry; saskatoon; western serviceberry	N Am	fruit
Ammi majus	Apiaceae	false bishop’s weed; greater ammi; lady’s lace	Med; NE Afr	fruit
Ammi visnaga	Apiaceae	khella; visnaga; lesser bishop’s weed	S Eur; NE Afr	fruit
Ammodaucus leucotrichus	Apiaceae	cafoun	Canary Is; N Afr; W Afr	fruit; seed
Amomum aromaticum	Zingiberaceae	Bengal cardamom; Nepal cardamom; large cardamom	N Ind; Bangl; Nepal	fruit & seed
Amomum compactum	Zingiberaceae	Indonesian cardamom	SE As	fruit & seed
Amomum costatum	Zingiberaceae	Chinese black cardamom	E As	fruit & seed
Amomum globosum	Zingiberaceae	round Chinese cardamom	China	fruit & seed
Amomum gracile	Zingiberaceae	slender cardamom	SE As	leaf
Amomum kepulaga	Zingiberaceae	round cardamom	Trop As	fruit & seed
Amomum krervanh	Zingiberaceae	Cambodian cardamom; krervanh	Trop As	fruit & seed
Amomum maximum	Zingiberaceae	Java cardamom	Trop As	fruit & seed
Amomum ochreum	Zingiberaceae	tepus batu	As	fruit & seed
Amomum subulatum	Zingiberaceae	brown cardamom; greater cardamom; Indian cardamom	As	fruit & seed
Amomum testaceum	Zingiberaceae	ka tepus	As	fruit & seed
Amomum tsao-ko	Zingiberaceae	tsao-ko cardamom; large cardamom	As	fruit & seed
Amomum villosum	Zingiberaceae	Malabar cardamom; Tavoy cardamom; wild Siamese cardamom	As	fruit & seed
Amomum xanthioides	Zingiberaceae	bastard Siamese cardamom; wild Siamese cardamom	As	fruit & seed
Amomum xanthophlebium	Zingiberaceae	elach	As	flower
Anacyclus pyrethrum	Asteraceae	Roman pellitory; Spanish pellitory	Eur; N Afr	root
Anethum graveolens (=A. sowa)	Apiaceae	dill; Indian dill	W As; Ind	leaf; fruit
Angelica acutiloba	Apiaceae	dong dang gui	Eur; E As	root; leaf
Angelica archangelica	Apiaceae	angelica; garden angelica; archangel	Eur; As	root; fruit; stem
Angelica atropurpurea	Apiaceae	American angelica	N Am	root; fruit
Angelica japonica	Apiaceae	Japanese angelica	As	root; fruit
Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis	Apiaceae	Chinese angelica; dang gui	As; E As	root
Angelica sylvestris	Apiaceae	wild angelica	Eur; W As	root
Aniba canellila	Lauraceae	Oriniko cinnamon	S Am	bark; leaf
Aniba rosaedora	Lauraceae	rose wood	N Am; S Am	wood
Anthoxanthum odoratum	Poaceae	scented vernal grass; sweet vernal grass	Eur; As	leaf
Anthriscus cerefolium	Apiaceae	chervil; garden chervil; French parsley	As; W As	leaf
Apium graveolens	Apiaceae	celery	Eur; As	leaf; seed
Aquilaria agallocha	Thymelaeaceae	agar wood; eagle wood	As	wood
Arachis hypogaea	Leguminosae	peanut; ground nut	S Am	seed
Aristolochia serpentaria	Aristolochiaceae	Virginia serpentary; Virginia snakeroot	N Am	rhizome
Armoracia rusticana	Brassicaceae	horseradish	As	root
Arnica chamissonis	Asteraceae	leafy leopardsbane	N Am	flower
Arnica montana	Asteraceae	arnica; European arnica; mountain arnica	Eur	flower
Artabotrys hexapetalus	Annonaceae	tail grape	S As	flower
Artemisia abrotanum	Asteraceae	southernwood	Eur?	leaves
Artemisia absinthium	Asteraceae	absinthe; common wormwood	Euras; N Afr	leaves
Artemisia dracunculoides	Asteraceae	Russian tarragon	Eur; As	leaves
Artemisia dracunculus	Asteraceae	tarragon; French tarragon; estragon	Eur; As	leaves
Artemisia genipi	Asteraceae	genépi noir	Eur	leaf
Artemisia glacialis	Asteraceae	glacier wormwood	Eur	leaf
Artemisia indica	Asteraceae	Indian mugwort	As	leaf
Artemisia judaica	Asteraceae	graines à vers; zédoire	N Afr	herb
Artemisia ludoviciana	Asteraceae	cudweed; western mugwort; white sage	N Am	herb
Artemisia maritima	Asteraceae	sea wormwood	Eur; As	herb
Artemisia mexicana	Asteraceae	Mexican mugwort	N Am	herb
Artemisia mutellina	Asteraceae	alpine wormwood; white genipi	Eur	herb
Artemisia pallens	Asteraceae	davana	As	herb
Artemisia pontica	Asteraceae	Roman wormwood; small absinth	Eur	leaf; herb
Artemisia princeps	Asteraceae	Japanese mugwort	E As	leaf
Artemisia rehan	Asteraceae	rehan; Ethiopian wormwood	Afr	leaf; herb
Artemisia vulgaris	Asteraceae	mugwort; motherwort; sagebrush	Eur; As; N Am	leaves
Artocarpus lakoochus	Moraceae	monkey jack	As	male flowers
Averrhoa bilimbi	Oxalidaceae	bilimbi; cucumber tree; tree sorrel	Trop As	fruit
Backhousia citriodora	Myrtaceae	Australian lemon myrtle; citron myrtle	Aus	leaf
Barbarea verna	Brassicaceae	land cress	Med; W As	leaf
Berberis vulgaris	Berberidaceae	barberry; zereshk; sereshk	Eur; As	fruit
Bixa orellana	Bixaceae	an(n)atto; achiote; roucou	Trop Am	seed
Boesenbergia rotunda (=Boesenbergia pandurata)	Zingiberaceae	fingerroot; Chinese keys; krachai	Trop As	rhizome; root
Borago officinalis	Boraginaceae	borage	Med; Eur	leaf; flower
Brassica juncea	Brassicaceae	brown mustard; Chinese mustard; Indian mustard; leaf mustard; mustard green	C As	seed; leaf
Brassica nigra	Brassicaceae	black mustard	W As	seed
Buchanaria lanzan	Anacardiaceae	charoli; chironji	As	seed
Bunium persicum	Apiaceae	black caraway; black cumin; black zira	Eur; As	fruit
Bunium roxburghianum	Apiaceae	ajmud; radhuni	As	fruit
Calamintha cretica	Lamiaceae	dwarf calamint	Med	herb
Calamintha grandiflora	Lamiaceae	showy calamint; showy savory; large flowered calamint	S Eur	herb
Calamintha menthifolia	Lamiaceae	calamint	Eur	herb
Calamintha nepeta	Lamiaceae	common calamint; lesser calamint	Eur; As	herb
Calendula officinalis	Asteraceae	pot marigold; marigold flower; calendula	S Eur?	flower
Camellia sinensis	Theaceae	tea; chai	S & E As	leaves
Canarium pimela	Burseraceae	Chinese black olive; Chinese black canarium	As	seed
Canella winterana	Canellaceae	winter cinnamon; white cinnamon	N & C Am	bark
Capparis sicula	Capparaceae	Sicili caper	Med	flower bud; unripe fruit
Capparis spinosa	Capparaceae	capers; caper	Med	flower bud; unripe fruit
Capsicum annuum	Solanaceae	paprika; cayenne pepper; chilli (pepper); chili (pepper); green pepper; red pepper	C Am	fruit
Capsicum baccatum	Solanaceae	aji; Peruvian pepper	S Am (Bolivia)	fruit
Capsicum chinense	Solanaceae	yellow lantern chilli; habanero; Scotch bonnet; Chinese chilli; bonnet pepper	S Am	fruit
Capsicum frutescens	Solanaceae	chilli; chili; bird chilli; hot pepper; Tabasco pepper; piri piri	C Am; S Am	fruit
Capsicum pubescens	Solanaceae	rocoto; tree chilli	S Am (Andes)	fruit
Carthamus tinctorius	Asteraceae	safflower; false saffron; saffron thistle	N Afr; W As	flower; fruit
Carum carvi	Apiaceae	caraway	Med	fruit
Centauria benedicta (=Cnicus benedictus)	Asteraceae	blessed thistle; holy thistle	Eur; W As	herb
Centaurium erythraea	Gentianaceae	centaury; feverwort; pink centaury	Eur; As	herb
Ceratonia siliqua	Leguminosae	carob; locust bean; St John’s bread	Eur; W As	fruit
Chamaemelum nobile	Asteraceae	Roman chamomile	Eur	flower
Chenopodium ambrosioides	Chenopodiaceae	blue weed; goose foot; lamb’s quarters; pigweed	C Am; S Am	leaf; herb
Chenopodium botrys	Chenopodiaceae	Jerusalem oak; slimy anserine herb	Eur; C As	fresh herb
Chloranthus spicatus	Chloranthaceae	pearl orchid flower; chulan; cha ran	SE As	flower; leaf
Chrysanthemum balsamita	Asteraceae	alecost; costmary	Eur	herb
Chrysanthemum coronarium	Asteraceae	chop suey greens; crown daisy; garland chrysanthemum; garland daisy; tangho; Japanese greens	Med	leaf; seedlings
Chrysanthemum ×morifolium	Asteraceae	ju hua; florist chrysanthemum	China	flower heads
Chrysanthemum vulgare	Asteraceae	tansy	Eur; Med	leaf
Chrysopogon zizanioides (=Vetiveria zizanioides)	Poaceae	vetiver (grass); cus cus (grass); khus khus (grass)	Ind	rhizome; root
Cichorium endivia	Asteraceae	endive	Med	leaf
Cinchona officinalis	Rubiaceae	quinine; chinabark; Peruvian bark; yellow cinchona; ledger bark; yellow bark	S Am	bark
Cinchona pubescens	Rubiaceae	quinine; red cinchona; red Peruvian; red bark; Jesuit bark	S Am	bark
Cinnamomum aromaticum (=C. cassia)	Lauraceae	cassia; Chinese cinnamon; Chinese cassia	Myanmar	bark
Cinnamomum burmanii	Lauraceae	Indonesian cassia; Padang cassia; Batavia cassia; Korintje cassia	SE As	bark; leaf
Cinnamomum camphora	Lauraceae	camphor	As; E As	gum
Cinnamomum loureiroi	Lauraceae	Vietnamese cassia; Saigon cinnamon	SE As	bark; flower
Cinnamomum tamala	Lauraceae	Indian cassia lignea; Indian bark; Malabathri bark	Ind	leaf; bark
Cinnamomum verum (=C. zeylanicum)	Lauraceae	cinnamon; Ceylon cinnamon	Sri Lanka; SW Ind	bark; leaf
×Citrofortunella microcarpa see Citrus madurensis
Citrus aurantiifolia	Rutaceae	lime; limon; key lime; Mexican lime; sour lime; Persian lime; West Indian lime	Trop As	fruit; leaves
Citrus aurantium	Rutaceae	bigarade; bitter orange; Seville orange; orange (American)	Trop As	flower; peel; juice
Citrus bergamia	Rutaceae	bergamot; bergamot orange	Med	peel of ripe fruits
Citrus cavaleriei	Rutaceae	ichang papeda	Trop As	fruit
Citrus deliciosa		Mediterranean mandarin	Trop As
Citrus hystrix	Rutaceae	lime leaf; makrut lime; papeda	Trop As	leaf; fruit
Citrus ichangensis see Citrus cavaleriei
Citrus jambhiri	Rutaceae	rough lemon	Trop As	fruit
Citrus ×junos	Rutaceae	yuzu	W China	fruit
Citrus latifolia	Rutaceae	Tahiti lime; Persian lime; seedless lime	Trop As	fruit (juice); peel
Citrus limon	Rutaceae	lemon	Trop As	peel; fruit
Citrus madurensis	Rutaceae	calamondin	Trop As	fruit
Citrus medica var. medica	Rutaceae	citron; citron peel	Trop As; C As	fruit
Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis	Rutaceae	Buddha’s hand	Trop As	fruit; peel
Citrus myrtifolia	Rutaceae	myrtle leaf orange	Trop As	fruit; peel
Citrus nobilis	Rutaceae	king mandarin	Trop As	fruit
Citrus reticulata	Rutaceae	tangerine; mandarin; clementine; nartjie	E As; China	peeled fruit
Citrus sinensis	Rutaceae	orange; blood orange; navel orange; sweet orange; Valencia orange	Trop As	fruit; peel; flower
Citrus trifoliata (=Poncirus trifoliata)	Rutaceae	trifoliate orange; citrangequat; Japanese bitter orange	C & N China	fruit
Citrus unshiu	Rutaceae	satsuma mandarin; unshiu mikan	Trop As; China	fruit
Clausena anisata	Rutaceae	horsewood; clausena	Afr	leaf
Clausena anisum-olens	Rutaceae	kayumanis; danglais	E As	leaf
Clausena excavata	Rutaceae	pink lime-berry; Hollywood clausena	SE As	leaf
Clausena lansium	Rutaceae	Chinese wampee; wampi	E As	leaf
Cleome gynandra	Capparaceae	African mustard; African spider flower	Afr; As	leaf; fruit; seed
Cnicus benedictus see Centauria benedicta
Cnidium monnieri	Apiaceae	snow parsley	E As	fruit
Cocos nucifera	Arecaceae	coconut	Trop As	fruit
Coffea arabica	Rubiaceae	coffee; Arabian coffee	NE Afr (Ethiopia)	seed
Coffea canephora	Rubiaceae	robusta coffee; Congo coffee	Afr	seed
Coffea liberica	Rubiaceae	Liberian or Abeokuta coffee	Afr	seed
Cola acuminata	Malvaceae	cola nut; abata cola	W Afr	seed
Cola nitida	Malvaceae	gbanja cola	Afr	seed
Coluria geoides	Rosaceae	Siberian avens; clove root; clove oil plant	As	root
Coriandrum sativum	Apiaceae	coriander; cilantro; Chinese parsley	Med; W As; Ind	fruit; leaf
Corylus americana	Betulaceae	American hazelnut	N Am	seed
Corylus avellana	Betulaceae	hazelnut	Eur; As	seed
Corylus colurna	Betulaceae	Turkish hazelnut	W As	seed
Corylus maxima	Betulaceae	filbert	Eur; C & W As	seed
Cosmos sulphureus	Asteraceae	orange cosmos; yellow cosmos	N Am	herb
Costus afer	Zingiberaceae	ginger lily; spiral ginger	Trop As	rhizome
Crambe maritima	Brassicaceae	seakale; sea kale	Eur; W As	leaf
Crateva religiosa	Capparaceae	garlic pear; sacred barma; temple tree	Madag	fruit
Crateva tapia	Capparaceae	tapia fruit; payagua	Madag	fruit
Crocus sativus	Iridaceae	saffron	Med; W As	stigma
Cryptocarya moschata	Lauraceae	Brazilian nutmeg; (South) American nutmeg	S Am	seed
Cryptotaenia japonica	Apiaceae	mitsuba; Japanese parsley	China	fresh leaf
Cuminum cyminum	Apiaceae	cumin	W & C As; Ind	fruit
Cunila origanoides	Lamiaceae	American dittany; frost flower; Maryland dittany; mountain dittany; stone mint	N Am	herb
Cunila spicata	Lamiaceae	(American) stone mint	N Am; C Am; S Am	herb
Curcuma amada	Zingiberaceae	mango ginger	S As	rhizome
Curcuma aromatica	Zingiberaceae	Bombay or Indian arrowroot; wild turmeric; yellow zedoary	S As	rhizome
Curcuma longa (=C. domestica)	Zingiberaceae	turmeric	Ind	rhizome
Curcuma mangga	Zingiberaceae	Indonesian mango ginger	Trop As	rhizome
Curcuma zedoaria	Zingiberaceae	zedoary; Japanese turmeric	Ind	rhizome
Cusparia febrífuga see Galipea officinalis
Cymbopogon citratus	Poaceae	lemongrass	cultigen (As?)	leaf
Cymbopogon flexuosus	Poaceae	East Indian lemongrass; Malabar lemongrass; Cochin grass	S As	leaf
Cymbopogon iwarancusa	Poaceae	karnkusa grass; khavi grass	As	leaf
Cymbopogon martinii	Poaceae	ginger grass; rosha grass; palmarosa grass	Ind	leaf
Cymbopogon nardus	Poaceae	citronella; Ceylon citronella; nard grass	Trop As	leaf
Cymbopogon schoenanthus	Poaceae	camel grass; geranium grass	N Afr; As	leaf
Cymbopogon winterianus	Poaceae	Java citronella; Java lemongrass	As	leaf
Cynometra cauliflora	Leguminosae	katak puru; nam nam; puki; puru	SE As	cooked fruits
Decalepsis hamiltonii	Apocynaceae	mahali kizhangu	S As	root
Deianira nervosa	Gentianaceae	Deianiraktaut	Trop Am	herb
Dianthus caryophyllus	Caryophyllaceae	carnation; clove pink; gilly flower	Med	flower
Dicypellium caryophyllatum	Lauraceae	clove bark; pinkwood bark	S Am	bark
Dillenia indica	Dilleniaceae	chalta tree; elephant apple	Ind; C Malay	fruit pulp
Diplotaxis tenuifolia	Brassicaceae	wild rocket	Eu	leaf
Dipteryx odorata	Leguminosae	tonka; tonka bean	Trop Am	seed
Dorystaechus hastata	Lamiaceae	Turkish lavender	SW Turkey	herb
Dracocephalum moldavica	Lamiaceae	Moldavian balm; dragon’s head	E Eur; E As	leaf; herb
Dracontomelon dao	Anacardiaceae	argus pheasant	Indomal	fruit; leaf; flower
Drimys lanceolata	Winteraceae	pepper tree; Australian pepper tree; mountain pepper; Tasmania pepper	Tasmania; Aus	fruit
Drimys piperita	Winteraceae	South American mountain pepper	S Am	fruit
Drimys winteri	Winteraceae	drimys bark; winter’s bark	S Am	bark
Echinophora tenuifolia	Apiaceae	prickly parsnip	Eur	leaf; stalk
Elettaria cardamomum	Zingiberaceae	cardamom	Ind	fruit & seed
Elsholtzia ciliata	Lamiaceae	common elsholtzia; Vietnamese balm	C & E As	herb
Embelia philippinensis	Myrsinaceae	woody vine	Philipp	leaf
Emilia javanica	Asteraceae	tassel flower	Trop Afr; Trop As	leaf; root
Eruca sativa	Brassicaceae	rocket; arugula	Med	leaf; seed
Eryngium foetidum	Apiaceae	culantro; eryngo; sawtooth coriander	Trop Am	leaf; root
Escobedia scabrifolia	Scrophulariaceae	saffron of Andes; saffron root	Trop Am	root
Etlingera elatior (=Phaeomeria magnifica)	Zingiberaceae	torch ginger; Philippine wax flower	Trop As	flower bud
Eupatorium cannabinum	Asteraceae	hemp agrimony	Eur; Med; C As	leaf; herb
Ferula assa-foetida	Apiaceae	asafoetida; devil’s dung; hing	W & C As	gum
Ferula foetida	Apiaceae	asafoetida; fetida	W As (Iran)	gum
Ferula gummosa	Apiaceae	galbanum	W As (Iran)	gum
Ferula narthex	Apiaceae	asafoetida	Afghanistan	gum
Filipendula ulmaria	Rosaceae	meadow sweet; dropwort	Eur; As	flower
Foeniculum vulgare	Apiaceae	fennel	Eur; Med	fruit; leaf
Fortunella crassifolia	Rutaceae	large round kumquat; meiwa kumquat	China	fruit
Fortunella hindsii	Rutaceae	Hongkong wild kumquat; Formosan kumquat	E As	fruit
Fortunella japonica	Rutaceae	round kumquat; marumi kumquat	E As (China)	fruit
Fortunella margarita	Rutaceae	oval kumquat; nagami kumquat	E As (China)	fruit
Fortunella polyandra	Rutaceae	Malayan kumquat; hedge lime	E As	fruit
Galipea officinalis	Rutaceae	angostura	Trop Am	bark
Galium odoratum	Rubiaceae	sweet woodruff; woodruff asperule	Eur; As	fresh herb
Garcinia atroviridis	Clusiaceae	asam gelungor	NE Ind	fruit
Garcinia gummi-guta (=G. cambogia)	Clusiaceae	Malabar tamarind; cambodge; goraga	Ind	fruit
Garcinia indica	Clusiaceae	kokam; kokum	Ind	fruit peel
Garcinia xanthochymus	Clusiaceae	gamboges; mundu	N Ind	fruit
Gardenia augusta	Rubiaceae	gardenia; Cape jasmine	China	flower; fruit
Gaultheria procumbens	Ericaceae	alpine wintergreen; creeping wintergreen	N Am	essential oil
Gentiana lutea	Gentianaceae	yellow gentian; bitter root	Eur; W As	rhizome
Geum urbanum	Rosaceae	clove root; herb bennet; wood avens	Eur; As; N Am	root
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgoaceae	gingko; maidenhair tree	E China	seeds
Glechoma hederacea	Lamiaceae	alehoof; gill over the ground; ground ivy	Eur	leaf; herb
Glehnia litoralis	Apiaceae	cork wing	NE As; N Am	leaf
Globba marantina	Zingiberaceae	kapulaga ambon; halia utan; bonelau	E As	rhizome; herb
Glycine max	Leguminosae	soybean; soya bean; soya	As; E As	seed
Glycyrrhiza echinata	Leguminosae	Roman liquorice	S Eur	rhizome
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Leguminosae	licorice; liquorice	Med; W As; C As	rhizome
Glycyrrhiza lepidota	Leguminosae	American licorice	N Am	rhizome
Glycyrrhiza uralensis	Leguminosae	Chinese licorice; Manchurian liquorice	China; As	root
Gnetum gnemon	Gnetaceae	melinjo; belinjo	Trop As	leaf
Guajacum officinale	Zygophyllaceae	lignum vitae	C Am; S Am	wood; resin
Guajacum sanctum	Zygophyllaceae	holywood; lignum vitae	S Am	wood; resin
Hedeoma pulegioides	Lamiaceae	American (false) pennyroyal; mosquito plant; pennyroyal; squaw mint; tickweed	N Am	leaf
Helichrysum italicum	Asteraceae	curry plant; Italian everlasting; immortelle	Med; W As	herb
Hemerocallis aurantiaca	Hemerocallidaceae	orange day lily	E As	flower
Hemerocallis citrina	Hemerocallidaceae	lemon day lily	E As	flower
Hemerocallis fulva	Hemerocallidaceae	fulvous day lily; golden needles; orange needles; tawny day lily	As	flower
Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus	Hemerocallidaceae	lemon day lily; yellow day lily	E Siberia; Jap	flower
Hemerocallis minor	Hemerocallidaceae	dwarf yellow day lily; grass leaf day lily; little day lily	E As	flower
Hemidesmus indicus	Asclepiadeceae	Indian sarsaparilla; nunnery root	S Ind; SE As; Malay	root
Heracleum persicum	Apiaceae	golpar; Persian cow-parsley	Iran	seed
Hesperethusa crenulata	Rutaceae	beli; tondsha; tor elaga; nayvila; nayibullal	Indomal	fruit
Heterotheca inuloides	Asteraceae	false golden aster; Mexican arnica	S & N Am	flower
Hibiscus sabdariffa	Malvaceae	roselle; hibiscus; karkade; Jamaica sorrel	Trop Afr	calyx
Hierochloe odorata	Poaceae	holy grass; manna grass; seneca grass; sweet grass; vanilla grass	Eur; As; N Am	leaf
Houttuynia cordata	Saururaceae	fishwort; fish mint; saururis; heart leaf	SE As	leaf; herb
Humulus lupulus	Cannabaceae	hop; hops	Eur; As; N Am	female flowers
Hypericum perforatum	Hypericaceae	St John’s wort	Eur; As	herb
Hyptis spicigera	Lamiaceae	black sesame; black beni seed; bush mint	Am; Afr	seed
Hyptis suaveolens	Lamiaceae	Indian horehound; wild spikenard	S Am	leaf
Hyssopus officinalis	Lamiaceae	hyssop	S Eur	herb
Illicium verum	Illiciaceae	star anise; Chinese star anise; Chinese anise	China	fruit
Inula helenium	Asteraceae	elecampane; scabwort; velvet dock	As; Eur	rhizome
Iris germanica	Iridaceae	flag iris; common iris; German iris; orris	Eur	rhizome
Jasminum officinale	Oleaceae	white jasmine; jessamine	Himal; SW China	flower
Jasminum sambac	Oleaceae	Arabian jasmine; biblical jasmine; samba	As	flower
Juglans nigra	Juglandaceae	black walnut	N Am	seed
Juglans regia	Juglandaceae	walnut; English walnut; Persian walnut	C As	seed
Juniperus communis	Cupressaceae	juniper	As; Eur; N Am	fruit
Juniperus virginiana	Cupressaceae	Virginian cedar; pencil cedar; eastern red cedar	N Am	fruit
Kaempferia galanga	Zingiberaceae	small galangal; kencur; sha jiang	Trop As	rhizome; leaf
Krameria lappacea	Krameriaceae	rhatany; Peruvian rhatany	S Am	root
Lactuca sativa	Asteraceae	lettuce	Med	leaf
Lantana camara	Verbenaceae	lantana; red sage; sherry pie; shrub verbena	C Am; S Am	leaf
Laser trilobum	Apiaceae	laserwort	Eur; W As	fruit
Laserpitium siler	Apiaceae	laserwort	N Afr; C & S Eu	fruit; root
Laurus nobilis	Lauraceae	laurel; bay leaf; bay laurel; sweet bay	Med	leaf; fruit
Lavandula angustifolia	Lamiaceae	English lavender; lavender; true lavender; common lavender	Med	herb
Lavandula dentata	Lamiaceae	French lavender	Med; W As	herb
Lavandula ×intermedia	Lamiaceae	lavandin; Dutch lavender	cultigen	herb
Lavandula latifolia	Lamiaceae	broadleaf lavender; spike lavender; spikenard; broad-leaf lavender	Med	herb
Lavandula stoechas	Lamiaceae	Spanish lavender; Arabian lavender; French lavender; Italian lavender	Med	herb
Lepidium draba	Brassicaceae	hoary cress; whitetop	Med; Euras	leaf; seed
Lepidium latifolium	Brassicaceae	dittander; perennial peppergrass	Eur; Med	fresh herb
Lepidium sativum	Brassicaceae	cress; garden cress; pepper grass	N Afr; W & C As	fresh leaf
Leptospermum citratum	Myrtaceae	lemon-scented tea	Aus	leaf
Leucas zeylanica	Lamiaceae	Ceylon leucas; admiration herb	Trop As	leaf
Levisticum officinale	Apiaceae	lovage; garden lovage	Eur; N Am	herb; root; fruit
Limnophila aromatica	Plantaginaceae	rice-paddy weed	SE As	herb
Limnophila rugosa	Plantaginaceae	hades; selaseh; ayer; selaseh banyu	Trop OW; Pac	leaf; herb
Lippia adoensis	Verbenaceae	koseret	E Afr (Ethiopia)	herb
Lippia alba	Verbenaceae	white oregano	N Am	leaf; herb
Lippia citriodora see Aloysia citrodora
Lippia dulcis	Verbenaceae	Mexican lippia; yerba dulce	C Am	leaf; herb
Lippia graveolens	Verbenaceae	Mexican oregano; American oregano; Mexican sage; mintweed	S Am; N Am; C Am	leaf; herb
Lippia javanica	Verbenaceae	fever tea	Afr	leaf; herb
Lippia micromera	Verbenaceae	Spanish thyme; Puerto Rico oregano	N Am; S Am	leaf; herb
Lippia multiflora	Verbenaceae	Gambian tea bush	Afr	leaf
Litsea cubeba	Lauraceae	mountain pepper; pheasant-pepper	As	fruit
Litsea japonica	Lauraceae	Japanese mountain pepper	As	fruit
Litsea pipericarpa	Lauraceae	kulit antarsa; kulit pulaga	As	fruit
Lycopersicon esculentum	Solanaceae	tomato	C Am; S Am	fruit
Mammea americana	Guttiferae	mammee; mammee-apple	S Am	flower
Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae	mango (amchur; amchoor)	Ind; Trop As	fruit
Mangifera odorata	Anacardiaceae	kurwini mango; saipan mango	SE As	fruit
Marrubium vulgare	Lamiaceae	horehound; white horehound	Eur	leaf
Matricaria recutita	Asteraceae	German chamomile	Eur	herb
Mediasia macrophylla	Apiaceae	pamir; large-leaved mediasia	As	fruit
Melissa officinalis	Lamiaceae	lemon balm; sweet balm; melissa	Med; As	leaf; herb
Mentha alopecuroides	Lamiaceae	apple mint; bowl mint	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha aquatica	Lamiaceae	water mint	Eur; Afr; W As	leaf; herb
Mentha arvensis	Lamiaceae	corn mint; field mint; Japanese mint	Eur; As	leaf; herb
Mentha cardiaca see Mentha ×gracilis
Mentha ×cordifolia	Lamiaceae	Kentucky spearmint	N Am	herb
Mentha ×gracilis	Lamiaceae	Scotch mint; Scotch spearmint; ginger mint	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha haplocalyx	Lamiaceae	Japanese peppermint	As	herb
Mentha longifolia	Lamiaceae	horse mint; long-leaf mint	Eur; As; Afr	herb
Mentha ×piperita	Lamiaceae	peppermint	cultigen (Britain)	leaf; herb
Mentha ×piperita ‘citrata’	Lamiaceae	bergamot mint; eau de Cologne mint; lemon mint; orange mint	Britain	fresh leaf
Mentha pulegium	Lamiaceae	pennyroyal; pudding grass	Eur; W As	leaf; herb
Mentha requienii	Lamiaceae	Corsican mint; menthella	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha ×rotundifolia	Lamiaceae	round-leaved mint; false apple mint	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha ×smithiana	Lamiaceae	red mint; bergamot mint	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha spicata	Lamiaceae	spearmint; garden mint; crisp mint; green mint; lamb mint	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha suaveolens	Lamiaceae	apple mint; pineapple mint	Eur	leaf; herb
Mentha ×villosa	Lamiaceae	bowl mint; apple mint; woolly mint	Eur	leaf
Menyanthes trifoliata	Menyanthaceae	bogbean; bogmyrtle; marsh-clover; marsh-trefoil; water trefoil	Eur; N Am; As	leaf
Merremia dissecta	Convolvulaceae	alamo vine; dissected merremia	Trop Am	leaf
Meum athamanticum	Apiaceae	baldmoney; bearwort; meu; spignel	N Afr; Eur	root; leaf
Michelia champaca	Magnoliaceae	golden champa; yellow champa	C As	flower
Micromeria fruticosa	Lamiaceae	talmud widder hyssop; tea hyssop	E Med; Israel	herb
Minthostachys mollis	Lamiaceae	Ecuadorian mint; tipo leaf	N Andes	leaf; herb
Mirabilis jalapa	Nyctaginaceae	beauty of the night; false jalap; four o’clock plant; marvel of Peru	Mex	seed
Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae	balsam pear; bitter cucumber; bitter gourd; bitter melon; carilla plant	Trop OW	pulp
Monarda citriodora	Lamiaceae	lemon bergamot; lemon mint	Mex; USA	leaf
Monarda didyma	Lamiaceae	fragrant balm; Oswego bee balm; Oswego tea	E & N Am	leaf; herb
Monarda fistulosa	Lamiaceae	bee balm; horse bergamot; wild bergamot	N Am	leaf
Mondia whitei	Apocynaceae	white ginger	Trop Afr	root
Monodora brevipes	Annonaceae	short-stemmed African nutmeg; yellow flowery nutmeg	Trop Afr	seed
Monodora myristica	Annonaceae	African nutmeg; false nutmeg; calabash nutmeg; Jamaica nutmeg	Trop Afr	seed
Montia perfoliata	Portulacaceae	miner’s lettuce; Cuban spinach; winter purslane	N Am	leaf
Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	horseradish tree; drumstick tree	Ind	flower; leaf; fruit
Murraya koenigii	Rutaceae	curry leaf	Ind; Sri Lanka	leaf
Murraya paniculata	Rutaceae	jasmine orange; Chinese myrtle; Chinese box-wood; Burmese box-wood; satinwood; Hawaiian orange; orange jasmine	SE As; Aus	flower
Myrica cerifera	Myricaceae	bay berry; candle berry; wax berry; wax myrtle	N Am	leaf
Myrica gale	Myricaceae	bog myrtle; gale meadow fern; sweet gale; sweet myrtle; wax berry	N Am; Euras	herb
Myrica pennsylvanica	Myricaceae	bay berry; candle berry; northern bay-berry; waxy berry	Eastern N Am	herb
Myristica argentea	Myristicaceae	silver nutmeg	New Guinea	seed; aril
Myristica fragrans	Myristicaceae	nutmeg and mace	Moluccas	seed; aril
Myristica malabarica	Myristicaceae	Bombay nutmeg; Malabar nutmeg	Indonesia	seed; aril
Myristica speciosa	Myristicaceae	Moluccan nutmeg	Indonesia	seed
Myroxylon balsamum	Leguminosae	balsam of Tolu; balsam of Peru; black balsam; Peruvian balsam	Venez; Peru	balsam
Myrrhis odorata	Apiaceae	cicely; sweet cicely; garden myrrh	Eur	fresh herb; fruit
Myrtus communis	Myrtaceae	myrtle; common myrtle	Med	leaf; fruit
Nardostachys jatamansi (N. grandiflora)	Valerianaceae	jatamansi; Indian nard; spikenard	As	leaf; rhizome
Nasturtium microphyllum	Brassicaceae	wild watercress	Eur	fresh leaf
Nasturtium officinale (=Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum)	Brassicaceae	watercress	Eur	fresh leaf
Nelumbo nucifera	Nelumbonaceae	lotus	As; Aus	herb; leaf
Nepeta cataria	Lamiaceae	catmint; catnip; lemon catnip	Eur; SW & C As	herb
Nepeta ×faassenii	Lamiaceae	blue catmint	Caucasus; Iran	herb
Nepeta racemosa	Lamiaceae	mussin catnip	Caucasus; Turkey; N Iran	herb
Nigella arvensis	Ranunculaceae	wild fennel	Euras; Eur; Med	seed; plant
Nigella damascena	Ranunculaceae	love-in-a-mist; wild fennel	Med	seed
Nigella sativa	Ranunculaceae	nigella; kalonji; black seed	Med; As	seed
Ocimum americanum (=O. canum)	Lamiaceae	hoary basil; lime basil; partminger	Trop OW	leaf
Ocimum basilicum	Lamiaceae	sweet basil; basil; common basil lemon basil	Trop As	leaf
Ocimum canum see Ocimum americanum
Ocimum ×citriodorum	Lamiaceae	lemon basil; kemanji	cultivated	leaf
Ocimum forskolei	Lamiaceae	mint-leaf basil	cultivated	leaf
Ocimum gratissimum (=O. suave)	Lamiaceae	African basil; sweet scented basil clove basil; Russian basil	S As; Trop Afr	leaf; herb
Ocimum kilimandscharicum	Lamiaceae	camphor basil	E Afr	leaf
Ocimum sanctum see Ocimum tenuiflorum
Ocimum tenuiflorum (=O. sanctum)	Lamiaceae	holy basil; sacred basil; Thai basil	Trop As	leaf; herb
Ocotea cymbarum	Lauraceae	canela	Braz	bark; calyx
Ocotea puchury-major	Lauraceae	louro-puxuri; pichuri; pixurim; puchuiri	S Am	seed
Ocotea quixos	Lauraceae	American cinnamon; ocotea	Ecuador	flower
Ocotea pretiosa	Lauraceae	false sassafras	Braz	bark; leaf
Oenanthe javanica	Apiaceae	water dropwort; water celery; water parsley	Indomal	herb
Origanum dictamnus	Lamiaceae	dittany of Crete	Greece; Crete	herb
Origanum majorana	Lamiaceae	marjoram; sweet marjoram	Med; Turkey	herb
Origanum onites	Lamiaceae	pot marjoram	Eur; E Med	herb
Origanum syriacum	Lamiaceae	Syrian oregano; za’atar; zatar; white oregano	SE Eur; W As	herb
Origanum vulgare	Lamiaceae	oregano; wild marjoram; pizza herb	Eur; C As	herb
Osmanthus fragrans	Oleaceae	sweet osmanthus flower; fragrant olive; sweet olive; tea olive	E As (China)	flower
Ottelia alismoides	Hydrocharitaceae	water-plantain; ottelia	China; Jap; Aus; NE Afr	leaf
Oxalis acetosella	Oxalidaceae	common wood sorrel; wood sorrel; shamrock	Eur; As	leaf
Oxalis corniculata	Oxalidaceae	creeping wood sorrel; creeping oxalis	Med	leaf
Oxalis pes-caprae	Oxalidaceae	sorrel; yellow sorrel	S Afr	leaf
Pandanus amaryllifolius	Pandanaceae	pandan; fragrant pandan	Trop As (Moluccas)	wilted leaves
Pandanus tectorius	Pandanaceae	fragrant screwpine	Trop OW	leaf; male flowers
Papaver somniferum	Papaveraceae	opium poppy; poppy	Med; SW As	seed
Parinari curatellifolia	Chrysobalanceae	mobola; mbura	Trop Afr	fruit
Parkia speciosa	Mimosaceae	petai; locust bean	Trop As	seed
Pastinaca sativa	Apiaceae	parsnip	Eur; W As	leaf; root
Peganum harmala	Zygophyllaceae	African rue; Syrian rue; mountain rue; wild rue	Med; As	seed
Pelargonium capitatum	Geraniaceae	rose-scented geranium; rose geranium; rose pelargonium	S Afr	leaf
Pelargonium ×citrosum	Geraniaceae	citrosa geranium; mosquito plant	cultivated	leaf
Pelargonium crispum	Geraniaceae	lemon geranium; curled leaved cranesbill	S Afr	leaf
Pelargonium ×fragrans	Geraniaceae	nutmeg scented geranium	S Afr	leaf
Pelargonium ×graveolens	Geraniaceae	rose geranium; Bourbon geranium; rose pelargonium; sweet-scented geranium	cultivated	leaf
Pelargonium ×limoneum	Geraniaceae	English finger-bowl geranium	cultivated	leaf
Pelargonium odoratissimum	Geraniaceae	apple-scented geranium	S Afr	leaf
Pelargonium radens	Geraniaceae	mint geranium; balsam (scented) geranium	S Afr	leaf
Pelargonium tomentosum	Geraniaceae	peppermint-scented geranium	S Afr	leaf
Peperomia pellucida	Piperaceae	pepper elder; rabbit ear	Trop Am	herb
Perilla frutescens	Lamiaceae	shiso; beefsteak plant; perilla; purple mint	E As	leaf; herb
Persicaria hydropiper	Polygonaceae	water pepper	SE As	leaf; herb
Persicaria odorata	Polygonaceae	Vietnamese coriander; Vietnamese mint; laksa leaf	SE As	leaf
Petroselinum crispum	Apiaceae	parsley	Eur; W As	leaf
Peucedanum ostruthium	Apiaceae	hog fennel	S Eur	rhizome
Peumus boldus	Monimiaceae	boldo	Chile	leaf
Phyllanthus emblica	Euphorbiaceae	emblic; emblic myrobalan; Indian gooseberry	Trop As	fruit
Physalis philadelphica (=P. ixocarpa)	Solanaceae	tomatillo; jamberry	Mex	ripe fruit
Physalis pubescens	Solanaceae	downy ground cherry; ground cherry	N Am	ripe fruit
Picrasma excelsa	Simaroubaceae	bitterwood; Jamaica quassia; quassia wood	West Indies	wood
Picrasma quassioides	Simaroubaceae	bitterwood; quassia wood	E As	wood
Pimenta dioica	Myrtaceae	allspice; pimento; Jamaican pepper	C Am; West Indies	fruit
Pimenta racemosa	Myrtaceae	bay rum	Trop Am	fruit
Pimpinella anisum	Apiaceae	anise; aniseed	Med; W As	fruit
Pimpinella major	Apiaceae	greater burnet saxifrage	Eur	root
Pimpinella saxifraga	Apiaceae	burnet saxifrage; garden burnet	Eur	root
Pinus cembra	Pinaceae	Siberian pine nuts	Eur; As	seed
Pinus cembroides	Pinaceae	Mexican pine nuts; Mexican piñon	N Am	seed
Pinus edulis	Pinaceae	piñon	N Am	seed
Pinus koraiensis	Pinaceae	Korean pine nuts	As	seed
Pinus pinea	Pinaceae	pine nuts; pine seeds; pignoles	Med	seed
Piper aduncum	Piperaceae	matico; big pepper; Spanish elder; spiked pepper	C Am; S Am	fruit
Piper auritum	Piperaceae	Mexican pepperleaf; alajan pepper	C Am	leaf
Piper baccatum	Piperaceae	climbing pepper of Java	SE As	fruit; leaf
Piper borbonense	Piperaceae	Madagascar pepper; poivre sauvage; cubebe du pays; betel marron	Afr (Madag)	fruit
Piper capense	Piperaceae	Cape pepper	E Afr	fruit
Piper clusii	Piperaceae	West African black pepper; African cubebs	W Afr	fruit
Piper cubeba	Piperaceae	cubeb pepper; tailed pepper; Java pepper	Indonesia	unripe fruit
Piper guineense	Piperaceae	West African pepper; Ashanti pepper; Benin pepper	Trop Afr	fruit
Piper lolot	Piperaceae	lolot pepper; Vietnamese pepper	SE As	leaf
Piper longum	Piperaceae	Indian long pepper; pippali; pipalli	Trop E Himal	fruit
Piper nigrum	Piperaceae	pepper; black pepper	S Ind; Sri Lanka	fruit; unripe fruit
Piper retrofractum	Piperaceae	Balinese long pepper; Javanese long pepper	SE As	fruit
Piper saigonense	Piperaceae	Saigon pepper	SE As	fruit
Piper sanctum	Piperaceae	acoyo; acuyo; cordonillo; xihuitl	C Am	herb
Piper sarmentosum	Piperaceae	wild pepper	Indomal	fruit; leaf
Piper umbellatum	Piperaceae	shrubby pepper	Trop Am	fruit; stem
Pistacia lentiscus	Anacardiaceae	mastic; masticha; mistki Chios mastic; lentisc	Med	resin
Pistacia terebinthus	Anacardiaceae	terebinth	Med	resin
Pistacia vera	Anacardiaceae	pistachio	W As	seed
Pithecellobium dulce	Leguminosae	Manila tamarind	C Am	fruit; seed
Plectranthus amboinicus	Lamiaceae	Indian borage; Cuban oregano; Spanish sage	E Afr	fresh leaf
Pluchea indica	Asteraceae	Indian fleabane; Indian pluchea	Indomal	leaf
Pogostemon cablin	Lamiaceae	patchouli; patchouly	Indomal	leaf
Pogostemon indicus (=P. heyneanus)	Lamiaceae	Indian patchouli	Indomal	leaf
Poncirus trifoliata see Citrus trifoliata
Populus balsamifera	Salicaceae	balsam poplar; hackmatack; tacamahaca poplar	N Am; Temp As	leaf bud
Populus nigra	Salicaceae	black poplar; Lombardy poplar	Euras	leaf bud
Porophyllum ruderale	Asteraceae	quillquina; killi	C Am; S Am	fresh leaves
Portulaca oleracea	Portulacaceae	purslane	W As	leaf
Portulaca quadrifida	Portulacaceae	single-flowered purslane; wild purslane	S Eur	herb
Potentilla erecta	Rosaceae	tormentill; bloodroot	Eur; As	rhizome
Prostanthera rotundifolia	Lamiaceae	Australian mint bush; round-leaved mint bush	Aus	herb
Prunus dulcis (=P. amygdalis)	Rosaceae	almond	W As	seed
Prunus laurocerasus	Rosaceae	cherry laurel; laurel	Eur; W As	fresh leaf
Prunus mahaleb	Rosaceae	mahaleb; mahaleb cherry; St Lucie cherry	Eur; As	fruit; leaf; seed
Prunus serotina	Rosaceae	American bird cherry; black cherry; rum cherry	E & N Am	leaf
Punica granatum	Punicaceae	pomegranate; anardana	Eur; W As	seeds
Pycnanthemum pilosum	Lamiaceae	hairy mountain mint	N Am	leaf; herb
Pycnanthemum virginianum	Lamiaceae	Virginia mountain mint; Virginia thyme	N Am	leaf
Pycnanthus angolensis	Myristicaceae	African nutmeg; Angolan nutmeg; false nutmeg	Trop Afr	seed
Quararibea fieldii	Malvaceae	saha	Trop Am	flower
Quararibea funebris	Malvaceae	chocolate flower	Mex	flower
Quararibea turbinata	Malvaceae	swizzlestick tree	Trop Am	twigs
Quassia amara	Simaroubaceae	bitterwood; Jamaica wood; quassia wood; Surinam quassia	Braz	wood
Quassia excelsa	Simaroubaceae	Jamaica wood	Trop Am	wood
Raphanus sativus	Brassicaceae	radish	cultivated (W As?)	root
Ravensara aromatica (Cryptocarya sp.)	Lauraceae	clove nutmeg; Madagascar clove; Madagascar nutmeg	Madag	bark; leaf; seed
Renanthera moluccana	Orchidaceae	anggrek merah; bunga karang	Indomal	young leaf
Renealmia alpinia	Zingiberaceae	mountain renealmia	Mex	leaf; aril
Reseda odorata	Resedaceae	mignonette; sweet mignonette; sweet reseda	N Afr	flower
Rhamnus prinoides	Rhamnaceae	geisho; gesho	Afr	herb
Rhaphidophora lobbii	Araceae	akar asam tebing paya	Pac	leaf
Rheum rhabarbarum (R. ×hybridum)	Polygonaceae	rhubarb; garden rhubarb	Eur?	petiole
Rheum rhaponticum (R. ×cultorum)	Polygonaceae	rhapontic rhubarb	Eur?	petiole
Rhododendron tomentosum (=Ledum palustre)	Ericaceae	marsh tea; marsh rosemary	Eur; As; N Am	leaf
Rhus aromatica	Anacardiaceae	fragrant sumach; lemon sumach; skunkbush; polecat bush; Sicilian sumac	Eastern N Am	fruit
Rhus coriaria	Anacardiaceae	sumac; sumach; spice sumac	S Eur	fruit
Ribes divaricatum		Worcesterberry	N Am	fruit
Ribes ×nidigrolaria		jostaberry	Eur	fruit
Ribes nigrum		blackcurrant; black currant	Eur; As	fruit
Ribes rubrum		redcurrant	Eur; As	fruit
Ribes uva-crispa		gooseberry	Eur	fruit
Ricinodendron heudelotii	Euphorbiaceae	African nut	Trop Afr	seed
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum see Nasturtium officinale
Rosa ×centifolia	Rosaceae	cabbage rose; Holland rose; Provence rose	Eur	petals
Rosa chinensis	Rosaceae	China rose; Bengal rose	China	petals
Rosa ×damascena	Rosaceae	damask rose; Portland rose; pink damask rose; Bulgarian rose	SW Eur; W As	petals
Rosa gallica	Rosaceae	French rose	Eur; W As	petals
Rosa moschata	Rosaceae	musk rose	W Himal	petals
Rosa ×odorata	Rosaceae	tea-scented rose	cultivated	petals
Rosa rugosa	Rosaceae	Japanese rose	E As	petals
Rosmarinus officinalis	Lamiaceae	rosemary	S & N Eur	leaf; herb
Rumex acetosa	Polygonaceae	sorrel; common sorrel; garden sorrel	Eur; As	fresh leaf
Rumex acetosella	Polygonaceae	sheep sorrel	N Temp	fresh leaf
Rumex hastatus	Polygonaceae	speared sorrel	E As	leaf
Rumex sanguineus	Polygonaceae	red-veined sorrel	cultivated	leaf
Rumex scutatus	Polygonaceae	French sorrel; buckler-leaved sorrel	Eur; As	leaf
Rumex vesicarius	Polygonaceae	bladder dock	S Eur; W As; N Afr	leaf
Ruta chalepensis	Rutaceae	fringed rue; Egyptian rue; Syrian rue; Aleppo rue	Med	herb
Ruta graveolens	Rutaceae	rue; common rue; herb of grace	Eur	leaf; herb
Salvia elegans (=S. rutilans)	Lamiaceae	pineapple sage; pineapple-scented sage	C Am	leaf; herb
Salvia fruticosa	Lamiaceae	Greek sage; Turkish sage	E Med	leaf
Salvia hispanica	Lamiaceae	chia	C Mex	seed; herb
Salvia lavandulifolia	Lamiaceae	Spanish sage	S Eur	leaf
Salvia officinalis	Lamiaceae	sage; common sage; garden sage	S Eur; Med	leaf
Salvia sclarea	Lamiaceae	clary; clary sage	Eur; C As	leaf
Sambucus canadensis (=S. nigra subsp. canadensis)	Caprifoliaceae	American elder	N Am	flower; fruit
Sambucus nigra	Caprifoliaceae	elderflowers; elderberries; black elder; common elder; European elder	Eur; As; Med	flower; fruit
Sanguisorba minor	Rosaceae	salad burnet; burnet; small burnet	C & S Eur	fresh leaf
Sanguisorba officinalis	Rosaceae	burnet; garden burnet; great burnet	Eur; As	leaf
Santalum album	Santalaceae	white sandalwood; East Indian sandalwood	Ind	wood
Santolina rosmarinifolia	Asteraceae	green santolina	S Eur	fresh herb
Saposhnikova divaricata	Apiaceae	fang-feng	NE As	fresh leaves
Sassafras albidum	Lauraceae	sassafras; filé powder	N Am	leaf
Satureja hortensis	Lamiaceae	savory; summer savory; garden savory	Med	leaf; herb
Satureja montana	Lamiaceae	winter savory	S Eur	leaf; herb
Satureja thymbra	Lamiaceae	thyme-leaved savory; thymbra	SE Eur	leaf
Saussurea costus	Asteraceae	costus	E Himal	root
Schinus molle	Anacardiaceae	pink pepper; Peruvian pepper	Peru	fruit
Schinus terebinthifolius	Anacardiaceae	Brazilian pepper; pink pepper; red pepper	Braz	fruit
Schisandra chinensis	Schisandraceae	Chinese magnolia vine; five-flavour fruit	China; Jap	fruit; bark
Scyphocephalium mannii	Myristicaceae	West African nutmeg	W Afr	fruit; seed
Scyphocephalium ochocoa	Myristicaceae	ochoco nutmeg	W Afr	seed
Sesamum indicum	Pedaliaceae	sesame; sesam	Afr; Ind	seed
Sinapis alba	Brassicaceae	white mustard; yellow mustard; mustard	Med	seed
Sinapis arvensis	Brassicaceae	charlock; field mustard; California rape; wild mustard	Eur; Med	seed
Siphonochilus aethiopicus	Zingiberaceae	African ginger	Trop Afr	rhizome; root
Sison amonum	Apiaceae	hedge sison; honewort; stone parsley	Eur; Med	fruit (seed)
Sium bracteatum	Apiaceae	jellico	St Helena	petiole
Sium sisarum	Apiaceae	skirret; crummock	E As	leaf
Smilax aristolochiifolia	Smilacaceae	Mexican sarsaparilla; Veracruz sarsaparilla	S & N Am	rhizome; root; bark
Smyrnium olusatrum	Apiaceae	alexanders; black lovage	E Med	leaf; fruit
Solanum aethiopicum	Solanaceae	scarlet egg plant; bitter berry	Trop Afr	leaf; fruit
Solanum macrocarpon	Solanaceae	African eggplant; gboma egg plant	W Afr	fresh herb
Sonneratia caseolaris	Lythraceae	red-flowered Pornupan mangrove	Indomal	young fruit
Sorbus aucuparia	Rosaceae	rowan	Eur; SW Asia	fruit
Spilanthes acmella	Asteraceae	spilanthes; pará cress	Braz	leaf; flower head
Spondias dulcis	Anacardiaceae	ambarella; Otaheite apple	Pac	fruit
Spondias mombin	Anacardiaceae	caja fruit; yellow mombin; jobo	Trop Am	fruit
Stevia rebaudiana	Asteraceae	stevia; sugar-leaf	S Am	leaf
Swertia chirata	Gentianaceae	chirata; chireta	C As	herb
Syzygium aromaticum	Myrtaceae	clove; cloves	Moluccas	flower buds
Syzygium polyanthum	Myrtaceae	salam; Indonesian bay-leaf	Indomal	leaf
Tagetes erecta (=T. patula)	Asteraceae	African marigold; French marigold	Mex; C Am	flower
Tagetes filifolia	Asteraceae	Irish lace marigold	Trop Am	leaf
Tagetes lemmonii	Asteraceae	Mexican marigold	N Am	petals
Tagetes lucida	Asteraceae	Mexican marigold mint; Mexican tarragon	Mex; Guatemala	herb
Tagetes maxima	Asteraceae	great marigold	Trop Am	herb; flower
Tagetes minuta	Asteraceae	huacataya; tagette; stinking roger; wild marigold; Mexican marigold	S Am	flower; herb
Tagetes tenuifolia	Asteraceae	American saffron; signet marygold; slender leaf marigold; striped Mexican marigold; lemon gem; orange gem	Trop & warm Am	flower; leaf
Talinum triangulare	Portulacaceae	talinum; flameflower; waterleaf	N Am	leaf
Tamarindus indica	Leguminosae	tamarind; Indian tamarind	N Afr	fruit pulp; leaf
Tanacetum balsamita	Asteraceae	alecost; costmary	Eur; C As	herb
Tanacetum vulgare	Asteraceae	tansy	Euras	herb
Taraxacum officinale	Asteraceae	dandelion	Euras	fresh leaf
Tetrapleura tetraptera	Leguminosae	aridan; akpa; dawo; essanga; sanga	Trop Afr	fruit
Theobroma cacao	Malvaceae	cacao	S Am (Andes)	seed
Thonningia sanguinea	Balanophoraceae	ground pineapple	W Afr	roots
Thymus caespititius	Lamiaceae	Azores thyme; mountain thyme; tiny thyme	Euras	fresh leaves
Thymus capitatus	Lamiaceae	catir; conehead thyme; Cretan thyme; Senegal savory; zatir	Euras	flowering herb
Thymus ×citriodorus	Lamiaceae	lemon thyme	Euras	fresh leaves; fresh herb
Thymus herba-barona	Lamiaceae	caraway thyme	Sardinia; Corsica	leaf
Thymus hyemalis	Lamiaceae	lemon thyme; winter thyme	Euras	leaf
Thymus mastichina	Lamiaceae	mastic thyme; Spanish (wild) marjoram; Spanish thyme	Euras	herb
Thymus oenipontanus	Lamiaceae	Austrian thyme	Euras	fresh leaf
Thymus praecox	Lamiaceae	alba thyme; creeping thyme; hairy thyme	Euras	leaf; herb
Thymus pubescens	Lamiaceae	hairy thyme	Euras	leaf; herb
Thymus pulegioides	Lamiaceae	lemon thyme; caraway thyme; wild thyme; herba barona	Eur	herb
Thymus quinquecostatus	Lamiaceae	Japanese thyme; five-ribbed thyme	Euras	herb
Thymus serpyllum	Lamiaceae	wild thyme	Euras	leaf; herb
Thymus schimperi	Lamiaceae	Ethiopian thyme	N Afr	herb
Thymus vulgaris	Lamiaceae	common thyme; garden thyme	W Med; SE Italy	leaf; herb
Thymus zygis	Lamiaceae	Spanish thyme; sauce thyme	W Med	herb
Toddalia asiatica	Rutaceae	Lopez fruit; wild orange tree	Trop OW	fruit
Trachyspermum ammi	Apiaceae	ajowan; bishop’s weed; omum; omam; white cumin; Ethiopian caraway	Egypt; Ethiopia	fruit
Trachyspermum roxburghianum	Apiaceae	ajmud; radhuni	Indomal	fruit
Treculia africana	Moraceae	African bread fruit; African boxwood	Afr	seed
Trigonella caerulea	Leguminosae	blue trefoil	Eur; W As	seed; herb
Trigonella corniculata	Leguminosae	clustered trefoil	Eur; Med; W As	seed
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Leguminosae	fenugreek	S Eur; W As	seed; herb
Triphasia trifolia	Rutaceae	lime berry; trifoliate lime; Chinese lime; myrtle lime	SE As	fruit
Tropaeolum majus	Tropaeolaceae	Indian cress; garden nasturtium	Peru	bud; leaf; flower
Turneria diffusa	Turneraceae	damiana	Trop Am	fruit
Urophyllum arboreum	Rubiaceae	ki cengkeh	Trop OW; Jap	bruised leaves
Vaccaria hispanica	Caryophyllaceae	cow cockle; cow herb; dairy pink	Euras; Med	herb
Valerianella locusta	Caprifoliaceae	corn salad; lamb’s lettuce; mache	Eur; Med	herb
Vanilla planifolia	Orchidaceae	vanilla; Bourbon vanilla; Mexican vanilla	Trop Am	fruit
Verbascum densiflorum	Scrophulariaceae	large flowered mullein; common mullein	C Eur	flower
Verbascum phlomoides	Scrophulariaceae	clasping mullein; orange mullein	S Eur	flower
Verbena officinalis	Verbenaceae	common verbena; European vervain; lemon-scented verbena; vervain	Euras; Afr; Am	leaf; herb
Vernonia amygdalina	Asteraceae	almond veronia; bitter leaf	Trop Afr	leaf
Vetiveria zizanioides see Chrysopogon zizanioides
Viola odorata	Violaceae	common violet; florist’s violet; garden violet; sweet-scented violet	Euras; Afr	flower; herb
Vitex agnus-castus	Verbenaceae	chaste pepper	S Eur	fruit
Warburgia salutaris	Canellaceae	pepperbark tree	E Afr	leaf; bark
Wasabia japonica	Brassicaceae	Japanese horseradish; mountain hollyhock; wasabi	Jap	stem
Xylopia aethiopica	Annonaceae	African pepper; Ethiopian pepper; Guinea pepper; kimba pepper; negro pepper; grains of Selim; spice tree	Trop W Afr	fruit
Xylopia aromatica	Annonaceae	pachinhos; pimenta de macaco; pimenta de negro	E Braz	seed
Xylopia parviflora	Annonaceae	striped African pepper	Liberia	fruit
Xylopia sericea	Annonaceae	hairy peppper	Braz	seed
Zanthoxylum acanthopodium	Rutaceae	adaliman; tomar seed	Indonesia	fruit
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides	Rutaceae	yue jiao	Vietnam	fruit
Zanthoxylum alatum	Rutaceae	timur	Nepal	fruit
Zanthoxylum armatum	Rutaceae	zhu ye jiao; Chinese pepper	China	fruit
Zanthoxylum bungeanum	Rutaceae	Chinese pepper	N China	leaf; fruit
Zanthoxylum piperitum	Rutaceae	sansho; Japanese pepper	E As	fruit; leaf
Zanthoxylum rhetsa	Rutaceae	tippal; Indian pepper	N Ind	fruit; seed
Zanthoxylum schinifolium	Rutaceae	sancho	C & E As	fruit; leaf
Zanthoxylum simulans	Rutaceae	Chinese pepper; Sichuan pepper; chuan jiao	China	fruit; leaf
Zanthoxylum tessmannii	Rutaceae	African pepper	Afr	fruit
Zingiber mioga	Zingiberaceae	mioga ginger; Japanese (wild) ginger	Jap	rhizome
Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	ginger; common ginger	Ind	rhizome
Zingiber zerumbet	Zingiberaceae	wild ginger; zerumbet ginger	Indomal	rhizome
Ziziphora tenuior	Lamiaceae	ziziphora	C As (Turkey)	leaf