1. FDR Press Conference #676, August 30, 1940, p. 2.
2. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, p. 22.
3. For example, FDR Press Conference #389, August 9, 1937, pp. 5, 17; and #523, February 3, 1939, p. 8.
4. White, FDR and the Press, p. 31; FDR Press Conference #389, August 9, 1937, p. 23; and #915, August 31, 1943, p. 7.
5. FDR Press Conference #523, February 3, 1939, pp. 6–8.
6. Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, p. 87.
7. Arthur Krock in New York Times, October 8, 1940, quoted in White, FDR and the Press, p. 122.
8. Rodgers, ed., The Impossible H. L. Mencken, pp. liv–lv.
9. Reilly and Slocum, Reilly of the White House, p. 91.
10. FDR Press Conference #790, December 9, 1941, pp. 1–2.
11. Ibid., pp. 6–9.
12. Fireside Chat No. 19, “On the Declaration of War with Japan,” Radio Address from Washington, December 9, 1941, FDR Library.
13. Whaley-Eaton American Letter, December 26, 1942, quoted in Parker, A Priceless Advantage, p. 70.
14. FDR, Statement to the Press, December 16, 1941, quoted in Price, “Governmental Censorship in War-Time,” American Political Science Review 36, No. 5, October 1942, p. 841.
15. Address by Byron Price to American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 16, 1942, reprinted in Summers, ed., Wartime Censorship of Press and Radio, p. 30.
16. “Defense Shake-Up,” New York Times, December 18, 1941.
17. “Washington News on Fighting Scant,” New York Times, December 10, 1941.
18. McCarten, “General MacArthur: Fact and Legend,” American Mercury, Vol. 58, No. 241, January 1944.
19. Davis, The U.S. Army and the Media in the 20th Century, p. 51.
20. “We Shall Do Our Best, General MacArthur States,” New York Times, December 12, 1941.
21. “Keep Flag Flying, MacArthur Orders,” New York Times, December 16, 1941.
22. “MacArthur Glide Is New Dance,” New York Times, March 16, 1942.
23. “MacArthur Works On Birthday,” New York Times, January 27, 1942.
24. Philadelphia Record, January 27, 1942, quoted in Borneman, MacArthur at War, p. 125.
25. New York Times, February 13, 1942, p. 17.
26. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 18.
27. Ibid., p. 22.
28. Dwight D. Eisenhower diary, February 23, 1942, in Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries, p. 49.
29. Dwight D. Eisenhower diary, February 23, 1942, in ibid., p. 49.
30. Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 249.
31. Perry, “Dear Bart,” p. 79.
32. Forrestal quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 253.
33. Forrestal recounted the quote in a letter to Carl Vinson dated August 30, 1944. Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 9.
34. Basic Field Manual, Regulations for Correspondents Accompanying U.S. Army Forces in the Field, War Department, January 21, 1942, p. 4.
35. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 149.
36. Driscoll, Pacific Victory 1945, p. 226.
37. Ibid.
38. Liebling, “The A.P. Surrender,” New Yorker, May 12, 1945.
39. Ewing, “Nimitz: Reflections on Pearl Harbor,” pp. 1–2.
40. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 234.
41. “Girding of Pacific Speeded by Nimitz,” New York Times, January 31, 1942.
42. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, p. 362.
43. Waldo Drake, oral history, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 19.
44. Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 234.
45. Waldo Drake, oral history, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 14.
46. Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 278.
47. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, pp. 190–91.
48. Davis and Price, War Information and Censorship, p. 13.
49. Ritchie, Reporting from Washington, p. 62.
50. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 190.
51. Current, Secretary Stimson, p. 201.
52. Burlingame, Don’t Let Them Scare You, p. 195.
53. Healy and Catledge, A Lifetime on Deadline, p. 109.
54. “Navy Had Word of Jap Plan to Strike at Sea,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, June 7, 1942, p. 1.
55. Tom Dyer, one of Joe Rochefort’s lieutenants at Station Hypo, observed that the Japanese adopted a new coding edition the same week as the Battle of Midway, too early to have been prompted by the Tribune story. Thomas H. Dyer, oral history, pp. 270–71.
56. Glen Perry to Edmond Barnett, October 22, 1942; full text of letter in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 70.
57. Navy Department communiqué No. 88, June 12, 1942.
58. Navy Department communiqué No. 107, August 17, 1942.
59. Hanson Baldwin, oral history, p. 359.
60. Burlingame, Don’t Let Them Scare You, p. 201.
61. Navy Department communiqué No. 147, October 12, 1942.
62. Navy Department communiqué No. 149, October 13, 1942.
63. Navy Department communiqué No. 168, October 26, 1942.
64. Navy Department communiqué No. 169, October 26, 1942.
65. Navy Department communiqué No. 175, October 31, 1942.
66. CINCPAC to COMINCH, November 1, 1942, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 2, p. 970.
67. Perry, Dear Bart, p. 84.
68. Glen Perry’s memorandum to editors, November 1, 1942, in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 85.
69. Phelps H. Adams quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, pp. 260–61.
70. Glen Perry’s memorandum to editors, November 7, 1942, Perry, Dear Bart, p. 91.
71. Phelps H. Adams quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 261.
72. Glen Perry’s memorandum to editors, November 30, 1942, Perry, Dear Bart, p. 107.
73. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, undated, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 64–65.
74. Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 65.
75. Ibid.
76. SWPA Communiqué No. 326, March 4, 1943; SWPA Communiqué No. 329, March 7, 1943; RG, RG-4, Reel 611, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
77. Press release, SWPA headquarters, April 14, 1943, RG-4, Reel 611, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
78. MacArthur to Chief of Staff, War Department, September 7, 1943, RG-4, Reel 593, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
79. LeGrande Diller, oral history, September 26, 1982, MacArthur Memorial Archives, p. 13.
80. William Manchester notes MacArthur’s paranoid tendency to use the pronouns “they” and “them” to refer to nameless Washington enemies in American Caesar, p. 273.
81. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 29, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 90–91.
82. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, pp. 280–81.
83. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, June 13, 1943, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 71.
84. Meijer, Arthur Vandenberg, p. 218.
85. This according to Faubion Bowers, an interpreter and loyal aide-de-camp, in “The Late General MacArthur,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, p. 254.
86. “Eichelberger Dictations,” November 12, 1953, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 77.
87. Arthur Vandenberg, “Why I Am for MacArthur,” Collier’s Weekly, February 12, 1944, p. 14.
88. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, p. 423.
89. Clapper described the exchange to Captain John L. McCrea, former White House naval aide, in January 1944. McCrea, Captain McCrea’s War, p. 210. The following month, Clapper was killed while reporting on the FLINTLOCK landings in the Marshall Islands. He was riding as a passenger in a navy bomber when it collided with another U.S. plane.
90. John McCarten, “General MacArthur: Fact and Legend,” American Mercury, Vol. 58, No. 241, January 1944.
91. Ibid.
92. MacArthur to Marshall, cable in the clear, March 11, 1944, RG-4, MacArthur correspondence files, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
93. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, January 28, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, p. 90.
94. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, p. 435.
95. Ibid., p. 436.
96. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 185.
97. Press release, SWPA headquarters, Statement of Douglas MacArthur, April 30, 1944, RG-4, Reel 611, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
98. “Dewey Refuses to Say Directly That Roosevelt Withheld Pacific Supplies,” Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY), September 15, 1944, p. 6.
Chapter One
1. Press and radio conference No. 961, July 11, 1944, FDR Library.
2. FDR to Stephen T. Early, October 24, 1944, in Stephen T. Early Papers, “Memoranda, FDR, 1944,” Box 24, FDR Library.
3. Smith, “Thank You, Mr. President!,” Life magazine, August 19, 1946, p. 49.
4. William D. Hassett diary, March 6, 1944, in Hassett, Off the Record with FDR, p. 239.
5. Evans, The Hidden Campaign, p. 52.
6. White House daily log, July 16, 1944, FDR Library.
7. Rigdon, White House Sailor, p. 19.
8. William D. Leahy diary, July 21, 1944, p. 61, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
9. “JCS to CINCPOA and CINCSOWESPAC,” March 12, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.
10. Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, p. 503.
11. MacArthur to Sutherland, March 8, 1943, RG-30, Reel 1007, Signal Corps No. Q4371, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
12. Marshall to General Douglas MacArthur, June 24, 1944, Radio No. WAR-55718, George C. Marshall Papers, Pentagon Office Collection, Selected Materials, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, Virginia.
13. MacArthur to Marshall, Radio No. CX-13891, June 18, 1944, in Marshall, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Bland and Stevens.
14. The documentary evidence was discovered and published by Carol M. Petillo in 1979. Petillo, “Douglas MacArthur and Manuel Quezon.” Paul P. Rogers, a clerk on MacArthur’s staff, witnessed conversations involving Quezon, MacArthur, and Sutherland on Corregidor and typed out the order. Rogers, The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland, pp. 165–66.
15. Dwight D. Eisenhower diary, June 20, 1942, in The Eisenhower Diaries, p. 63.
16. Press conference, April 17, 1944, in Perry, Dear Bart, p. 270.
17. Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 183.
18. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1063.
19. Interview with Raymond A. Spruance by Philippe de Baussel for Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 21, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 1, Folder 1.
20. Spruance to Professor E. B. Potter, March 28, 1960, p. 1, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Collection 707, Box 3, NHHC Archives.
21. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, p. 435.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 438.
24. John Henry Towers diary, July 20, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
25. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, p. 440.
26. Buell, Master of Sea Power, p. 467.
27. CINCPOA to COMINCH, July 24, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2334.
28. “Notes, 1950–1952,” pp. 5–6, Ernest J. King Papers, LCMD.
29. John Henry Towers diary, July 26, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
30. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 27, 1944, Robert C. Richardson Jr. Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
31. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 26, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 257.
32. Ibid., p. 258.
33. John Henry Towers diary, July 26, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD. Note that Whelton Rhoades mistook Towers for Nimitz, and erroneously recorded in his diary that the CINCPAC had met the plane. Rhoades diary, July 26, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 258.
34. Rosenman, Working With Roosevelt, pp. 456–57. General Richardson took his car from the Baltimore to Fort Shafter to fetch MacArthur, so the two generals would likely have returned together. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 27, 1944. The open touring car was certainly present in the Navy Yard on July 26, because the film footage shows that FDR and Leahy left in it. “FDR’s Tour of Inspection to the Pacific July–Aug, 1944,” 16mm film footage, MP71-8:63–64, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
35. Sommers, Combat Carriers and My Brushes with History, pp. 97–99.
36. Faubion Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, p. 254.
37. Leahy, I Was There, p. 250.
38. “FDR’s Tour of Inspection to the Pacific July–Aug, 1944,” 16mm film footage, MP71-8:63–64, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
39. Ibid.
40. Sommers, Combat Carriers and My Brushes with History, pp. 97–99.
41. William D. Leahy diary, July 26, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
42. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 27, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
43. Ibid.
44. FDR Press Conference #962, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
45. Reilly and Slocum, Reilly of the White House, p. 191.
46. Rigdon, White House Sailor, p. 116.
47. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 199.
48. James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, p. 529.
49. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 29, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, pp. 260–61.
50. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, September 12, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 155–56.
51. “Presidential Conference in Hawaii,” 35mm film footage, FDR2757-28-2 and FDR2757-28-3, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
52. Ibid.
53. Blaik, The Red Blaik Story, pp. 501–2; Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 165.
54. Faubion Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, p. 254.
55. Blaik, The Red Blaik Story, p. 500; MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 172.
56. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, January 19, 1945, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
57. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 197–98.
58. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 9.
59. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 28, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
60. Leahy, I Was There, p. 251.
61. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 28, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
62. Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 129.
63. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 198.
64. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, July 28, 1944, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
65. Nimitz et al., The Great Sea War, pp. 370–73.
66. William D. Leahy diary, July 28, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
67. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 197–98.
68. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, September 12, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 155–56.
69. Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, p. 92.
70. Emphasis in the original. “Notes, 1950–1952,” p. 3, Ernest J. King Papers.
71. Whitney, MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History, p. 125.
72. D. Clayton James offers this theory in his otherwise excellent multivolume biography, The Years of MacArthur. Many others have followed the trail he blazed.
73. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 200.
74. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 370.
75. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 29, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, pp. 260–61.
76. Howard G. Bruenn, M.D., “Clinical Notes,” in Evans, The Hidden Campaign, Appendix B, p. 149.
77. William D. Leahy diary, July 29, 1944; White House daily log, July 29, 1944; “Presidential Conference in Hawaii,” 35mm film footage, FDR 2757-28-2 and FDR 2757-28-3, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
78. FDR daily log, July 29, 1944, FDR Library; also “Presidential Conference in Hawaii—July 1944,” 35mm film footage, FDR 2757-28-4, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
79. White House daily log, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
80. “Presidential Conference in Hawaii—July 1944,” 35mm film footage, FDR2757-28-4, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
81. McIntire, White House Physician, p. 11.
82. Ibid., p. 13.
83. Rosenman quoted in Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 568.
84. “Presidential Conference in Hawaii—July 1944,” 35mm film footage, FDR2757-28-4, Motion Pictures Collection, FDR Library.
85. Press Conference #962, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
86. Ibid.
87. William D. Leahy diary, July 29, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
88. Letter, FDR to MacArthur, August 9, 1944, FDR Library.
89. Press Conference #962, July 29, 1944, FDR Library.
90. “JCS to CINCPOA and CINCSOWESPAC,” March 12, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.
91. Whelton Rhoades diary, July 29, 1944, in Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, pp. 260–61.
92. Joint Staff Planners, Washington, to Staff Planners of CINCPOA, CINCSWPA, July 27, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2336.
93. Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II, p. 612.
94. Leahy memorandum to JCS, “Discussion of Pacific Strategy,” September 5, 1944. Includes summary of past meetings. Inserted into William D. Leahy diary after entry for August 3, 1944, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD.
95. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1073.
96. Ibid.
97. CINCPOA to COMINCH, August 18, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2342.
98. John Henry Towers diary, July 20, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
99. Graves B. Erskine, oral history, CCOH Marine Corps Project, p. 379.
100. Joint Chiefs of Staff to Nimitz, MacArthur, September 9, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2350.
101. Robert L. Eichelberger to Emma Eichelberger, September 12, 1944, in Luvaas, ed., Dear Miss Em, pp. 155–56.
102. Letter, FDR to MacArthur, September 15, 1944, FDR Library.
103. Geographic codenames have been replaced with corresponding place-names. MacArthur to Chief of Staff, War Department, September 21, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, pp. 2362–63.
104. John Henry Towers diary, September 26, 1944, John H. Towers Papers, LCMD.
105. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, interview in Paris Match, July 6, 1965, p. 21, Spruance Papers, Naval War College Archives.
106. Ibid.
107. “Notes, 1950–1952,” p. 7, Ernest J. King Papers.
Chapter Two
1. De Seversky, “Victory Through Air Power!,” American Mercury, February 1942, Vol. 54, pp. 135–54.
2. Mitscher to Captain Luis De Florez, quoted in Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, pp. 188–89.
3. MacWhorter and Stout, The First Hellcat Ace, p. 70.
4. Commander James C. Shaw, USN, “Fast Carrier Operations, 1941–1945,” in the introduction to Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 7, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls, p. xxxii.
5. David S. McCampbell account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 212.
6. Arleigh Burke, oral history, p. 5, RG-38, World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946, Box 4, NARA.
7. Olson, Tales from a Tin Can, p. 195.
8. Hugh Melrose account, in Olson, Tales from a Tin Can, p. 196.
9. J. Bryan III diary, February 13, 1945, in Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 21.
10. Two different war correspondents noted a resemblance between Spruance and Rogers. “Our Unsung Admiral,” by Frank D. Morris, Collier’s Weekly, January 1, 1944, p. 48; Fletcher Pratt, “Spruance: Picture of the Admiral,” Harper’s Magazine, August 1946, p. 144.
11. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 185.
12. Ibid., p. 212.
13. Ibid., p. 258.
14. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, Naval War College Archives.
15. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 269.
16. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 838.
17. “Our Unsung Admiral,” by Frank D. Morris, Collier’s Weekly, January 1, 1944, p. 17.
18. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 839.
19. Moore to his wife on July 1, 1944, quoted in Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1047.
20. Spruance to E. M. Eller, July 22, 1966, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 7.
21. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 329.
22. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 382.
23. Comments on E. B. Potter’s book, Spruance Papers, NHHC Archives, Collection 707, Box 3, p. 9.
24. For example, a September 1944 broadcast referred to the activities of “Vice Admiral Halsey’s Third Fleet,” “Admiral Spruance’s Fifth Fleet,” and “Vice Admiral Kinkaid’s Seventh Fleet.” “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, September 20, 1944,” p. 3, NARA Records of Japanese Navy and Related Documents, Digest: Japanese Radio Broadcasts, Box 22.
25. Spruance to Potter, December 1, 1944, pp. 2–3, Spruance Papers, NHHC Archives, Collection 707, Box 3.
26. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, notes for chapters 1–4, p. 453.
27. Trumbull, “All Out with Halsey!,” New York Times Magazine, December 6, 1942, p. 1.
28. “Halsey Predicts Victory This Year,” New York Times, January 3, 1943.
29. Halsey to Capt. Gene Markey, January 24, 1945, Halsey Papers, LCMD.
30. “Interview with Admiral C. J. Moore,” by John T. Mason, November 28, 1966, p. 4, Papers of Raymond Spruance, Series 188, Box 3, NHHC Archive.
31. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 239.
32. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers, p. 238.
33. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 327.
34. Ibid., pp. 327–28.
35. The Bonins (Muko, Chichi, and Haha Jima) and the Volcano Islands (Iwo Jima and its neighbors) were geographically distinct, with differing terrain, topography, and climate, but U.S. commanders often referred to them all as “the Bonins,” and this narrative sometimes follows that convention.
36. Third Fleet War Diary, September 2, 1944, in NARA, RG 38, World War II War Diaries, Box 30; CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2055, entry for September 3, 1944.
37. CTG 38.4 to Com3rdFlt, CTF 38, September 3, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2226.
38. Third Fleet War Diary, August 24, 1944.
39. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 23.
40. Third Fleet War Diary, August 31, 1944.
41. Ibid., entries for June 18 & July 7, 1944; NARA, RG 38, World War II War Diaries, Box 30.
42. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 383.
43. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, pp. 22–23.
44. Nimitz-Halsey letters, August–December 1944, in Halsey Papers/LCMD.
45. Third Fleet War Diary, September 11, 1944.
46. Ibid., September 8, 1944.
47. Ibid., September 9, 1944.
48. Ibid.
49. COM3RDFLT to CTF 38, September 9, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2351.
50. St. John, Leyte Calling, p. 168.
51. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 332.
52. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, pp. 226–27.
53. Ibid., p. 228.
54. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, pp. 242–43.
55. COM3RDFLT to CINCPOA, September 14, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, pp. 2229–30.
56. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 200.
57. COM3RDFLT to CINCPOA, CINCSWPA, COMINCH, Message 130300, September 1944, RG-4, MacArthur correspondence files, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
58. CINCPAC to COM3RDFLT, Info etc., September 13, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2353.
59. CINCPOA to COMINCH, Sept 14, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2356.
60. Ibid.
61. Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 227; and MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, September 15, 1944, RG-4, MacArthur correspondence files, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
62. Joint Chiefs of Staff to Nimitz, MacArthur, Info Halsey, September 15, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2357.
63. Third Fleet War Diary, September 14, 1944.
64. “Message on the State of the Union,” January 6, 1945, FDR Library.
Chapter Three
1. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 32.
2. Ibid., pp. 35–36.
3. Burgin and Marvel, Islands of the Damned, p. 120.
4. Donigan, “Peleliu: The Forgotten Battle.”
5. Mason, “We Will Stand By You,” p. 216.
6. Donigan, “Peleliu: The Forgotten Battle.”
7. Ibid.
8. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 28.
9. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 36.
10. Ibid., p. 37.
11. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 56.
12. Lea and Greeley, The Two Thousand Yard Stare, p. 176.
13. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 71.
14. Lea and Greeley, The Two Thousand Yard Stare, p. 177.
15. Ibid., pp. 177–78.
16. Ibid., p. 182.
17. Gayle, Bloody Beaches, p. 13.
18. Mason, “We Will Stand By You,” p. 221.
19. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 137.
20. Ibid., p. 124.
21. Ibid., p. 103.
22. Burgin and Marvel, Islands of the Damned, p. 132.
23. Ibid., p. 133.
24. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 79.
25. Ibid., p. 80.
26. Ronald D. Salmon, oral history, p. 86.
27. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 64.
28. Lea and Greeley, The Two Thousand Yard Stare, p. 189.
29. CTF 38 to COM3RDFLT Info CINCPAC, September 7, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2227.
30. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 92.
31. Third Fleet Diary, October 5, 1944.
32. McCandless, A Flash of Green, pp. 164, 166.
33. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 103.
34. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 103.
35. War Diary, September 22, 1944 (Oahu date), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2079.
36. “Operation Report, 81st Infantry Division, Capture of Ulithi Atoll,” April 13, 1945, p. 29, FDR Map Room Files, Box 193, FDR Library.
37. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 91.
38. Burgin and Marvel, Islands of the Damned, p. 152.
39. “Operation Report, 81st Infantry Division, Capture of Ulithi Atoll,” April 13, 1945, p. 113, FDR Map Room Files, Box 193, FDR Library.
40. Ronald D. Salmon, oral history, p. 89.
41. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 121.
42. Ibid., p. 143.
43. Ibid., p. 123.
44. Ibid., p. 148.
45. Ibid., p. 120.
46. Ibid., pp. 152–53.
47. Ibid., p. 150.
48. “CTF 57 to CINCPOA Info CTG 57.14,” November 6, 1944, Enclosure (A), CINCPAC Gray Book, Vol. 5, p. 2282.
49. Donigan, “Peleliu: The Forgotten Battle.”
50. “Operation Report, 81st Infantry Division, Capture of Ulithi Atoll,” April 13, 1945, p. 111, FDR Map Room Files, Box 193, FDR Library.
51. Ibid., p. 24.
52. Wees, King-Doctor of Ulithi, p. 36.
53. “Operation Report, 81st Infantry Division, Capture of Ulithi Atoll,” April 13, 1945, pp. 28–29, FDR Map Room Files, Box 193, FDR Library.
54. McCandless, A Flash of Green, pp. 170–71.
55. Third Fleet Diary, October 2, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, October 5, 1944, Book 5, p. 2093; Task Group 38.3 Diary, October 5, 1944.
56. Task Group 38.3 Diary, October 7, 1944.
57. Third Fleet Diary, October 8, 1944.
58. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 392.
59. COM3RDFLT to CINCPOA, etc., October 13, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2239.
60. Task Group 38.3 Diary, October 11, 1944.
61. Fukudome, “The Air Battle Off Taiwan,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 346.
62. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome, IJN.
63. Fukudome, “The Air Battle Off Taiwan,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 338.
64. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 398.
65. Third Fleet Diary, October 12, 1944.
66. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 58.
67. Third Fleet Diary, October 12, 1944; Matome Ugaki diary, October 13, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 470.
68. Third Fleet Diary, October 13, 1944; Task Group 38.3 Diary, October 13, 1944.
69. Kent Lee account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 227.
70. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 250.
71. Ibid., p. 252.
72. War Diary, October 12, 1944 (Oahu date), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2097.
73. Task Group 38.3 Diary, October 13, 1944.
74. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 257.
75. Third Fleet Diary, October 14, 1944.
76. Task Group 38.3 Diary, October 14, 1944.
77. William Ransom account in Kuehn et al., Eyewitness Pacific Theater, p. 203.
78. “Running Estimate,” October 14, 1944 (Oahu date), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2099.
79. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 207.
80. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 15, 1944, p. 2.
81. Ibid., October 14, 1944, p. 2.
82. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 14, 1944, cited in memo dated October 20, 1944, p. 1.
83. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 17, 1944, p. 2.
84. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 206.
85. Fukudome, “The Air Battle Off Taiwan,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 352.
86. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 15, 1944, p. 7, and October 16, 1944, p. 2.
87. Carney, oral history, p. 399.
88. CINCPAC to COMFAIRWING, October 15, 1944; CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2240.
89. Third Fleet Diary, October 15, 1944.
90. Captain Inglis of the Birmingham, quoted in Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in WWII, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 103.
91. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 96.
92. Third Fleet Diary, October 17, 1944.
Chapter Four
1. Michio Takeyama essay in Minear, ed., The Scars of War, p. 35.
2. Ibid.
3. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 131.
4. Ibid., p. 94.
5. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, July 24, 1944, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 232.
6. Tsunejiro Tamura diary, January 16, 1945; Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 113.
7. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 96.
8. An anonymous woman’s remark, recorded in Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, July 22, 1944, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 230.
9. Taetora Ogata, president of the Board of Information, September 1944, quoted in USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 124.
10. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, October 13, 1944,” p. 3.
11. Uichiro Kawachi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 218.
12. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, October 20, 1944, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 267.
13. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 16, 1944, p. 1.
14. Ibid., October 17, 1944, p. 3, and October 18, 1944, p. 1.
15. Fukudome, “The Air Battle Off Taiwan,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 354.
16. Matome Ugaki diary, October 14, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 474.
17. Kenryo Sato, “Dai Toa War Memoir” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 7–9, John Toland Papers, FDR Library, Series 1, Box 16.
18. Kawachi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 218.
19. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, October 20, 1944,” p. 7.
20. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 176.
21. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
22. Hirohito “Soliloquy,” translation in Irokawa, The Age of Hirohito, p. 92.
23. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 178.
24. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 90, USSBS No. 429, Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, IJN.
25. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, August 25, 1944,” p. 2.
26. Premier Kuniaki Koiso, in speech to Diet, September 8, 1944; Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 156.
27. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, August 19, 1944,” p. 5.
28. Chibu Nihon Shinbun, July 26, 1944, quoted in Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, same date, in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 233.
29. Report entitled “Current Conditions of the Empire’s Strength,” dated July 1944, quoted in Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 131.
30. For example, see USSBS interrogations of Kurita (No. 47), Nomura (No. 429), and Ozawa (No. 227). Kurita: “We had believed that General MacArthur would come from the south to [the Philippines].” Nomura: “There was much talk by one of your Generals that he would recapture the Philippines. . . . Therefore, it was our opinion that you had to go there.” Ozawa: “The original Sho Operation was very general, that the Philippines were to be defended,” and “the American invasion could take place sometime in the middle of October.”
31. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 55, USSBS no. 227, Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa.
32. Verbatim [sic]. Kenryo Sato, “Dai Toa War Memoir” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 7–9, John Toland Papers, FDR Library, Series 1, Box 16.
33. Kenryo Sato, “Dai Toa War Memoir” (unpublished manuscript), pp. 7–9, John Toland Papers, FDR Library, Series 1, Box 16.
34. Ibid.
35. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 64, USSBS No. 258, Rear Admiral Toshitane Takata, IJN, attached successively to the Staff of the Third Fleet, the Combined Fleet, and the Naval General Staff.
36. Ito and Pineau, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, pp. 125–26.
37. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 64, USSBS No. 258, Rear Admiral Toshitane Takata, IJN.
38. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
39. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 55, USSBS No. 227, Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa, IJN. Also see Interrogation of Rear Admiral Chiaki Matsuda, IJN, Nav No. 69, USSBS No. 345: “My opinion at that time was that after all the plan of the operation was insufficient to check your advance; however, under the circumstances, I thought it was the best plan. I thought it would be the last engagement for me and counted on death in the action.”
40. Sakai, with Caidin and Saito, Samurai!, p. 221.
41. Ibid., p. 220.
42. Naoji Kozu, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 315.
43. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 12, USSBS No. 62, Captain Rikibei Inoguchi.
44. Ibid.
45. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 75, USSBS No. 378, Admiral Soemu Toyoda.
46. Ibid.
47. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 55, USSBS No. 227, Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa, IJN.
48. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 25.
49. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 236.
50. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, October 6, 1944,” p. 2.
51. Goro Sugimoto, quoted in Victoria, Zen at War, p. 123.
52. Dr. Reiho Masunaga in Chugai Nippon, May–June 1945, quoted in Victoria, Zen at War, p. 139.
53. Thirty-Six Strategies cited in Cleary, The Japanese Art of War, p. 91.
54. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 61.
55. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 12, USSBS No. 62, Captain Rikibei Inoguchi.
56. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 165.
57. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 7.
58. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 12, USSBS No. 62, Captain Rikibei Inoguchi.
59. Hastings, Retribution, pp. 166–67.
60. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 11.
61. Ibid., p. 27.
62. Statement read over Radio Tokyo, 4:30 p.m., October 15, 1944, in “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 15, 1944, p. 3.
63. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 98, Lieutenant General Torashirō Kawabe, November 30, 1945.
64. Matome Ugaki diary, October 21, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 485.
Chapter Five
1. Edward J. Huxtable, Composite Squadron Ten, recollections and notes, p. 5.
2. Thomas C. Kinkaid, oral history, p. 301.
3. “Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Nimitz,” October 3, 1944, #2255, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2378.
4. “MacArthur to COM3RDFLT,” October 21, 1944, #2240, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2389.
5. Carney, oral history, pp. 396–97.
6. Marsden, Attack Transport, p. 120.
7. Log of Captain Ray Tarbuck, U.S. Navy, entry for October 19, 1944, 0958, quoted in Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 245.
8. Entry for 1400; Third Amphibious Force War Diary, October 20, 1944, p. 6, in NARA, RG 38, World War II War Diaries, Box 177.
9. Dickinson, “MacArthur Fulfills Pledge to Return,” in Stenbuck, ed., Typewriter Battalion. Dramatic Frontline Dispatches from World War II, p. 239.
10. Romulo, I See the Philippines Rise, p. 90.
11. Ibid., p. 91.
12. Ibid., p. 92.
13. Boquet, The Philippine Archipelago, p. 100.
14. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 79, USSBS No. 390, Commander Shigeru Nishino, IJN.
15. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takao Kurita.
16. USS Darter (SS-227) War Patrol Report No. 4, November 5, 1944, accessed August 12, 2017, https://issuu.com/hnsa/docs.
17. “Running Estimate” entry dated October 22, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2106.
18. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 77.
19. USS Darter (SS-227) War Patrol Report No. 4, November 5, 1944, accessed August 12, 2017, https://issuu.com/hnsa/docs.
20. Thomas, Sea of Thunder, p. 190.
21. USS Dace (SS-247) War Patrol Report No. 5, November 6, 1944, Enclosure (A), p. 34, accessed August 12, 2017, https://issuu.com/hnsa/docs.
22. USS Dace (SS-247) War Patrol Report No. 5, November 6, 1944, Enclosure (A), p. 37, accessed August 12, 2017, https://issuu.com/hnsa/docs.
23. Matome Ugaki diary, October 23, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 487.
24. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 99.
25. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 68.
26. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 211.
27. Yoshimura, Battleship Musashi, p. 159.
28. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 361.
29. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 105.
30. TG 38.3 War Diary, October 24, 1944.
31. David S. McCampbell account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 212.
32. Woodward, The Battle for Leyte Gulf, p. 52.
33. David S. McCampbell account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 212.
34. War Damage Report No. 62, U.S.S. Princeton (CVL-23), Loss in Action Off Luzon, 24 October 1944, accessed September 6, 2017, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library.
35. Peggy Hull Deuell, “Death of Carriers Described,” in Reporting World War II, Part One, p. 549.
36. War Damage Report No. 62, U.S.S. Princeton (CVL-23), Loss in Action Off Luzon, 24 October 1944, accessed September 6, 2017, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library.
37. John Sheehan, oral history, in Petty, ed., Voices from the Pacific War, p. 108.
38. Peggy Hull Deuell, “Death of Carriers Described,” in Reporting World War II, p. 550.
39. Excerpts from Birmingham war diary, quoted in Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 181.
40. Lee Robinson, oral history, in Petty, ed., Voices from the Pacific War, p. 239.
41. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru, Fukudome, IJN.
42. Jack Lawton, oral history, in Springer, Inferno, p. 134.
43. Robert Freligh, email to author, February 11, 2018.
44. Jack Lawton, oral history, in Springer, Inferno, p. 134.
45. Robert Freligh, email to author, February 11, 2018.
46. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 83, USSBS No. 407, Captain Kenkichi Kato, IJN (Executive Officer, Musashi, when sunk at Leyte Gulf).
47. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
48. Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 106. Ugaki approved of the westward turn, remarking in his diary: “I noticed that it would be more advantageous for tomorrow’s fighting if we could deceive the enemy by turning back once before evening.” Matome Ugaki diary, October 24, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 490.
49. Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 108.
50. Ibid.
51. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
52. Thomas, Sea of Thunder, p. 223.
53. Haruo Tohmatsu, email to H. P. Willmott, December 3, 2003, quoted in Willmott, The Battle of Leyte Gulf, p. 132.
54. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 64, USSBS No. 258, Rear Admiral Toshitane Takata, IJN, attached successively to the Staff of the Third Fleet, the Combined Fleet, and the Naval General Staff.
55. Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 111.
56. Matome Ugaki diary, October 24, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 490.
57. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 206.
58. Matome Ugaki diary, October 24, 1944; Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 491.
59. Com 3rd Fleet to CINCPAC, 26 October 1944 (251317); NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 4, “CINCPOA Dispatches, October 1944.”
60. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, p. 3; Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
61. “COM3RDFLEET to ALL TFC’S 3RD FLEET, ALL TGC’S OF TF 38 Info COMINCH, CINCPAC,” Oct 24, 1944, 0612; in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2242.
62. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 214.
63. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, p. 3; Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
64. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, p. 3; Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
65. Solberg, a direct eyewitness, names Doug Moulton, Harold Stassen, and Rollo Wilson, in Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 117.
66. Thomas, Sea of Thunder, p. 226.
67. COM3RDFLT to CTF 77, etc. (241124), in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2243.
68. Gerald F. Bogan, oral history, p. 109.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., p. 113.
71. Conveyed by a member of Lee’s staff to Samuel Eliot Morison in a letter dated March 6, 1950, Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 195n34.
72. Cutler, The Battle of Leyte Gulf, p. 208.
73. Prados, Storm Over Leyte, p. 224.
74. Thomas, Sea of Thunder, p. 231.
75. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 407.
76. Halsey to Nimitz, October 6, 1944, LCMD, Halsey Papers, Box 15.
77. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 40.
78. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers, p. 258.
79. Roland Smoot, oral history, quoted in Adams, Witness to Power, p. 347.
80. Commander Task Force 77 to COMINCH, “Preliminary Action Report of Engagements in Leyte Gulf and Off Samar Island on 25 October 1944,” Serial 002335, November 18, 1944, FDR Library, FDR Map Room files, Box 186, enclosure: Dispatches, p. 19.
81. Action Report, USS West Virginia, “Action in Battle of Surigao Straits 25 October 1944,” Serial 0538, November 1, 1944. Comments by Captain Herbert V. Wiley.
82. Commander Task Force 77 to COMINCH, “Preliminary Action Report of Engagements in Leyte Gulf and Off Samar Island on 25 October 1944,” Serial 002335, November 18, 1944, FDR Library, FDR Map Room files, Box 186, p. 7.
83. Woodward, The Battle for Leyte Gulf, p. 89.
84. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 84.
85. Action Report, USS West Virginia, “Action in Battle of Surigao Straits 25 October 1944,” Serial 0538, November 1, 1944.
Chapter Six
1. Tomoo Tanaka quoted in Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 47.
2. Yasuo Kato quoted in ibid., p. 47.
3. Shigeru Nishino quoted in Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 116.
4. Bob Clarkin quoted in Sears, “Wooden Boats at War: Surigao Strait,” World War II Magazine, Vol. 28, Issue No. 5, February 2014.
5. “Lone PT Attacked Japanese Fleet,” New York Times, November 14, 1944.
6. Action Report, USS West Virginia, “Action in Battle of Surigao Straits 25 October 1944,” Serial 0538, November 1, 1944.
7. Bates, U.S. Naval War College Battle Evaluation Group Report, The Battle for Leyte Gulf, Vol. 5, “Battle of Surigao Strait,” p. 322.
8. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 79, USSBS No. 390, Commander Shigeru Nishino, IJN.
9. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 158.
10. Bates, U.S. Naval War College Battle Evaluation Group Report, The Battle for Leyte Gulf, Vol. 5, “Battle of Surigao Strait,” p. 328.
11. Ibid., p. 395.
12. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials. Nav No. 79, USSBS No. 390, Commander Shigeru Nishino, IJN.
13. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 185.
14. Ibid., p. 186.
15. Ibid., p. 188.
16. Smoot quoted in Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 228.
17. Action Report, USS West Virginia, “Action in Battle of Surigao Straits 25 October 1944,” Serial 0538, November 1, 1944. Comments by Captain Herbert V. Wiley.
18. Comments by commanding officer of the Denver, “Battle Experience: Battle of Leyte Gulf, Information Bulletin No. 22,” U.S. Navy Department, March 1, 1945, p. [78–20].
19. James L. Holloway III, “Second Salvo at Surigao Strait,” Naval History 24, No. 5, October 2010.
20. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 194.
21. Comments by commanding officer of the Daly, “Battle Experience: Battle of Leyte Gulf, Information Bulletin No. 22,” U.S. Navy Department, March 1, 1945, p. [78–24].
22. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 212.
23. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav. No. 79, USSBS No. 390, Commander Shigeru Nishino, IJN, November 18, 1945.
24. Ibid.
25. Action Report, USS West Virginia, “Action in Battle of Surigao Straits 25 October 1944.”
26. Bates, The Battle for Leyte Gulf, October 1944, Vol. 5, “Battle of Surigao Strait,” p. 329.
27. Prados, Storm Over Leyte, p. 25.
28. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 227.
29. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 240.
30. Comments by commanding officer of the Denver, “Battle Experience: Battle of Leyte Gulf, Information Bulletin No. 22,” U.S. Navy Department, March 1, 1945, p. [78–20].
31. Tully, Battle of Surigao Strait, p. 239.
32. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 238.
33. James L. Holloway III, “Second Salvo at Surigao Strait,” Naval History 24, No. 5, October 2010.
34. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 41, USSBS No. 170, Commander Tonosuke Otani, IJN, Operations Officer on the Staff of C-in-C Second Fleet.
35. Koyanagi, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 369.
36. Sprague, “The Japs Had Us on the Ropes,” American Magazine, Vol. 139, No. 4, April 1945, p. 40.
37. Michael Bak Jr., oral history, pp. 154–55.
38. Koyanagi, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 367.
39. Yamato action report, quoted in Lundgren, The World Wonder’d, p. 21.
40. Sprague, “The Japs Had Us on the Ropes,” p. 40.
41. White Plains (CVE-66) action report, quoted in Lundgren, The World Wonder’d, p. 29.
42. Ibid., p. 31.
43. Ibid., p. 35.
44. Huxtable, “Composite Squadron Ten, recollections,” p. 7.
45. Ibid., p. 9.
46. Captain Sugiura of the Haguro, quoted in Lundgren, The World Wonder’d, p. 57.
47. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 253.
48. Robert C. Hagen, as told to Sidney Shalett, “We Asked for the Jap Fleet—and Got It,” Saturday Evening Post, May 26, 1945, accessed August 14, 2018, http://www.bosamar.com/pages/hagen_story.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Sprague, “The Japs Had Us on the Ropes,” p. 40.
52. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, October 24, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2246.
53. Halsey, “The Battle for Leyte Gulf,” Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1952, Vol. 78/5/591.
54. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, October 25, 1944 entry.
55. Weil quoted in Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 348.
56. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, pp. 275–76.
57. Ibid., p. 276.
58. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 36, USSBS No. 150, Captain Toshikazu Ohmae, IJN.
59. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, October 25, 1944 entry.
60. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, CTF 34, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2246.
61. Halsey, “The Battle for Leyte Gulf,” Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1952, Vol. 78/5/591.
62. Solberg, Decision and Dissent, p. 152.
63. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, CTF 34, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2246.
64. COM3RDFLT to CTG 38.1, in ibid.
65. CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, pp. 2246–47.
66. CTF 77 to COM3rdFLT, in ibid., p. 2247.
67. COM3rdFLT to CTG 38.1 info ALL TFC’S AND TGC’S 3rd Fleet, CTF 77, Com7thFlt, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2247.
68. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2246.
69. Charles M. Fox Jr., oral history, March 17, 1970, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, pp. 2–3.
70. COM3RDFLT to CTF 77, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2250.
71. James Fife, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 2, No. 452, p. 400. According to Halsey’s May 1952 article in Proceedings, Kinkaid radioed in plain language at 10:00: “WHERE IS LEE. SEND LEE.” This despairing cri de coeur has been quoted frequently, but no such message appears in the CINCPAC Gray Book, and since Halsey’s article loosely paraphrases several other messages, it may not be verbatim.
72. Lieutenant John Marshall quoted in Wukovits, Admiral “Bull” Halsey, p. 196.
73. Joseph J. Clark, oral history, p. 501.
74. Bernard Austin, oral history, p. 514.
75. Chester W. Nimitz, “Some Thoughts to Live By.”
76. Bernard Austin, oral history, p. 513.
77. CINCPAC to COM3RDFLT Info COMINCH, CTF 77, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2250. Austin claims to have dictated it to a yeoman; Hedding says he watched Sherman write it. Bernard Austin, oral history, p. 514; Truman J. Hedding, oral history, pp. 97–98.
78. Potter and Nimitz, eds., The Great Sea War, pp. 389–90n.
79. Charles M. Fox Jr., oral history, March 17, 1970, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 3. Fox’s superior officer, Ham Dow, confirmed the details in a 1959 letter: Leonard J. Dow, RADM, U.S. Navy (ret.) to E. B. Potter, January 6, 1959. “Leyte, correspondence regarding, 1958–1959,” Halsey Papers.
80. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 220.
81. Drury and Clavin, Halsey’s Typhoon, p. 49.
82. Thomas, Sea of Thunder, p. 300.
83. Charles M. Fox Jr., oral history, March 17, 1970, in Recollections of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, p. 4.
84. Halsey to E. B. Potter, December 12, 1958, “Leyte, correspondence regarding, 1958–1959,” Halsey Papers.
85. Potter, Nimitz, p. 593 (Nimitz’s remark to the author quoted in his source notes for chapter 20).
86. Potter, Bull Halsey, p. 304.
87. COM3RDFLT to CTF 77 Info COM7THFLT in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2250.
88. Report by Lieutenant Maurice Fred Green, Survivor of the Hoel, accessed October 2017, http://ussjohnston-hoel.com/6199.html.
89. Commanding officer, U.S.S. Hoel, “Combined Action Report and Report of Loss of U.S.S. Hoel (DD 533) on 25 October, 1944.”
90. Matome Ugaki diary, October 25, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 493.
91. Report by Lieutenant Maurice Fred Green, Survivor of the Hoel, accessed October 2017, http://ussjohnston-hoel.com/6199.html.
92. Ibid.
93. Matome Ugaki diary, October 25, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 495.
94. Report by Glenn H. Parkin, Survivor of the Hoel, accessed October 2017, http://ussjohnston-hoel.com/6253.html.
95. Michael Bak Jr., oral history, p. 155.
96. Ibid., p. 156.
97. Robert M. Deal, personal account, USS Johnston Veterans Association pamphlet, p. 70.
98. “Action Report—surface engagement off Samar, P.I., 25 October 1944,” USS Johnston, DD557/A16-3, Serial 04, November 14, 1944, submitted by “Senior Surviving Officer.”
99. Robert C. Hagen, as told to Sidney Shalett, “We Asked for the Jap Fleet–and Got It.” Saturday Evening Post, May 26, 1945.
100. Tadashi Okuno letter to the Asahi Shinbun, published in Gibney, ed., Senso, pp. 136–37.
101. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
102. Koyanagi, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 368.
103. Sprague, “The Japs Had Us on the Ropes,” American Magazine, Vol. 139, No. 4, April 1945, p. 40.
104. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, etc., 250146 and 250231, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2250.
105. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 409.
106. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, October 25, 1944.
107. Ibid.
108. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 55, USSBS No. 227, Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa.
109. COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC Info etc., October 25, 1944 (251226), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2256.
110. COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC, 26 October 1944 (251317). NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 4, “CINCPOA Dispatches, October 1944.”
111. C. Vann Woodward quoted in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, p. 232.
112. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Interrogator’s notes in ibid.
116. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
117. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 35, USSBS No. 149, Rear Admiral Tomiji Koyanagi, IJN.
118. Ibid.; Nav No. 41, USSBS No. 170, Commander Tonosuke Otani, IJN; Matome Ugaki diary, October 25, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 496–97.
119. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 256.
120. Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 100.
121. Koyanagi, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 377.
122. Radford later served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1953–1957. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 30.
123. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 128.
124. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1032.
125. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 58.
126. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, p. 5; Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
127. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 101.
128. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, pp. 4–5, Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
129. Ibid.
130. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 227–28.
131. Halsey to Nimitz, November 4, 1944, LCMD, Halsey Papers, Box 15.
132. COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC Info etc., October 25, 1944 (251226), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2256.
133. Merrill, A Sailor’s Admiral, p. 169.
134. “Admiral Halsey Reports,” British Pathé newsreel archive, URN: 74239, Film ID: 2121.
135. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 55, USSBS No. 227, Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa, IJN.
136. Halsey, “The Battle for Leyte Gulf,” Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1952, Vol. 78/5/591.
137. “Statement to the author, April 9, 1953,” in Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, p. 265.
138. Letters between Halsey and Morison, and Halsey and Ralph E. Wilson, January–February 1951, in Halsey Papers, “Correspondence Files.”
139. Halsey to officers, November 14, 1958, “Leyte, correspondence regarding, 1958–1959,” Halsey Papers.
140. Carney to Halsey, November 14, 1958, “Leyte, correspondence regarding, 1958–1959,” Halsey Papers.
141. Halsey to Prof. E. B. Potter, July 27, 1959, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf, Halsey’s comments,” Halsey Papers.
142. Halsey and Bryant, Admiral Halsey’s Story, Author’s Foreword, p. 1.
143. Halsey to Charlie Belknap, March 24, 1949, Halsey Papers, Box 7.
Chapter Seven
1. Wylie, “Reflections on the War in the Pacific,” Naval Institute Proceedings.
2. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, pp. 32–33.
3. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, p. 2.
4. USSBS, Summary Report, Pacific War, p. 11; USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, p. 176, Table C-G9.
5. USSBS, Summary Report, Pacific War, p. 13.
6. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 386.
7. Halsey to Nimitz, September 28, 1944, Halsey Papers.
8. Nimitz to Halsey, October 8, 1944, Halsey Papers.
9. MacArthur radiogram to Marshall, February 2, 1944, p. 1; RG-4, Records of Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Pacific (USAFPAC), 1942–1947, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
10. Hansell, The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan, p. 173.
11. John W. Clary, “Wartime Diary,” accessed January 3, 2018, http://www.warfish.com/gaz_clary.html.
12. Beach, Submarine!, p. 59.
13. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
14. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of Fourth War Patrol,” entry for March 17, 1943, U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 69.
15. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
16. John W. Clary MoMM1c, “Wartime Diary.”
17. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of Fourth War Patrol,” entry for March 25, 1943, U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 75.
18. Ibid.
19. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38, World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
20. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor, and Wahoo patrol report, March 22, 1943. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
21. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of Fourth War Patrol,” entry for March 25, 1943, U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 76.
22. Beach, “Culpable Negligence,” in Sears, Eyewitness to World War II (first published December 1980 in American Heritage), p. 74.
23. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 402.
24. Ibid., p. 403.
25. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of War Patrol Number Six,” Item (O): “Health and Habitability,” U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 138.
26. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
27. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, Appendix A, p. 114.
28. CINCPAC to COMINCH, 7 November 1944, “Operations in Pacific Ocean Areas, June 1944: Part VI, Pacific Fleet Submarines,” p. 18, Map Room Files, USN Action Reports, Box 183, FDR Library.
29. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, Appendix A, p. 114.
30. CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
31. Tillman, Whirlwind, p. 34.
32. Phillips Jr., Rain of Fire, p. 17.
33. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 56.
34. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 321.
35. Ibid., p. 322.
36. Craven and Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. 5, p. 546.
37. Hansell quoted in LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 96.
38. Hansell, The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan: A Memoir, p. 175.
39. Letter written by Charles L. Phillips Jr., quoted in Phillips Jr., Rain of Fire, p. 32.
40. November 4, 1944 entry, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2125.
41. Marshall Chester diary, November 18–26, 1944, in Brawley, Dixon, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 128.
42. NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60, Folder 21 labeled “Gen. Spaatz,” entry dated November 23, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2149.
43. Hansell quoted in LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 101.
44. Submarine Division 102, “First Endorsement to CO Archerfish Conf. Ltr. SS311/16-3, Serial 013-44 dated December 15, 1944,” p. 1, Item 3, appended to “U.S.S. Archerfish, Report of Fifth War Patrol,” December 15, 1944. NARA, RG 38: U.S. Submarine War Patrol Reports, 1941–1945.
45. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 26, 1944, p. 7.
46. Enright and Ryan, Sea Assault, p. 46.
47. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 28, 1944, p. 8.
48. Oshima Morinari letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 49.
49. Enright, Sea Assault, p. 95.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 103.
52. Ibid., p. 114.
53. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 28, 1944, p. 9.
54. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 29, 1944, p. 9.
55. Enright, Sea Assault, p. 178.
56. Ibid., p. 183.
57. Ibid., p. 184.
58. Ibid., p. 185.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., pp. 186–87.
61. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 29, 1944, p. 10.
62. Enright, Sea Assault, p. 201.
63. Ibid., pp. 245–46.
Chapter Eight
1. Evans, Wartime Sea Stories, p. 94.
2. St. John, Leyte Calling, p. 195.
3. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, December 4, 1944, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 156.
4. Commander Third Amphibious Force, CTF 79, “Report of Leyte Operation,” November 13, 1944, enclosure (E).
5. Commander Third Amphibious Force, CTF 79, “Report of Leyte Operation,” November 13, 1944, p. 4.
6. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 170.
7. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 6.
8. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome.
9. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 13.
10. Third Fleet War Diary, October 28, 1944.
11. COM3RDFLT to CTF 77, Info etc. (251230), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2256.
12. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, Info etc. (260316), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2258.
13. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 234.
14. COM3RDFLT to CINCSOWESPAC, Info etc. (261235), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2395.
15. CINCPAC to COM3RDFLT, Info COMINCH, COMSERVPAC (261812), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2395.
16. Ibid.
17. James S. Russell, oral history, p. 44.
18. Ibid.
19. Radio Tokyo broadcast, October 26, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 157.
20. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, November 14, 1944: “The army and navy competitively are loudly proclaiming special attack forces,” in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 281.
21. Imperial Japanese Navy Directive No. 482, 29 October 1944. NARA, RG 38: “Records of Japanese Navy and Related Documents,” Box 42.
22. Mainichi Shinbun, November 1, 1944, quoted in Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan, p. 97.
23. Koiso quoted in Morris, The Nobility of Failure, p. 300.
24. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome.
25. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 58.
26. Lieutenant Commander Iyozo Fujita Account, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 243.
27. Naoji Kozu, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 315.
28. Morris, The Nobility of Failure, p. 296.
29. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 71.
30. Ibid., p. 72.
31. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome.
32. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 12, USSBS No. 62, Captain Rikibei Inoguchi; Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 73.
33. Report of Captain Charlie Nelson, USNR, accessed February 16, 2018, http://destroyerhistory.org/fletcherclass.
34. Third Fleet War Diary, November 1, 1944, p. 1.
35. Third Fleet War Diary, October 27, 1944, p. 44.
36. Krueger, From Down Under to Nippon, p. 350.
37. CTF 77 to CINCSWPA, November 1, 1944, RS-4, MacArthur Memorial Archives, Third Fleet War Diary, November 1, 1944, p. 2.
38. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 5, p. 8; Third Fleet War Diary, November 1944, p. 5.
39. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, November 24, 1944, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 139.
40. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 290.
41. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 344.
42. John Thach account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 265.
43. COM2NDCARTASKFORPAC to COMINCH, etc., October 23, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2391.
44. Ibid.
45. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 245.
46. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 223.
47. Nimitz to Halsey, October 22, 1944, Halsey Papers, Box 15; Third Fleet War Diary, November 29, 1944, p. 27.
48. “COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC Info, etc.,” November 28, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2292.
49. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 7.
50. John Thach account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 266.
51. Ibid., p. 268.
52. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 232.
53. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 25, 1944, pp. 31–32.
54. James J. Fahey diary, November 27, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary 1942–1945, p. 229.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid., p. 230.
57. Ibid., p. 234.
58. U.S.S. Maryland Cruise Book, U.S. Navy Library, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC, pp. 31–32.
59. Memorandum to MacArthur, “Our Present Situation—Leyte Gulf, Mindoro, Lingayen Gulf,” November 30, 1944, RS–4, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
60. Arthur H. McCollum, oral history, Vol. 1, pp. 527–29.
61. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 170.
62. Press Release, General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, November 3, 1944.
63. Arthur H. McCollum, oral history, Vol. 1, pp. 527–29.
64. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 232.
65. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 11, 1944, p. 16.
66. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 20.
67. Eugene George Anderson, “Nightmare in Ormoc Bay,” Sea Combat magazine, accessed October 14, 2018, http://www.dd-692.com/nightmare.htm.
68. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 40.
69. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 25.
70. Ibid., p. 21.
71. Huie, From Omaha to Okinawa, p. 211.
72. CTF 77 to CINCSWPA, December 7, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2298.
73. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 233.
74. Third Fleet War Diary, December 1, 1944, p. 2.
75. Naval Debriefing, December 12, 1944: Captain Philip G. Beck, U.S. Naval Reserve, USS Mississinewa, NARA RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War Oral Histories and Interviews,” 1942–1946, Box 2, p. 2; Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 20, p. 27.
76. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 272.
77. Third Fleet War Diary, November 14, 1944, p. 14.
78. Steven Jurika Jr. account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 251.
79. Third Fleet War Diary, December 11, 1944, p. 9.
80. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 236.
81. Third Fleet War Diary, December 14–16, 1944; CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 9.
82. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 39.
83. J. Bryan III diary, February 24, 1945, in Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 39.
84. Third Fleet War Diary, December 17, 1944, p. 17.
85. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 32.
86. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 418.
87. Third Fleet War Diary, December 17, 1944, p. 23.
88. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 417.
89. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 13.
90. Third Fleet War Diary, December 18, 1944, p. 27.
91. Ibid., p. 30.
92. Ibid., p. 31; CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 13.
93. Third Fleet War Diary, December 18, 1944, p. 31.
94. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 75.
95. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 418.
96. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 34.
97. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 82.
98. Ibid.
99. Joseph Conrad, “Typhoon,” accessed December 14, 2017, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1142/.
100. Olson, Tales from a Tin Can, pp. 226–27.
101. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 73.
102. Ibid., p. 75.
103. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 36.
104. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 73.
105. Third Fleet War Diary, December 20, 1944, p. 37.
106. Third Fleet War Diary, December 19, 1944, p. 36.
107. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 85.
108. COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC, December 19, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2462; ibid., p. 13.
109. Third Fleet War Diary, December 24, 1944, p. 41.
110. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 241.
111. Gerald F. Bogan, oral history, p. 126.
112. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 103.
113. Ibid., p. 105.
114. Third Fleet War Diary, December 28, 1944, p. 42.
115. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 104.
116. Nimitz, “Pacific Fleet Confidential Letter 14CL–45,” February 13, 1945, “Damage in Typhoon, Lessons of,” CINCPAC File A2-11 L11-1.
Chapter Nine
1. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, September 16, 1944, Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 74.
2. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 266.
3. Willard Waller, “Why Veterans Are Bitter,” American Mercury, August 1945, p. 147.
4. Ibid.
5. “Boos” for the flag are recalled by Walter R. Evans. He also describes the attitudes of his shipmates on the repair ship Vestal toward “Hollywood phonyism.” Evans, Wartime Sea Stories, p. 38.
6. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 21.
7. U.S. Commerce Department, Historical Statistics of the United States, Chapter F, “National Income and Wealth,” Series F 1–5. In current prices, $99.7 billion in 1940, rising to $210.1 billion in 1944; in 1958 prices, $227.2 billion in 1940, rising to $361.3 billion in 1944.
8. The latter figure comes to $31.66 billion in 1940 terms. U.S. Commerce Department, Historical Statistics of the United States, Series F 540–551, “National Saving, by Major Saver Groups, in Current Prices, 1897 to 1945.”
9. Blum, V Was For Victory, p. 98.
10. John Kenneth Galbraith, oral history; Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 323.
11. Winkler, Home Front U.S.A., p. 45.
12. Marjorie Cartwright, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, pp. 190–91.
13. U.S. Commerce Department, Historical Statistics of the United States, Series N1–29, “Value of New Private and Public Construction Put in Place: 1915 to 1970.”
14. Lerner, Public Journal, pp. 28–29.
15. Baime, The Arsenal of Democracy, p. 247.
16. Don McFadden, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 148.
17. Perret, Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph, p. 315.
18. Reid, The Brazen Age, p. 8.
19. “Navy Officer Says Teamsters Hit Him,” New York Times, October 3, 1944, p. 15.
20. Ibid.
21. “Dickins v. International Brotherhood, Etc., 171 F.2d 21 (D.C. Cir. 1948),” October 18, 1948, United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.
22. Blum, V Was For Victory, p. 297.
23. The “Mead Report” quoted in Cooke, The American Home Front, p. 300.
24. Perret, Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph, p. 399.
25. Peggy Terry, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 112.
26. Eisenhower to FDR, March 31, 1945, FDR Library.
27. King/Marshall letter to FDR, January 1945, excerpted in “Letters on the Pressing Manpower Problem,” New York Times, January 18, 1945.
28. “Curfew Used to Teach ‘War Awareness’ Lesson,” New York Times, February 25, 1945, p. 67.
29. Yoder, There’s No Front Like Home, p. 115.
30. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 21.
31. Elliot Johnson account, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 198.
32. Marjorie Cartwright account, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, pp. 190–91.
33. U.S. Navy Department, “Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1944, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to the President of the United States,” p. 15, Hopkins Papers, Group 24, FDR Library.
34. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers, p. 324.
35. Delaney, “Corpus Christi: University of the Air,” Naval History 27, no. 3, June 2013, p. 37.
36. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 42.
37. Smyth, Sea Stories, p. 39.
38. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 26.
39. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 72.
40. Portz, “Aviation Training and Expansion,” Naval Aviation News, July–August 1990, p. 24.
41. Baker, Growing Up, p. 216.
42. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 61.
43. Ibid., p. 67.
44. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 69.
45. Smyth, Sea Stories, p. 48.
46. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 39
47. MacWhorter and Stout, The First Hellcat Ace, p. 134.
48. Vernon, Hostile Sky, p. 99.
49. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 44.
50. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 60.
51. Lieutenant William A. Bell, “Under the Nips’ Nose,” pp. 12–13.
52. Third Fleet War Diary, January 7, 1945, p. 8.
53. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 195.
54. Third Fleet War Diary, January 11, 1945, p. 11.
55. William A. Bell Diary, January 12, 1945, p. 7.
56. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 198.
57. Lieutenant William A. Bell, “Under the Nips’ Nose,” p. 24.
58. Ibid., p. 23.
59. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 279; Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 196.
60. Third Fleet War Diary, January 19, 1945, p. 18.
61. Ibid., p. 21.
62. William A. Bell Diary, January 21, 1945, pp. 17–18.
Chapter Ten
1. A 30 percent loss rate is estimated by Rikihei Inoguchi in The Divine Wind, p. 87.
2. Ibid., p. 88.
3. Marsden, Attack Transport, p. 153.
4. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 240.
5. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, January 15, 1945, Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 204.
6. Marsden, Attack Transport, p. 155.
7. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 241.
8. Herman, Douglas MacArthur: American Warrior, p. 570.
9. Krueger, From Down Under to Nippon, p. 228.
10. Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, pp. 30–31.
11. GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1027, January 29, 1945, quoted in Reports of General MacArthur, vol. 1, p. 270.
12. Smith, United States Army in WWII, The War in the Pacific, p. 219.
13. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 279.
14. Carl Mydans, “My God, It’s Carl Mydans!,” Life, February 19, 1945, in Reporting World War II, Part Two, p. 607.
15. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 293.
16. Robin Prising quoted in Scott, Rampage, p. 188.
17. Carl Mydans, “My God, It’s Carl Mydans!,” Life, February 19, 1945, in Reporting World War II, Part Two, p. 616.
18. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.
19. Bill Dunn’s CBS Radio Broadcast, February 4, 1945, quoted in Scott, Rampage, p. 170.
20. Scott, Rampage, p. 198.
21. Sworn Affidavit of Hobert D. Mason of the 112th Medical Battalion, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.
22. Sworn affidavit, Major David V. Binkley, U.S. Army, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.
23. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.
24. Borneman, MacArthur At War, p. 467.
25. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 176.
26. Scott, Rampage, p. 205.
27. Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, “Battle of Manila, First Phase,” p. 12.
28. “Directions Concerning Combat by Shimbu Group Headquarters,” in “Documents and Orders Captured in the Field,” accessed October 11, 2018, http://battleofmanila.org.
29. “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” p. 1, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.
30. Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, p. 15.
31. Scott, Rampage, p. 248.
32. H. O. Eaton Jr., “Assault Tactics Employed as Exemplified by the Battle of Manila, A Report by XIV Corps.”
33. Scott, Rampage, p. 317.
34. Ibid., p. 350.
35. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 313.
36. Captured diary, unknown soldier of Ninth Shipping Engineer Regiment, Japanese Army, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.
37. Ibid., p. 4.
38. Ibid., p. 3.
39. Sworn affidavits of Father Francis J. Cosgrave and Major David V. Binkley, U.S. Army Forces, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” in ibid.
40. Sworn affidavit, Dr. Walter K. Funkel, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section. Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.
41. Scott, Rampage, p. 25.
42. Ibid., p. 263.
43. Ibid., p. 309.
44. Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi to Shimbu Group headquarters, Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, pp. 18–19.
45. Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi to C-in-C, Southwest Area Fleet at Baguio, Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, p. 18.
46. McEnery, The XIV Corps Battle for Manila, February 1945, p. 98.
47. “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” George E. Jones, New York Times, February 25, 1945, p. 25.
48. Quoted in Friend, The Blue-Eyed Enemy, p. 205.
49. H. O. Eaton Jr., “Assault Tactics Employed as Exemplified by the Battle of Manila, A Report by XIV Corps.”
50. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.
51. Ibid., p. 252.
52. Ibid., pp. 251–52, and newsreel footage, “Ceremony at Malacañang Palace,” February 27, 1945, accessed July 20, 2018, http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675037789_Sergio-Osmena_General-MacArthur_Commonwealth-Government_legislature.
53. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 250.
54. Romulo, I See the Philippines Rise, p. 223.
55. “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” p. 1, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.
56. “Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors (1882),” p. 227, in Allinson, ed., The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History.
57. Scott, Rampage, p. 265.
58. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” March 9, 1945, p. 2.
59. Takamaro Nishihara letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 157.
60. Kiyofumi Kojima, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 376.
61. Ibid., p. 378.
62. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 261.
63. Reported in 1964 by the Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare, cited by Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 373.
Chapter Eleven
1. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 18.
2. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 235.
3. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 66.
4. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 6, p. 78.
5. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 6, p. 63.
6. Private Shuji Ishii quoted in Kakehashi, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 66.
7. King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 30.
8. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 68.
9. Letters quoted in Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 93.
10. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: Box 6, p. 78.
11. Japanese soldier’s diary, entry dated February 18, 1945, in Dixon, Brawley, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 140.
12. Fields quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 31.
13. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 39.
14. Tsuruji Akikuisa quoted in King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 111.
15. Toshiharu Takahashi quoted in Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, pp. 101–2.
16. Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 30.
17. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 356.
18. “Air Combat Notes for Pilots,” Enclosure (C) of Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, Operations of February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045, pp. 2–3.
19. Roy W. Bruce quoted in Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 35.
20. “Areological Summary for Action Report,” Enclosure (G) of Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045.
21. J. Bryan III diary, February 16, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 10.
22. McWhorter, The First Hellcat Ace, p. 152.
23. Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 52.
24. Fifth Fleet War Diary, February 17, 1945, p. 2.
25. Ensign John Morris quoted in Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 51.
26. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind, p. 180.
27. “Air Combat Notes for Pilots,” Enclosure (C) of Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045, p. 3.
28. Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045, March 13, 1945, p. 25.
29. William W. Buchanan, oral history, pp. 78–79.
30. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 169.
31. Lieutenant Ronald D. Thomas, unpublished written account, PC # 2718, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive, Quantico, Virginia.
32. Smith, Coral and Brass, p. 214.
33. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, p. 18, Naval War College Archives.
34. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 154.
35. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 15, U.S. Marine Corps Archive, Quantico, Virginia.
36. Lieutenant Ronald D. Thomas, unpublished written account, PC # 2718, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.
37. Vernon E. Megee, oral history, p. 34.
38. Corporal Edward Hartman quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 12.
39. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 170.
40. Smith, Coral and Brass, p. 224.
41. Lieutenant Colonel Justice M. Chambers quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 14.
42. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 176.
43. Smith, Coral and Brass, p. 225.
44. King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 122.
45. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, February 22, 1945, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 238.
46. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 192.
47. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 6.
48. Lieutenant Ronald D. Thomas, unpublished written account, PC # 2718, p. 18, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.
49. Leo D. Hermle, oral history, p. 86.
50. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 227.
51. Ibid., p. 228.
52. Forrestal diary, February 23, 1945, in Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 30.
53. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 192.
54. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 230.
55. Joseph L. Stewart, oral history, pp. 39–40.
56. John Lardner, “D-Day, Iwo Jima,” New Yorker, March 17, 1945, p. 48.
57. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 196.
58. Ted Allenby, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 181.
59. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.
60. Edward A. Craig, oral history, p. 142.
61. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 19, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.
62. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 182.
63. Bradley, Flags of Our Fathers, p. 268.
64. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, February 22, 1945, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, pp. 239–40.
65. Vernon E. Megee, oral history, p. 37.
66. Ibid., p. 46.
67. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 195.
68. King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 131.
69. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 156.
70. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.
71. Experiences in Battle of the Medical Department of the Navy, Navmed P-SOS1, U.S. Department of the Navy, 1953, p. 95.
72. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 187.
73. Ibid., p. 219.
74. Experiences in Battle of the Medical Department of the Navy, 1953, p. 101.
75. Griffin, Out of Carnage, p. 13.
76. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 188.
77. Ibid., p. 213.
78. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 238.
79. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 165.
80. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Box 6, p. 93.
81. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. xviii.
82. Ibid., p. xx.
83. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Box 6, p. 99.
84. Bartley, Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic, p. 192.
85. Miller, It’s Tomorrow Out Here, p. 180.
86. Galer quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 49.
87. Alexander, Closing In, p. 49.
88. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 15.
89. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 235.
90. Quoted in San Bernardino Sun, Vol. 51, February 28, 1945, p. 1.
91. William W. Buchanan, oral history, p. 79.
Chapter Twelve
1. Arnold signed Marshall COMGENAAFPOA to Richardson for Harmon Info CINCPOA, December 7, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2444.
2. “Those Who Witnessed Series—How Civilians Viewed the War,” NHK television documentary, accessed January 4, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHJH2UzYrLw; Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caiden, Zero!, p. 257.
3. “War History of the 5th Air Fleet,” February 10, 1945, to August 19, 1945, Library of Congress, Japanese Monograph Series, No. 86.
4. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 264.
5. John Ciardi, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” pp. 201–2.
6. Ibid., p. 201.
7. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 152.
8. Hansell, The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan, p. 217.
9. Ibid., p. 215.
10. Matsuo Kato quoted in Time-Life Books, Japan at War, p. 157.
11. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 100.
12. Michio Takeyama essay in Minear, ed., The Scars of War, p. 62.
13. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, January 2, 1945, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 300.
14. “Let There Be a People of 100 Million Heroes,” Mainichi Shinbun, January 2, 1945, quoted in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 300.
15. Asahi Shinbun headlines on January 15 & 16, 1945, quoted in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 307.
16. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 243.
17. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, March 29, 1945, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 339.
18. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 1.
19. Ibid., p. 26.
20. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 158.
21. Quoted in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 337.
22. Quoted in Time-Life Books, Japan at War, p. 44.
23. Statement, Cabinet Board of Information, December 22, 1943, quoted in USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 73n1.
24. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 162; “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 6, 1944, p. 2.
25. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 165.
26. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 122.
27. Koiso address to Japanese National Diet, quoted in “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” September 8, 1944, p. 4.
28. Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 173.
29. Hideo Sato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 236.
30. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 4, 1944 memo cited in broadcast of October 11, 1944, p. 3.
31. Mihoko Nakane, diary entries, April–June 1945, Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, pp. 268–305.
32. Naokata Sasaki, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 468.
33. Hideo Sato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 237.
34. Mihoko Nakane diary, June 17, 1945, Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 289.
35. War Diary, Guam Island Commander, March 1945 summary, pp. 5–9, NARA, RG-38: Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, Box 53.
36. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 19.
37. Welfare Office Monthly Report, pp. 2–6, in War Diary, Guam Island Commander, March 1945, NARA, RG-38: Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, Box 53.
38. Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 73.
39. Ibid.
40. War Diary, Guam Island Commander, March 1945, p. 4, NARA, RG-38: Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, Box 53.
41. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, pp. 340–42.
42. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 108; Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 12.
43. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 110.
44. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 342.
45. Ibid., pp. 341–42.
46. Message 221837, Arnold (signed Marshall) to Richardson, Harmon, and Nimitz, December 22, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2471.
47. CINCPOA PEARL to COMGENPOA, COMGENAAFPOA, DEPCOM20THAF, etc., March 28, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2808.
48. Edwards to King, November 14, 1944; NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60, Folder 21, labeled “General Spaatz.”
49. Straubel, Air Force Diary, p. 450.
50. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 177.
51. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 349.
52. Selden, “A Forgotten Holocaust,” Asia–Pacific Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 5, May 2, 2007.
53. Ralph, “Improvised Destruction,” War in History, Vol. 13, No. 4, October 2006, p. 498.
54. Tanaka, Tanaka, and Young, Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 81.
55. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History, p. 170.
56. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 125.
57. Ibid., p. 122.
58. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 185.
59. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 312.
60. Ibid., pp. 351–52.
61. Ibid., p. 349.
62. Fedman and Karacas, “A Cartographic Fade to Black,” Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 38, Issue 3, July 2012, pp. 306–28.
63. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 75.
64. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 37.
65. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 29.
66. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 122.
67. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 48.
68. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 192.
69. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 41.
70. Ibid., p. 42.
71. Ibid., p. 37.
72. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 120.
73. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 44.
74. “Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored.”
75. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 111.
76. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, pp. 196–97.
77. Kazuyo Funato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 346.
78. Michiko Okubo letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, pp. 207–8.
79. Isamu Kase quoted in “Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored.”
80. Hiroyasu Kobayashi, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 351.
81. Ibid., p. 352.
82. Kazuyo Funato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 347.
83. Tomoko Shinoda letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 205.
84. Ibid.
85. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 141.
86. Sumi Ogawa letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 204.
87. “Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored.”
88. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 143.
89. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 195.
90. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 37.
91. Asahi Shinbun quoted in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, pp. 340–42.
92. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 190.
93. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 78.
94. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 194.
95. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 45.
96. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 354.
97. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 154.
98. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 368.
99. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 123.
100. Naruo Shirai letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 206.
Chapter Thirteen
1. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 213; USS Randolph, CV-15, “Action Report, Attack by Enemy Plane at Ulithi, 11–12 March 1945,” CV-15 A6-3 Serial: 004; Fifth Fleet War Diary, March 11, 1945, p. 10; CO Randolph to Com5thFlt, March 14, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2793.
2. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86), entry dated March 11, 1945, p. 18.
3. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, pp. 213–14.
4. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945, A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945.
5. Combined Fleet Telegram Order No. 564-B, reproduced in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 553.
6. IGHQ Navy Directive No. 510, dated March 1, 1945, p. 157, NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.
7. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86) entry dated March 18, 1945, p. 23; Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 527.
8. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, “Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in Support of Landings at Okinawa, 14 March through 28 May, 1945,” A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945.
9. Ibid.
10. Commander Joe Taylor, Executive Officer, “Narrative of Action 19 March 1945,” Enclosure C, USS Franklin (CV-13) Action Report, Serial 00212, 11 April 1945, FDR Library Map Room, Box 191.
11. Radford and Jurika, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 46.
12. J. Bryan III diary, March 19, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 78.
13. Commander Fifth Fleet War Diary, March 19, 1945, p. 18.
14. Potter and Nimitz, The Great Sea War, p. 449.
15. COM5THFLT to CINCPAC, March 21, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2797.
16. J. Bryan III diary, April 2, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 105.
17. Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 1078.
18. CTF 58 to CTF 51, March 25, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2801.
19. Charles F. Barber, oral history, p. 6, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, U.S. Naval War College Archives.
20. Michael Bak Jr., oral history, U.S. Naval Institute, 1988, p. 192.
21. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 223.
22. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 179.
23. Ibid., p. 185.
24. Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 1094.
25. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 149.
26. U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Center of Military History, Ryukyus: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, p. 11.
27. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 187.
28. Lardner, “Suicides and Bushwhackers,” New Yorker, May 19, 1945, p. 32.
29. CTF 51 [Turner] to COM5THFLT [Spruance], April 1, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, pp. 2810–11.
30. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. xi.
31. Ibid., p. 8.
32. Ibid., p. 46.
33. Huber, Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945, p. 12.
34. Okinawa Shinpo, January 27, 1945, quoted in Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 163.
35. IGHQ Navy Directive No. 510, March 1, 1945, p. 143. NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.
36. “Outline of Army and Navy Operations,” January 19, 1945, NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.
37. IGHQ Navy Directive No. 510, dated March 1, 1945, p. 157, NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.
38. 5th Air Fleet War Diary, Japanese Monograph No. 86, entry dated March 17, 1945, p. 22.
39. Matome Ugaki diary, March 21, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 559–60.
40. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86), entry dated March 22, 1945, p. 28.
41. Ibid., entry dated April 4, 1945, p. 42.
42. Matome Ugaki diary, March 11, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 550.
43. J. Bryan III diary, April 4, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 110.
44. Michael Bak Jr., oral history, pp. 193–94.
45. Walker, Ninety Day Wonder, pp. 109–10.
46. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 224.
47. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 292.
48. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945. A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945.
49. CTF 58 to ATFC5THFLT Info CINCPAC, April 7, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2823.
50. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 413.
51. Admiral Keizo Komura, commander of the fleet’s destroyer squadron, quoted in Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 261.
52. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 262.
53. Yoshida and Minear, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, p. 8.
54. Ibid., p. 24.
55. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 482.
56. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 484.
57. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 402.
58. J. Bryan III diary, April 7, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 118.
59. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 405.
60. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 485.
61. Ibid.
62. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 278.
63. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 486.
64. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 280.
65. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 492.
66. Ibid., p. 488.
67. Ibid., p. 492.
68. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 282.
69. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 494
70. Yoshida and Minear, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, p. 118.
71. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 235.
72. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 197.
73. Ibid., pp. 192–93.
74. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 89.
75. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 285.
76. Reported in Admiral Ugaki’s diary on April 1, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 571.
77. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 161.
78. Matome Ugaki diary, Friday, April 6, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 572–73.
79. 5th Air Fleet War Diary, April 6, 1945, pp. 45–46.
80. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 227.
81. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 36.
82. Appendix 1, “Ships Damaged or Sunk on Radar Picket Duty,” in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, pp. 351–53.
83. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, pp. 35–36.
84. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 372.
85. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 9.
86. Rowland and Boyd, U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance in World War II, Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC, 1953, pp. 270–74.
87. USS Purdy Serial 024 Action Report 20 April 1945, p. 28, quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 134.
88. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 38.
89. Ibid., p. 40.
90. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945, A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945, p. 12.
91. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 231.
92. Ibid.
93. Lardner, “Suicides and Bushwhackers,” New Yorker, May 19, 1945, p. 32.
94. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 415.
95. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 319.
96. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 201.
97. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 45.
98. Quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 151.
99. Matome Ugaki diary, Friday, April 13, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 584.
Chapter Fourteen
1. Appleman, Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 194.
2. Appleman, Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 187.
3. Lardner, “Suicides and Bushwhackers,” New Yorker, May 19, 1945, p. 32.
4. Leckie, Okinawa, p. 125.
5. Appleman, Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 163.
6. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 205.
7. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 360.
8. Huber, Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945, p. 83.
9. Appleman et al., Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 286.
10. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 42.
11. “Tokyo, Domei, in English, to China and South Seas,” Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, April 14, 1945, p. 1.
12. “Tokyo, Domei, in English, to America,” Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, April 20, 1945, p. 2.
13. Toshiyuki Yokoi, “Kamikazes in the Okinawa Campaign,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 469.
14. Matome Ugaki diary, April 9, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 578.
15. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86), entry dated April 18, 1945, p. 59.
16. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 141.
17. Iwao Fukagawa quoted in Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind, p. 214.
18. Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries, p. 88.
19. Ibid., p. 69.
20. Ibid., p. 175.
21. Toshiyuki Yokoi, “Kamikazes in the Okinawa Campaign,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 468.
22. Letter from Takeo Kasuga to Shozo Umezawa, June 21, 1945, quoted in Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries, p. 10.
23. Matome Ugaki diary, April 13, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 584.
24. Ibid., p. 595.
25. Matome Ugaki diary, April 21, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 594.
26. Matome Ugaki diary, April 29, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 600.
27. Reiko Torihama quoted in Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind, p. 287.
28. Shigeko Araki, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 320.
29. Chief Ship’s Clerk (W-2) C. S. King, oral history, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 282.
30. Dr. David Willcutts, “Reminiscences of Admiral Spruance,” p. 6, Manuscript Item 297, U.S. Naval War College Archives.
31. H. D. Chickering, commanding officer of LCS(L) 51, quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 346.
32. Charles Thomas, crewman on the LCS(L) 35, quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 10.
33. “CO USS Aaron Ward comments,” in Secret Information Bulletin No. 24: “Battle Experience: Radar Pickets and Methods of Combating Suicide Attacks Off Okinawa, March–May 1945,” July 20, 1945, p. 81-41.
34. Fenoglio, Y3C, “This I Remember,” accessed April 21, 2019, https://dd803.org/crew/stories-from-the-crew/melvin-fenoglio-account.
35. Ronald D. Salmon, oral history, p. 110; John C. Munn, oral history, p. 81.
36. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 419.
37. Ibid, p. 417.
38. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 83.
39. J. Bryan III diary, April 11, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 121.
40. Phelps Adams, “Attack on Carrier Bunker Hill,” New York Sun, June 28, 1945, article reprinted in Reporting World War II, Part 2, p. 757.
41. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945, A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945, p. 14.
42. Phelps Adams, “Attack on Carrier Bunker Hill,” New York Sun, June 28, 1945; article reprinted in Reporting World War II, Part 2, p. 759.
43. Marc Mitscher quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 417.
44. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, p. 27, Naval War College Archives.
45. Dr. David Willcutts, “Reminiscences of Admiral Spruance,” p. 8, Manuscript Item 297, Naval War College Archives.
46. A “ghastly huge crater” is Dr. Willcutts’s description. Willcutts, “Reminiscences of Admiral Spruance,” p. 8, Manuscript Item 297, Naval War College Archives.
47. Letter, Raymond Spruance to Charles J. Moore, May 13, 1945, NHHC Archives, Raymond Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.
48. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 293; Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 223.
49. Bill Pierce quoted in James Holland, “The Battle for Okinawa: One Marine’s Story,” BBC History Magazine and BBC World Histories Magazine, accessed May 2, 2019, https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/the-battle-for-okinawa-one-marines-story/.
50. William Manchester, “The Bloodiest Battle of All,” New York Times, June 14, 1987.
51. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 278.
52. Ibid., p. 253.
53. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 59.
54. Ibid., p. 67.
55. Ibid., p. 83.
56. Ushijima quoted in Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 162.
57. Nimitz: “It is my view that in OLYMPIC the country will be best served if Spruance controls the amphibious phases which require meticulous planning while Halsey is employed in offensive covering operations. . . . Thus each will be employed in the field in which he is best qualified.” CINCPAC to COMINCH, Message 0226, April 5, 1945, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3078. King replied: “I agree with your view that this command should be Fifth Fleet team of Spruance and Turner.” Message 1921, April 9, 1945, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3079.
58. Third Fleet War Diary, June 4, 1945, p. 7.
59. Roy L. Johnson account, Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, pp. 245–46.
60. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 60.
61. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 308.
62. Third Fleet War Diary, June 4, 1945, p. 7.
63. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 60.
64. Time magazine, July 23, 1945.
65. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 236.
66. Thomas McKinney quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 86.
67. “Japanese Radio Plan,” pp. 1–2, “Weekly Plan for Psychological Warfare, April 28, 1945.” Office of Military Secretary to Commander Chief, U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific, Hoover Institution Archives, Bonner Fellers Papers.
68. Appendix, “Inducement to Surrender of Japanese Forces,” Combined Chiefs of Staff, Anglo-American Outline Plan for Psychological Warfare Against Japan, Reference A, CCS-539 Series, p. 10, Hoover Institution Archives, Bonner Fellers Papers.
69. Frank B. Gibney’s commentary in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 199.
70. Masahide Ota quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 61.
71. Kikuko Miyagi, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, pp. 357–58.
72. The leaflet is reproduced in Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, illustrations insert after p. 70.
73. Norris Buchter quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 67.
74. John Garcia, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 23.
75. Charles Miller quoted in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 73.
76. Lewis Thomas account in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, pp. 241–42.
77. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 135.
78. Ibid., p. 137.
79. Ibid., p. 136.
80. Quoted in Appleman, et al., Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 463.
81. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 136.
82. Masahide Ota, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 369.
83. Kikuko Miyagi, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 358.
84. Ibid., p. 360.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., p. 362.
87. Building the Navy’s Bases in World War II, p. 410, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks.
88. Huie, From Omaha to Okinawa, p. 214.
89. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 209.
90. “The World War II Memoirs of John Vollinger,” http://www.janesoceania.com/ww2_johann_memoirs/index.htm.
91. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 282.
92. Huber, Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945, p. 122.
93. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 162.
Chapter Fifteen
1. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, p. 218.
2. Brown, “Aide to Four Presidents,” American Heritage, February 1955, Vol. 6, Issue 2.
3. Truman diary, June 1, 1945.
4. William D. Leahy diary, April 12, 1945, William D. Leahy Papers, LCMD; Adams, Witness to Power, p. 283.
5. Leahy, I Was There, p. 347.
6. Forrestal diary, entries dated May 1, 12, & 29, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 52–66.
7. Wedemeyer to Marshall, May 1, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3220.
8. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 109.
9. Statement Released to the Press, SWPA Headquarters, February 16, 1944; RG-4, Reel 612, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
10. MacArthur to Marshall, April 21, 1945, #1920, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3212.
11. CINCPAC to COMINCH, #0230, April 5, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3073.
12. Messages between Nimitz and MacArthur, April 7–8, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, pp. 3077–78.
13. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, April 10, 1945, Richardson Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.
14. Nimitz to King, May 17, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3229.
15. Layton, “And I Was There,” p. 484.
16. Nimitz to King, April 13, #2346, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3203.
17. Leahy, I Was There, p. 370.
18. Marshall to MacArthur, April 4, 1945, War Department #63196; RG-30, Reel 1007, radio files, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
19. Nimitz to MacArthur, May 26, 1945, #0552, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, p. 3233.
20. MacArthur to Nimitz, May 25, 1945, #1102, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, pp. 3141–42.
21. Marshall to King, memorandum dated May 22, 1945, NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60, Folder 20.
22. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 261.
23. Frank, Downfall, p. 98.
24. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
25. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 5.
26. Ibid., p. 20.
27. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 75, USSBS No. 378, Admiral Soemu Toyoda.
28. Reports of General MacArthur, The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Vol. 1, p. 402.
29. Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan, p. 82.
30. Reports of General MacArthur, The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Vol. 1, p. 403.
31. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 64.
32. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 13.
33. Lockwood and Adamson, Hellcats of the Sea, p. 40.
34. Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) scores cited in Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, pp. 274–75, 285–86.
35. James Fife, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 452, Vol. 2, p. 415.
36. Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, pp. 249–50.
37. Russell, Hell Above, Deep Water Below, p. 103.
38. Smith, “Payback: Nine American Subs Avenge a Legend’s Death,” World War II Magazine, 10/24/2016, accessed August 22, 2018, http://www.historynet.com/uss-wahoo-vengeance.html.
39. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 863.
40. Ostrander, “Chaos at Shimonoseki,” Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 73, No. 532, June 1947, p. 652.
41. USSBS, The Offensive Mine Laying Campaign Against Japan, p. 2.
42. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 99.
43. Third Fleet War Diary, July 10, 1945.
44. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 312.
45. Third Fleet War Diary, July 14, 1945.
46. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 62.
47. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 257.
48. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 442.
49. Arthur R. Hawkins account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 273.
50. Ibid.
51. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 62.
52. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 465.
53. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 312.
54. “Halsey Ridicules Japanese Power,” New York Times, June 4, 1945.
55. Wukovits, Admiral “Bull” Halsey, p. 232.
56. Time magazine, Vol. 46, No. 4, July 23, 1945.
57. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, pp. 443–44.
58. Office of War Information, Bureau of Overseas Intelligence, Special Report No. 5, “Current Psychological and Social Tensions in Japan,” June 1, 1945, p. 5, Hoover Institution Archives, Office of War Information, Box 3, “Reports on Japan, 1945.”
59. Leaflet 36J6, Leaflet File No. 2, Box 2, Bonner Fellers Papers, Hoover Archives.
60. Williams, “Paths to Peace: The Information War in the Pacific, 1945,” p. 4, Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA, accessed November 4, 2018, https://www.cia.gov/library.
61. Leaflet entitled “What Can Be Done Against Overwhelming Odds?,” Leaflet File No. 2, Box 2, Bonner Fellers Papers, Hoover Archives.
62. “The Reaction of Japanese to Psychological Warfare,” p. 6, Annex 26, Report of SWPA Headquarters, “Psychological Effect of Leaflets,” RG-4, MacArthur Archives.
63. Davis and Price, War Information and Censorship, p. 20.
64. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Vol. 2, 740.00119 PW/7–2245: Telegram No. 1243, The Acting Secretary of State to the Secretary of State, July 22, 1945.
65. Zacharias, Secret Missions, p. 358.
66. Interview with George C. Marshall, by Forrest C. Pogue Jr., February 11, 1957, George C. Marshall Foundation Collections.
67. Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, p. 146.
68. Truman, Year of Decisions, pp. 10–11.
69. “Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting,” Thursday, 31 May 1945, accessed September 2, 2018, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb.
70. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 51.
71. “Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting,” Thursday, 31 May 1945, accessed September 2, 2018, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb.
72. “Address Before the Cleveland Public Affairs Council,” February 5, 1943, in Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. 2, p. 1398.
73. Joseph C. Grew to Randall Gould, ed., Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury, April 14, 1945, in Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. 2, p. 1420.
74. Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. 2, p. 1424.
75. King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, p. 598.
76. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 261.
77. King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, p. 598; Forrestal diary, entry dated July 28, 1945, and additional references to a 1947 conversation with Eisenhower, undated, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 78.
78. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, p. 210.
79. Walter Brown diary quoted in Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 158.
80. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 130.
81. Churchill to Eden, July 23, 1945, meeting “minute,” in Alperovitz and Tree, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 271.
82. Trinity Test observer instructions quoted in Laurence, Dawn Over Zero, p. 7.
83. No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, p. 1367, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, Vol. 2.
84. Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell quoted in No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, p. 1365, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
85. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 25.
86. No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, Encl. 4, “Thoughts by E. O. Lawrence,” p. 1369, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
87. Kistiakowsky quoted in Laurence, Dawn Over Zero, p. 10.
88. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 25.
89. H. D. Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, Appendix 6: War Department Release on New Mexico Test, July 16, 1945, p. 250.
90. No. 1305, Commanding General, Manhattan District Project (Groves) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 18 July 1945, Encl. 3, p. 1368, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
91. No. 1303, Acting Chairman of the Interim Committee (Harrison) to the Secretary of War (Stimson), 16 July 1945, Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol. 2.
92. Stimson diary, July 21, 1945, accessed September 23, 2018, www.doug-long.com/stimson8.htm.
93. Stimson diary, July 22, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 222–23.
94. MAGIC Diplomatic Summaries Nos. 1204 & 1205, July 12–13, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 278–79.
95. MAGIC Diplomatic Summary No. 1206, July 14, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 282.
96. MAGIC Diplomatic Summaries Nos. 1208 & 1212, July 16–20, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 282–84.
97. MAGIC Diplomatic Intercept No. 1225, August 2, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 287.
98. Ralph Bard, “Memorandum on the Use of S-1 Bomb,” June 17, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 209.
99. The Scientific Panel, Interim Committee, “Recommendation on the Immediate Use of Nuclear Weapons,” June 16, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 201.
100. Memorandum for General Arnold, July 24, 1945, Document B18, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 258.
101. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Memorandum to the President, July 17, 1945, Document B17, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 257.
102. Henry L. Stimson diary, July 24, 1945, Stoff et al., eds., The Manhattan Project, p. 214.
103. U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, TS Manhattan Project File ’42 to ’46, Folder 5B, “Directives, Memos, Etc. to and from C/S, S/W, etc.”
104. Truman diary, June 25, 1945.
105. Memorandum from Major J. A. Derry and Dr. N. F. Ramsey to General L. R. Groves, May 10–11, 1945, accessed September 14, 2018, https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/target-committee-recommendations.
106. Truman, Year of Decision, p. 421.
107. Document A45, “The Potsdam Declaration,” July 26, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 226.
108. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 166.
109. Yomiuri Shinbun headline quoted in Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 167.
110. Suzuki quoted in Yomiuri Shinbun account, Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, pp. 167–68.
111. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman, p. 215.
112. Sourced to assistant naval aide George Elsey: Adams, Witness to Power, p. 298.
113. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, pp. 159–60.
114. Arnold to Marshall, Joint Chiefs of Staff, June 17, 1945, RG-30, Reel 1007, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
115. LeMay quoted in Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 157.
116. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 132.
117. Ibid.
Chapter Sixteen
1. Phillip Morrison quoted in Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 681.
2. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 49.
3. Sweeney, War’s End, Foreword, p. i.
4. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 318.
5. Julian Ryall, “Hiroshima Bomber Tasted Lead After Nuclear Blast, Rediscovered Enola Gay Recordings Reveal,” The Telegraph (UK), August 6, 2018.
6. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 4; Interview with crew of Enola Gay, October 1962, Unknown Collections: 509th Composite Group, https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/atomic-bombers.
7. Merle and Spitzer, We Dropped the A-Bomb, Introduction, p. 1.
8. Kelly, ed., The Manhattan Project, p. 330.
9. Stiborik quoted in Patricia Benoit, “From Czechoslovakia to Life in Central Texas,” Temple Daily Telegram, August 23, 2015.
10. Yoshido Matsushige, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 391.
11. “Chapter 25 – Eyewitness Account,” Hiroshima, August 6, 1945, by Father John A. Siemes, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, http://avalon.law.yale.edu.
12. Hachiya and Wells, Hiroshima Diary, p. 2.
13. Michiko Yamaoka, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 385.
14. Eiko Taoka, “Testimony of Hatchobori Streetcar Survivors,” The Atomic Archive, http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hibakusha/Hatchobori.shtml.
15. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 19.
16. Futaba Kitayama quoted in Robert Guillain, “I Thought My Last Hour Had Come,” The Atlantic, August 1980.
17. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 19.
18. Ibid., p. 31.
19. Michiko Yamaoka, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 385.
20. Yoshido Matsushige, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 392.
21. Ibid., p. 393.
22. Futaba Kitayama quoted in Robert Guillain, “I Thought My Last Hour Had Come,” The Atlantic, August 1980.
23. Frank, Downfall, p. 265.
24. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 50.
25. Hachiya and Wells, Hiroshima Diary, p. 8.
26. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 89.
27. Lieutenant William M. Rigdon, USN, “Log: President’s Trip to the Berlin Conference,” August 6, 1945, p. 50, Leahy, I Was There, pp. 432–33.
28. Ibid.
29. Truman’s Statement on the Bombing of Hiroshima, August 6, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 230.
30. Ibid.
31. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 184.
32. The Pacific War Research Society, The Day Man Lost, p. 270.
33. Frank, Downfall, p. 269.
34. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 26.
35. Frank, Downfall, p. 270.
36. The Pacific War Research Society, The Day Man Lost, p. 293.
37. USSBS Interrogation No. 609, Hisatsune Sakomizu, December 11, 1945, Kort, The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 361.
38. “Soviet Declaration of War on Japan,” August 8, 1945, Avalon Project, Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s4.asp.
39. Lieutenant Colonel David M. Glantz, August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, pp. 1–2, Leavenworth Papers, Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, February 1983.
40. Glantz, August Storm, p. xiv.
41. Document G9, Miscellaneous Statements of Japanese Officials, Document No. 52608: Lieutenant General Torashirō Kawabe, November 21, 1949, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 382.
42. Document G7, Miscellaneous Statements of Japanese Officials, Document No. 54479: Statement of Sumihisa Ikeda, December 23, 1949, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 379.
43. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 197.
44. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 201.
45. Merle and Spitzer, We Dropped the A-Bomb, p. 123.
46. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 204; Paul Tibbets, oral history, accessed November 7, 2018, https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/general-paul-tibbets.
47. William L. Laurence, “Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member,” New York Times, September 9, 1945.
48. According to Ellen Bradbury, “What happened does not seem to have appeared in any official histories, but Ashworth swore to me it was true,” in Bradbury and Blakeslee, “The Harrowing Story of the Nagasaki Bombing Mission,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, August 4, 2015.
49. Alex Wellerstein, “Nagasaki: The Last Bomb,” New Yorker, August 7, 2015.
50. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 215.
51. Ibid., p. 216.
52. William L. Laurence, “Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member,” New York Times, September 9, 1945.
53. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 219.
54. Bradbury and Blakeslee, “The Harrowing Story of the Nagasaki Bombing Mission.”
55. William L. Leary and Michie Hattori Bernstein, “Eyewitness to the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb,” World War II magazine, July/August 2005, http://www.historynet.com/michie-hattori-eyewitness-to-the-nagasaki-atomic-bomb-blast.htm.
56. Shizuko Nagae eyewitness account, as told to her daughter, Masako Waba, “A Survivor’s Harrowing Account of Nagasaki Bombing,” CBC News, May 26, 2016, https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nagasaki-atomic-bomb-survivor-transcript-1.3601606.
57. “The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” p. 11, Report by the Manhattan Engineer District, June 29, 1946, http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/med_chp9.shtml.
58. “The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” p. 11.
59. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 225.
60. Ibid.
61. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 253.
62. Document D14, diary entries of Marquis Koichi Kido, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 307.
63. Here Kase paraphrases. In the account given by Sakomizu to the USSBS, Suzuki’s wording is slightly different, but the meaning is identical. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 234; USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 8.
64. Document E1, Emperor Hirohito’s Surrender Decision, August 10, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 323.
65. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 9.
66. Document 412, “The Secretary of State to the Swiss Chargé (Grässli), Washington, August 11, 1945,” in U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: The British Commonwealth, Vol. 6, p. 627.
67. Document G11, Miscellaneous Statements of Japanese Officials, Document No. 50025A, Lieutenant Colonel Masahiko Takeshita, June 11, 1949, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 383–84.
68. Emperor’s “Monologue,” quoted in Irokawa, The Age of Hirohito, p. 125.
69. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 201.
70. Torashirō Kawabe diary, August 10, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 313.
71. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 217.
72. Document D9, Army Minister Korechika Anami Broadcast: “Instruction to the Troops,” August 10, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 300.
73. Document D10, Army General Staff Telegram, August 11, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 301.
74. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 240.
75. Stimson diary, August 10, 1945, quoted in Alperovitz and Tree, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 489.
76. Stimson diary, August 10, 1945, quoted in Janssens, ‘What Future for Japan?’: U.S. Wartime Planning for the Postwar Era, 1942–1945, p. 318.
77. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 220.
78. Leahy, I Was There, p. 434.
79. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 220.
80. Forrestal diary, August 10, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 83.
81. Foreign Relations of the United States, The British Commonwealth, Vol. 6, pp. 631–32.
82. Forrestal diary, August 10, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 83–84.
83. James J. Fahey diary, August 10, 1945, Fahey, Pacific War Diary, 1942–1945, p. 375.
84. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 254.
85. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 54.
86. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 64.
87. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, p. 447.
88. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, pp. 243–44.
89. Documents C-17, C-18, C-19, Magic Diplomatic Intercept Numbers 1236–1238, August 13–15, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 289–90.
90. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 228.
91. Ibid., p. 237.
92. Document D12, Toyoda and Umezu Report to the Emperor, August 12, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 302–3.
93. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 229.
94. Document D12, Toyoda and Umezu Report to the Emperor, August 12, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 302–3.
95. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 9.
96. Wray et al., Bridging the Atomic Divide, p. 159.
97. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” August 14, 1945, pp. 2–3.
98. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 175.
99. Takeyama and Minear, eds., The Scars of War, p. 50.
100. “Master Recording of Hirohito’s War-End Speech Released in Digital Form,” The Japan Times, August 1, 2015 (includes English translation of the surrender rescript as it appeared in the newspaper on August 15, 1945).
101. Morita, Reingold, and Shimomura, Made in Japan, p. 34.
102. Takeshi Maeda account in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 126.
103. “Master Recording of Hirohito’s War-End Speech.”
104. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 256.
105. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 177.
106. Ibid., p. 179.
107. Iwamoto Akira letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 258.
108. Irokawa, The Age of Hirohito, p. 35.
109. Dr. Michihiko Hachiya diary, August 15, 1945, in Hachiya and Wells, Hiroshima Diary, p. 83.
110. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 179.
111. Hisako Yoskizawa diary, August 15, 1945, Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 217.
112. Sadao Mogami, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 456.
113. Haruyoshi Kagawa letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 50.
114. Michi Fukuda letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 42.
115. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 187.
116. Ibid., p. 186.
117. Ibid., p. 184.
118. “Master Recording of Hirohito’s War-End Speech.”
119. Hideo Yamaguchi letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 273.
120. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” August 15, 1945, p. 16.
121. Matome Ugaki diary, August 11, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 659.
122. Ibid., p. 664.
123. Ibid.
124. Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 666.
125. Ibid.
Epilogue
1. William D. Leahy diary, August 14, 1945, Leahy Papers, LCMD.
2. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 307.
3. Sylvia Summers, oral history, Richardson and Stillwell, Reflections of Pearl Harbor, p. 98.
4. Barbara De Nike, oral history, Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 213.
5. Patricia Livermore, oral history, Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 212.
6. Stanton Delaplane, “Victory Riot,” San Francisco Chronicle Reader, p. 198.
7. Carl Nolte, “The Dark Side of V-J Day,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 15, 2005.
8. Third Fleet War Diary, August 15, 1945; CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
9. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 272.
10. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 449.
11. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 269.
12. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 262; USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 90, USSBS No. 429, Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, IJN.
13. USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
14. Imperial Rescript of August 17, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 334.
15. “Speech of Prince Higashi-Kuni to the Japanese People Upon Becoming Premier,” August 17, 1945, accessed June 4, 2019, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/1945-8-17c.html.
16. “Exchange of Messages Between General MacArthur and Japanese General Headquarters on Manila Meeting,” August 15–19, 1945, United States Department of State Bulletin, accessed June 7, 2019, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/1945-8-15b.html.
17. “General MacArthur’s Instructions to Japanese on Occupation Landings,” reprinted in New York Times, August 23, 1945.
18. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 67.
19. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 451.
20. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 55.
21. CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
22. Hoover Institution Archives, U.S. Office of War Information, Psychological Warfare Division, “Leaflets,” Box 2.
23. Wheeler, Dragon in the Dust, p. xxiv.
24. Roland Smoot, oral history, p. 192.
25. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, pp. 452–53.
26. John C. Munn, oral history, p. 86.
27. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 280.
28. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 575.
29. Ibid.
30. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 351.
31. Courtney Whitney, “Lifting Up a Beaten People,” Life magazine, August 22, 1955, p. 90.
32. Courtney Whitney’s recollections, quoted in MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 271.
33. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 447.
34. Whelton Rhoades diary, August 30, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 448.
35. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 272.
36. CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
37. Whelton Rhoades diary, August 31, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 450.
38. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, August 31, 1945.
39. Ibid.
40. Stuart S. Murray, oral history, “A Harried Host in the Missouri,” in Mason, ed., The Pacific War Remembered, p. 350.
41. Jonathan M. Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, pp. 279–80.
42. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, pp. 472–73.
43. Whelton Rhoades diary, September 2, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 452.
44. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, pp. 472–73.
45. Stuart S. Murray oral history, “A Harried Host in the Missouri,” in Mason, ed., The Pacific War Remembered, p. 355.
46. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 22; Manchester, American Caesar, p. 451.
47. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 7.
48. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, pp. 360–61.
49. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 275.
50. Halsey and Richardson each separately noted that MacArthur’s hands shook. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 523; Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, September 2, 1945.
51. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 524.
52. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 577.
53. Associated Press, “Tokyo Aides Weep as General Signs,” September 2, 1945.
54. Lilly, Nimitz at Ease, p. 303.
55. Whelton Rhoades diary, September 2, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 454.
56. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, p. 472.
57. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1 Supplement, pp. 32–45.
58. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1, p. 452.
59. James J. Fahey diary, October 22, 1945, Fahey, Pacific War Diary, 1942–1945, p. 400.
60. Ibid.
61. Richard Leonard to Arlene Bahr, November 3, 1945, in Carroll, ed., War Letters, p. 318.
62. Ibid., pp. 318–19.
63. For example, a USSBS survey conducted in late 1945 found that two-thirds of Japanese had expected “brutality, enslavement, tyranny, starvation, subservience.” USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 155n7.
64. Naokata Sasaki, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 469.
65. Radike, Across the Dark Islands, p. 258.
66. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 155.
67. Ibid.
68. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1 Supplement, p. 23.
69. Ibid., p. 49.
70. Terasaki, Bridge to the Sun, p. 200.
71. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, U.S. Naval War College Archives.
72. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 255.
73. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, Foreword, p. x.
74. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 15, Supplement and General Index, p. 9.
75. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1 Supplement, p. 47.
76. Document A45, “The Potsdam Declaration,” July 26, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 227.
77. Shigeo Hatanaka, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 227.
78. Junko Ozaki letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 75.
79. Terasaki, Bridge to the Sun, p. 233.
80. USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
81. Chihaya Masataka quoted in Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 292.
82. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 289.
83. Ibid.
84. USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 90, USSBS No. 429, Admiral Kichisaburo, Nomura, IJN.
85. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 292.
86. “Fire Scroll,” Book of Five Spheres, quoted in Cleary, The Japanese Art of War, p. 84.
87. Eizo Hori, statistics cited in Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 148.
88. According to the Japanese Health, Labor, and Welfare Ministry, 3.1 million Japanese were killed in the Asian and Pacific wars of 1937 to 1945. The figure included 2.3 million military deaths and 800,000 civilian deaths. Of the latter, an estimated 500,000 were killed in Japan, and 300,000 overseas. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 242.
89. Michio Takeyama quoted in Takeyama and Minear, eds., The Scars of War, p. 68.
90. Goldstein and Dillon, eds., The Pacific War Papers, p. 67.
91. Hitoshi Inoue letter to Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 80.
92. Uichiro Kawachi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 214.
93. Kazuo Ikezaki letter to Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 301.
94. Fusako Kawamura letter to Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 279.
95. Yukio Hashimoto letter to Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 181.
96. Murrie and Petersen, “Last Train Home,” American History, February 2018. Adapted with permission from Railroad History, Spring–Summer 2015.
97. Steere, The Graves Registration Service in World War II, p. 405.
98. Ibid., p. 426.
99. Most of those who perished at sea to causes other than combat, including accidents and illnesses, were also buried at sea. Globally, the navy reported 25,664 noncombat deaths during WWII. Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) website, accessed August 4, 2019, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html.
100. For example, the soldier and future novelist Norman Mailer wrote: “A good part of me approves anything which will shorten the war, and get me home sooner, and this is often antagonistic to older more basic principles. For instance I hope the peacetime draft is passed because if it’s not, there may be an agonizingly slow demobilization.” Letter to Beatrice Mailer, August 8, 1945, “In the Ring: Life and Letters,” New Yorker, October 6, 2008, pp. 51–52.
101. Lee, To the War, p. 163.
102. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 257.
103. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 70.
104. James Forrestal diary, October 16, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 102.
105. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 15, Supplement and General Index, p. 17.
106. John C. Munn, oral history, p. 91.
107. McCandless, A Flash of Green, p. 219.
108. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 15, Supplement and General Index, p. 13.
109. “Plan of the Day,” Sunday, September 2, 1945, USS Missouri, p. 2, “Notes,” accessed May 21, 2019, http://www.bb63vets.com/docs/DOC_6.pdf.
110. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 266.
111. “The World War II Memoirs of John Vollinger,” http://www.janesoceania.com/ww2_johann_memoirs/index.htm.
112. Murrie and Petersen, “Last Train Home,” American History, February 2018. Adapted with permission from Railroad History, Spring–Summer 2015.
113. Beaver, Sailor from Oklahoma, p. 226.
114. “The World War II Memoirs of John Vollinger,” http://www.janesoceania.com/ww2_johann_memoirs/index.htm.
115. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 245.
116. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 266.
117. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 327.
118. George Niland, oral history, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 189.
119. William Pierce, oral history, in Lacey, Stay Off the Skyline, p. 193.
120. Yoder, There’s No Front Like Home, pp. 108, 112.
121. Shirley Hackett, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 231.
122. Frankie Cooper, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 249.
123. Dellie Hahne, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 228.
124. Frankie Cooper, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 249.
125. Randal S. Olson, “ 144 Years of Marriage and Divorce in One Chart,” June 15, 2015, accessed June 2, 2019, www.randalolson.com. Data from Centers for Disease Control (CDC)/National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
126. James Covert, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 223.
127. Marshall Ralph Doak, My Years in the Navy, http://www.historycentral.com/Navy/Doak.
128. Marjorie Cartwright, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 226.
129. Ibid., p. 228.
130. Caro, Master of the Senate, p. 196.
131. Sybil Lewis, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 251.
132. Ibid., p. 252.
133. Lee, To the War, p. 164.
134. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 255.
135. Robert E. Hogaboom, oral history, Marine Corps Project, No. 813, Vol. 1, p. 235.
136. Norman Mailer to Beatrice Mailer, August 8, 1945, “In the Ring: Life and Letters,” in New Yorker, October 6, 2008, pp. 51–52.
137. Leach, Now Hear This, p. 175.
138. Ben Bradlee, “A Return,” New Yorker, October 2, 2006.
139. Michener, The World Is My Home, p. 265.
140. Edward J. Huxtable, commanding officer, Composite Squadron Ten, 1943–1945, “Some Recollections,” pp. 27–28, Huxtable Papers, Hoover Institution Archives.