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Albany, Alexander Stewart, Duke of, 417, 432–3, 435, 446, 510, 529
alchemy, 355
Alcock, John, Bishop of Rochester, 328–9, 343, 363
Alford, William, 203
Aliprando, Pietro, 330–1
Allington, William, 326, 403, 405
Alnwick Castle, 72, 75, 79, 102
alum trade, 156–7, 181, 184, 334–5
Amiens, 365
Anglo-Burgundian relations: defence pact (1466), 152–3, 183; Edward IV’s alliance, 123–5, 163–4, 166, 201, 330, 421–4; marriage of Charles the Bold to Margaret of York, 140, 146–7, 160–2, 179, 180–5; under Maximilian I, 414–15; support for Edward’s restoration, 257–60, 309, 324–6; threatened by Franco-Burgundian peace treaty (1482), 444; tournament (1467), 125–6, 151, 160, 162–3, 166–9
Anglo-Burgundian trade war, 117–19, 122, 145, 147, 149–50, 155, 161, 171–2, 172, 201, 220–1, 378–9
Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV), 414, 423
Anne of York (sister of Edward IV) see Exeter, Anne, Duchess of
Argentine, John, 431, 470, 471, 496
Arnolfini, Giovanni, 148
Arras, France, 310, 381, 385, 443
Arras, Treaty of (1482), 443–5
Arthur Plantagenet, 442
Arundel, William FitzAlan, Earl of, 122
Ashby, George, 49
Ashton, Sir Ralph, 259, 300, 310
astronomy, 200–1
Attainder, Acts of, 28, 64, 306, 522
Audeley, John Tuchet, Baron, 176, 212
Bamburgh Castle, 72, 75, 76, 77, 82, 91, 93, 102–3, 425
Banbury, 215
Bannaster, Ralph, 515
Bardi and Peruzzi (bankers), 148
Barnet, battle of (1471), 278–80
Batell, Salomon, 129
Baynard’s Castle, 39, 43, 228, 488
Beauchamp, Richard, 2nd Baron Beauchamp, 285, 388
Beauchamp, Richard, Bishop of Salisbury, 160, 163, 373
Beaufort, John, 101
Beaufort, Lady Margaret: widowed at death of Edmund Tudor, 16; inheritance of, 62; recovers earldom of Richmond, 264–5; at Richard III’s coronation, 494, 495–6; plans for Henry to marry Elizabeth of York, 500–2, 504–5; ambition to put Henry Tudor on the throne, 505; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 512, 513; Richard III pardons, 523; raises money for Henry Tudor, 551
Beaufort family, 8, 92, 255, 258, 264, 408, 415 see also Somerset, dukes of
Beaulieu Abbey, 338
Beaupe, David, 355
Bedford, George Neville, Duke of, 224, 303, 358, 408
Bedford, John of Lancaster, Duke of, 113
Beneke, Paul, 244
benevolence, 355–7, 358, 425–6, 429, 522
Berkeley, Lord, 456
Berwick, 55, 74, 417, 428, 435
Bettini, Sforza de, 220, 225, 236, 268, 294
Bische, Guillaume, 150
Black Book of the Household of Edward IV of England, 319–21
Blackfriars, 57
Blore Heath, battle of (1459), 19
Blount, James, 539
Blount, William, 95
Bodrugan, Henry, 349
Bolingbroke, Roger, 391
Bona of Savoy, 109
Bonvisi, Ludovico, 492
book trade, 160, 327–8, 348–9, 377, 444–5, 522 see also Caxton, William
books: acquired by Edward IV, 422; on chivalry, 136, 293; taken onboard by John Howard, 428; Louis of Gruuthuse’s collection, 261–2; on nobility, 114; Richard III’s love of, 136, 222, 293, 313, 522
Borsselen, Henrik van, 266
Bosworth, battle of (1485), 559–64
Bourchier, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury: at battle of Northampton, 26; and Richard’s claim to the throne, 29; crowns Edward IV, 52; education of the dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, 85, 87; and papal taxes, 104; coronation of Elizabeth Woodville, 130; appointed cardinal, 152, 170; witnesses Henry Percy’s oath of allegiance, 224; communication with Lancastrian exiles, 266; and the Black Book, 319; host to George Neville, 358; loyalty to Richard III, 471; takes Richard of Shrewsbury out of sanctuary, 483–4; crowns Richard III, 494
Bourse, Bruges, 260
Bouton, Philippe de, 162
Brackenbury, Robert, 484, 491, 503, 542, 557, 560, 563, 565
Brandon, Sir William, 512, 539, 562, 563
Bray, Reynold, 505, 506–7, 523, 551
Brazil, 410
Bretailles, Louis de, 367
Brézé, Pierre de, 59
Bridget of York (daughter of Edward IV), 493
Bristol, 61
Brittany: English alliance with, 189, 324, 326, 329, 352, 366; signs treaties with France (1468), 201; (1472), 330; seeks military aid from England, 201, 206–7, 324; Henry Tudor in, 498–9, 500, 505, 516–17, 519–20, 533–4; Richard III refuses military aid, 509; English naval war with, 522, 528; Richard III’s truce with, 529, 531, 553
Brittany, Francis, Duke of, 92, 189, 201, 206, 323–4, 330, 498–9, 509, 529, 534
Brown, Sir George, 416, 495, 504, 505, 515, 518
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of: married to Katherine Woodville, 123; at Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, 130; at the Anglo-Burgundian tournament (1467), 167; friendship with Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 313; at visit of Louis of Gruuthuse, 325; and Edward’s invasion of France (1475), 360; Edward IV’s mistrust of, 370–1, 401–2; at Clarence’s trial, 405; supports Richard’s claim to the throne, 461–2, 467–71, 487–9; role under Richard’s protectorate, 473; suggests princes are sent to the Tower, 473; and Hastings’ execution, 482; created constable of England, 490; at Richard’s coronation, 494; rebellion (1483), 506–7, 511–16; executed, 515
Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of, 26, 27
bullion crisis (1464), 94
Burford, 40
Burgh, Sir Thomas, 225–6
Burgundy, Anthoine, ‘Bastard of Burgundy,’ 125, 147, 151, 162–3, 167–8, 444
Burgundy, duchy of, 381–2 see also Charles the Bold; Philip the Good
Butler, Eleanor, 521
Cadwaladr (king of Britain), 4, 53, 106
Calabria, Duke John of, 157–8
Calais: defence of (1477), 385–6; factionalism in, 437–40; supplies credit to Edward IV, 50, 71, 95, 180, 190; Hammes fortress, 316, 349, 539, 540; refuses entry to Warwick and Clarence (1470), 234–5; support for the Yorkist cause, 20, 22–3, 25; trade embargo with Burgundy (1470), 257; Warwick in charge of, 17, 18–19; wool merchants, 16–17, 22, 78–9
Calais Staple, 71, 148, 190, 191, 257
Canigiani, Gherardo, 148–50, 155–7, 179–80, 184, 240, 334–5
Canterbury, 26, 85, 87, 131, 141, 295, 336
Carmeliano, Pietro, 497
Castiglione, Baldassare, 167
Castleford, 46
Catesby, William: Hastings’ deputy in Northamptonshire, 426; aids Richard’s regime change, 468–70, 473, 480–3; 491; seditious rhyme about, 529–30; Speaker of the House of Commons, 521; advises Richard not to marry Elizabeth of York, 549–50; captured at Bosworth, 563; conviction by Henry VII, 565
Caxton, William, 118–19, 377, 423; The Game and Playe of the Chesse, 347–9; publishes Malory’s Morte d’Arthur (1485), 555–6
Cecily of York (daughter of Edward IV), 206, 350, 359, 377, 417, 434
Chaderton, Edmund, 316
Channel Islands, 55
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (formerly Charles of Charolais): estrangement from Philip, duke of Burgundy, 87–8; Lancastrian sympathies of, 91–2, 201, 251–3; seeks alliance with Edward IV, 116–17, 124–5, 161–2, 169; invades France, 131; marriage to Margaret of York, 140, 146–7, 160–2, 171, 193–6; succeeds as duke of Burgundy, 169; admitted to Order of the Garter, 207; support for Edward IV in exile, 253–4, 257–60; equivocation over England alliance, 309–10; agrees joint invasion of France, 323–4; signs truce with Louis XI, 330; invasion of the Rhineland, 333, 353; and Edward’s invasion of France (1475), 360–1, 363–4; rift with Edward IV, 367, 368–9; campaigns in Switzerland, 379; death, 380, 381
Charles VII, king of France, 18, 55, 56, 59
Charles VIII, king of France, 443, 510, 534–5, 542, 553
Chartres, 98
Chastellain, Georges, 248, 252
Chertsey Abbey, 294
Cheyne, Sir John, 401, 402, 455, 495, 500, 505, 512, 515, 531, 562, 563
Chirk Castle, 91
Cicero, De Officiis, 160
Cinque Ports, 64
Clairet, Pierre, 378
Clarence, George Plantagenet, Duke of: appearance and character, 85–7, 138, 154–5, 204, 222, 302, 312, 345, 486, 571; birth, 8; detained at Ludlow by Lancastrian troops (1459), 21; relationship with Edward IV, 28, 116; sent to Philip of Burgundy for protection, 39; returns to London for Edward IV’s coronation, 51–2; created knight of the Bath, 52; created duke of Clarence, 54; at Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, 130–1; granted lands by Edward IV, 138–9, 154–5; at the Anglo-Burgundian tournament (1467), 167; marriage to Isabel Neville, 138, 172–4, 210–11; uncertain prospects of, 175; on judicial commissions, 176, 196; draws up ordinances for his household, 203–5; claim to the throne, 220; and Robert Welles’ uprising, 230–2; escapes to France with Warwick, 233–5; assists restoration of Henry VI, 241, 247, 255; defection back to Yorkists, 263–6, 272–4; dispute with Richard over Warwick inheritance, 301–4, 311–13, 315, 343–4, 349–50, 358–9; resumption of lands, 344–7, 349–50; proposal to marry Marie of Burgundy, 383–5; Edward’s distrust of, 387–8; trial of Burdet and Stacy, 388–92; Twynyho trial and execution, 392–4; arrested and imprisoned in the Tower, 394–5; trial, 402–5; execution, 406
Claver, Alice, 422
Clifford, John, Baron, 46
cloth trade, 95, 105, 118–19, 123, 145, 156, 172, 181, 201, 244
Colchester uprising, 539–40
Colet, Henry, 551
Collingbourne, William, 455, 530–1, 541
Colonna, Egidio, De Regimine Principum, 222
comet (1468), 200–1
Commynes, Philippe de, 251–3, 257–8, 309–10, 364, 365–6, 384, 430, 447
Constable, Marmaduke, 518
Constables of England: role of, 68–9; Edward of Lancaster, 36; John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 249–50; John Tiptoft, 68, 70, 103, 126; Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 222–3, 289; Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers, 203; Thomas Stanley, 555
Conyers, Sir John, ‘Robin of Redesdale,’ 210, 240, 310
Cook, Sir Thomas: relations to John Forster, 121; loans to Edward IV, 130; rents house to Canigiani, 149; prosecuted for Lancastrian activities, 193, 196–8; during Henry VI’s restoration, 256; flees to France at Edward’s restoration, 275
Coppini, Francesco, 23–4, 25, 26, 28, 33, 43, 51
Corbet, Sir Richard, 216
‘Cornelius’ (shoemaker), 191–2
Coudenberg Palace, Brussels, 171
Courtenay, Peter, Bishop of Exeter, 512–13, 516
Courtenay family, 233, 241, 512, 516, 571 see also Devon, earls of
Coventry: council meetings at, 16, 19, 178; parliament (1459), 21; refuses aid to Margaret of Anjou, 37; Edward IV at, 176, 178; executions of Lord Rivers and John Woodville, 178; Warwick marshals forces at, 273–4; Margaret of Anjou submits to Edward IV, 290; Edward V visits (1474), 346–7; warned against support for Clarence, 399–400
Cromer, 269
Crowland, Lincolnshire, 209
Curteys, Piers, 422, 492–3, 551
Dalleghiexia, Luchino, 219, 221
Dallugo, Count Ludovico, 58–9
Darell, George, 57
Daubeney, Giles, 505, 512, 562
De la Pole, Richard, 571
Delalaunde, Sir Thomas, 225
Dengayn, William, 340–1
Denmark, king of, 198
Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of see Stanley, Thomas
Desmond, 7th Earl of, 203, 250, 536
Desmond, 8th Earl of, 536
Devon, Humphrey Stafford, Earl of, 205, 210, 212, 215, 217
Devon, John Courtenay, 15th Earl of, 275, 283, 287, 288
Devon, Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of, 49
Dighton, John, 503
Dinham, John, Baron Dinham, 20, 490
Donne, Sir John, 123–4, 231, 383, 423
Dorset, Thomas Grey, marquis of: becomes Edward IV’s stepson, 119; at Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, 130; marries Anne Holland, 154; in Prince Edward’s council, 370; at reburial of Richard, duke of York, 376; at the trial of Stacy and Burdet, 389; at wedding celebrations for Richard of Shrewsbury, 401; companion to Edward IV, 430; Scottish campaign, 428, 431, 434; rivalry with Hastings, 438–40, 452; reconciles with Hastings at Edward IV’s deathbed, 448; on royal council after death of Edward IV, 450, 460; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455; takes sanctuary in Westminster, 472, 478, 487–8; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 513, 514; attempts to desert rebels, 545–6
Dunstable, 36
Dunstanburgh Castle, 72, 75, 76, 77, 102
Dymmock, Robert, 495
Dymmock, Sir Thomas, 225, 228, 229
Edgecote, battle of (1469), 215–17
Edinburgh, Treaty of, 420
Edinburgh Castle, 435
Edward III, 4, 54, 83, 106, 120, 319
Edward IV (formerly Duke of York, Earl of March): ancestry and claim to the throne, 4; appearance and character, 28, 50–1, 57–8, 63, 84, 257–8, 282, 331–2, 365–6, 411–12, 429–31, 443, 571; birth (1442), 8; childhood in Ludlow, 10, 13; flees with Warwick to Calais (1459), 20; relationship with Warwick, 22–3, 28; promoted by the Yorkists as rightful heir, 25; at battle of Northampton, 27; becomes heir to the throne, 32; at battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 3–5, 32; claims throne of England, 40–3; raises funds to defeat the Lancastrians, 44–5; at battle of Towton, 45–50; conciliatory policies, 50, 306; coronation in Westminster Abbey, 52–3, 55; regarded as usurper, 53–5; welcomes envoys from Milan, 56–9; governance of, 59–60, 70–1; appropriates land, 64; and international trade, 95–6; and royal finances, 44, 64–5, 70–1, 94–5, 103–4, 104–6, 144, 165–6, 179–80, 410–11; execution of the Earl of Oxford, 67–70; sieges of Northumberland, 72, 74–6; protectionist policies, 78–9, 172; planned Scottish campaign, 76, 84, 89–90; fury at Somerset’s defection, 92; deals with insurgencies, 93–4; encouraged to marry, 98–9; introduces ‘papal tax,’ 103–4; carries out recoinage, 104–6; marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, 106, 109–13; illegitimate children of, 116; relations with Burgundy, 116–19, 161–2, 163, 166–9, 172; acts of resumption, 138–9, 344–5; raises funds for war with France, 189–90, 328–30, 333–5, 355–8; negotiates with Louis XI, 201; attempts peace with Neville brothers, 201, 207–8; receives Burgundian order of the Golden Fleece, 207; response to Robin of Redesdale’s uprising, 209–10; imprisoned by Neville brothers in Middleham Castle, 217, 221; conciliation with Warwick and Clarence, 221, 224–5; at battle of Losecote Field (1470), 230–1; warning to Clarence, 239–40; takes refuge in Holland (1470), 242–5, 253–4, 260–1; returns to England, 266–75; restored to the throne, 276–7, 299–300, 308–9; medical treatments, 321–3; preference for Richard over Clarence, 313–14, 340–1; trades insults with Louis IX, 352; invasion of France (1475), 353–4, 359–63; and the Treaty of Picquigny, 366–9; rumours of illegitimacy, 368–9; building projects, 373–4, 409; health, 386, 390, 413, 430–1, 447–8; mistrust of Clarence, 387–8, 391, 397–8; imprisons Clarence in the Tower, 394–5; trial of Clarence, 403–5; regret over Clarence’s execution, 406–7; raises funds for war with Scotland, 425–6; Scottish campaign (1482), 435–6; favours to family, 446–7; death, xx, 448–50; funeral, 454–7; declared illegitimate, 486; marriage declared illegitimate, 521; displays of wealth, 29, 56–7, 142–4, 409–10, 442–3
Edward of Lancaster (son of Henry VI): birth, 12; John Morton appointed as chancellor to, 21; debarred from succession, 30; re-instated as heir to the throne (1461), 36; escapes to Scotland after battle of Towton, 49; escapes to Flanders with his mother, 82; proposed marriage to Anne Neville, 237; proposed marriage to Elizabeth of York, 239; letter to Warwick on government, 248; killed at battle of Tewkesbury, 287–8
Edward of Middleham (son of Richard III), 507, 509, 524, 526
Edward V: birth (1470), 256; declared heir presumptive, 299–300; established in Ludlow, 335–6, 342–3, 370; visit to Coventry (1474), 346–7; at Mary of York’s burial, 433; at Christmas (1482), 442; informed of Edward IV’s death, 453–4; detained in Northampton on the way to London, 465–7, 470–1; arrives in London under Richard’s care, 472; taken to the Tower, 474; declared illegitimate, 485–6; disappearance of, 496–7; plot to rescue from the Tower, 500; killed in the Tower, 503; references to in official documents, 520
Elizabeth, Queen consort to Edward IV (formerly Elizabeth Woodville): family background, 113; marriage to Edward IV, 110–13; queenly role of, 116, 120, 143–4; churching (1466), 141, 142–3; coronation of (1465), 127–31; profits from Thomas Cook’s disgrace, 197; family members killed in insurgency, 221; during Edward’s deposition, 246–7; reunited with Edward (1471), 276–7; re-coronation ceremony, 308–9; and Clarence’s trial and execution, 405–6; dislike of William Hastings, 431; on Edward V’s succession, 449–50, 453; seeks sanctuary at Westminster (1483), 472, 475; releases Richard of Shrewsbury from sanctuary, 484; marriage declared illegitimate, 485–6, 521; talks with Margaret Beaufort, 501–2, 505; grief at sons’ death, 504; leaves Westminster sanctuary, 523; resigned to Richard III’s rule, 545–6; retirement to Bermondsey Abbey, 568–9; death and burial, 569
Elizabeth I, Queen, 571
Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward IV later queen consort of Henry VII): birth, 141; betrothal to George Neville, 224; proposed marriage to Edward of Lancaster, 239; proposed marriage to the dauphin of France, 351, 366, 395, 413–14, 444; dances with Edward IV, 325; at the ‘marriage’ of Richard of Shrewsbury, 402; at Christmas (1482), 442; at Richard III’s Christmas festivities, 544–5; Richard III rumoured to plan to marry, 548–51; marriage to Henry VII, 565–6; crowned queen, 568; death, 570
Elrington, Sir John, 456
Eltham manor, 119, 121, 159, 373–4, 409
Empingham, Lincolnshire, 230
Empson, Richard, 469
entertainments, 57–8, 143, 309, 325
Essex, Henry Bourchier, Earl of, 60, 110, 221, 283, 376, 439
Exchequer, 44, 64–5, 144, 155, 355, 410, 520, 536, 537–539
Exeter, Anne, Duchess of, 266
Exeter, Henry Holland, Duke of, 154, 253, 258, 266
Farwell, Alice, 99
Fastolf, Sir John, 361
Fauconberg, Thomas Neville ‘the Bastard’ of, 260, 290–2, 295, 304–5
Fauconberg, William, Lord, 20, 46, 47
Faunt, Nicholas, 295
Ferrers, William Devereux, Baron, 223
Ferrybridge, Yorkshire, 45–6
Flanders: under Philip of Burgundy, 33, 51; international trade, 79, 148, 244, 437, 442, 532; Margaret of Anjou flees to, 82; Anglo-Burgundian peace talks (1467), 171; trade embargo on English cloth, 172, 201, 378; Lancastrian exiles in, 202; marriage of Charles the Bold to Margaret of York, 193–6; Edward IV in exile, 244–5, 253–4, 257–62, 267; celebrations at Edward’s restoration, 289; and piracy, 235, 244, 334–5; William Caxton in, 377; death of Charles the Bold, 382; French threat to, 396, 434; under Maximilian I, 432, 441, 443; John Morton in exile, 515, 534, 539
Fogge, Sir John, 26, 105, 146, 165, 176, 192, 197, 199, 212, 489, 545
forced loans, 355, 425, 522, 546
Forest, Johanne (Janet), 536–7
Forster, Agnes, 121
Forster, John, 121, 197, 357, 360, 426, 483
Forster, Sir Stephen, 121
Fortescue, Sir John: chancellor to Edward of Lancaster, 21; in exile with Margaret of Anjou, 82, 124, 192; letter on government reform, 248–9; detained after battle of Tewkesbury, 290; pardoned after Edward’s restoration, 306; A Declaration upon Certain Writings Sent Out of Scotland, 328; The Governance of England, 318–19
Fotheringhay: birthplace of Richard III, 10; Edward IV at, 83–4, 209; Edward IV signs treaty with Duke of Albany, 433–4; home of the House of York, 83, 373; reburial of Richard, Duke of York, 375–6
Fox, Richard, 543
France: Louis XI assumes the throne (1461), 59; negotiations with Warwick (1467), 161–2, 169–70, 176–9; retakes Gascony (1453), 11; sack of Sandwich (1457), 17; support for Henry Tudor, 534–5, 542; trade with England, 16, 366, 369, 409; Treaty of Arras (1482), 443–5; Treaty of Picquigny (1475), 364–9
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, 526
Free, John, 68
Frise, James, 321
Fulford, Sir Baldwin, 61
Fust, Johann, 160
Gainsborough, 225–6
Gascony, English loss of (1453), 11
Gate, Sir Geoffrey, 216, 234, 246
George of Podebrad, king of Bohemia, 141
George of York (Edward IV’s son), 413
Gigli, Carlo, 38
Gloucester (city), 93, 285, 502
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 8, 218, 391, 458, 459
Goddard, William, 394
Grantham, 33
Grey, Sir John, 110
Grey, Sir Richard, 119, 370, 401, 430, 465, 470, 488
Grey, Thomas see Dorset, Thomas Grey, marquis of
Grey family, 175–6
Grey of Ruthin, Edmund, Lord, 26
Grimaldi, Luigi, 410
Grocyn, William, 499
Gruuthuse, Louis de: Anglo-Burgundian negotiations, 147; hosts Edward IV in exile in Holland, 245, 254, 257, 261–2, 266; visit to Edward IV’s court, 324–5; created Earl of Winchester, 326
Guildford, Richard, 562
Guisnes Castle, 97
Gunthorpe, John, 194
Gutenberg, Johannes, 160
Guto’r Glyn, 563
Habington, William, Historie of Edward the Fourth, 572
Habsburg, house of, 384, 395, 414
Hammes Castle, Calais, 349, 539, 540, 545
Hanseatic League, 77, 198–9, 244–5, 262, 266–7, 310, 333, 334–5, 344
Harewell, Roger, 404
Harpisfield, Nicholas, 254
Harrington, Robert, 481
Harrington, Sir James, 271
Harrington family, 233, 342, 359, 555
Haselden, Thomas, 132–3
Hastings, George, Lord, 570
Hastings, Katherine, 499
Hastings, Ralph, 81
Hastings, William, 1st Baron Hastings: rise of, 60–1; hostility to duke of Somerset, 80–1; on Edward IV’s character, 84; commercial activities of, 95; master of the king’s mints, 104–5; intercedes with Edward IV on behalf of Elizabeth Woodville, 110–11; at the Archbishop of York’s enthronement (1465), 135; Anglo-Burgundian relations, 153, 423; Anglo-French relations, 170, 378, 426–7; witnesses Henry Percy’s oath of allegiance, 224; royal tournament (1467), 160; appointed on judicial commission, 176; exiled in Holland with Edward (1470), 254, 262; at battle of Tewkesbury, 287; captain of Calais garrison, 300–1, 437–40; friendship with Richard, duke of Gloucester, 313; visit of Louis de Gruuthuse to Windsor, 324–5; and the Treaty of Picquigny, 366; granted Tutbury estates, 345–6; at the reburial of Richard, Duke of York, 376; defends the Calais garrison, 385–6, 395–6; at Clarence’s trial, 403; companionship with Edward IV, 430–1; conflict with Anthony Woodville, 448; on royal council after Edward’s death, 450; hostility to Woodville influence, 452–3; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455, 456; aids Richard in detaining Edward V, 468–70; executed, 480–3
Hatteclyffe, William, 38, 62–3, 95, 98–9, 121, 146, 153, 160, 321, 333, 430
Haute, Anne, 311
Haute, James, 120
Haute, William, 130
Hawkins, John, 192
Hedgeley Moor, battle of (1464), 99–100
Hedingham Castle, Essex, 68
Henry IV, 4, 24, 132–3, 269, 270
Henry VI: incompetent reign of, 5–6, 60, 64; marriage to Margaret of Anjou, 8; mental ill-health, 11, 13, 15; at first battle of St Albans, 14; attends the ‘loveday’ (1458), 17; at the Coventry Parliament (1459), 22; and dynastic change, 24; Yorkists take control of, 27; rescued by the Lancastrians, 36; escapes to Scotland after battle of Towton, 49; in exile in Scotland, 76, 82; at Bamburgh Castle, 90–1; at battle of Hexham, 100; escapes after battle of Hexham, 101–2; captured and taken to the Tower, 132–3; restored to the throne, 247–8; paraded round London as Edward approaches, 275–6; at Edward’s restoration, 276, 281; dies in the Tower, 293–4; religious foundations at Eton and Cambridge, 373; reburied in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 533
Henry VII (formerly Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond): William Herbert pays Edward IV for wardship of, 62; lordship of Richmond confiscated from, 86; childhood in Raglan Castle, 175; at battle of Edgecote, 216; presented to Henry VI (1470), 264–5; attempt to reclaim earldom of Richmond, 265; with Jasper Tudor in Wales, 299; in exile in Brittany, 498; and the Woodville insurgency, 500–2; as putative heir to Edward IV, 505; attempts to land on English southern coast, 516; takes oaths of loyalty at Rennes Cathedral, 519; leaves Brittany for France, 534–5; letter claiming the crown, 540–1; support from Charles VIII, 553; lands at Milford Haven, 556; at battle of Bosworth, 558–63; declared king in Parliament, 564–5; marries Elizabeth of York, 565–6
Henry VIII, 570–1
Herbert, Lady Anne, 223
Herbert, Sir William (later Earl of Pembroke): detains Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, 16; defeats insurgencies in Wales, 58, 60–2, 174; wardship of Henry Tudor, 62, 175; influence on Edward IV, 114; marriage to Mary Woodville, 153–4, 165; wardship of Henry Percy, 175; takes Harlech castle, 196, 200; Edward creates Earl of Pembroke, 200; accused by Warwick and Clarence of misrule, 212; at battle of Edgecote, 215–16; executed at Northampton (1469), 216–17 see also Pembroke, William Herbert, 2nd Earl of
Hermonymos, George, 357
Herte, Edmund, 129
Heryot, William, 441
Hexham, battle of (1464), 100–1
Hobbes, William, 321
Holland, 245, 254, 309 see also Low Countries
Holland, Anne, 154
Holt Castle, Denbighshire, 93
Honfleur, 235
Howard, Sir John see 1st duke of
Howard, Thomas see Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of
Hunde, Robert, 538
Hungerford, Sir Thomas, 202, 205–6
Hungerford, Walter, 512
Hutton, Thomas, 498–9
Hyde, Richard, 392
Idley, Peter, 112
Ilkusz, Martin, 200–1
Ireland: rebellion in (1467), 180; Richard of York as lieutenant of, 8; Richard of York takes refuge in (1459-60), 20, 23
Ireland, Stephen, 500
Isabella of Bourbon, 140
Isabella of Castile, 98
Isabella of Portugal, 88, 171, 194
Italian merchant community, 56, 71, 77–9, 96, 155
Jacques of Luxembourg, 117, 123, 125, 130
Jacquetta of St Pol: deputation to Lancastrians after battle of St Albans, 37–8; daughter Elizabeth marries Edward IV, 110–11; lineage of, 113, 116; at Elizabeth’s coronation, 130; at birth of Elizabeth of York, 141; at Elizabeth’s churching, 142–3; profits from Thomas Cook’s disgrace, 197; named in petition issued by Warwick, 212; accused of witchcraft, 218–19, 469, 480, 486; cleared of witchcraft, 226; takes sanctuary in Westminster, 246–7
James III of Scotland, 49, 65, 337, 359, 417, 425, 431, 434, 435, 510
Jeanne of France, 161
Jersey, 55
John of Gaunt, 459
Josselyn, Ralph, 118, 130, 409
jousts and tournaments, 80, 126, 151, 159–60, 166–8, 195, 400–2
Katherine of Aragon, 571
Kemp, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, 85
Kennedy, James, Bishop of St Andrews, 66, 70, 90
King, Oliver, 481
King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, 373, 525
Koeur, France, 89
Kymer, Gilbert, 98–9
Kymer, John, 513
Lacy, John, 200
Lalaing, Simon de, 162
Lancastrian kings see Henry IV; Henry V; Henry VI
Landais, Pierre, 529, 533, 534
Langton, Thomas, Bishop, 507–8, 530
Lee, Richard, 239
Lefèvre, Raoul, 261
Leventhorpe, Nicholas, 254, 259
Liber Niger see Black Book of the Household of Edward IV of England
Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of, 376, 400, 450, 456, 532, 568
Lincolnshire uprisings, 226–7
Lindisfarne island, 74
Lloyd, Griffith, 537–8
London: Cade’s rebellion (1450), 7; Yorkist support in, 26; truce with Lancastrians (1461), 36–8; bars entry to Margaret of Anjou’s army, 39; Edward and Warwick enter (1461), 41–2; financial backing for Edward IV, 50, 71, 74, 95, 121, 181, 190, 411; Edward IV crowned king, 52–3; Steelyard, 77; plague, 77, 412, 415–16; coronation of Elizabeth Woodville, 127–30; Medici bank in, 149, 180, 190, 240, 334–5, 411; opens gates to Warwick’s rebel lords, 213; rioting and looting in, 220; Edward IV’s deposition, 246–7; during Henry VI’s restoration, 256, 259; Lancastrians flee from, 275; Edward’s return (1471), 275–6; Fauconberg’s assault on, 290–2; financial boom (1478), 409; news of Edward V’s detainment, 465; coronation of Richard III, 492–5; seditious rhymes during Richard’s rule, 529–30
Losecote Field, battle of (1470), 230–1
Louis XI, king of France: at the Burgundian court, 56; crowned at Reims (1461), 59; Lancastrian support, 71, 79, 93, 124, 157–8, 192, 200–1, 235–7, 336; treaty with Duke Francis of Brittany, 201; withdrawal of Lancastrian support, 84–5, 88–9; proposed marriage of Bona of Savoy to Edward IV, 98–9, 109; negotiations with Warwick, 115, 161–2, 169; Anglo-French relations, 117; relations with Burgundy, 117, 131; war with Burgundy, 255–7; and Anglo-Burgundian relations, 309–10, 385–6, 395–8, 423–4; trades insults with Edward IV, 352; and the Treaty of Picquigny, 364–8; ransom of Margaret of Anjou, 374; unpopularity in England, 377–8; invades Burgundy (1477), 381–2; negotiations with Edward, 413–15, 426–7; support for Duke of Albany, 417; signs Treaty of Arras (1482), 443; death, 509–10
‘loveday’ (1458), between the Yorkists and Lancastrians, 17–18
Lovell, Francis, 1st Viscount: friendship and patronage of Richard III, 137, 313, 473, 490; at Minster Lovell, 499; seditious rhyme about, 529–30; patrols coastline against Henry Tudor’s invasion, 554; escapes after Henry Tudor’s accession, 568
Low Countries: Burgundian rule in, 18, 396; Warwick recruits from, 36; Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence in exile, 39; trade with, 51, 79, 95, 118–19, 121, 148, 156; and the alum trade, 157, 184; Edward IV’s exile in, 262, 309 see also Bruges; Flanders; Holland
Loyet, Gerard, 194
Ludford Bridge, 21
Ludlow, 5, 10, 13, 19–20, 61, 453
Machado, Roger, 456
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 251, 424
Machlinia, William de, 444
Maidstone, Kent, 179
Maisertuell, Philip, 409
Makerell, Ralph, 202
Malory, Sir Thomas: Morte d’Arthur, 73, 111, 416, 555–6; Yorkist affiliation, 72–3
Maltravers, Lord, 456
Mancini, Domenico, 496–7
Manning, Thomas, 132
Marchaunt, John, 355
Marche, Olivier de la, 162, 353–4
Margaret of Anjou: marriage to Henry VI, 8; birth of son Edward, 11, 12; claims regency of England, 12; focus of resistance to Yorkists, 15; establishes power base in the Midlands, 16; attends the ‘loveday’ (1458), 17–18; and battle of Wakefield, 31–2; assurances to London after second battle of St Albans, 37–8; takes refuge in Scotland, 49, 66, 74; seeks support in France, 70–1; returns to England with Somerset, 71; escapes to Flanders (1462), 82; takes refuge in France, 87–9, 91–2; petitions Louis XI, 124; French support for, 157–8; reconciled with Warwick and Clarence, 236–8; arrives in England and raises an army, 283–4; detained at Coventry, 290; ransomed to Louis XI, 374
Margaret of York (later Duchess of Burgundy): marriage negotiations, 140, 146–7, 160–2, 171, 180–5; marriage to Charles the Bold, 193–6; support for Edward’s restoration, 262; patronage of William Caxton, 347, 348; seeks support for Burgundy from Edward IV, 381–4, 421–4; backs conspiracies against the Tudors, 569
Marie, Duchess of Burgundy, 140, 147, 150, 380, 383–5, 395–6, 432
Marney, Sir John, 203
Marshall, Roger, 322
Martyn, Alice, 39
Mary, Queen, 571
Mary of Guelders, 49
Mary of York (daughter of Edward IV), 433
Matthias, King of Hungary, 200
Mauleverer, Halneth, 538
Maximilian I, 395, 414, 423, 424, 432, 443
Mechtild of Hackeborn, The Book of Ghostly Grace, 419
medical treatments, 321–3
Medici, Piero de,’ 149
Medici bank, 51, 71, 147–50, 157, 180, 184, 190, 192, 240, 334–5, 411
Melbourne, William, 492
Merchant Adventurers, 77, 78, 118, 150, 411
merchants: Calais, 16–17, 22, 71, 78, 250, 253, 257; Dutch, 77; English, 77–8, 118–19, 410–11; Flemish, 77; Italian, 51, 71, 78–9, 96, 109–10; London, 38, 70–1, 95, 117–18, 121, 190, 253, 257; provide credit for Edward IV, 70, 71, 78, 96, 105, 184, 190, 250, 256, 528; and recoinage, 104–5, 145 see also Hanseatic League, trade
Meres, John, 538
Middelburg, Netherlands, 244, 254
Middleham Castle, 49, 137, 170, 217, 221, 303, 305, 338, 408, 419
Milan, Francesco Sforza, Duke of, 56
Milford Haven, 556
Montagu, John Neville, 1st marquis of, 384; repels Scottish raiders, 57; defeats Lancastrian army in the north, 81; at battles of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, 99–101; granted earldom of Northumberland, 102; at the enthronement of George Neville as Archbishop of York, 135; marches against Robin of Redesdale’s uprising, 208; remains loyal to Edward, 221, 232; loses earldom of Northumberland and created marquis of Montagu, 224; killed at battle of Barnet, 280
Montefeltro, Federico da, 354–5
Montemagno, Buonaccorso da, Controversia de vera nobilitate, 114
Montgomery, Thomas: sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, 67; commercial interests of, 95; warden of the Tower Mint, 105; hosts Edward IV at Faulkbourne, 135; Anglo-Burgundian relations, 153, 163, 423; negotiates with Warwick and Clarence, 214; royal tournament (1467), 160; pension from Louis XI, 366; delivers Margaret of Anjou to Louis IX, 374; on royal council after death of Edward IV, 450; transfers to Richard III’s household, 495; pall-bearer to Henry VII, 570
Monypenny, Guillaume, 176–9, 180–1, 255
More, Thomas, 61, 110, 115, 406, 430, 468, 479–80, 483, 488, 492, 503, 506, 519
Mortimer, Anne, 4
Mortimer, Roger, 133
Mortimer family, 4
Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1461), 3–5, 32
Morton, John (later Archbishop of Canterbury): chancellor to Edward of Lancaster, 21, 36; arrested by the Yorkists after Towton, 49; flees to Flanders with Margaret of Anjou, 82; in exile with Margaret of Anjou, 124; transfer to Edward IV’s service, 306; fundraising for Edward IV, 357, 426; diplomacy with France, 364, 413–14; receives pension from Louis IX, 366; negotiations with Louis XI, 383; on Clarence’s execution, 406; financial reform, 411; executer of Edward’s will, 448, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 454; arrested and sent to the Tower, 481, 485; imprisoned by Richard III, 495; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 505–6; in Flanders after Buckingham’s rebellion, 515, 534, 539; support for Henry Tudor, 543
Mountjoy, William Blount, 1st Baron, 144, 412
Multon, John, 327–8
navy: Burgundian, 237; English, 22, 66, 410, 427, 460; French, 16–17
Netherlands see Holland, Low Countries
Neville, Anne (later Princess of Wales, later Queen consort of Richard III): at the enthronement of the Archbishop of York (1465), 135; Warwick’s marriage ambitions for, 137–8; betrothal to Edward of Lancaster, 237; widowed at death of Edward of Lancaster, 290; marries Richard, duke of Gloucester, 307–8, 311–12, 314; piety of, 419; coronation, 494; in York on royal progress (1483), 507, 508–9; in Cambridge and Nottingham with Richard III, 525–6; death, 547–8
Neville, Cecily see York, Cecily Neville, Duchess of
Neville, Cecily (sister of the Earl of Warwick), 68
Neville, Eleanor, 233
Neville, George, Archbishop of York (formerly Bishop of Exeter): chancellorship of England, 42, 44; proclamation of Edward IV as king, 42–3; ambition to be cardinal, 85; negotiates trade treaty with Burgundy, 88; at Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, 130; enthroned as Archbishop of York (1465), 134–5; overlooked as cardinal, 151–2; dismissed from chancellorship, 164–5; Anglo-Burgundian marriage negotiations, 181, 182; marries Isabel Neville to the Duke of Clarence, 211; declares for Warwick and the Lancastrians, 242; restoration of Henry VI, 247, 249, 254–5; defends London against Edward’s return, 275–6; arrested and sent to Calais, 315–18; communication with Pietro Aliprando, 331; pardoned and released from Calais, 357–8; and Edward’s invasion of France (1475), 363; death, 374–5
Neville, Isabel (later Duchess of Clarence): at the Archbishop of York’s enthronement (1465), 135; Warwick’s marriage ambitions for, 137–8; marriage to Duke of Clarence, 172–4, 210–11; gives birth at sea while fleeing England, 233–5; inheritance of, 301; death, 379–80
Neville, John see Montagu, John Neville, 1st marquis of
Neville, Margaret, 70
Neville, Robert, 176
Neville, Thomas, 235
Neville family, 11, 13, 22, 79, 89, 137, 420
Nicholl, John, 44
Norfolk, Catherine Neville, Dowager Duchess of, 122
Norfolk, John Howard, 1st duke of: knighted after battle of Towton, 60; commercial interests of, 95, 199; and Edward’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, 116; and Warwick’s rebellion, 234; oath-taking to Prince Edward, 300; support for Richard, duke of Gloucester, 314, 339; and the Treaty of Picquigny, 364, 366; Edward deprives of inheritance, 399, 447; French diplomacy, 423; Scottish campaign (1482), 427–8; on royal council after death of Edward IV, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 454, 455; patronage of Richard III, 473; Richard grants dukedom of Norfolk, 489–90; at Richard’s coronation, 494; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 512, 514; at battle of Bosworth, 557–8, 559, 560; killed at battle of Bosworth, 561
Norfolk, John Mowbray, 4th Duke of, 45, 48, 93, 399
Norham Castle, 81
Normandy, English loss of (1449), 6–7, 8
Northampton, 26, 80–1, 82, 93, 215, 216, 461–2, 466–7, 470, 471
Northampton, battle of (1460), 26–7
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of, 14
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of, 31, 49, 70, 175
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of: in wardship of William Herbert, 70, 175, 209; Edward restores earldom of Northumberland to, 223–4; at battle of Losecote Field, 228; keeps peace in Yorkshire, 239, 372; loyalty to Edward, 259, 271, 290; conflict with Richard, duke of Gloucester, 342, 359; Scottish campaign (1482), 428, 431, 434; in London for Richard’s coronation, 493; passed over as head of Council of the North, 531–2; at battle of Bosworth, 557–8, 560, 561, 563
Nottingham Castle, 210, 373, 409, 551–2
Order of the Garter, 72, 86, 113, 207, 354, 373, 386
Order of the Golden Fleece, 207, 245, 331
Ormond, Thomas Butler, Earl of, 258
Orwell, John, 44
Oulgreve, Thomas, 196
Oxford, Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of, 339–40
Oxford, John de Vere, 12th Earl of, 67–70
Oxford, John de Vere, 13th Earl of: execution of his father, 69; title restored to, 129; at the enthronement of George Neville, Archbishop of York, 135; arrested for Lancastrian sympathies, 202–3; released from the Tower, 205; leaves for Calais with Neville brothers, 211; letter to John Paston, 214; lands in Devon with Warwick and Clarence, 241; and restoration of Henry VI, 247; appointed constable of England, 249–50; defends Norfolk coast against Edward’s return, 269; at battle of Barnet, 279–80; in exile in France, 316–17; attempted landing at St Osyth, 336–8; seizes St Michael’s Mount, Cornwall, 343; surrenders and imprisoned in Hammes Castle, 349, 539; joins Henry Tudor, 545; at battle of Bosworth, 560–1
Panigarola, Giovanni Pietro, 157–8, 161, 201
Parr, John, 160
Parr, Sir William, 271, 300, 317, 455, 456, 495
Paston, John (died 1466), 60, 66–7
Paston, Margaret, 358
Paston, Sir John (died 1479), 74–5, 93, 159, 162, 185, 214, 221, 226–7, 239, 282–3, 304, 311, 317, 334, 336, 340, 343–5, 357, 368, 381, 415–16
Paston, Sir John (died 1504), 195–6, 416, 462, 504
Paston, William, 49
Paul’s Cross, London, 33, 90, 394, 485
Pembroke, William Herbert, 1st Earl of see Herbert, Sir William
Pembroke, William Herbert, 2nd Earl of, 370, 371–2, 446–7
Percy, Henry see Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of
Percy, Sir Ralph, 75, 76, 77, 100
Percy family, 11, 13, 100, 175, 209, 420 see also Northumberland, Earls of
Peysaunt, John, 90
Philip, Matthew, 130
Philip of Habsburg (later Duke of Burgundy, later King of Castile), 414, 423, 432
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy: support for the Yorkist cause, 18, 33, 35, 84, 87–9; custodian of dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, 39, 51–2; shelters future Louis XI, 56; and Anglo-Burgundian trade, 79, 118; relations with England, 126; death, 168–9
Philippa of Hainault, 120
Picquigny, Treaty of (1475), 364–9
Piers Plowman, 552
Pilkington, Charles, 311
Pilkington, John, 311
Pius II, Pope, 23, 68, 73–4, 103–4, 156
plague, 94, 119, 122, 170, 376, 412–13
Plumpton, Edward, 513–14
Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 571
Pole, Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, 571
Pontefract Castle, 31, 45, 271, 375, 471, 488, 507
Poppelau, Nicolas von, 526–7
Port, William, 146
Portinari, Pigello, 51
Portinari, Tommaso, 147–8, 180, 184–5, 190, 334
Pound, Thomas, 145
Poynings, John, 203
printing press, 160, 348, 445–6
prognostication, 388–90
Pyne, Thomas, 537–8
Queenborough, Kent, 191
Ratcliffe, Richard, 479–80, 488, 493, 529–30, 549–50, 563, 565
Ravenspur, Yorkshire, 269
Reading, Berkshire, 106, 109, 116, 119
recoinage, 104–6, 118, 155, 212
Resumption, Acts of, 15, 138–9, 166
Richard III (formerly Richard, duke of Gloucester): appearance and character, 136, 293, 313–14, 418–19, 222–3, 527, 527–8, 571; birth (1452), 10; sent to Philip of Burgundy for protection, 39; returns to London for Edward IV’s coronation, 51–2; created knight of the Bath, 52; created Duke of Gloucester, 63; Scottish campaign (1482), 428, 431–2, 434–6; granted the Earl of Oxford’s lands, 68; granted the Earl of Somerset’s lands, 92; education entrusted to Warwick, 135–7; at the trial of Hungerford and Courtenay, 205–6; Edward makes constable of England, 222; relations with Thomas Lord Stanley, 233; flees to Holland after battle of Losecote Field, 245, 254, 262; wardenship of the West March, 240–1; reappointed constable of England, 289; Edward IV rewards loyalty, 302–4; marriage to Anne Neville, 307–8, 311, 312–14; claims Earl of Oxford’s lands, 338–41; Edward’s representative in the north, 359, 372; and Treaty of Picquigny, 367; at Clarence’s trial, 403; profits from Clarence’s death, 407–8; governing qualities of, 417–20; Edward confers land on, 446; demands protectorship of the realm, 458–60; swears loyalty to Edward V, 460–1; detains Edward V at Northampton, 465–7, 470–1; confirmed as protector of the realm, 473; declared king, 488–9; coronation, 492–6; royal progress in York (1483), 507; legal reforms, 522; death of son, 526; gives grant to King’s College Chapel, 525; creates Council of the North, 532; reburies Henry VI in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 533; denounces Henry Tudor, 541, 552; rumoured to be planning to marry Elizabeth of York, 548–51; assembles forces after Henry Tudor lands, 557; at battle of Bosworth, 559–63; killed in battle at Bosworth, 563; body abused and buried without rites, 564; posthumous portrayal of, 567–8; library, 136, 313, 418; scoliosis, 417–18, 481, 527
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York: birth, 342; ‘marriage’ to Anne Mowbray, 398–9, 400; at Christmas (1482), 442; inherits estates of the duke of Norfolk, 447; in Westminster sanctuary, 472; leaves Westminster sanctuary, 483–4; disappearance of, 496; plot to rescue from the Tower, 500; death in the Tower, 503–4
Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, 16
Richmond Castle, 408
Ripley, George, The Marrow of Alchemy, 375
Ripon, 240
Rivers, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl: captured by Warwick at Sandwich, 22; at battle of Towton, 46; surrenders to Edward, 49; abandons Lancastrian cause, 58; social rise of, 113, 114–15; and merchant community, 121; appointed treasurer of England, 144–6, 155; diplomatic role, 153, 163; appointed on judicial commission, 176; investigates Lancastrian conspiracies, 192, 196–7, 203; named in petition issued by Warwick, 212; executed at Coventry, 217
Robin of Holderness, 208–9
Robin of Redesdale, 208, 209–10, 215, 240, 310
Rogger, John, 145
Ross, William, 353
Rotherham, Thomas: receives pension from Louis XI, 366; at Clarence’s trial, 402; executor of Edward IV’s will, 448; at royal council after Edward IV’s death, 450; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455; Richard III’s mistrust of, 471; arrested and sent to the Tower, 480–1; on King’s College Chapel, 525
Rouen, 7–8
Rous, John, Historia regum Anglie, 567–8
royal mints, 105–6
Rozmital, Leo von, 141–4
Russell, John, Bishop of Rochester later Bishop of Lincoln, 160, 423, 445, 454, 476–8, 480, 483, 520
Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, 10, 13, 20, 31–2, 375
Salazar, Jean de, 562
Salisbury, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of, 11, 19–20, 22, 32
San Matteo (ship), 335
Sanderico, Giacomo de, 96
Sandwich: sack of (1457), 17; Warwick’s raid on (1460), 22–3; Yorkists disembark at (1460), 25–6
Sayer, William, 294
Scales, Lord, 27
Scotland: Lancastrian support, 49, 55, 65–6, 70, 79; truce with the Yorkist government, 90–1; Edward IV’s treaty with (1475), 350–1, 359; border raids, 416–17, 425; Duke of Albany’s claim to, 417, 425, 432–6, 510, 529; English campaign against (1482), 420–1, 425–9, 432–6; truce with Richard III, 535
Scott, Sir John, 26
Secretum Secretorum (book), 418
Sellyng, William, 507–8
Sforza, Galeazzo, 330
Shaw, Ralph, 485–6
Shaw, Sir Edmund, 449, 483, 551
Shrewsbury (town), 342
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 3rd Earl of, 203, 272
Simnel, Lambert, 568
Sixtus IV, Pope, 357, 429, 435
Smith, John, 500
social mobility, 113–15
Societas Aluminum, 156–7
solar eclipse (1485), 547
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of: confined in the Tower, 92; escapes after battle of Hexham, 101; at the Burgundian court, 125, 151, 201, 253, 258; joins Margaret of Anjou at Koeur, 194; and Henry VI’s restoration, 275, 283; at battle of Tewkesbury, 286–7; executed after battle of Tewkesbury, 288–9
Somerset, Edward Beaufort, 2nd Duke of, 8, 9–10, 11, 13, 14
Somerset, Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of, 92
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of: support for Margaret of Anjou, 16; at battle of Wakefield, 31, 32; at second battle of St Albans, 36; at battle of Towton, 46, 47, 48; imprisoned in France, 59; released by Louis XI, 66; returns to England with Margaret of Anjou, 71; defects to the Yorkists, 75–6; favoured by Edward IV, 79–81; rejoins the Lancastrians, 91–3; at battle of Hedgeley Moor, 100; executed after battle of Hexham, 101
Somnium Vigilantis (‘Dream of the Vigilant’), 21–2, 327
Southwell, Thomas, 391
Spini, Cristofano, 335
St Albans: first battle of (1455), 13–15; second battle of (1461), 35–6
St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, 85
St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 207, 433, 455, 533, 567
St Leger, Thomas, 105, 159, 266, 300, 450, 455, 495, 512, 516
St Mary Overy, London, 27
St Paul’s Cathedral, 10, 17, 54, 530
St Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster, 400, 450
Stafford, Humphrey see Devon, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of
Stafford, Sir Henry, 505
Stanley, Sir William, 554, 558–9, 563, 569
Stanley, Thomas (later 1st Earl of Derby): shifting loyalties of, 34, 272–3; conflict with Richard, duke of Gloucester, 232–3; joins Warwick’s rebellion, 241; household steward to Edward IV, 309, 342; negotiations with Burgundy, 423; backs Edward’s planned Scottish campaign, 428, 431, 434, 436; at Edward IV’s funeral, 455, 456; imprisoned by Richard III, 480, 481, 483; at Richard III’s coronation, 495–6; awarded Order of the Garter, 498; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 513, 523; at battle of Bosworth, 560, 561; Richard’s doubts about, 554–5; declares Henry VII king at Bosworth, 563
Stanley family, 342, 359, 420, 554–5, 558–9
Steelyard, 77
Steres, Richard, 203
Stillington, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 185, 189–90, 407, 521
Stockton, John, 290
Stonor, Elizabeth, 376
Stonor, Sir William, 376, 439, 455, 478–9, 485, 513
Stony Stratford, 100, 111, 466–7, 470
Strange, George Stanley, 9th Baron, 513–14, 555
Strangways, Sir James, 63–4
Strensham, John, 404
Sunnyff, Thomas, 492
Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of (later Duke of Norfolk), 168, 490, 557, 563, 570
Switzerland, 379
Swynford, Katherine, 8
Tailboys, Sir William, 101
Tapton, John, 404
taxation: for Scottish campaign (1463), 76–7, 90; new income tax (1464), 95; papal tax, 103–4, 181; ‘queen’s gold,’ 197; for war with France (1468), 190; (1472), 329–30, 333, 355, 358, 369; (1483), 445; of the poor, 351; Richard grants tax breaks, 510 see also benevolences; forced loans; seigniorage
Tewkesbury, battle of (1471), 286–9
Tewkesbury Abbey, 406
Thwaites, Sir Thomas, 423, 495
Tiptoft, John, 1st Earl of Worcester: execution of Earl of Oxford, 68–70; defends Calais against the French, 71; commands fleet for planned Scottish campaign, 89; provides trade escorts, 95; condemns Sir Ralph Grey to death, 103; Anglo-Burgundian tournament (1467), 126, 151, 163; at the Archbishop of York’s enthronement (1465), 135; suppresses rebellion in Ireland, 180; executes Earl of Desmond and his sons, 203; interrogates Lincolnshire rebels, 232; condemns Warwick’s insurgents to death, 234; execution of, 250
Tower of London: Duke of Somerset imprisoned in, 9–10, 11; Lancastrian forces defeated by Yorkists, 27; Lancastrian supporters imprisoned in, 50; Edward IV spends night before coronation, 52; Tower mint, 105; Elizabeth Woodville spends night before coronation, 129; Henry VI imprisoned in, 132; Lancastrian sympathisers interrogated in, 192; execution of Richard Steres, 203; Henry Percy confined in, 223; Elizabeth Woodville orders surrender of, 246–247; Henry VI released from, 247; George Neville imprisoned in, 276; Elizabeth Woodville takes refuge in, 277, 290; Henry VI killed in, 293–294; Duke of Clarence imprisoned in, 394–395, 398, 403, 405; execution of Duke of Clarence, 406; Edward V confined in, 474, 478; Richard III’s council meeting in, 480–483; Richard of Shrewsbury sent to, 484; Richard Brackenbury appointed constable of, 491; princes disappearance in, 496; attempt to rescue princes from, 500; princes death in, 503; Duke of Clarence’s son held in, 568
Towton, battle of (1461), 45–50, 59
trade: under Henry VI, 6, 16–17, 22; Anglo-Burgundian, 88, 118–19, 123, 131, 145, 147, 149–50, 153, 171–2, 177, 201, 220–1, 257, 378–9; Anglo-French, 366, 369, 409; bullion crisis, 94; Danish seizure of English ships (1468), 198; Edward IV’s interest in, 95–6; English protectionism, 77–9; expansion (1478), 409–10; monopolized by London, 137, 409; and recoinage, 105 see also alum trade; book trade; Calais Staple; cloth trade; Hanseatic League; Medici bank; Merchant Adventurers; merchants; Staple; wool trade
Tree of Battles (book), 428
Tuddenham, Sir Thomas, 67
Tudor, Henry see Henry VII
Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke: Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 4–5; defeated by Herbert’s forces (1461), 62; defends Harlech castle, 196, 200; raises forces in Wales, 241; at battle of Tewkesbury, 284, 299; with Henry Tudor in Brittany, 500
Tudor, Owen, 114
Twynyho, Ankarette, 392–3
Twynyho, John, 393
Tyrell, John, 340, 401, 402, 503, 515, 533, 542, 570
Urswick, Christopher, 534
Utrecht, Netherlands, 118
Valois, Catherine de, 114
Vasco de Saavedra, Pedro, 162
Vaughan, Thomas, 38, 62–3, 121, 146, 153, 160, 317, 320, 339, 399, 470–1, 488, 504
Vegetius, De re militari, 136
Vere, Aubrey de, 67
Vergil, Polydore, 406–7, 543, 562, 564
Vernon, Roger, 175
Waddington Hall, Lancashire, 132
Wake, Ralph, 469
Wake, Roger, 469, 470, 475, 491, 565, 567–8
Wake, Thomas, 81, 218, 226, 469, 491
Wake, William, 491
Wakefield, battle of (1460), 31–2
Wales: Sir William Herbert’s control of, 58, 200; Lancastrian resistance in, 61–2, 76, 174, 196; and battle of Edgecote (1469), 216; Richard, duke of Gloucester reimposes control in, 223; Jasper Tudor raises forces in, 241; Prince Edward given authority over, 335, 446–7; and Buckingham’s rebellion, 511, 512; Henry Tudor lands in, 556
Walker, Walter, 45
Waltham Forest, 441
Warbeck, Perkin, 569–70
Warwick, Anne Beauchamp, Countess of, 135, 233, 303, 338, 350
Warwick, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of (‘the kingmaker’): hostility to Duke of Somerset, 11–12; at first battle of St Albans, 14; captain of Calais garrison, 17, 97; assassination attempts, 19; privateering of, 18; attempts reconciliation with Henry VI, 19; raid on Sandwich, 22–3; relationship with Edward IV, 23, 28; seeks papal approval of Yorkist cause, 24–5, 35; at battle of Northampton, 26–7; dominance of, in government, 27, 33–4, 60, 97–8; at second battle of St Albans, 35–6; advises Edward to claim the throne, 40–1; injured before battle of Towton, 46; Edward IV rewards with lands and grants, 64; sieges of Lancastrian castles (1462), 74–5, 81; negotiates truce with Scotland, 89–90; diplomacy with France, 97, 98–9, 131, 150–1, 161–2, 163–4, 169–70; and international trade, 95, 96; reaction to Edward IV’s marriage, 115, 123; takes custody of Henry VI, 132; entrusted with education of Richard III, 135–6; at churching of Elizabeth Woodville, 142–3; and Anglo-Burgundian relations, 147, 150–1, 182, 207; loss of influence with Edward, 166, 170, 177; issues petition against Yorkist supporters, 211–13; marriage of daughter Isabel to Clarence, 172–4, 182, 210–11; transfers loyalty to Margaret of Anjou, 174; appointed on judicial commission, 176; briefly reconciled with Edward, 178–9; popularity of, 177; condemns Lancastrian agents, 196; joins Robin of Redesdale’s insurgency, 213; and ordinances for Clarence’s household, 203–5; execution of Sir William Herbert, 216–17; imprisons Edward at Middleham Castle, 217; claims illegitimacy of Edward IV, 220; reconciliation with Edward, 221, 224–5, 226; and Robert Welles’ uprising, 229–32; escapes to France with Clarence, 233–5; reconciled with Margaret of Anjou, 236–8; raises army against Edward, 241–2; restoration of Henry VI, 247–50, 255; killed at battle of Barnet, 280–1; body displayed at St Paul’s, 281
Waynflete, William, Bishop of Winchester, 247
Welles, John, 502
Welles, Richard, 7th Baron Welles, 225–6, 229–30
Welles, Sir Robert, 225, 227–32
Welsh Marches, 4, 65, 335, 446
Wenlock, John, 1st Baron, 96, 109, 116, 176–7, 178, 192, 234, 252, 287, 288
Wesel, Gerhard von, 281
Westminster: Exchequer offices, 65, 155, 301, 355, 520, 537; parliaments, 9, 15, 63–4, 76, 123, 254–5, 326, 328, 344, 444, 510, 520, 564; Duke of York declared heir to the throne, 3, 30; Edward IV declared king, 43; Anglo-Burgundian tournament, 164; marriage treaty of Margaret of York, 183, 185; Warwick and Clarence reconciled with Edward, 224–5, 226; Edward IV’s restoration, 276; Fauconberg’s assault on, 291; oath-taking to Prince Edward, 299–300; Caxton sets up printing press, 377; Edward convenes royal council (1476), 377, 382; trial of Burdet and Stacy, 389; Twynyho trial, 393; Clarence’s trial, 394, 402–5; joust for the marriage of Richard of Shrewsbury, 400–2; death of Edward IV, 447–50; Richard III declared king, 489; Richard III’s coronation, 494–5; oath-taking to Edward, son of Richard III, 524; Richard III denounces Henry Tudor, 541; Richard III celebrates Christmas at (1484), 544; Henry Tudor declared king, 564–5
Westminster Abbey: Edward IV’s coronation, 52–3; Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, 130–1; christening of Prince Edward, 256; Edward IV’s re-coronation, 276, 308; ceremony for St Edward’s day (1472), 326; requiem mass for Edward IV, 454; relics, 143
Westminster Hall, 29, 43, 73, 130, 449, 489, 494
Westminster Palace, 17, 19, 30, 115, 164, 191, 206, 224, 400, 442, 547
Westminster sanctuary, 246–7, 256, 472, 478, 483–4, 487, 501, 502, 504, 505, 519, 523
Whetehill, Richard, 97
Whethamstede, John, abbot of St Albans, 50
Whitelaw, Archbishop, 535
Whittington, Sir Robert, 191
Wigmore Castle, 4
Wilde, Thomas, 139–40
Williams, Richard, 554
Windsor Castle: marriage of William Herbert and Mary Woodville, 153; Anglo-French negotiations, 170; Edward IV receives Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece, 207; Edward assembles troops at, 283; George Neville received by Edward IV, 316; visit of Louis of Gruuthuse, 324–5; building of St George’s Chapel, 373, 409; George of York buried at, 413; Mary of York buried at, 433; Edward IV buried at, 457; Henry VI reburied at, 533; Elizabeth Woodville buried at, 569
witchcraft, 218–19
Wood, John, 445
Woodstock, 499
Woodville, Anne, 120
Woodville, Elizabeth see Elizabeth, Queen consort to Edward IV
Woodville, John, 195
Woodville, Katherine, 123, 138
Woodville, Margaret, 122
Woodville, Mary, 153
Woodville, Sir Anthony: captured by Warwick at Sandwich, 22; at battle of Towton, 46; surrenders to Edward, 50; fights against Lancastrian insurgencies, 72, 73; Elizabeth Woodville’s marriage to Edward, 116, 119; tournament with Anthoine of Burgundy, 125–6, 151, 167–8; Anglo-French negotiations, 170; on judicial commission, 176; and treason trials, 205; named in petition issued by Warwick, 212; takes rebel ships in the Channel, 234; in exile in Holland after battle of Losecote Field, 245, 254, 262; defends London at Edward’s restoration, 283, 292; entrusted with care of Edward V, 342–3, 347, 370, 451–2; and Edward’s invasion of France (1475), 360–1; reburial of Richard, duke of York at Fotheringhay, 376; jousts at wedding of Richard of Shrewsbury, 401–2; patronage of William Caxton, 423; Scottish campaign (1482), 428, 431; rivalry with William Hastings, 438–9; detained at Northampton, 465–7, 470; execution, 488
Woodville, Sir Edward, 422, 430, 434, 460, 498–9, 534, 562
Woodville, Sir John, 120, 122, 212, 217
Woodville, Sir Richard, 545
Woodville family, 119–23, 447, 452–3, 460
wool trade, 16, 22, 71, 78–9, 95, 105, 149, 156
Worcester, William, The Boke of Noblesse, 361
Worcester Cathedral, 19
Worde, Wynkyn de, 348
York (city): Edward IV received in after battle of Towton, 48–9; Edward IV halts at during Scottish campaign, 89–90; Yorkists gather at after battle of Hexham, 101–2; George Neville enthroned as Archbishop, 134–5; commercial decline of, 137, 409; Robin of Holderness’ rebellion, 208–9; Edward IV counters insurgency at, 240; opens gates to Edward IV (1471), 270–1; Richard, duke of Gloucester’s jurisdiction in, 372, 408, 418, 419; Richard holds obsequies for Edward IV, 460; Richard III visits on royal progress (1483), 507–10
York, Cecily Neville, Duchess of: marriage and children, 7–8, 10; petitions Margaret of Anjou, 11; abandoned at Ludlow, 20–1; sends her younger sons abroad, 38–9; at Baynard’s Castle, 43, 228, 266; deputises for Edward IV, 45; influence on Edward IV, 60; and international trade, 95; fury at Edward’s marriage, 115; at Elizabeth Woodville’s churching, 142; at Greenwich banquet for Margaret of Burgundy, 422; backs conspiracies against the Tudors, 569
York, Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of, 83
York, Richard, 3rd Duke of: claim to succession, 4, 24; career and marriage, 7–8; return from Ireland (1450), 5, 7, 8, 9; ambitions of, 9–10; imprisons Somerset in the Tower, 11; as protector of England, 12–13, 15; and first battle of St Albans, 13–15; attempts reform and resigns protectorate, 15; attends the ‘loveday’ (1458), 17; attempts reconciliation with Henry at Worcester, 19; flees to Dublin, 20; attainder of (1459), 21–2; makes claim to the crown of England, 29–30; named heir to the throne, 3, 30; killed at battle of Wakefield, 3, 31–2; reburial at Fotheringhay, 375–6; religious college at Fotheringhay, 83
Younge, Thomas, 10
Zeeland, 244