| ADN | Archives du Nord, Lille |
| BL | British Library, London |
| BN | Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris |
| CC | Crowland Chronicle |
| CCR | Calendar of Close Rolls |
| CChR | Calendar of Charter Rolls |
| CLRO | City of London Records Office |
| CPL | Calendar of Papal Letters |
| CPR | Calendar of Patent Rolls |
| CSPM | Calendar of State Papers, Milan |
| CSPV | Calendar of State Papers, Venice |
| EETS | Early English Text Society |
| EHD | English Historical Documents |
| EHL | English Historical Literature |
| GC | Great Chronicle of London |
| HMC | Historical Manuscripts Commission |
| Household EIV | The Household of Edward IV, ed. Myers |
| JCC | Journal of Common Council |
| LMA | London Metropolitan Archives |
| LP RIII/HVII | Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII |
| LP WF | Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France |
| LREF | Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, Scofield |
| ODNB | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |
| PL | Paston Letters |
| POPC | Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England |
| PROME | Parliament Rolls of Medieval England |
| RP | Rotuli Parliamentorum |
| STC | Short Title Catalogue |
| TNA | The National Archives |
1 Griffiths, ‘Sense of dynasty’, pp. 19–26; Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 266 n. 2; Given-Wilson, ‘The chronicles of the Mortimer family’, pp. 67–86, 200–201.
2 Bennett, ‘Memoir of a yeoman in the service of the house of York’, pp. 259–64.
3 Ward, Livery Collar, pp. 60–71; Historical Poems, nos. 90, 92; Ormrod, Edward III, pp. 588–9; Wise, Medieval Heraldry, pp. 21–2 and fig. 56.
4 Watts, ‘Pressure of the public’, passim; Starkey, ‘Which age of reform?’, pp. 14–16.
5 ‘Bale’s Chronicle’, p. 135; BL Cotton MS Julius II 23, cit. Harvey, Jack Cade’s Rebellion, p. 191.
6 John Watts, ‘Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)’, ODNB; Johnson, Duke Richard of York, p. 226; Harriss, Shaping the Nation, p. 569.
7 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 44.
8 John Watts, ‘Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)’, ODNB; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 56.
9 Jones, ‘Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 286–7; Watts, Henry VI, p. 269.
10 PROME, XII, 1450 November, Introduction, p. 160; John Vale’s Book, p. 186; Griffiths, ‘Duke Richard of York’s intentions’, p. 189; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 271–3.
11 PL Gairdner, nos. 142, 143; Watts, ‘“Common weal” and “Commonwealth”’, p. 148.
12 PROME, XII, 1450 November, Introduction, p. 171; Annales, p. 770.
13 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 196; ‘Short English Chronicle’, p. 69; Chronicles of London, p. 163; EHL, p. 373; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 276–9; Hicks, Warwick, p. 81; Virgoe, ‘Some Ancient Indictments’, pp. 258–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 7, 13–14.
14 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 60–1.
15 J. A. Giles, Incerti Auctoris Chronicon Angliae (London, 1848), pp. 43–4, cit. Ross, Henry VI, p. 65.
16 PROME, XII, 1453 March, Introduction, p. 219; Griffiths, ‘Local rivalries and national politics’, p. 337.
17 PL Gairdner, II, no. 235; Griffiths, ‘The King’s council’, pp. 309–17; Johnson, Duke Richard of York, p. 127.
18 PROME, XII, 1453 March, Introduction, pp. 221–5, items 32, 33 (pp. 258–60), Appendix, item 20 (p. 323); Roskell, ‘Protector’, pp. 226–7; Hicks, Warwick, p. 95; Griffiths, ‘The King’s council’, p. 314.
19 Original Letters, ed. Ellis, vol. 1, pp. 9–10; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 30.
20 ‘Bale’s Chronicle’, p. 141; PL Davis, II, no. 512; CSPM, no. 23.
21 Watts, Henry VI, pp. 313–15; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 22–3.
22 PL Gairdner, III, no. 283; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 316–17; Armstrong, ‘Politics and the Battle of St Albans, 1455’, passim.
23 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 212.
24 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 198; English Chronicle, ed. Davies, p. 72; John Vale’s Book, pp. 190–3.
25 PROME, XII, 1455 July, items 23, 24 (p. 343); PL Gairdner, III, no. 299.
26 PL Gairdner, III, no. 303; PROME, XII, 1455 July, items 31–9 (pp. 348–57).
27 PROME, XII, 1455 July, Introduction, p. 329, item 47 (pp. 381–5); TNA KB 9/287, no. 53, cit. Ross, Henry VI, p. 73; Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 751–3.
28 PL Gairdner, III, no. 322; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 321–2.
29 PL Gairdner, III, no. 334; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 39–40.
30 Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 777–85; Harriss, ‘Struggle for Calais’, pp. 45–6.
31 GC, p. 189; MS Gough London 10, in Six Town Chronicles, p. 160; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, p. 296; Bennett, ‘The Medieval Loveday’, p. 369; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 343–7; Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 804–7; Hutton, Stations of the Sun, p. 173.
32 Hicks, Warwick, pp. 138–47.
33 ‘Bale’s Chronicle’, p. 147; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 146–51; Allmand and Keen, ‘William Worcester’, pp. 98–9.
34 Chronicles of London, p. 169; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 152–6; Bolton, ‘City and the crown’, pp. 17–20.
35 English Chronicle, ed. Davies, pp. 81–3; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 223; PROME, XII, 1459 November, items 14, 15 (pp. 458–9); Watts, Henry VI, p. 350; Johnson, Duke Richard of York, pp. 185–6; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 26–8.
36 Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 821–2; Bellamy, Law of Treason, p. 200.
37 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 205; PROME, XII, 1459 November, items 16–19 (pp. 459–60); Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 30–1.
38 Hicks, Warwick, p. 169; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 41.
39 English Chronicle, ed. Davies, p. 83; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 207; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 70.
40 Gilson, ‘Defence of the proscription of the Yorkists’, passim; PROME, XII, 1459 November, items 7–22 (pp. 453–61).
41 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, V, p. 282; Hicks, Warwick, p. 174; Scofield, ‘The capture of Lord Rivers and Sir Antony Woodville’, pp. 253–5; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, pp. 4, 8–9; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, p. 345.
42 TNA DL 37/32/79, repr. in Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, p. 351; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, p. 95; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 349–54; Johnson, Duke Richard of York, pp. 199–200.
43 Harvey, England, Rome and the Papacy, pp. 195–6; Lunt, Financial Relations, pp. 142–3; Head, ‘Pius II and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 146–51.
44 Hicks, Warwick, pp. 192–4; Original Letters, ed. Ellis, 3:1, pp. 83–8; English Chronicle, p. 94; Pius II, Commentaries, III, pp. 269–70, quoted in Head, ‘Pius II’, p. 152; CSPM, nos. 31, 32, 37; Watts, ‘Polemic and politics in the 1450s’, p. 30; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, pp. 349–51; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, p. 375.
45 ‘A warning to King Henry’, ‘The Ballad set on the Gates of Canterbury’, in Historical Poems, pp. 208–11, 218–21; English Chronicle, pp. 91–2; ‘Articles of the commons of Kent at the coming of the Yorkist lords from Calais, 1460’, John Vale’s Book, pp. 210–11; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 73; Watts, ‘Polemic and politics in the 1450s’, p. 30; Harvey, Jack Cade’s Rebellion, pp. 183–4.
46 Annales, p. 772; English Chronicle, pp. 91–4; Harvey, Jack Cade’s Rebellion, pp. 184–5; Grummitt, ‘Kent and national politics, 1399–1461’, p. 249; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 65–9.
47 English Chronicle, p. 94; Annales, p. 772; LMA Journal 6, ff. 237–9v; TNA E404/72/1/23; Bolton, ‘City and the crown’, p. 11; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, p. 97; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 26–7.
48 English Chronicle, p. 96.
49 ‘Battle of Northampton’, in Historical Poems, p. 212.
50 LMA Journal 6, f. 257; ‘Battle of Northampton’, p. 212; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, pp. 97–8; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 227; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 92–3.
51 CSPM, no. 38; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 184–5.
52 Pius II, Commentaries, III, pp. 269–70, quoted in Head, ‘Pius II’, p. 152.
53 More, History of King Richard III, p. 4; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 79–80.
54 ‘Battle of Northampton’, p. 215; Watts, ‘Polemic and politics’, pp. 31–2.
55 PL Davis, II, no. 613; TNA E404/72/1/108.
56 POPC, VI, p. 303; TNA C266/82/31, CHES 2/135 m. 3, cit. in Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, p. 347; ‘Private indentures for life service’, pp. 56, 164–5; McFarlane, ‘Wars of the Roses’, p. 237 n. 14; Johnson, Duke Richard of York, pp. 210–11.
57 Registrum … Whethamstede, I, pp. 376–7, trans. PROME, XII, 1460 October, Introduction, pp. 508–9; Chronicles of London, p. 171; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, pp. 342–52.
58 Johnson, Duke Richard of York, pp. 213–19.
59 PROME, XII, 1460 October, pp. 517–18, items 11–19 (pp. 517–23).
60 PROME, XII, 1460 October, items 20–27 (pp. 523–5); ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 208; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, pp. 52–3; Morgan, ‘Political afterlife’, pp. 869, 874.
61 ‘Letter from Prince Edward to the City of London, 1460’, in John Vale’s Book, pp. 142–3; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 210; CC, p. 113; Annales, pp. 774–5; LMA Journal 6, ff. 279, 284; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 279–80; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort Family’, p. 259.
62 Annales, pp. 774–5; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 154; Registrum … Whethamstede, pp. 381, 384–5; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 120 n. 3.
63 Dockray, The Battle of Wakefield, pp. 10–11, 23–7; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 250–1.
64 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 210; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 228; Annales, p. 775; English Chronicle, p. 107; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, p. 382.
1 English Chronicle, pp. 108–9; Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 872; Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 122–3.
2 ‘The Battle of Towton’, ll. 12–13, Historical Poems, no. 90, p. 216; PL Davis, I, no. 114; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 282.
3 CSPM, nos. 56, 58; CSPV, no. 364; POPC, VI, pp. 307–10.
4 Six Town Chronicles, p. 153; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 229; PROME, XII, 1460 October, Introduction, p. 511; TNA E163/28/5; Richmond, ‘The nobility and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 261–9; McFarlane, ‘Wars of the Roses’, pp. 244–5.
5 CSPM, no. 76.
6 CSPM, nos. 54, 59.
7 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 211–14; CSPM, no. 63. This account of the battle follows Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 124–9 and refs.
8 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 211–14; English Chronicle, p. 108; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, pp. 389–90; CSPM, no. 64; Smith and DeVries, The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, pp. 48, 237–8.
9 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 214; CSPM, no. 71; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, pp. 394–6.
10 ‘The Battle of Towton’, no. 90, in Robins, Historical Poems, p. 216.
11 CSPM, no. 64; LMA Journal 6, original ff. 10, 35; English Chronicle, pp. 108–9; John Vale’s Book, p. 142; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, p. 98, Table 2, pp. 103–4 and refs; Bolton, ‘The city and the crown’, pp. 11–12, 21, 98.
12 Lucia Diaz Pascual, ‘Luxembourg, Jacquetta de, duchess of Bedford and Countess Rivers (c.1416–1472)’, ODNB; John Vale’s Book, p. 83; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 145, 147; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 83.
13 CSPM, nos. 64, 65; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 144–8; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, p. 97; John Vale’s Book, p. 83.
14 John Vale’s Book, pp. 77–8, 83, 160; Chronicles of London, p. 174; R. A. Griffiths, ‘Vaughan, Sir Thomas (d. 1483)’, ODNB; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Hatteclyffe, William (d. 1480)’, ODNB; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 82–3.
15 Laynesmith, ‘The piety of Cecily’, p. 29; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 61.
16 English Chronicle, pp. 109–10; GC, p. 195; ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 6; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 82–3.
17 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 214–15; English Chronicle, p. 109; Fleming, ‘The battles of Mortimer’s Cross’, pp. 100–102; Bolton, ‘The city and the crown’, pp. 11–12.
18 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 215. For the changing Yorkist line on Henry VI, see Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 76; PROME, XIII, 1461 November, item 14 (pp. 20–1); Foedera, XI, p. 471; Fleming, ‘The battles of Mortimer’s Cross’, pp. 99–100; Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 130–1.
19 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 215; English Chronicle, p. 110; Chronicles of London, p. 173.
20 Michael Hicks, ‘George Neville (1432–1476)’, ODNB. In what follows I draw on Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, passim.
21 Chronicles of London, pp. 173–4; MS Gough London 10, in Six Town Chronicles, pp. 161–2; GC, p. 195; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, pp. 54–6; LP WF, II, p. 777; for the debate over ‘many others unnamed’, see Ross, Edward IV, p. 34 n. 3 and Lander, ‘Marriage and politics’, pp. 103–4.
22 Sermon in Halliwell, ‘Observations upon … Edward the Fourth’, pp. 128–30.
23 CSPM, no. 78.
24 TNA E404/72/1/19, 22, 23, 24; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 158–9.
25 TNA E404/72/1/36, 68; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, Table 2.
26 TNA C54/313, no. 38d; CCR 1461–1468, pp. 54–6; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 154–6.
27 Chronicles of London, p. 175; CSPM, no. 78; CPR 1461–1467, p. 31; TNA E404/72/1/29, 80; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 338.
28 Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 60–1.
29 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 216; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’; Goodwin, Fatal Colours, pp. 153–4; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 50–1; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 157–72; Colin Richmond, ‘Mowbray, John (VI), third duke of Norfolk (1415–1461)’, ODNB.
30 GC, p. 198, cit. in Payling, ‘Edward IV and the politics of conciliation’, p. 94.
31 In this account of the battle I draw on Goodwin, Fatal Colours, ch. 10 passim; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 50–2; Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, p. 202.
32 Strickland and Hardy, The Great Warbow, esp. ch. 19. See also Richmond, ‘The nobility and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 76–7.
33 Hall, Chronicle, p. 255.
34 GC, pp. 196–7.
35 Three Books … Vergil, p. 111; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 187.
36 Hounslow, ‘Scattered skeletons’, passim; Novak, ‘Battle-Related Trauma’, pp. 90–102.
37 Sutherland, ‘Recording the Grave’, pp. 40–1; Knusel and Boylston, ‘How has the Towton Project …’, pp. 185–6; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 255–6.
38 TNA C81/382; PL Davis, I, no. 90; CSPM, nos. 78, 79, 83; Chronicles of London, p. 175; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 37–8.
39 Hicks, Warwick, p. 237.
40 PL Davis, II, no. 628; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 29, 45, 95; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 285.
41 Registrum … Whethamstede.; ‘The Battle of Towton’, Historical Poems, p. 216.
42 Payling, ‘Edward IV and the politics of conciliation’, pp. 81–94; Ross, Edward IV, p. 45; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 210; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 173–4; CC 110–11.
43 CSPM, nos. 85, 86.
44 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, pp. 357–8; Chronicle of John Stone, p. 83; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 178; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 6–7; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 998–1001.
45 Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 10; ‘The maner of makynge knyghtes’, in Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 106–13.
46 TNA E404/72/1/114.
47 ‘The Battle of Towton’, ll. 66–71, Historical Poems, no. 90, p. 218; TNA KB/145/7/1, Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 49; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 182–4.
48 Free Library of Philadelphia, Lewis E 201, sec. 7, https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/3335.
49 BL Harleian MS 7353; BL Additional MS 18268A.
50 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 7–8.
51 ‘Brief Latin Chronicle’, p. 174; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, p. 71 and n. 4.
52 E.g. CPR 1461–1467, p. 19; Foedera, V (II), pp. 66, 106; TNA E72/1/71, 75, 109. Further examples are cited by Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 345–6.
53 Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, p. 154.
54 TNA E404/72/1/10.
1 CSPM, no. 117; Vale, Charles VII, p. 177; Peyronnet, ‘The distant origins of the Italian wars’, p. 41.
2 CSPM, nos. 117, 120.
3 Fortescue, Laws and Governance, p. 10; Household EIV, pp. 45–6; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 283; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 261–2 and refs.
4 TNA E101/82/10; CSPM, no. 117; Henry the Sixth … Blacman, p. 8, cit. in Ross, Henry VI, p. 24.
5 CSPM, no. 120; CPR 1461–1467, p. 97.
6 Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 353–4; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 157–62; Vale, Charles VII, pp. 189, 192–3.
7 See e.g. TNA C81/1377 and TNA C81/1486-8, passim.
8 CSPM, nos. 81, 117.
9 PL Davis, I, no. 117.
10 Foedera, XI, p. 473; Linda Clark, ‘Bourchier, Henry, first earl of Essex (c.1408–1483)’, ODNB; Anne Crawford, ‘Howard, John, first duke of Norfolk (d. 1485)’, ODNB.
11 More, History of King Richard III, p. 52; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 69, 89; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings (c.1430–1483)’, ODNB.
12 TNA E28/89/29.
13 TNA E28/89/28; TNA SC 8/29/1435A; Original Letters, ed. Ellis, 1st ser. 1, p. 116; Ross, Edward IV, p. 49; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, p. 136; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 197–200.
14 Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 40–3; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 203–4.
15 TNA E404/72/1/55B, 96; Household EIV, pp. 111–12.
16 Household EIV, pp. 123–4; Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, pp. 72, 84.
17 Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 195, 221; Ross, Richard III, pp. 9–10.
18 PROME, 1461 November, item 7, pp. 11–13; Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 119–20.
19 Wolffe, ‘Management of royal estates’, passim; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, pp. 162–3, 168 n. 73, 169–71.
20 Household EIV, pp. 45–6.
21 Household EIV, p. 127; CPR 1461–1467, p. 101.
22 PROME, XIII, 1461 November, items 38–9 (pp. 63–6).
23 PL Davis, I, no. 63; II, no. 662; PL Gairdner, IV, pp. 32, 235; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 100–1; Ross, Edward IV, p. 44; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, p. 8–9.
24 PL Davis, II, no. 6361; I, no. 167.
25 Chronicles of London, p. 177; CPR 1452–1461, p. 465; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 232; CSPM, no. 125; Ross, Foremost Man, pp. 36, 41–7; Scofield, ‘Early life of John de Vere’, pp. 228–9.
26 Benjamin G. Kohl, ‘Tiptoft [Tibetot], John, first earl of Worcester (1427–1470)’, ODNB. I am grateful for David Rundle’s perceptive thoughts on Tiptoft’s character and outlook. CPR 1461–1467, p. 74; MacCulloch, Reformation, pp. 76–7; ‘A Letter Preface from John Free to John Tiptoft’, pp. 101–3, tr. Wakelin, Humanism, Reading and English Literature, p. 71.
27 Keen, ‘Jurisdiction and origins’, passim; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, p. 88; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 140–1.
28 GC, pp. 198–9; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 5; ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, p. 289 (I am grateful to James Ross for this reference).
29 Ross, Foremost Man, pp. 49–51; ibid, ‘Treatment of traitors’ children’, p. 135.
30 Renewing companies’ privileges e.g. CPR 1461–1467, pp. 242–3 (Goldsmiths); Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 251, 253, 338, 342–3; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 205–6.
31 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 19–21; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 251–4; Harriss, ‘Struggle for Calais’, p. 51.
32 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 258.
33 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 158–9; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 259.
34 LMA Journal, pp. 170–1, 7, ff. 6–9; John Vale’s Book; CPR 1461–1467, p. 231; Annales, pp. 779–80; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 253.
35 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 158–9; Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 306–7; Morgan, ‘House of policy’, p. 55.
36 P. J. C. Field, ‘Malory, Sir Thomas (1415x18–1471)’, ODNB; TNA C67/45, m. 14 (24th October 1462); Field, ‘Last years’, pp. 436–7; Barber, ‘Malory’s “Le morte Darthur”’, p. 138; Carpenter, ‘Sir Thomas Malory’, pp. 31–43.
37 Malory, Works, book XXI, p. 724.
38 Piccolomini, Commentaries, pp. 22–5; Goodman, ‘The Anglo-Scottish Marches’, pp. 18–33; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 15, 21, 41–2, 171–2.
39 GC, pp. 199–200; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 218–19.
40 John Vale’s Book, pp. 171–2; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 241–3.
41 John Vale’s Book, pp. 170–1; LMA Journal 7, ff. 8, 9; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 2; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 241–3.
42 PL Davis, I, no. 320.
43 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 3; Annales, pp. 780–1; Ross, Edward IV, p. 52.
44 PL Davis, II, no. 675; Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, p. 33; John Vale’s Book, pp. 149–50; Annales, p. 781; GC, p. 200; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 242–3.
45 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 176 (tr. Ross, Edward IV, p. 52); Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 259–60; Payling, ‘Edward IV and the politics of conciliation’, pp. 89–90.
46 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 2–3; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 219; CPR 1461–1467, p. 262.
47 Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, pp. 351–2, cit. TNA DL 37/32/79.
48 Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 259–60.
49 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, Introduction, p. 84, item 1 (p. 92); Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 273–4.
50 PROME, XIII, 1483 April, item 18 (p. 105).
51 Postan, Hanse, pp. 97–9.
52 ‘Libel of English Policy’, in Political Poems and Songs, 2, pp. 172, 176; Holmes, ‘The “Libel of English Policy”’, pp. 200–1; Harriss, Shaping the Nation, pp. 269–70; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 127, 344–5; Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 311–15.
53 ‘On England’s Commercial Policy’, Political Poems and Songs, 2, pp. 282–7.
54 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, items 18–22 (pp. 105–15); ‘On England’s Commercial Policy’, Political Poems and Songs, 2, p. 284; Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp. 160–1.
55 Hicks, Warwick, p. 244.
56 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 219–21.
57 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 219–22; GC, p. 200; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 260 n. 17; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 273.
58 CPR 1461–1467, pp. 13, 134, 266; TNA E101/82/6/4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 75; Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 112.
59 ‘William, Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 221–2.
60 Waurin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 159–60; Priory of Hexham, I, no. 85; Annales, p. 781; Bittmann, ‘La campagne Lancastrienne’, pp. 1061–2, 1082–3; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 227; Macdougall, James III, p. 54.
1 Emery, Greater Medieval Houses, II, pp. 238–42; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 649–50; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 268.
2 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 297.
3 Scofield, LREF, II, App. I, p. 300; TNA E101/411/15, f. 14v; Chastellain, Oeuvres, IV, pp. 279–80; Annales, p. 781; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 79; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 117–18.
4 Chronicle of John Stone, p. 88; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 295–6; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 14; Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 193–4.
5 RP, VI, p. 168; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 156–7.
6 RP, VI, p. 193.
7 TNA E361/6 mm. 53d, 54; E403/825, m. 2; E404/72/3/47; E404/72/4/2; CPR 1461-1467, pp. 52, 197, 212–13; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 8–11; Ross, Richard III, pp. 9–11.
8 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 216.
9 Chronicle of John Stone, p. 88; TNA DL 37/31/36.
10 Chastellain, Oeuvres, IV, pp. 282–5; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, pp. 367–410; Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 357; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 301–23.
11 Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, II, pp. 214–17; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 156–7; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, pp. 83–6.
12 Commynes, Memoires, ed. Dupont, III, pp. 201–2; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 67 and n. 16.
13 Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 336–54; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, pp. 83–6.
14 Foedera, V (2), p. 117; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 70.
15 Kekewich, ‘Lancastrian court in exile’, p. 96.
16 TNA E404/72/3/57, 68; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 280, 292–3; Hoare et al., Old and New Sarum, p. 158.
17 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 309.
18 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 173–4; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 260, citing Scofield, LREF, I, p. 296 n. 2.
19 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 177; LMA Journal 7, f. 65v; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 339–40.
20 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 221; PROME, XIII, 1463 April, items 8, 11 (pp. 97–8); Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 273–4.
21 Dunlop, James Kennedy, p. 242.
22 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 3; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 223; TNA C81/796/1301; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 261 and n. 31.
23 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 178–81; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 260–62.
24 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, item 28 (p. 122); point made by Pollard, Wars of the Roses, p. 39.
25 CPR 1461–1467, p. 292; TNA C81/1494/3953; E159/240, brevia Hill.3 Edw.IV m.1; Ross, Richard III, p. 10.
26 Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 261–2.
27 PL Gairdner, IV, pp. 88, 91; EHL, p. 356; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 136–7; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 318–20; Ross, Edward IV, p. 398.
28 PL Davis, I, no. 321.
29 ‘Short English Chronicle’, p. 80.
30 Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 75–80; Spufford, Money and its Use, pp. 331–2, 360–1; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 358–60, 480–1; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 182–6.
31 CCR 1461–1468, pp. 230, 259; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, p. 274.
32 TNA E404/72/2/44, 45; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 331, 406; Lander, ‘Council, administration and councillors’, p. 195; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 351–3.
33 CC, pp. 138–9; Power, ‘English wool trade’, pp. 20–2; Gray, ‘English foreign trade’, pp. 45–8; Ross, Edward IV, p. 352.
34 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 331, 404–7; Lander, ‘The Yorkist council’, p. 39.
35 Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 119–27.
36 Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 70, cit. BN MS Français 2811, f. 53; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 253–6.
37 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, p. 184.
38 Dépȇches … milanais, II, pp. 75–81.
39 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 320.
40 Getz, Medicine in the English Middle Ages, p. 63.
41 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 117–18; Kleineke, Edward IV, pp. 79–80; Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 112.
42 Foedera, V (2), p. 123; CSPM, no. 132.
43 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 164–75, at pp. 173–4; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 223–4; Macdougall, James III, p. 56; Dunlop, James Kennedy, pp. 242–3; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 152.
44 Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, p. 152.
45 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 224; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 4; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 59–60.
46 ‘William, Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 224–6; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 178–9; Annales, p. 782; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 4; Priory of Hexham, I, pp. cviii–lxi; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, pp. 99–101.
47 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 39–40; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 226; TNA E404/72/4/54; Chronicles of London, p. 178; Annales, p. 782; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 295–6; Hicks, Warwick, p. 246.
48 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 37–9; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, pp. 90–92, 95, 97.
49 TNA C81/1377/27.
50 CPL, XI, p. 654; Harvey, England, Rome and the Papacy, pp. 85–6; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 336.
51 Lunt, Financial Relations, pp. 146–50.
52 In what follows I draw on Allen, Mints and Money, p. 209; Challis, A New History of the Royal Mint; Reddaway, ‘The king’s mint’, pp. 16–17. I am grateful for Barrie Cook’s perceptive thoughts on the impact of Edward IV’s recoinage.
53 Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 427–8; Cowley, ‘Urban Capital’, p. 34.
54 Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 339, 363, 369; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 359, 427; see also Challis, New History of the Royal Mint, pp. 210–12.
55 TNA E 101/294/18; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 362; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 346.
56 CCR, p. 216; Morgan, ‘Political afterlife’, pp. 861, 864–5; Hughes, Arthurian Myths, pp. 83, 108–9, 143–4; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 193.
57 History of the Kings of Britain, ed. Monmouth, Book IX, Ch. IX; Laynesmith, ‘Telling tales’, p. 204.
1 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, pp. 326–7; Chastellain, Oeuvres, V, pp. 23–4; Dépȇches … milanais, II, pp. 213–14; Meek, ‘The practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 72–3.
2 CSPM, nos. 137, 138, 139; Dépêches … milanais, pp. 276, 292.
3 Hicks, Edward V, pp. 43–4.
4 Hepburn, Portraits of the Later Plantagenets, pp. 54–60.
5 Hicks, Edward V, p. 45; Payling, ‘Widows’, pp. 113–15.
6 HMC, Hastings MSS (1928–47), 1301–2; Lander, ‘Marriage and politics’, pp. 106–7.
7 Fabyan, New Chronicles, p. 655; Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 106 n. 16, cit. TNA E163/29/11, m. 5; Hicks, Edward V, p. 41; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 332–3.
8 Malory, Morte d’Arthur, cit. Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 63; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 226.
9 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 60–1, 66–7; Three Books … Vergil, p. 117; Fahy, ‘Italian Source’, p. 665.
10 Peter Idley’s Instructions to his son, bk 2, ll. 1661, 1674–5, p. 135.
11 Helmholz, Marriage Litigation, pp. 34–40; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, p. 31.
12 Horrox, ‘Introduction’, in Fifteenth Century Attitudes, p. XX.
13 John Russell’s ‘Boke of Nurture’, in The Babees Book, pp. 189–90; Declamacion of Noblesse; Wakelin, Humanism, pp. XX; Allmand and Keen, ‘History and literature of war’, pp. 103–11.
14 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, pp. 327–8.
15 More, History of King Richard III, p. 62.
16 Dépêches … milanais, II, pp. 304–5.
17 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, I, p. 537 (I am grateful for Joanna Laynesmith’s clarification on this point); Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 116–17.
18 Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 43–4; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘The device of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, passim.
19 Hammond, ‘Illegitimate children of Edward IV’, p. 230.
20 Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 183.
21 TNA C81/1377/45; Dépêches … milanais, II, pp. 181, 295–310; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 10; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 26– ; Watts, The Making of Polities, pp. 349–51; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 336–46, 374–5; Scofield, LREF, II, App. V, pp. 469–70; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 348–51.
22 TNA C76/148 m. 7; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 21.
23 Memoires du J le Clerq, XIV, p. 374, cit. Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 347; EHD Myers, 1042–3; Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp. 163–5.
24 TNA C81/1378/28; Foedera, XI, p. 536; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, p. 414.
25 Sutton, ‘Caxton was a mercer’, pp. 126–32; Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp. 164-5; Sutton, Mercery of London, pp. 263–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 363.
26 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 223–4, 232–4.
27 Hicks, ‘The changing role of the Wydevilles’, passim.
28 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, passim; Given-Wilson, ‘The merger of Edward III’s and Queen Philippa’s households’, pp. 183–6.
29 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, pp. 207–13.
30 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, p. 476.
31 CPR 1467–1477, p. 33; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 320–1; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 235.
32 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, pp. 213, 216, 218; GC, p. 195; John Vale’s Book, pp. 79–80, 83, 99–100; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 130; Anne F. Sutton, ‘Cook, Sir Thomas (c.1410–1478)’, ODNB.
33 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 80; TNA E404/72/4/77; TNA E405/41; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 364–5; Chambers, Medieval Stage, pp. 391–404; Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 221–3.
34 Annales, p. 783; Lander, ‘Marriage and politics’, p. 111.
35 Annales, pp. 785–6; Excerpta Historica, pp. 1974–7; PL Gairdner, III, p. 231; C. S. L. Davies, ‘Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham (1455–1483)’, ODNB; Hicks, ‘Changing role of the Wydevilles’, pp. 214–16.
36 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, item 53 (pp. 237–9).
37 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 22–3; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 265.
38 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, Introduction, pp. 89–90, item 53 (pp. 237–9).
39 The Works of Sir John Fortescue, I, pp. 23–5; Griffiths, ‘For the might off the lande’, p. 86; Kekewich, ‘The Lancastrian court in exile’, pp. 97–101.
40 CSPM, no. 142.
41 Foedera, XI, 28 March 1465; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 21–4; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 372–5.
42 Kisby, ‘Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 145–8; Excerpta Historica, p. 172.
43 Excerpta Historica, pp. 178, 182–3, 188–95.
44 TNA E404/73/1/124B; Excerpta Historica, p. 193; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 24; Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Land, pp. 176–7.
45 In what follows I draw on Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Entry of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, pp. 6–7.
46 Smith, Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, pp. 61–8; Annales, p. 784; The Register of the … Garter, Appendix, passim; Pilbrow, ‘Knights of the Bath’, pp. 202–9; Ross, Edward IV, p. 95.
47 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 228; Fleming, ‘The Hautes and their “circle”’, pp. 94–5.
48 TNA E403/824; TNA E404/72/1/112, 72/4/22; E404/72/1/100, 72/2/5; John Vale’s Book, p. 85; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 222; Calendar of Letter-Books: L, pp. iii–iv; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 126–7, 340–41.
49 Smith, Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, passim; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 24–5.
50 Smith, Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, p. 10.
51 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 65–6, 69; Hicks, Warwick, p. 262.
52 Chronicle of John Stone, pp. 93–4; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 5, 40–43; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, pp. 312–13; Annales, p. 785; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 80; TNA E404/73/2; E404/73/3; E405/48, 13 May, 25 June; Issues of the Exchequer, p. 490; CPR 1461–1467, p. 268; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 382–4; Henry the Sixth … Blacman, p. 44.
53 Jesus College, Oxford MS 114; Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 285–7.
1 Leland, Collectanea, pp. 2–14; LP WF, II, p. 785; Woolgar, ‘Fast and feast’, pp. 23–5; Michael Hicks, ‘George Neville (1432–1476)’, ODNB; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 300. Scofield, LREF, I, p. 400.
2 Annales, p. 785; TNA E404/73/1/69.
3 Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 6–8, 16–17, 20–1, 44–8, 181–210 passim.
4 Longleat MS 257, f. 98v; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 2–8, 40–1, 217–19, and Catalogue II, pp. 279–81.
5 Issues of the Exchequer, p. 390; Ross, ‘Some “servants and lovers”’, passim; Sutton, ‘And to be delivered …’, passim; Ross, Richard III, pp. 9–11, 24–6.
6 Wavrin, Recueil, V, pp. 458–9; RP, VI, p. 193; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 20, 31; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 233–4.
7 CPR 1461–1467, pp. 198–90, 212–13, 226–7, 327–8, 331, 362, 454–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 20, 24, 156–8; Ross, Edward IV, p. 117.
8 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, pp. 86–7; TNA C49/56–65; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 24 and n. 72; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, pp. 152–4.
9 TNA E404/73/1/124B; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 131–2; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 404 n. 1.
10 Weightman, Margaret of York, pp. 23–4, 51–2, 65; Michael Jones, ‘Margaret, duchess of Burgundy (1446–1503)’, ODNB.
11 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 82–3; Armstrong, ‘La politique matrimoniale’, pp. 260–1; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 30–1.
12 Leland, Collectanea, IV, p. 249; Staniland, ‘Royal entry into the world’, passim.
13 Le Goff, The Birth of Europe, pp. 186–7. The following passage is based on The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, passim.
14 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, pp. 45, 52; Household EIV, p. 217.
15 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, p. 48; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 113.
16 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, p. 47.
17 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, pp. 45, 61–2; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, pp. 250–1.
18 Household EIV, p. 22; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, pp. 175–6.
19 Grummitt, ‘Public service, private interest’, pp. 155–7; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 397–8.
20 TNA E404 73/3/2; Clark, ‘The benefits and burdens of office’, passim.
21 Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, App. 4B, pp. 420–1.
22 TNA E401/888 m. 13; E403/830 m. 2 [1463], cit. Grummitt, ‘Public service, private interest’, p. 157; Steel, The Receipt of the Exchequer, pp. 330–2, 356–7.
23 For Port, see Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 480, 657; CPR 1452–1461, p. 329; CCR 1454–1461, p. 154; McFarlane, England in the Fifteenth Century, p. 137.
24 CPR 1461–1467, p. 476. I am grateful to Linda Clark for an advance copy of her biography of Thomas Vaughan, forthcoming in History of Parliament: Commons 1433–1504.
25 Foedera, XI, pp. 562–6; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, p. 419.
26 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 4–5, 165; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 40.
27 Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 338–9.
28 Roover, Rise and Decline, p. 88.
29 Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 340–2; Walsh, Charles the Bold and Italy, pp. 121–3.
30 George Holmes, ‘Canigiani [Caniziani], Gherardo (1424–1484)’, ODNB; Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, passim; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, p. 254; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, pp. 208–11.
31 CPR 1461–1467, p. 518; John Vale’s Book, p. 265; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 433; TNA E404/73/1/124B; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, p. 252; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 330–1.
32 Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 131–2; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 41–2; BN MS Français 20600, f. 70, quoted in Ballard, ibid., p. 42.
33 Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp 167–8; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, pp. 420–1; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 29–30.
34 Lettres de Louis XI, III, pp. 87–9; Foedera, XI, p. 568; Meek, ‘The Practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 75–6; BL Harleian MS 69, f. 19; Barber, ‘Malory’s “Le morte Darthur”, pp. 146–7.
35 TNA C81/1379/14; C81/1379/15; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 407; Lander, ‘The Yorkist council’, p. 38.
36 Ross, Edward IV, p. 110.
37 Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 195–7.
38 Foedera, XI, pp. 573–4.
39 ADN B330/16128; BL MS Cotton Galba B I f. 211, pr. in ‘Actes concernant les rapports …’, pp. 45–6; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 42; Armstrong, ‘Politique matrimoniale’, pp. 276–7.
40 ‘Actes concernant les rapports …’, pp. 105–6; LP WF, II, p. 785; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 142.
41 R. A. Griffiths, ‘Herbert, William, first earl of Pembroke (c.1423–1469)’, ODNB; Hicks, ‘Changing role of the Wydevilles’, pp. 214, 218; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 397.
42 LP WF, II, p. 785; Hicks, ‘What might have been’, p. 294.
43 TNA PSO 1/64/41; Plumpton Correspondence, no. XII; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 14–15, 157–67.
44 Hicks, ‘Restraint, mediation and private justice’, passim and esp. p. 145, citing Birmingham Reference Library MS 437204.
45 Steel, The Receipt of the Exchequer, pp. 291–2, 354.
46 Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, p. 274; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, p. 252; Zippel, ‘L’allume di Tolfa’, pp. 430–3; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 152–3.
47 TNA E404 73/2/37; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, pp. 213–14.
48 CSPM, nos. 147, 148.
49 What follows draws on CSPM, no. 146; Kekewich, The Good King, pp. 74–5, 213–20.
1 PL Davis, I, nos. 116, 236, 327; II, no. 745; Castor, Blood and Roses, pp. 182–3, 197–8.
2 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 47.
3 Fox, Cambridge University Library: The Great Collections, pp. 65–6; Wakelin, Humanism, pp. 146–7; Blades, Life and Typography of William Caxton, pp. 96–8.
4 CSPM, nos. 147, 148, 149; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 57.
5 PL Davis, I, no. 237.
6 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 61–2; Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 275.
7 Excerpta Historica, p. 198.
8 TNA E404/73/3/73b.
9 LP WF, II, p. 786; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 64; Hicks, Warwick, p. 269.
10 Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 275.
11 PROME XIII, 1467 June, Introduction, p. 250. LP WF, II, p. 786. Roskell, The Commons and their Speakers, p. 280.
12 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 7 (pp. 256–7), 15 (p. 354).
13 Clark, ‘The benefits and burdens of office’, p. 122.
14 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 8 (pp. 257–343); TNA C49/64, no. 17; LP WF, II, p. 786; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 167; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, p. 153; Hicks, Warwick, p. 263.
15 TNA E101/474/1; E364/101 m. 71b; Anglo, ‘Financial and heraldic records’, p. 187.
16 Utrecht MS f. 202, cited in Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 277; Anglo, ‘Financial and heraldic records’, pp. 183–95; Barber and Barker, Tournaments, pp. 107–37, esp. pp. 107, 110–12; Barber, ‘Malory’s “Le morte Darthur”’, p. 140.
17 Excerpta Historica, p. 208.
18 GC, pp. 203–4; Anglo, ‘Financial and heraldic records’, p. 191.
19 Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 281; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 265.
20 ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, pp. 18–19; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 60.
21 Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, III, p. 56. Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 48–50; Brown, ‘Exit ceremonies in Burgundian Bruges’, p. 113.
22 BN MS Français 88, ff. 228–228v; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 83.
23 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, pp. 346–8, 353–4; Annales, p. 787; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 86–8; ‘Meek, The practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 77–84.
24 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 16 (pp. 354–5).
25 Foedera, XI, pp. 580–1; Annales, p. 789; Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 22; Three Books … Vergil, p. 118; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 67–8; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 425–9; Hicks, Warwick, p. 263; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 89; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 135.
26 Annales, p. 789.
27 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations, pp. 70–1.
28 Foedera, XI, p. 590; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, p. 84; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 430–3.
29 Carus-Wilson and Coleman, England’s Export Trade, pp. 102–3; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 363; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 12–14; Ballard, ‘An expedition of archers’, passim.
30 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 181.
31 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 3–4.
32 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 30–31; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, p. 153; Wolffe, Crown Lands, pp. 52–3, doc. 1.
33 PL Davis, I, no. 282.
34 Annales, pp. 788–9; Three Books … Vergil, p. 118; Ross, Edward IV, p. 118.
35 Devine, ‘The lordship of Richmond’, passim; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 257, 269–70.
36 Ross, ‘Treatment of traitors’ children’, p. 133.
37 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 26–8.
38 LP WF, II, pp. 788–9.
39 LP WF, II, pp. 788–9; CCR 1468–1476, pp. 25–6; CPR 1467–1477, p. 55.
40 Memoires pour server de preuves …, III, pp. 159–61; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 186, 191; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 440–. Meek, ‘The practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 74–6, 129.
41 Memoires pour server de preuves …, III pp. 159–61; GC, p. 207.
42 GC, p. 207; Calendar of Letter-Books: L, p. 73; Memoires pour server de preuves …, III, pp. 159–61.
43 Memoires pour server de preuves …, III, pp. 159–61; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 190–1.
44 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 193–4; TNA E404/73/3/92; Hicks, Warwick, p. 265; Ross, Edward IV, p. 438.
45 LP WF, II, p. 789; Memoires pour server de preuves …, III, pp. 159–61.
46 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 193–5.
47 ADN B2068, f. 43; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 103–4.
48 TNA E401/893; E404/73/3/72; E404/73/3/73b.
49 TNA E73/3/72; E122/79/2; E122/162/1; Roover, Rise and Decline, p. 432; Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, p. 277; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, p. 210.
50 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 194–5.
51 Select Cases in the Exchequer Chamber, II, p. 11; Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 199–201; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 81–2; 124–5; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 157–8.
52 TNA E404/73/3/92; Keir, ‘George Neville’, p. 203.
53 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 235–6; Keir, ‘George Neville’, p. 204.
54 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 235–6; Stephani Baluzii, I, pp. 494–501; Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 213–14.
55 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 116–18.
56 TNA E404/73/3/92.
57 Foedera, XI, pp. 605–13; ‘Actes concernant les rapports …’, pp. 110–19; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 108–29.
58 Stephani Baluzii, I, p. 501.
59 CSPM, no. 158; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 113–15; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 446–7.
60 Walsh, Charles the Bold and Italy, pp. 94–5; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 127–31. For the dispensation, including Trenta’s seal, see ADN B429 no. 16141.
61 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 127–8.
62 TNA C81/1499/4227; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 135.
63 PL Davis, II, no. 750.
64 ADN B2068, f. 124v; PROME, 1467 June, item 18 (pp. 355–6).
1 LP WF, II, p. 789; PROME, XIII, 1467 June, items 24–9 (pp. 362–4); Michael Hicks, ‘Stillington, ‘Robert (d. 1491)’, ODNB.
2 See for example Chancellor Henry Beaufort’s opening sermon to Parliament on 19 November 1414: PROME, IX, 1414 November, item 1 (pp. 66–7).
3 PROME, 1467 June, items 28, 29 (pp. 363–4); LP WF, II, p. 789; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 274–5.
4 Roover, Rise and Decline, p. 474 n. 83; see also Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 446–53.
5 TNA E404/74/1/45; E403/840.
6 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 111–12.
7 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 41, pp. 367–8; EHD Williams, p. 533; Hicks, ‘The 1468 Statute of Livery’, pp. 22–3, 26.
8 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 793–804.
9 Griffiths, ‘For the myght off the lande …’, p. 88; Hicks, ‘The case of Sir Thomas Cook, 1468’, p. 82; Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, p. 97.
10 Paris, BN MS Français 6964, ff. 27–27v, translated by Kekewich, ‘The Lancastrian court in exile’, Appendix 2, p. 109; Gross, Dissolution, pp. 77–8; Kekewich, ‘The mysterious Dr Makerell’, p. 48; Griffiths, ‘For the myght off the lande …’, p. 84; Walsh, Charles the Bold and Italy, p. 138.
11 LP WF, II, p. 789; Bellamy, Law of Treason, p. 164.
12 John Vale’s Book, pp. 87–92; Holland, ‘Cook’s case’, pp. 25–6; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 351–2.
13 GC, p. 206; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 152–4; Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, pp. 89–91.
14 Excerpta Historica, pp. 230–31; Weiss, Humanism in England, pp. 124–5; Stark, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, pp. 60–61.
15 PL Davis, I, no. 330; ADN B2068, f. 129v; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, pp. 174–5.
16 Goossenaerts, ‘Charles the Bold’, pp. 97–104, at p. 100; Armstrong, ‘Politique matrimoniale’, p. 408.
17 PL Davis, I, no. 330, pp. 538–9; Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, III, pp. 101–201; Excerpta Historica, pp. 234–8; Goossenaerts, ‘Charles the Bold’, pp. 102–3; Weightman, Margaret of York, pp. 54–6; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 162–3; Strohm, Music in Late Medieval Bruges, p. 99.
18 PL Davis, no. 330; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 170–1, 179; Barber and Barker, Tournaments, pp. 121–5.
19 TNA E404/74/1/61A; LP WF, II, p. 791; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 237; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 103, 120.
20 GC, pp. 204–6; TNA KB 9/319 mm. 7, 35–7, 40, 49–51; Holland, ‘Cook’s case’, pp. 25–6; Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, pp. 95–6.
21 Holland, ‘Cook’s case’, pp. 30–1; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 216–18; Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, pp. 96–7; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Provenance of the manuscript’, pp. 89–91; Carpenter, ‘The Stonor circle’, p. 189.
22 TNA E403/840 m. 4, cit. McKendrick, ‘An English royal collector …’, Appendix, p. 524.
23 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 237–8; LMA Journal 7, ff. 178–178v; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 14–15.
24 Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 466–9; Postan, ‘Economic and political relations of England and the Hanse’, p. 133; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, pp. 312–13; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 354–6; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 364–5; Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 308–9; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, p. 16.
25 LMA Journal 7, f. 179; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 15–16.
26 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 237.
27 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 5–6; Kronk, Cometography, I, pp. 282–4; Zinner and Brown, Regiomontanus, pp. 93–4.
28 TNA E404/74/1/43, 65, 70, 72, 74, 83, 102; CSPM, no. 167; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 186–8.
29 CSPM, no. 165; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 477.
30 PL Davis, no. 752.
31 TNA E403/842 m. 2; Plumpton Correspondence, Letter XIII; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 237; ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, p. 297; Kekewich, ‘The mysterious Dr Makerell’, pp. 48–50; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 65–6, 122–3; Bellamy, Law of Treason, pp. 164–5; Ross, John de Vere, pp. 59–61.
32 GC, p. 213; Ross, ‘Treatment of traitors’ children’, passim; Steven G. Ellis, ‘Fitzgerald, Thomas, seventh earl of Desmond (1426? –1468)’, ODNB; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 217–18, discuss and dismiss Elizabeth Woodville’s potential complicity.
33 GC, p. 207; CPR 1467–1477, p. 123.
34 Ross, Edward IV, p. 78 n. 2.
35 In what follows I draw on Collection of Ordinances and Regulations, pp. 89–105.
36 Hicks, ‘The 1468 Statute of Livery’, p. 17.
37 Collection of Ordinances, pp. 101–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 173, 179–81.
38 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 122–3.
39 CPR 1467–1477, p. 128; TNA KB 9/320; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 6; Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 7–8; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 52; Bellamy, Law of Treason, p. 165.
40 CSPM, no. 169; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 482.
41 Foedera, XI (February 22 1469); Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 488–9; a point made by Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 193–4, 197–9; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 138–9; Ross, Edward IV, p. 128.
42 CSPM, no. 170.
43 PL Gairdner, V, no. 714; GC, p. 208; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 194–8; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 489–90.
44 HMC Reports, Beverley Corporation MSS, p. 144; Summerson, ‘Peacekeepers and Lawbreakers in Northumberland’, p. 73; Dockray, ‘The Yorkshire Rebellions of 1469’, pp. 246–57; Ross, Edward IV, App. IV, pp. 439–40; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 488–90.
45 CPR 1467–1477, pp. 170–71; TNA E404/74/230; PL Davis, I, no. 333; Ross, Edward IV, p. 129.
46 Coventry Leet Book, II, pp. 341–2; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 492–3; Ross, Edward IV, p. 129.
47 CC, pp. 116–17.
48 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 124.
49 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, p. 403.
50 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 46–9.
51 Ross, Edward IV, p. 130; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 26–7; Fleming, Coventry and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 19–20.
52 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 32–3.
53 PL Davis, II, nos. 762, 763.
1 Lewis, ‘The battle of Edgecote’, passim; Ward, Livery Collar, pp. 149–52; ‘In praise of William Herbert of Raglan’, ed. Barry Lewis, accessed at http://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/poem/?poem-selection=023&first-line=001; Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 174–85.
2 The following account is based on Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 6–7; CC, pp. 114–17; GC, p. 209; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 273–4; see also Ross, Edward IV, pp. 131–2.
3 Worcester, Itineraries, pp. 339–41.
4 ‘Elegy for William Herbert of Raglan’, ed. Barry Lewis, accessed at http://www.gutorglyn.net/gutorglyn/poem/?poem-selection=024; Owen and Blakeway, A History of Shrewsbury, I, pp. 247–8.
5 Thomas, The Herberts of Raglan, pp. 45–6.
6 Lewis, ‘The battle of Edgecote’, pp. 113–14.
7 GC, p. 209; Moreton, ‘Anthony Woodville’, passim.
8 Coventry Leet Book, II, p. 345; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 6–7; CC, pp. 116–17.
9 Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 112; Hicks, Edward V, pp. 34–7.
10 Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 214; Leland, ‘Witchcraft and the Woodvilles’, pp. 267–88.
11 Hampton, ‘Roger Wake of Blisworth’, pp. 156–7.
12 CPR 1467–1477, p. 190; TNA KB 27/836, m. 61d, cit. Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 35; Hicks, Warwick, p. 277.
13 CSPM, no. 173; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 125–6.
14 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI et l’Angletene, p. 108 and Pièce Justificatif no. 30. pp.116–17.
15 PL Davis, II, no. 786; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 5–6; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 7; CSPM, no. 173; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 358; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 202–5.
16 CC, pp. 116–17.
17 TNA E404/74/2/51; PL Davis, I, no. 245, pp. 409–10.
18 CC, pp. 116–17.
19 Ross, Edward IV, p. 135; Horrox, Richard III, p. 33; Ramsay, ‘Richard III and the office of arms’, pp. 146–8.
20 Ramsay, ‘Richard III and the office of arms’, Appendix, pp. 154–63.
21 Sutton, ‘A curious searcher’, pp. 61–3, 71–2.
22 TNA C81/1547; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 33–6 and refs; Ross, ‘A governing elite?’, passim.
23 TNA C53/195 m. 2.
24 CC, pp. 116–17; Holland, ‘Lincolnshire rebellion’, p. 854.
25 Chronique Scandaleuse, I, pp. 235–6; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 208–11; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, pp. 314–15.
26 ‘Confession of Sir Robert Welles’, in Excerpta Historica, pp. 282–3; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 8; the dating of Welles’ raid is contested: see Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 65–9; Holland, ‘Lincolnshire rebellion’, pp. 853–4; Mackman, ‘Lincolnshire gentry’, pp. 146–59.
27 Rosemary Horrox, ‘Burgh, Thomas, Baron Burgh (c.1430–1496)’, ODNB; Emery, Greater Medieval Houses, II, pp. 242–50; Storey, ‘Lincolnshire and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 71–2.
28 CPR 1467–1477, p. 224; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 54.
29 GC, pp. 209–10; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 19–20.
30 CPR 1467–1477, p. 190.
31 Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, p. 12.
32 PL Davis, I, no. 248; CCR 1468–1476, pp. 137–8; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 185, 199; Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, p. 22; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 56; Mackman, ‘Lincolnshire gentry’, p. 153; Ross, Edward IV, p. 138.
33 ‘Confession of Sir Robert Welles’, in Excerpta Historica, pp. 282–3.
34 Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, pp. 6, 8; GC, p. 210; CCR 1468–1476, pp. 129–30.
35 CSPM, no. 185.
36 ‘Confession of Sir Robert Welles’, in Excerpta Historica, pp. 282–4.
37 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 8; Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, pp. 8, 10; ‘Confession of Sir Robert Welles’, in Excerpta Historica, pp. 282–4.
38 CCR 1468–1476, p. 134; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 225–6; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 52–3; CC, pp. 120–1.
39 ‘Confession of Sir Robert Welles’, in Excerpta Historica, pp. 282–4; Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, p. 11.
40 Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, pp. 12–14; CCR 1468–1476, pp. 137–8; PL Davis, II, no. 787; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 307–9; Pollard, Warwick, pp. 119–21; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 141–2; Holland, ‘Lincolnshire rebellion’, pp. 858–9.
41 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 36, 69; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, pp. 39–40.
42 CCR 1468–1476, pp. 135–6, 138; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 218–19; Foedera, XI, pp. 173–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 144.
43 Holland, ‘Lincolnshire rebellion’, p. 861; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 286–7.
44 TNA E404/74/2/108, 111; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 9; GC, p. 210; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 60–1; Hicks, Warwick, p. 232; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 674.
45 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 9; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, pp. 88–92.
46 Commynes, Memoires, pp. 182–3; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 212–14; BL Additional 48976, no. 58.
47 ADN B862 no. 16197; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 30–1; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 183–4; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 311–12; Lettres de Louis XI, IV, DII, pp. 110–14; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Warwick and Wavrin’, p. 73; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 213–17; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, pp. 673–4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 62–3; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 519.
48 CSPM, no. 184; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 291–2; Kekewich, ‘The Lancastrian court in exile’, pp. 105–6.
49 Hicks, Warwick, pp. 290–1.
50 John Vale’s Book, pp. 215–18.
51 John Vale’s Book, pp. 217–18; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 71–2.
52 John Vale’s Book, p. 217.
53 PL Davis, I, no. 256; Pollard, ‘Lord FitzHugh’s Rising’, p. 170.
54 John Vale’s Book, pp. 48, 218–20; Thrupp, Merchant Class, p. 353.
55 Medici, Lettere, I, pp. 191–6.
56 CPR 1467–1477, pp. 214–16; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 28–9; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Conyers family (per. c.1375–c.1525)’, ODNB; Pollard, ‘Lord FitzHugh’s rising’, passim; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 311–12; Storey, ‘Wardens’, pp. 607–8, 615; Ross, Richard III, p. 18.
57 PL Gairdner, V, no. 758; John Vale’s Book, pp. 220–1; Ross, Edward IV, p. 152.
58 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 229.
59 John Vale’s Book, pp. 220–1.
60 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 12; Coventry Leet Book, pp. 358–9; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 300–1.
61 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 10–11; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 28–9; CC, pp. 120–3; GC, p. 211; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 46–8; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 187; Chastellain, Oeuvres, V, pp. 501–3, 508; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 153–4.
62 Haward, ‘Economic aspects of the Wars of the Roses’, p. 179.
1 Prevenier and Blockmans, The Burgundian Netherlands, pp. 16–21, 390; Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Lands, pp. 161–4; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, p. 319, n. 18.
2 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 233–7; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard was late’, pp. 616–18.
3 Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, pp. 221–2; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 92.
4 LMA Journal 7, ff. 221–2; LMA Bridge House Accounts, III, ff. 182v–183; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 29–31.
5 LMA Journal 7, f. 223v; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 34–6.
6 Coventry Leet Book, I, p. 359; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 17; Political Poems and Songs, II, p. 281; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 173.
7 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 11; Chronicles of London, p. 182; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 190; Knecht, ‘Episcopate’, p. 117; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 541.
8 Chronicles of London, p. 182; Chastellain, Oeuvres, V, pp. 490, 493–4; EHD ed. Myers, pp. 305–7; Sharpe, London and the Kingdom, III, p. 385; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 302–3; Ross, John de Vere, p. 62.
9 John Vale’s Book, pp. 50–1, 217, 222–4.
10 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 11, 13; GC, pp. 212–13; Ross, John de Vere, pp. 62–3; Ashdown-Hill, ‘The execution of the earl of Desmond’, p. 80; Ross, Edward IV, p. 155.
11 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 278; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Edward’s “memoir on paper”’, p. 169; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 549–51; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 122; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, pp. 168–70, esp. p. 169.
12 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 278–80; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, pp. 83–4, 87–8; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 190.
13 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, Introduction, pp. 27–8.
14 Commynes, Mémoires eds. Calmette and Durville, I, pp. 208–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 317–18; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 102; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 552.
15 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 192; ADN B577 no. 16186; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 278–82; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 551–3.
16 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 282–3. AGR CC 1925 ff. 304v, 305, 564; for Bische’s quittance for provisions for his journey, ADN B2083 no. 65949, cit. Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 282.
17 ADN B2079, f. 53v; B862 no. 16184; B2081 no. 65757.
18 ADN B862 no. 16184; CPR 1461–1476, pp. 258, 260–1, 264–5, 277, 303, 336, 365; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 283–4; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 96.
19 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 12; PROME, XIII, 1470 November, Introduction, p. 392.
20 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 196–204; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 124–5; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 305–6.
21 LMA Journal 7, f. 227v; John Vale’s Book, p. 222; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 36–7; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 126; Potter, War and Government, p. 32.
22 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 287.
23 ADN B2079, ff. 40v, 64v; AGR CC 1925, f. 606v, cit. Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 287–8; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 93.
24 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 258; Mémoires de Jean, Sire de Haynin, II, p. 108, cit. in Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 102.
25 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 193–4; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 289–90; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif no. 41; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 53–4; Hicks, Warwick, p. 302.
26 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 193–4.
27 Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 39–40.
28 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 11; TNA DL 37/47A/2, in Horrox, ‘Preparations for Edward IV’s return from exile’, pp. 124–7; Edward’s Christmas itinerary in Holland, in Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 93; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 287.
29 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif no. 41.
30 Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Lands, pp. 153, 163–7, 169; Murray, Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, pp. 71–3, 153, 163–7, 178–215, 222, 258.
31 Hicks, Warwick, p. 304; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish Rising’, pp. 675–6; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Edward’s “memoir on paper”’, pp. 169–71.
32 McKendrick, ‘Edward IV: an English royal collector’, p. 522.
33 McKendrick, ‘The Romuléon and the manuscripts of Edward IV’, passim; Kren and McKendrick, Illuminating the Renaissance, Introduction, pp. 3–4, nos. 58, 59, 62; Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Lands, pp. 74–5, 136–9; Armstrong, ‘L’echange culturel’, passim.
34 Cely Letters, p. 290 n. 6; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif no. 41; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, pp. 224–7; Van Praet, Recherches sur Louis de Bruges, pp. 10–11; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 291.
35 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 83–7; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, p. 224.
36 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 306–7; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 83–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 157.
37 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10; Three Books … Vergil, p. 135; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 241–3; Foedera, XI, p. 693; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 84–5, 97–100; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 51–2.
38 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 10.
39 Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, p. 132; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 142–3.
40 Chronicles of London, p. 183; CC, pp. 124–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 100, 105.
41 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 194; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 63.
42 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 2; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 293; Prevenier and Blockmans, The Burgundian Netherlands, pp. 17, 19–20; Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland’, pp. 225–6; Ross, Edward IV, p. 160.
43 Commynes, Memoires, III, pp. 275–7; CSPM, no. 210.
1 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 13–14; Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 2–3.
2 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 2–6; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 137–9; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 13–14; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, pp. 54–5.
3 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 14; Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 7–8.
4 HMC, 12th report, Rutland MSS, I, pp. 2–3.
5 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 7–12; PL Davis, II, no. 766, p. 406. Ward, Livery Collar, p. 61.
6 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, p. 210; ‘On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV’, Political Poems and Songs, pp. 272–3.
7 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 12–13.
8 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 23–7.
9 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 13–15; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 17.
10 LMA Journal 7, f. 232v; LMA Journal 8, f. 4; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 15; GC, p. 214.
11 Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, p. 38.
12 GC, p. 215; Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 15–16; Kleineke, ‘Gerard von Wesel’s newsletter’, p. 78.
13 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 16–17; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 15; GC, p. 215; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, p. 211; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 129.
14 Political Poems and Songs, II, pp. 271–82.
15 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 129; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p. 29.
16 Kleineke, ‘Gerard von Wesel’s newsletter’, p. 80; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 21 (but also see Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 15).
17 Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 180–210.
18 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 18; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 15–17 (his account is disputed by Ross, John de Vere, pp. 66–7); Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 210–15; Commynes, Memoirs, ed. Jones, p. 195; Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 72–80; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 159–60; Visser-Fuchs, ‘“Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart”’, p. 106.
19 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 21; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 17; GC, pp. 216–17; Kleineke, ‘Gerard von Wesel’s newsletter’, pp. 81–2.
20 Coventry Leet Book, II, pp. 358–9; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 7.
21 ‘The Battle of Barnet’, Historical Poems, no. 94, pp. 226–7.
22 PL Davis, I, no. 261.
23 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 23; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 16.
24 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 24; CCR 1468–1476, pp. 189–90; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 259, 283–5; Coventry Leet Book, pp. 364–6, 369; Hoare et al., Old and New Sarum, pp. 178–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 169–70.
25 The following passage is based on Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 25–30. I draw especially on Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 217–20, and Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 86–92.
26 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 29–31.
27 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 18; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 30; Six Town Chronicles, p. 168; see also HMC 12th report, Rutland MSS, p. 4; Hammond, Barnet and Tewkesbury, Appendix 2, pp. 123–6.
28 ‘From a Chronicle of Tewkesbury Abbey’, in EHL, no. XIV, pp. 376–8; Hammond, Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 98–9.
29 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 31; ‘Chronicle of Tewkesbury Abbey’, p. 377; TNA SC1/44/61; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, p. 102.
30 Visser-Fuchs, ‘Edward’s “memoir on paper”’, p. 174; CSPM, no. 218.
31 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 31; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 19; CPR 1467–1477, p. 285; HMC 12th report, Rutland MSS, p. 5.
32 Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 32–3; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 589.
33 Scott, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish Rising’, pp. 361–2; CSPM, nos. 216, 217; LMA Journal 8, f. 7 (also see LMA Letter Book L, f. 79), pr. and trans. Sharpe, London and the Kingdom, III, pp. 391–2; Armstrong, ‘Some examples …’, p. 438; LMA Journal 8, f. 4v; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 678.
34 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 34; GC, p. 218.
35 GC, pp. 218–19; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 36; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 678.
36 TNA E403/844 passim; LMA Bridge House Accounts, vol. III, ff. 182v–3 (cit. in Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’, p. 679); Historie of the Arrivall, pp. 37–8; ‘On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV’, in Political Poems and Songs, II, p. 279; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 593.
37 ‘On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV’, in Political Poems and Songs, II, p. 273; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, p. 94.
38 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 136–9, 217.
39 Issues of the Exchequer, pp. 495–7; Historie of the Arrivall, p. 38; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 21.
40 GC, p. 220; ‘Yorkist Notes’, in EHL, p. 375; Ross, Henry VI, p. 98.
41 CSPM, no. 220.
42 GC, pp. 220–1; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 21–2.
1 Foedera, XI, p. 714; CCR 1468–1476, no. 858; Hicks, Edward V, pp. 55–9.
2 Grummitt, The Calais Garrison, pp. 68–9; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, p. 221; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 98.
3 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 99–101; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, pp. 326–8.
4 Ross, ‘A governing elite?’, pp. 99–100.
5 Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, pp. 252–3; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 33–40.
6 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 45–6; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 198–200; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 338–40.
7 Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 137–40; Ross, Edward IV, p. 189.
8 PL Davis, I, no. 263.
9 PL Davis, I, no. 264.
10 Britnell, ‘Richard, duke of Gloucester’, passim; TNA E405/54, m. 4v; GC, p. 221; Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish rising’, p. 682; PL Davis, I, no. 264.
11 More, History of King Richard III, p. 92.
12 Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 128–30.
13 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), Chapter 3 passim.
14 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 316–23; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 44; Ross, Edward IV, p. 147.
15 CC, pp. 132–3.
16 TNA C81/837; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 26; Kisby, ‘Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 164–5, 220, 224; ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant’; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, p. 72.
17 CSPM, no. 231; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 195–6.
18 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 201–2.
19 Weightman, Margaret of York, pp. 96–7.
20 TNA E101/197/15, f. 37v; E101/197/17, m. 5, cit. Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 182.
21 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 40–54; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 327.
22 PL Davis, I, no. 267; Castor, Blood and Roses, p. 239.
23 PL Davis, I, no. 267; Hampson, Medii Aevi Kalendarium, II, p. 303; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, pp. 327–9.
24 PL Davis, I, no. 267; CPR 1467–1477, p. 330; Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 130–1, n. 51; CChR, pp. 239–40; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, p. 328; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 102; Booth, ‘Landed Society in Cumberland’, pp. 118–19.
25 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. xviii, 18, 93–4.
26 Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 53–4; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, p. 328.
27 Political Poems and Songs, II, pp. 281–2; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 223–4, 232–4.
28 Blake, ‘English Royal Marriages’, pp. 1023–4 and refs; Hicks, Anne Neville, pp. 133–4; Ross, Richard III, p. 28.
29 BL Cotton MS Julius B XII, ff. 108–316v; Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, pp. 250–61; Hicks, ‘The cartulary of Richard III’, pp. 281–9.
30 PL Davis, I, no. 354A; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 102.
31 PL Davis, I, no. 268; TNA KB 9/41, no. 41; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 25; Keir, ‘George Neville’, p. 76; Falvey, ‘The More’, pp. 290–302.
32 R. A. Griffiths, ‘Vaughan, Sir Thomas (d. 1483)’, ODNB; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 5–6; Ross, Foremost Man, p. 69.
33 PL Davis, I, no. 268; Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 24–6; CPR 1467–1477, p. 346; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 191–2; Pollard, Wars of the Roses, p. 141; Linda Clark, ‘Thomas Vaughan’, forthcoming in History of Parliament: Commons 1433–1504.
34 Fortescue, On the Laws and Governance, pp. xxv–xxviii, 30–1.
35 Fortescue, On the Laws and Governance, pp. 93, 98, 103.
36 Household EIV, pp. 10–11.
37 Household EIV, pp. 18, 83–7.
38 Household EIV, p. 87.
39 Household EIV, no. 37 (p. 116); no. 27 (p. 106), nos. 42, 48 (p. 121), ‘Ordinance of 1471’, p. 201.
40 Household EIV, no. 43 (pp. 121–3); no. 44 (p. 123).
41 Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, p. 72; Rawcliffe, ‘Consultants’, p. 253; Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society, p. 164.
42 Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, p. 79.
43 Calendar of Letter-Books: L, p. 103; Matthews, e.g. ‘Royal Apothecaries’, p. 177.
44 Furnivall, ‘Recipe for Edward IV’s plague medicine’, p. 343.
45 Rawcliffe, ‘Consultants’, p. 251; Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society, p. 149.
46 Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society, p. 91.
47 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 19–20; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 205–7; Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, p. 228.
48 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 82–3.
49 Foedera, XI, p. 760; Mémoires pour server de preuves, III, pp. 246–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 152–4; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 33–4.
50 The following narrative is drawn from ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant’, pp. 380–88.
51 ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant’, pp. 382–3; PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 3.
1 John Vale’s Book, pp. 107–11; Christiansen, ‘Evidence for London’s late-medieval manuscript book trade’, passim, esp. p. 99; Christiansen, Directory, pp. 136–7; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Choosing a book’, pp. 64–8; Gross, Dissolution, pp. 105–23; BL Royal MS 17 D xv, ff. 302–26. For the possible dating, see Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 228–9.
2 Fortescue, ‘Declaration’, in idem, Works, I, pp. 531–3.
3 CC, p. 132; PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 1.
4 Literae Cantuarienses, III, item 1079, pp. 275–85, which dates Alcock’s speech to 1474. Internal evidence suggests Alcock made it in the autumn of 1472.
5 CC, p. 226; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 344–5.
6 PL Davis, I, no. 269; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 40–42.
7 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, item XX.
8 CSPM, no. 240.
9 Payne and Jefferson, ‘Edward IV: the Garter and the Golden Fleece’, pp. 194–7; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 112–13 and nn. 15, 16; CSPM, no. 240.
10 LP HVII, VI: 5, pp. 1–8; Stark, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, pp. 62–5; CSPM, no. 245; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 46–9; Ross, Edward IV, p. 209; Cunningham, ‘The Yorkists at war’, pp. 179–80.
11 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, pp. 4–5; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 275–7.
12 PL Davis, I, nos. 361, 273.
13 CSPM, no. 246; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 296–9.
14 George Holmes, ‘Canigiani [Caniziani], Gherardo (1424–1484)’, ODNB; Steel, Receipt of the Exchequer, pp. 344–6, 351–3, 357; Ross, Edward IV, p. 379.
15 For the painting’s disputed authorship, see McFarlane, Hans Memling, pp. 16–27.
16 Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company, pp. 68–76; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 310.
17 PL Davis, I, no. 274; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 108.
18 PL Davis, I, no. 275.
19 CSPM, no. 251; Ross, John de Vere, pp. 70–1; Scofield, ‘Early life of John de Vere’; Ross, Edward IV, p. 192.
20 PL Davis, I, nos. 275, 276.
21 Ross, John de Vere, p. 70.
22 PL Davis, no. 277, pp. 463–4; TNA E405/56 m. 3.
23 PL Davis, I, no. 277, pp. 463–4; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 108.
24 Hicks, ‘Last days of Elizabeth, Countess of Oxford’, passim.
25 Rosemary Horrox, ‘Tyrell, Sir James (c.1455–1502)’, ODNB.
26 PL Davis, I, no. 277; HMC, 11th Report, Appendix, Part VII, p. 95; Ross, Edward IV, p. 189; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, p. 329.
27 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 23–4.
28 Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 327.
29 CCR 1468–1476, p. 315; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, pp. 39–40, cit. TNA DL 37/42/13; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 199, 409; Morgan, ‘The king’s affinity’, p. 19.
30 Hicks, Edward V, pp. 75–82.
31 Ross, John de Vere, pp. 71–3.
32 PL Davis, I, no. 281.
33 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, pp. 6–7, Second Roll, item 6 (pp. 143–4); Lloyd, England and the German Hanse, p. 213.
34 PL Davis, I, no. 282.
35 Ingulph’s Chronicle, p. 477.
36 CPR 1467–1477, p. 428; Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 234–6; Hicks, ‘Lord Hastings’ retainers’, pp. 240–1.
37 Hicks, ‘Lord Hastings’ retainers’, pp. 234–5, 241–2; Carpenter, ‘The duke of Clarence and the Midlands’, pp. 32–3. Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 244–8.
38 Coventry Leet Book, I, pp. 390–3; Rastall, ‘Music for a royal entry’, pp. 463–6.
39 Coventry Leet Book, I, pp. 393–4; Fleming, Coventry and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 21–3.
40 Hicks, ‘Lord Hastings’ retainers’, pp. 241–2; Carpenter, ‘The duke of Clarence and the Midlands’, pp. 34–5.
41 Sutton, ‘Caxton was a mercer’, pp. 132–3; Blake, Caxton and His World, pp. 59–60; Blake, Caxton’s Own Prose, pp. 85–7.
42 Blake, Caxton’s Own Prose, p. 87; Nall, Reading and War, p. 50.
43 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 7; Second Roll, item 18 (pp. 208–9).
44 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 26; Worcester, Itineraries, ed. Harvey, pp. 102–3; Scofield, ‘Early life of John de Vere’, pp. 238–43; Ross, John de Vere, pp. 73–5; Hicks, ‘Descent, partition and extinction’, pp. 329–30.
45 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Second Roll, item 20 (p. 209); Ross, Edward IV, pp. 190–1.
46 Foedera, XI, pp. 814–15; Dunlop, Anglo-Scottish Relations, p. 161; Cunningham, ‘The Yorkists at war’, p. 180; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 176. Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, p. 232; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 276–80; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 210–14.
47 Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, p. 232.
48 CSPM, nos. 265, 267, 269.
49 John Vale’s Book, p. 266; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 261, Appendix I; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 107; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s books: chivalric ideals’, p. 191.
1 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 312–29; Olivier de la Marche, ‘L’estat de la maison du duc Charles de Bourgogne’, in Memoires d’Olivier de la Marche, 4, pp. 1–94.
2 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 193.
3 CPR 1467–1477, pp. 395, 398, 462, 474, 479, 492; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif, no. 63.
4 Clough, ‘The relations between the English and Urbino courts’, pp. 204–5, 208–10, 216–17.
5 PROME, XIV, 1472 October, Introduction, p. 9, Third Roll, item 43 (pp. 309–17); Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 232–3; Virgoe, ‘The benevolence of 1481’, p. 26.
6 CPR 1467–1477, p. 588; Coventry Leet Book, II, p. 409; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 280–3.
7 CC, pp. 134–5; CSPM, no. 282; GC, p. 223; Hall, Union, p. 308.
8 TNA E361/7; GC, p. 223; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 367, 591; Virgoe, ‘Benevolence of 1481’, p. 31; Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, p. 216.
9 CSPM, no. 277; PL Davis, I, no. 287; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 106–7.
10 PL Gairdner, V, no. 843; CPR 1467–1477, p. 470.
11 CPR 1467–1477, pp. 494–6, 515.
12 PL Davis, I, no. 224.
13 PROME, XIV, 1472 October; Third Roll, items 16, 17 (pp. 257–60); Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 130–1; Hicks, ‘What might have been’, passim.
14 Horrox, Richard III, p. 70; TNA C49/53/4, cit. Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 182; Hicks, ‘Dynastic change’, pp. 370–2.
15 BL MS Cotton Vespasian C XVI, ff. 121–6; Dunlop, ‘The Redresses and Reparations of Attemptates’, pp. 340–53; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 233–5; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 129.
16 CSPM, no. 282.
17 Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 238–9; Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 183.
18 CSPM, no. 285.
19 McFarlane, ‘William Worcester’, passim; Allmand and Keen, ‘History and the literature of war’, passim.
20 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 238–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 225–6.
21 Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 125; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 222–3; Allen, ‘Bishop Shirwood’, pp. 449–50.
22 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 237–8; Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, p. 200.
23 BL Add. MS 10099, f. 210v, cit. Hicks, ‘Edward IV’s brief treatise’, pp. 263–5.
24 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 261; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard of Gloucester and la grosse bombarde’, pp. 461–5; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 121–2.
25 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 207, 209; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 262.
26 PL Davis, I, no. 293; Hall, Chronicle, p. 338.
27 Commynes, Memoirs ed Jones, p. 249.
28 CSPM, no. 313; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones. p. 251.
29 GC, p. 224; CC, pp. 136–7; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 150; Lander, ‘Hundred Years War’, pp. 234–5.
30 Records of the Borough of Nottingham, II, pp. 388–9; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 236–7; 368–70.
31 BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIV, f. 572; TNA C81/855; CC, pp. 136–9; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 163–8; Lander, ‘Edward IV’, p. 44; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 163; Ross, Edward IV, p. 401.
32 CPR 1467–1477, p. 574. Hicks, Edward V, p. 118; Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics’, pp. 563–4.
33 BL Harleian MS 1628, ff. 34v–35; Lang, ‘Medical recipes’, pp. 101–2.
34 CPR 1467–1477, p. 574; Hicks, Edward V, pp. 118–21; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 132–3; Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics’, pp. 563–4; Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 199–201; Griffiths, ‘Wales and the Marches’, pp. 75–6.
35 Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, pp. 50–2; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 55; Horrox, Richard III, p. 66.
36 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, I, pp. 268–78; Ross, Edward IV, p. 269.
37 Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79; Tatton-Brown, ‘The constructional sequence and topography’, pp. 6–9; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, I, pp. 198, 246–7, 275–7, 884; II, pp. 930–7; Emery, Greater London Houses, III, pp. 226–30.
38 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, III, p. 78.
39 Kekewich, The Good King, pp. 236–7.
40 Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 80–1, 147–53.
41 Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, pp. 51–5; York Civic Records, I, pp. 2–3, 9–11, 15–16; Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. XX.
42 Hammond et al., ‘Reburial of Richard of York’, pp. 6–7, 19.
43 Scofield, LREF, II, p. 170.
44 Stonor Letters and Papers, II, no. 169.
45 Hellinga, William Caxton, pp. 32–4.
46 Commynes, Memoirs, ed. Jones, pp. 359–61; BN MS Français 10375, ff. 18–18v, cit. Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 3 n. 19.
47 CSPM, no. 344.
48 CSPM, no.331; PL Davis, I, no. 298, p. 494; Dépêches … milanaises, II, p. 342; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 164, 171; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 394–8.
49 CC, pp. 142–3; Dugdale, Monasticum Anglicanum, II, pp. 64–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 116.
50 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 305–7; Molinet, Chroniques, I, p. 167; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 421–32.
1 PL Davis, I, no. 302.
2 Liot de Nortbécourt, ‘La complainte d’Arras’, pp. 480–4, cit. Jones, ‘1477 – the expedition that never was’, pp. 275–6, 281; Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 201–11.
3 PL Davis, I, no. 302; Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, p. 55.
4 PL Davis, I, no. 302; Jones, ‘1477’ pp. 275–6.
5 TNA C47/30/10/20; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 177; Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 22.
6 CC, p. 143;
7 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 152–3; Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 42; Weightman, Margaret of York, p. 215.
8 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 239–40.
9 CC, p. 143; Commynes, Memoirs, ed. Jones, p. 362; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, p. 247.
10 BL Add. Charter 19808; TNA E159/255 (Brevia Recorda Hilary m. 21); BL Add. MS 46455 f. 69, cit. Stark, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, p. 137.
11 Meek, Calais Letterbook, letters 4, 4a; Lettres de Louis XI, 6, p. 138; Jones, ‘1477’ pp. 277–8; Potter, War and Government, pp. 37–9; Paravicini, ‘Terreur royale’, p. 577, cit. Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 30.
12 BN MS Français 20494, ff. 97–8, in Jones, ‘1477’, pp. 285–9; PL Davis, I, no. 305.
13 Meek, Calais Letterbook, letter 8; Jones, ‘1477’, p. 290; Register of the … Garter, I, pp. 200–1; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 32–6.
14 BL Cotton MS Vespasian C xvi, f. 121, cit. Halliwell, Letters, I, p. 147; Macdougall, James III, p. 141.
15 CC, pp. 144–5.
16 CC, pp. 144–5; RP, VI, p. 194; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 151–2.
17 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 120; Carpenter, Locality and Polity, p. 693; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, p. 146.
18 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 120; Kelly, ‘English kings and the fear of sorcery’, passim.
19 TNA DL 37/41/4; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 119–20.
20 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; Jones, ‘Information and science’, p. 109.
21 CC, pp. 144–5; HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 346–7; Kelly, ‘English kings’, pp. 224–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 122.
22 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; University of Michigan Library, Middle English Dictionary, accessed at: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary.
23 TNA E404/76/1/77; TNA DL 37/41/4, cit. Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 119–20.
24 Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, p. 88; Kelly, ‘English kings’, p. 228.
25 HMC 3rd Report, Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, pp. 248–9; Carpenter, ‘The duke of Clarence and the Midlands’, p. 40.
26 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 124; Fleming, ‘Time, Space and Power’, p. 217.
27 PROME, XIV, 1478 January, item 17, pp. 361–5; HMC 3rd Report Deputy Keeper, pp. 213–14.
28 Horrox, ‘Service’, p. 71; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, p. 153; Fleming, ‘Time, space and power’, pp. 218–19.
29 Lander, ‘Treason and death’, pp. 248–9.
30 CC, pp. 144–5; for the debate over Goddard’s identity, see Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 122–3; TNA C81/861/4452-4474.
31 CC, pp. 136–9; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, pp. 249–50, 264; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 123.
32 Cely Letters, no. 92.
33 PL Davis, II, no. 777; TNA E404 76/4/21.
34 BN MS Français 10,187, ff. 123–4, pr. in Scofield, LREF, II, App. XI; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, Piéce Justificatif, nos. 72, 73; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 14, 38–40.
35 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 199–200.
36 CSPM, no. 349, 14 Sept. 1477; Lander, ‘Treason and death’, p. 250.
37 BL Add. MS 6113, ff. 74–5.
38 PROME, XIV, 1478 January, Introduction, pp. 345–6 and items 10–12 (pp. 351–5); Anne Crawford, ‘John (VII) Mowbray, duke of Norfolk’, ODNB; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 68–70, 87–8.
39 Coventry Leet Book, II, p. 422; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 126.
40 Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry, pp. 28–31; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 130.
41 PL Davis, I, no. 379.
42 Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry, pp. 28–40; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 132–3.
43 PROME, XIV, 1478 January, item 1 (p. 349).
44 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 137–44, Appendix III. Roskell, The Commons and their Speakers, pp. 374–80.
45 CC, pp. 144–5.
46 RP, VI, p. 193; TNA C49/40/1; PROME, XIV, 1478 January, Appendix I, p. 402.
47 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 151–2.
48 CC, pp. 144–7; RP, VI, p. 193; TNA C49/40/1; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 127, 134–5. Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 146–7; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 242–3.
49 SC 8/344/1281; TNA DL 29/454/7312 m. 4, cit. Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 142.
50 CC, pp. 146–7; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 63; Three Books … Vergil, p. 167; Ross, Edward IV, p. 243.
51 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 128–9.
52 More, History of King Richard III, p. 7; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 167–8.
53 Scofield, LREF, II, p. 213; Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, p. 262.
54 Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, pp. 252–4.
55 Hicks, ‘What might have been’, pp. 295–6.
56 Hicks, ‘Richard III as Duke of Gloucester’, pp. 262–3.
57 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 152.
58 York Civic Records, I, p. 24; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 334, 338–40; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 56–7.
1 Cobb, Overseas Trade, Introduction, pp. xxxiii–xxxv; GC, pp. 225–6.
2 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 764–5 (Nottingham), 884 (Windsor), 936–7 (Eltham).
3 TNA E 404/76/4, nos. 132–5; GC, pp. 225–6, 352; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 432–3; Backhouse, ‘Founders of the royal library’, pp. 27–8; McKendrick, ‘A European Heritage’, p. 56.
4 Ross, Edward IV, p. 353; Jones and Condon, Cabot and Bristol, pp. 12–16.
5 CC, pp. 136–9; Gray, ‘English foreign trade’, pp. 326–8; Power, ‘English wool trade’, pp. 20–2; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 352, 368–9; Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 306–15; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, pp. 254, 256–7; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, pp. 211–14.
6 TNA E404/76/4/33.
7 Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, pp. 284–5; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, pp. 252, 260.
8 GC, p. 245; CC, pp. 146–7; Acts of Court of the Mercers’ Company, pp. 118–23, 127–8 (I am grateful to Sam Harper for this reference); Lander, ‘Yorkist council’, p. 44.
9 Horrox, Richard III, p. 253.
10 Horrox, Fifteenth-Century Attitudes, Introduction, p. 6.
11 Gottfried, ‘Population, plague and the sweating sickness’, passim; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 249–50.
12 BL Harleian MS 1628, cit. Lang, ‘Medical recipes’, pp. 98–9; Furnivall, ‘Recipe for Edward IV’s plague medicine’, p. 343; Pollard, Edward IV, p. 72; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 249–50.
13 Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 204–7; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 251–4; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 245–8.
14 Philpot, ‘Maximilian I and England’, pp. 35–40; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 271–2.
15 PL Davis, I, no. 315; Castor, Blood and Roses, pp. 277–8.
16 PL Davis, I, nos. 315, 316, 383, Castor, Blood and Roses, p. 278.
17 CSPM, no. 366.
18 Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 236; Macdougall, James III, pp. 128–9, 159–63; Grant, ‘Richard III and Scotland’, pp. 120–21; Cunningham, ‘The Yorkists at war’, pp. 181–4.
19 Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, IV, App. I, no. 28; Macdougall, James III, p. 174; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 236.
20 Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, pp. 62–7; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 333–5.
21 Pollard, ‘The crown and the county palatine of Durham’, pp. 82–4.
22 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 46–50; Hughes, ‘“True ornaments …”’, p. 157; Ross, Richard III, pp. 131–2.
23 Ross, Richard III, pp. 134–5; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 68–9; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 24.
24 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 65–6; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 337–8.
25 Horrox, Richard III, p. 66.
26 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 236, 242.
27 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 236–43; Horrox, Richard III, p. 67.
28 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 276, 278–83.
29 ADN B18823, 23691-2, cit. Haemers, For the Common Good, p. 24; Ballard and Davies, ‘Étienne Fryon’, pp. 245–6.
30 Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York, pp. 159–66; TNA E404/77/2/49, 77/1/33, 77/2/33; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 284–5.
31 Scofield, LREF, II, p. 287.
32 McKendrick et al., Royal Manuscripts, no. 149, p. 414.
33 Here, I follow Ross, Edward IV, pp. 281–3.
34 Commynes, Memoires eds. Godefroy and Lenglet du Fresnoy, III, pp. 576–7; Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 76.
35 Ballard and Davies, ‘Étienne Fryon’, p. 258.
36 Cely Letters, no. 45, pp. 47–8; Ross, Edward IV, p. 285.
37 Acta Dominorum Consilii, I, p. 78, cit. Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 184–6; CSPM, no. 368, 29 Oct. 1480; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 306.
38 Virgoe, ‘The benevolence of 1481’, p. 33; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, p. 285.
39 Lettres de Louis XI, VII, p. 325; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 79–80.
40 Ives, Thomas Kebell, p. 94; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 153–7; Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 219–24, Appendix 1, pp. 287–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 248–50; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 318–19.
41 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 188; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, pp. 9–15; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 315.
42 Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, pp. 275–7.
43 Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, pp. 74–9, 274; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 93–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 282; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, p. 10.
44 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 189–90; Macdougall, James III, pp. 177–8; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 316.
45 Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 237–8; Chandler, Life of William Waynflete, pp. 150–1.
46 CSPV, no. 483; Hoskins, ‘Harvest fluctuations’, pp. 95–8; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 333–4.
47 Foedera, XII, pp. 46–50; Macdougall, James III, p. 182; Ross, Edward IV, p. 291.
48 CC, pp. 152–3; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 414; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 67; More, History of King Richard III, p. 5.
49 CC, pp. 152–153; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 67; Santiuste, ‘“Puttying down and rebuking of vices”’, p. 139; Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, pp. 83–4; Rawcliffe, ‘Consultants’, p. 251; Pollard, Edward IV, p. 72.
50 Macdougall, James III, pp. 181–2.
51 Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, IV, no. 1472.
52 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 190; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 320; Ross, Edward IV, p. 291.
53 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 386, 393–4; Potter, War and Government, p. 40. Armstrong, ‘The Burgundian Netherlands’, p. 231; Philpot, ‘Maximilian I and England’, pp. 57–8.
54 TNA E404/77/3/46; Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 190; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 335.
55 Issues of the Exchequer, pp. 502–3; Macdougall, James III, p. 191. Dunlop, ‘Aspects of Anglo-Scottish Relations’, p. 73; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 367–83.
56 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 337–8.
57 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 190–1.
58 Meek, Calais Letterbook, p. 81; Grummitt, ‘William Hastings, and the Calais garrison’, pp. 268–9; Macdougall, James III, p. 195.
59 Here I follow Macdougall’s dating of the campaign: Macdougall, James III, pp. 191–200; Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, p. 191; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 344–5.
60 Cunningham, ‘Yorkists at war’, pp. 191–3; Macdougall, ‘Richard III and James III’, pp. 189–94; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 345–9.
61 CSPV, no. 483; Cely Letters, no. 97.
62 Macdougall, ‘Richard III and James III’, p. 194; Cunningham, ‘The establishment of the Tudor regime’, pp. 140; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, p. 30.
1 CC, pp. 148–9; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 252, Piece Justificatif, no. 82, pp. 393–5.
2 Cely Letters, nos. 93, 96; Grummitt, ‘William Hastings and the Calais garrison’, pp. 268–9; Meek, Calais Letterbook, pp. 65–6.
3 GC, p. 147; Cely Letters, nos. 182 185.
4 TNA E315/486, 6, 12, 13; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 282, 288; Stark, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Diplomacy’, pp. 145–6.
5 Horrox, Richard III, p. 102; Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 149–50.
6 Richmond, ‘1485 and all that’, pp. 181–2.
7 Stonor Letters and Papers, II, no. 288; Horrox, ‘Caterpillars of the commonwealth?’, p. 13.
8 CPR 1467–1477, p. 450; Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, p. 221.
9 TNA E315/486, no. 24.
10 Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, p. 221.
11 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 351–3; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 252.
12 ADN B 18823, no. 23714, cit. Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, p. 207.
13 TNA C81/1522/26, cit. Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, p. 149.
14 GC, pp. 228–9; Scofield, LREF, II, p. 413; Ross, Edward IV, p. 354; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 370–7.
15 TNA E404/77/3/44, 57, 59/60; McKendrick, ‘Edward IV: An English Royal Collector’, pp. 521–4.
16 Three Books … Vergil, p. 172.
17 CC, p. 149; Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 282.
18 CC, pp. 148–51; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 58–9, 64–7.
19 Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 211–12.
20 Haemers and Buylaert, ‘War, politics and diplomacy’, pp. 211–12.
21 Foedera, VIII, pp. 124–5; CC, pp. 150–1; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 58–9; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 396.
22 CC, pp. 150–1; STC 9176; Neville-Sington, ‘Press, politics and religion’, p. 577.
23 PROME, XIV, 1483 January, Introduction, pp. 403–4; Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, pp. 226–7; Roskell, The Commons and their Speakers, pp. 271–93, 333–6; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, p. 286.
24 PROME, 1483 January, item 13 (p. 425).
25 Grant, ‘Richard III and Scotland’, p. 115; Ross, Edward IV, p. 293.
26 RP, VI, 168; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 70–2.
27 PROME, 1483 January, introduction, p. 406; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 123–7, 131–2, 207–8; Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, p. 222.
28 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 58–9; CC, pp. 148–9; Nichols, ed., Grants &c, p. xlvi; Three Books … Vergil, p. 171; Santiuste, ‘“Puttyng down and rebuking of vices”’, pp. 139–40.
29 CC, pp. 152–3.
30 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 414–15; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 364–6.
31 CC, pp. 152–3; Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 199.
32 Registrum Thome Bourgchier, p. 54; CC, pp. 150–1; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 68–9.
33 CC, pp. 150–3.
34 Issues of the Exchequer, p. 505; LMA Journal 9, ff. 17–17v; Armstrong, ‘Some examples of distribution and speed’, p. 450; More, History of King Richard III, p. 9; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 13.
35 College of Arms MS I.7, f. 7, pr. in Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, p. 383; LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 4; Roskell, ‘The office and dignity of protector’, p. 196.
36 Richmond, ‘Richard III, Richard Nixon’, p. 95; Richmond, ‘1483’, p. 44; Ross, Richard III, p. 66.
37 CC, pp. 152–3; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 93–4; Ross, Richard III, pp. 65–6; Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 193–4; Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, pp. 86–7.
38 CC, pp. 152–3; Ross, Richard III, p. 67.
39 Ives, ‘Andrew Dymmock’, pp. 225, 228–9.
40 CC, pp. 154–5.
41 Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, p. 168.
42 TNA E405/71, rot. 6; Grummitt, ‘William Hastings and the Calais garrison’ p. 269; Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, pp. 223–5.
43 CC, pp. 154–5; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, p. 223.
44 HMC 11th Report, III, p. 170.
45 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 70–1; Armstrong, ‘Some examples of distribution and speed’, pp. 117–18.
46 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, pp. 373, 383–5.
47 LP RIII/HVII, pp. 7–8; Tatton-Brown, ‘The constructional sequence and topography’, pp. 14–15; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 884–8.
48 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, pp. 377–8.
49 Crawford, Yorkist Lord, p. 99.
50 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Royal burials’, p. 371.
51 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Laments for the death of Edward IV’, pp. 516–18.
52 Vale, Charles VII, p. 215.
53 CC, pp. 154–5; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 171–3, 176; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 70–3; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 14–15.
54 PROME, VI, 1377 October, Introduction, p. 2 and item 13 (p. 10).
55 Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 214–15, 226–7.
56 See Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 206–7, 210 for discussion of the terms of Henry V’s will; Ross, Richard III, pp. 66–7.
57 CC, pp. 156–7; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 70–1, 74–5, 80–1, 118–19; Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, pp. 211, 220–21; Horrox, Richard III, p. 91.
58 CC, pp. 154–5.
59 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 74–5; Hardyng, Chronicle, p. 475; Rawcliffe, The Staffords, pp. 28–9; Lowe, ‘Patronage and politics’, p. 563
60 PL Davis, II, no. 795; Hardyng, Chronicle, p. 475.
1 ‘A Ballad made by Lydgate’, in A Chronicle of London, I, p. 257; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 99; Observations on the Popular Antiquities, I; Hutton, Stations of the Sun, pp. 226–43; Bezella-Bond, ‘Blood and roses’, pp. 187–210; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 16; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 2; Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 130.
2 For Hastings’ influence in Northamptonshire, see Westervelt, ‘William Lord Hastings’, pp. 215–24.
3 Armstrong, ‘Some examples of distribution and speed’, passim.
4 CC, pp. 154–7; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 74–83; Horrox, Richard III, p. 97.
5 CC, p. 155.
6 Richmond, ‘1483’, p. 44; Ross, Richard III, p. 71.
7 Three Books … Vergil, p. 174.
8 CPR 1476–1485, pp. 233, 241, 354, 567–8; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 154–5.
9 Three Books … Vergil, p. 174.
10 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 77; More, A History of King Richard III, p. 72; Santiuste, ‘“Puttyng down and rebuking of vices”’, p. 139.
11 Rous, Historia Regum Angliae, p. 212; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 77; CC, p. 157; TNA SC1/45/236; British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 25; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 342.
12 CC, pp. 156–7; PL Davis, II, no. 795; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 104–7; GC, p. 230.
13 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 15–16; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 81–3; GC, p. 230; CC, pp. 156–9; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 98–9.
14 Nichols, Grants &c, pp. 5–11; CPR 1476–1485, pp. 349–50; Registrum Thome Bourgchier, pp. 52–3.
15 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 106.
16 Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, pp. 205–7, 211, 219–20 and n. 22; PL Davis, II, no. 796.
17 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 81, 85; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 99–103; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, p. 11.
18 British Library Harleian MS 433, I, p. 101, III, p. 2; CPR 1476–1485, p. 514; Horrox, Richard III, p. 99.
19 See for example BL Harleian Ch. 58 F 49.
20 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 90–3, 121; Horrox, Richard III, p. 121; Hicks, ‘Richard III as duke of Gloucester’, p. 31.
21 CC, pp. 156–7.
22 Wood, ‘Richard III, Lord Hastings and Friday the Thirteenth’, p. 168.
23 Nichols, Grants &c, p. xlix; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 60–2; Chrimes, English Constitutional Ideas, pp. 168–78 passim; Allmand and Keen, ‘History and literature of war’, pp. 98–9. For another interpretation of Russell’s sermon, see Watts, ‘“The Policie in Christen Remes”’, pp. 33–59.
24 Nichols, Grants &c, p. xlviii; Roskell, ‘Office and dignity’, pp. 226–7; Ross, Richard III, p. 79; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 113–14.
25 Stonor Letters and Papers, no. 330; Mancini, Usurpation, p. 124; LMA Journal 9, f. 23v; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Ratcliffe, Sir Richard (d. 1485)’, ODNB; Horrox, Richard III, p. 112.
26 York Civic Records, I, p. 75; More, A History of King Richard III, p. 57.
27 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 179–80.
28 What follows is based on Three Books … Vergil, p. 227; CC, pp. 158–9; More, History of King Richard III, pp. 46–9.
29 Appleby et al., ‘The scoliosis of Richard III’, passim.
30 GC, p. 231; Wood, ‘Richard III, Lord Hastings and Friday the Thirteenth’, pp. 156–61. Friday 13th is given as the date of Hastings’ death in the Calais controller’s account for 1482–3: TNA E101/200/1 f. 33v; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, p. 33; Cunningham, ‘The establishment of the Tudor regime’, p. 141.
31 Hicks, ‘What might have been’, passim.
32 More, History of King Richard III, pp. 45–6; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 90–1; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 156, 159–60; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 133–5.
33 BL Harleian Ch. 58 F 49; Registra Abbatum monasterii Sancti Albani, ed. Riley, II., pp. 113, 200, 266; PROME, XV, 1485 November, item 63 [68], pp. 219–22; Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, pp. 159–60.
34 Harper, ‘London and the Crown’, pp. 66–9; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 22.
35 CC, pp. 158–9; Ross, Richard III, p. 87.
36 CPR 1476–1485, p. 364; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 144–5.
37 Horrox, ‘Financial memoranda of Edward V’, passim.
38 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 94–5; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 23; LMA Journal 9, ff. 26–26v; Acts of Court of the Mercers, p. 155.
39 Stonor Letters and Papers, no. 331.
40 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 183–5; More, History of King Richard III, pp. 66–8; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 156–7; Sutton, ‘Richard III’s “Tytylle & Right”’, pp. 27–8.
41 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 99; Lancashire, London Civic Theatre, pp. 50–2, 153–70; Horrox, Richard III, p. 120; Ross, Richard III, p. 94.
42 Buckingham as Richard’s alter ego: Horrox, Richard III, pp. 106–7.
43 GC, p. 232; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 96–7.
44 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 90–1; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 23; CC, pp. 160–1; Excerpta Historica, pp. 240–8; Horrox, Richard III, p. 129.
45 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 126; Rous, Historia Regum Angliae, p. 213; GC, p. 567; Danse macabre: The Dance of Death, ed. Warren; Harry, ‘Earl Rivers’ Cordyal’, esp. pp. 382–3, 385; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 135.
46 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, p. 29.
47 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 25.
48 Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 157–8.
49 TNA C53/198, m. 1. I am grateful to Sean Cunningham for the reference; the translation is his.
50 Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 61–2; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 115–18.
51 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 28–91; Horrox, Richard III, p. 140.
52 CPR 1476–1485, pp. XX, XX, XX.
53 Roskell, ‘William Catesby’, p. 147.
54 TNA PSO 1/57/2901, 2904; British Library Harleian MS 433, I, p. 101; III, p. 150; CPR 1476–1485, p. 514; Payling, ‘Widows’, pp. 104, 108–12.
55 TNA LC 9/50, f. 45v; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 67, 71, 73; Smith, ‘John Caster’, pp. 130–5.
56 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 171–2.
57 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 98–101; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, p. 282; BL Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 29–30.
58 BL Add. MS 18669; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 35–43.
59 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 2–5; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, p. 37.
60 A Relation … ed. Sneyd, p. 44; Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 282–302; BL Add. MS 6113, f. 22v; College of Arms MS I, 18, f. 34v; LMA Journal 9, f. 43.
61 CC, pp. 158–9; Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, p. 20.
62 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 271–3.
63 Sutton and Hammond, eds., Coronation of Richard III, pp. 167, 169, 279–81; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 62.
64 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 92–3; Three Books … Vergil, p. 189.
1 Edwards, Itinerary, p. 5; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 62; Horrox, Richard III, p. 149.
2 British Library MS Harleian 433, III, pp. 34–5; CPR 1476–1485, p. 535; Jones, ‘Richard III and Lady Margaret Beaufort’, p. 30.
3 CC, p. 163; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, p. 119.
4 British Library MS Harleian 433, I, p. 87; II, pp. 4–5; CPR 1476–1485, p. 496; Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, p. 411; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 5; Ross, Richard III, p. 148.
5 TNA C 81/1392/1; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 149–52; Horrox, ‘Richard III and London’, pp. 325–6.
6 LP WF, II, p. 762; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 149–50; TNA E101/107/15, f. 18.
7 Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 62.
8 Hall, Chronicle, pp. 388–9; Three Books … Vergil, p. 195; Kibre, ‘Lewis of Caerleon’, pp. 100–8; Jones, ‘Richard III and Lady Margaret Beaufort’, p. 31; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 150–1.
9 Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 75–7; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 147–9; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 107.
10 CC, pp. 162–3.
11 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, pp. 7–9; Three Books … Vergil, p. 194; Horrox, Richard III, p. 150; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, p. 134.
12 Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, p. 15; Tudor-Craig, ‘Richard III’s triumphant entry’, p. 109 and refs; Horrox, Richard III, p. 150.
13 More, History of King Richard III, pp. 82–7; Green, ‘Historical notes of a London citizen’, pp. 585–90; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 191–2; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, pp. 115–24; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 6.
14 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 189, 191–2; GC, p. 237.
15 PL Davis, II, nos. 800, 916.
16 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 195–6.
17 Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, pp. 20–1.
18 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 193–5.
19 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 194–7; More, History of King Richard III, pp. 91–3; Griffiths, ‘Bishop Morton and the Ely Tower at Brecon’, p. 21.
20 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 25; Three Books … Vergil, p. 188; Tudor-Craig, ‘Richard III’s triumphant entry’, p. 109; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 6; Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 107; Ross, Richard III, p. 150.
21 Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 57; Freedman and White, Richard III and the City of York, p. 8.
22 Christ Church Letters, p. 46; Hanham, Richard III and his Early Historians, p. 50; Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, pp. 73–4.
23 York Minster Library, Bedern College Statute Book, p. 48, transcribed in Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, p. 140.
24 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 132–3; Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, pp. 137–8.
25 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, pp. 49–50; Ross, Richard III, p. 194.
26 Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, pp. 112–13.
27 Palliser, ‘Richard and York’, p. 58.
28 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 198–201.
29 TNA C81/1392/6; CCR 1476–1485, no. 1171 pp. 346–7.
30 CPR 1476–1485, pp. 465–6; Collier, Household Books of John duke of Norfolk, p. 465; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 121–2; Hanham, The Celys and their World, pp. 287–8; Horrox, Richard III, ch. 3 passim.
31 Stonor Letters and Papers, II, p. 163.
32 Horrox, Richard III, pp. 155, 158–9, 161–2, 167–8.
33 Horrox, Richard III, p. 300.
34 Plumpton Letters and Papers, pp. 60–1; Plumpton Correspondence, pp. 44–5.
35 Three Books … Vergil, p. 199; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 163–4.
36 Foedera, XII, pp. 204–5.
37 Three Books … Vergil, p. 199.
38 CC, pp. 164–5; Three Books … Vergil, p. 201; Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 108–11.
39 GC, pp. 234–5; CC, pp. 164–5; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 156–7.
40 Three Books … Vergil, p. 202; Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 112–13.
41 Arthurson and Kingswell, ‘The proclamation of Henry Tudor’, pp. 100–6.
42 Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, p. 115.
43 In what follows I draw on Horrox, Richard III, ch. 4 passim.
44 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 76; CC, pp. 170–1; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 186–7.
45 Cely Letters, no. 201; GC, p. 235; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 10; Ross, Richard III, pp. 119–20.
46 Sutton, ‘Richard III, the City of London and Southwark’, passim; Horrox, Richard III, p. 313 and n. 184; Harper, ‘London and the Crown’, pp. 61–2.
47 Three Books … Vergil, p. 203.
48 Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, p. 122.
49 TNA E159/260, various membranes.
50 PROME, XV, 1484 January, Introduction, pp. 2–3; Nichols, Grants &c., p. lxi.
51 Helmholz, ‘The sons of Edward IV’, passim.
52 PROME, XV, 1484 January, item 1 [5], pp. 13–18.
53 PROME, XV, 1484 January, items 18 [22], pp. 58–9; 26 [30], 27 [31], 28 [32], 29 [33], 30 [34], 31 [35], pp. 66–78.
54 CC, pp. 170–71; PROME, XV, 1484 January, 3 [7], pp. 23–4; Helmholz, ‘The sons of Edward IV’, pp. 115–18.
55 CPR 1476–1485, pp. 402, 426, 465; Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, p. 114.
56 PROME, XV, 1484 January, item 6, pp. 36–7; TNA PSO/1/57/2935.
57 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, p. 190; Three Books … Vergil, p. 210; Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, pp. 165–6; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 278–9.
58 CC, pp. 170–1; PROME, XV, 1484 January, Introduction, p. 5, item 1 [5], p. 17.
1 Edwards, Itinerary, pp. 15–16.
2 Hughes, ‘“True ornaments …”’, pp. 134–5; British Library Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 59–61, 63–6; Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, pp. 169–70; Willis and Clark, Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, I, p. 472.
3 CC, p. 171.
4 Mancini, Usurpation, Appendix, pp. 136–8.
5 Mancini, Usurpation, p. 137 and n. 2. My adapted translation.
6 Sutton, ‘Curious searcher’, p. 72; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 1–2.
7 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 92; Cely Letters, no. 214; Hanham, The Celys and their World, p. 292; Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, pp. 114–15; Ross, Richard III, p. 197.
8 Hanham, The Celys and their World, pp. 297–9; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 308–9.
9 Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 116–17, 122; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 298–9.
10 CPR 1476–1485, pp. 397–401.
11 Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, p. 114; Grant, ‘Richard III and Scotland’, pp. 124, 135–6; Ross, Richard III, p. 199
12 GC, p. 236; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 357–8; Horrox, Richard III, p. 276.
13 Horrox, Richard III, p. 330.
14 TNA KB 9/952/3, 9; C81/1531/58; CPR 1476–1485, pp. 519–20, cit. Horrox, Richard III, p. 276.
15 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 107–8, 114–15; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 214–19; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 358–60; Ross, Richard III, pp. 168–9, 181–4.
16 TNA E404/78/2/27, 28; E404/78/3/43 (I am grateful to Sean Cunningham for these references); CPR 1476–1485, pp. 493–4; LMA Journal 9, f. 56; Harper, ‘London and the Crown’, p. 60; Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, p. 115.
17 Rons, Historia Regum Angliae, p. 123; Hughes, Religious Life of Richard III, p. 103; Lovatt, ‘A collector of apocryphal anecdotes’, pp. 172–97; McKenna, ‘Piety and propaganda’, pp. 72–88.
18 Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, pp. 116–17; Grant, ‘Foreign affairs under Richard III’, p. 125.
19 Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 123–4.
20 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 206–8; Gunn, Henry VII’s New Men, p. 12.
21 Grant, ‘Richard III and Scotland’, pp. 137–45 and Appendix 4, pp. 193–200, ‘Archibald Whitelaw’s address to King Richard III’.
22 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 175, III, pp. 116–20; Wolffe, Crown Lands, p. 63; Horrox, Richard III, p. 302.
23 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 108, 111; Horrox, Richard III, p. 332.
24 TNA PSO 1/58/2963, 2984; TNA C81/1392/15; British Library Harleian MS 433, I, p. 216; II, p. 260.
25 More, History of King Richard III, pp. 30–1; cf. Rosser, Medieval Westminster, p. 219.
26 TNA PSO 1/58/2963.
27 TNA C81/1392/17; British Library Harleian MS 433, II, pp. 164–5; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 277.
28 TNA PSO 1/58/3000.
29 TNA PSO 1/59/3009; TNA E159/262 recorda, m. 11–11d (I am grateful to Sean Cunningham for this reference).
30 Three Books … Vergil, p. 212.
31 TNA C81/1392/19; TNA C67/53, m. 6; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 208–9; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 278–9; Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 122–4; Ross, Foremost Man, pp. 82–3.
32 TNA KB9/953/2, 15, 17–18, cit. Horrox, Richard III, p. 278; Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton’, pp. 5–9.
33 CFR 1471–1485, pp. 276–7; Ross, Richard III, p. 120; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 348.
34 Horrox, ‘Henry Tudor’s letters’, pp. 155–8; Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, p. 134.
35 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, pp. 124–8.
36 GC, p. 235.
37 GC, p. 236; British Library Harleian MS 433, II, p. 182.
38 TNA KB 9/951/28, cit. Horrox, Richard III, p. 297.
39 Three Books … Vergil, p. 205.
40 Lambeth Palace MS 474; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, p. 50; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, eds., The Hours of Richard III, pp. 7–38.
41 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, eds., The Hours of Richard III, pp. 68–9, 72, 77–8.
42 Appleby et al., ‘Multi-isotope analysis’, pp. 238–53.
43 CC, pp. 174–5.
44 TNA C244/136/130, 132; CPR 1476–1485, pp. 511, 543; Three Books … Vergil, pp. 210, 213–14; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 293–4.
45 Ross, Richard III, p. 178 and n. 36.
46 Horrox, Richard III, p. 306.
47 Nichols, Grants &c., p. xl; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 330–1.
48 British Library Harleian MS 433, III, p. 139.
49 CC, pp. 174–5; data from http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=14850316.
50 Three Books … Vergil, p. 211; CC, pp. 174–5; Buck, The History of King Richard the Third, pp. 190–1.
51 CC, pp. 174–5; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 295–6.
52 CC, pp. 174–7; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 296–7, 316–17.
53 Halliwell, Letters, I, p. 159; Acts of Court of the Mercers, pp. 173–4; CC, pp. 174–7.
54 GC, p. 237; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 297–9; Harper, ‘London and the Crown’, pp. 66–9.
55 Langland, Piers Plowman, passus I, pp. 61–9; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 274–5.
56 Edwards, Itinerary, p. 37; Bennett, The Battle of Bosworth, p. 70.
57 British Library Harleian MS 433, I, pp. 173, 186, 203, 271; Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, p. 141; Ross, Richard III, pp. 208–9.
58 Antonovics, ‘Henry VII, king of England’, passim.
59 Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, pp. 119–20; Ross, Richard III, p. 203.
60 British Library Harleian MS 433, II, pp. 228–9; CCR 1457; Sutton and Hammond, Richard III: Road to Bosworth Field, p. 208.
61 CC, pp. 176–7; Davies, ‘Richard III, Brittany and Henry Tudor’, p. 120.
62 Ross, Richard III, p. 207 and refs; Horrox, Richard III, p. 297; Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 152–3.
63 CC, pp. 178–9; Jones, ‘Richard III and the Stanleys’, p. 34; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 321–3.
64 CC, pp. 178–9 dates the first outbreak of sweating sickness to before Tudor’s arrival.
65 Blake, Caxton’s Own Prose, p. 109; Blake, ‘Caxton prepares his edition’, p. 206; Weinberg, ‘Caxton, Woodville, and the Prologue to the Morte Darthur’, p. 60.
66 CC, pp. 175–9; HMC 12th Report, Rutland MSS, I, pp. 7–8.
1 Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, pp. 214–16; HMC 12th Report, Rutland MSS, I, pp. 7–8; Horrox, Richard III, pp. 318–19; Richmond, ‘1485’, pp. 176–7.
2 CC, pp. 178–9; Edwards, Itinerary, p. 39.
3 Griffiths and Thomas, Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 159–66; Guth, ‘Richard III, Henry VII and the City’, passim.
4 Three Books … Vergil, p. 218.
5 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 220–1; ‘Bosworth Field’, ll. 449–52.
6 BL Add. MS 12,060, f. 19v; Warnicke, ‘Sir Ralph Bigod’, pp. 299–303; Bennett, The Battle of Bosworth, Appendix III (e), pp. 140–41.
7 Hall, Chronicle, p. 419.
8 CC, p. 180–1.
9 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 225–6; Entwistle, ‘A Spanish account of the battle of Bosworth’, pp. 34–7; Goodman and Mackay, ‘A Castilian report on English affairs’, pp. 92–9.
10 Jones, Bosworth, p. 194.
11 CC, p. 183.
12 GC, p. 238.
13 CC, pp. 184–5; Three Books … Vergil, p. 226.
14 PROME, XV, 1485 November, item 18 (pp. 133–4); item 8 (pp. 107–8).
15 PROME, XV, 1485 November, Introduction, pp. 84–5; item 5 (p. 97).
16 PROME, XIV, 1485 November, item 9 (p. 112).
1 ‘John Rous’s account of the reign of Richard III’, in Hanham, Richard III and his Early Historians, pp. 120–24.
2 PROME, XV, 1487 November, item 12 (pp. 353–5).
3 Edwards, ‘King Richard’s tomb at Leicester’, passim.
4 Hammond, ‘The illegitimate children of Edward IV’, p. 230; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 234–5.
5 Cunningham, Henry VII, p. 79; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 170–1.
6 ‘Ballard of Bosworth Field’, l. 274 BL Add MS 45131, ff. 52v–53.
7 William Habington, The historie of Edward the Fourth, cit. Whittle, ‘Historical Reputation of Edward the Fourth’, pp. 277–88.