Aarons, Lehman, 60
Abramovitz, Moses, 98, 125, 126, 129, 157
Abwehr, 37
Acheson, Dean, 181, 230, 231, 340
Achilles, Theodore, 220–221
Adenauer, Konrad, 257–58
Affidavits of non-German ownership of assets, 44, 65, 101, 103, 192, 194, 195, 243
AJDC. See American Joint Distribution Committee
Alexander, Emil, 2–3, 206, 207–208, 213–14, 251, 257, 258
Allen, Dennis, 58
Allianz Insurance Company, 334–35
Allied Tripartite Gold Commission, 338–39, 347
American Jewish Committee (AJC), 184, 217, 254
American Joint Distribution Committee (AJDC), 160, 161, 180–181, 204, 205, 250
Amman, Max, 43
Anderson, John, 348
Anti-Semitism, 19–20, 179–80, 261, 275, 295, 323, 344–45
Art, looted, 53, 54, 90, 334, 335
Assicurazioni Generali, 334
Attlee, Clement, 131
Auschwitz, 25, 61, 334–35, 337, 342, 344
Bach, Morton, 95
Bachus, Spencer, 321
Baer, Hans, 296, 302, 304, 305, 318
Baer, Julius, 193
Balfour, Arthur, 97
Balfour Declaration, 97
Balkan countries, 139
Balkan Jews, 223
Bankers Association. See Swiss Bankers Association
Bank for International Settlements, 339, 349
Bank Leu, 347–48
Bank of England, 349
Banque de France. See National Bank (France)
Banque de Paris (Geneva), 95
Basler Handelsbank, 44, 66, 83
Basler Kantonalbank, 4
Basler Lebens Versicherungs
Gesellschaft, 111
Belgian Jews, 23
Belgium, gold looted from, 52, 55, 79, 139–43, 148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 162
Ben Gurion, David, 158
Bentley, Elizabeth, 203
Bergier, Jean-François, 343–44, 347
Bergson, Abraham, 98
Bernstein, Bernard, 30
Bienenfeld, Dr. Franz-Josef, 164, 206, 208, 215
Bindschedler, Rudolf, 227–28, 240, 255–56, 261, 262, 273
Binney, Max, 72
Birch, John, 114
Bissell, Clayton, 71
Blocher, Christoph, 341
Blum, Léon, 70
Bodenkreditbank, 244
Boisanger, Yves de, 55–56, 143
Bonds. See Shares and securities
Borer, Thomas, 314, 315, 318–23, 324–25, 328, 332, 333, 335, 336, 341–42, 343, 344, 345, 350
Bormann, Martin, 344
Bragowski, Hirschel, 239
Brandt, W. A., 95, 131, 140–41
Braunschvig, Armand, 162
Brentano, Heinrich von, 268
Bretton Woods conference (1944), 31
Bretton Woods Resolution, 59, 60, 64, 77, 79
Bronfman, Edgar, 294–306, 320, 322, 324, 327–29, 331, 332, 349, 350
Bruggmann, Charles, 247
Brunschvig, George, 3, 7, 219, 223, 241, 257, 260, 261, 275, 286
Brunschvig, Jean, 204
Bucher, Rudolf, 20
Burckhardt, Jakob, 206
Burger, Sam, 158
Caflisch, Alberto, 101–4, 188–89, 195
Caruth, Tom, 167
Cavendish-Bentinck, William, 85–86
German-owned assets, 77, 80, 93, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117–18, 130, 131
heirless assets, 188, 189, 204, 207, 227, 228, 265–66, 297, 341, 350–51
1996 Swiss announcement of results of, 300–301
Polish assets, 267
Chapuis, Jean-Paul, 296
Charguéraud, Paul, 73, 79, 135–36, 137, 141–42, 149–50, 151, 152, 154
Churchill, Winston, 20, 65–66, 73
Class action suits against Swiss banks, 315, 316, 322, 349
Clay, Lucius, 198
Clayton, William, 152
Committee Against the Third World War, 179, 201
Compensation and restitution of property of Jews, 92–94, 343, 345, 350. See also Reparations and restitution, by Germany
Compensation Office, Swiss, 102–103, 104, 116, 118, 121–22, 123, 163–64, 168, 169, 174–77, 179, 180, 182–183, 187–88, 192–95, 197, 201–202, 234, 235, 244–45, 248, 249, 262, 265, 271, 287, 350
Confiscation and sale of German property, 68, 94, 110, 117–19, 121, 133, 182–85, 233, 234. See also German assets in Switzerland
Convent des Ursulines, 25
Cook, Robin, 346–47
Cotti, Flavio, 310, 312–13, 315, 327–28, 333, 350
Crédit Suisse, 12, 42, 43, 44, 45, 66, 67, 83, 95, 130, 193, 315, 342, 347–48
Croatian Ustache government, 351–52
Culberston, Paul, 172
Currie, Lauchlin, 70–71, 73–74, 76–81, 203
agreement with Switzerland negotiated by, 76–84, 89, 90, 95, 102–4, 109, 114, 122
Czechoslovakia, 52, 139, 160, 164, 227, 229, 347, 350
Daeniker, Armin, 202
Daeniker, Heinrich, 227
Daimler, 335
Daladier, Edouard, 70
D’Amato, Alfonse, 10–14, 298–306, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317–22, 324, 325, 326, 328, 331, 332, 333, 336, 341, 343, 344
Danzig, 139
Degussa, 335
Delamuraz, Jean-Pascal, 323–24
Deligdisch, Siegfried, 303, 304
Denmark, 52
Dental fillings, gold, 82, 91, 307, 335, 336, 337, 342
Deutsche Bank, 246, 342, 344, 348
Deutsche Interresenvertretung (DIV; German Interests Section), 100, 121
Dirksen, Everett, 258
DIV. See Deutsche Interresenvertretung (DIV; German Interests Section)
Dormant accounts. See Heirless assets
Dresdener Bank, 348
Dunajewski, Chaim, 262, 284–85
Dunant, Robert, 168–70, 175–77, 193, 195, 197, 202, 239
Dunkel, William, 139
Dutch gold, 52, 53, 139, 140, 247
Dutch Jews, 23
Eastern Europe (Eastern European Jews), 129, 287–89, 313, 334, 335, 350, 351–52
Edelmann, Luder, 13
Eden, Sir Anthony, 47–49
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 112, 258
Eizenstat, Stuart, 306, 316, 328, 335–38, 341, 345, 346, 347, 352
Ellis-Rees, Hugh, 116
Emil Jacoby shoe factory, 21
Ernst, Rudolf, 193
Escher, Alfred, 200
Évian (France) 1938 conference in, 22
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 349
Feldmann, Markus, 257–66, 269, 270, 284
at 1952 meeting in Bern, 1–3, 5, 6, 8
Financial Times (London), 310
Finanz-Revue, 188
Fletcher, Oscar, 143
Foot, Dingle, 47, 49–50, 73, 78, 81
Foreign currency, looted, 53
Foreign Economic Administration (FEA), 30–32
Foreign Office, British, 19, 28, 47–49, 53, 56, 59–60, 93, 127–29
Foreign Office, German, 37–38
France, 22, 52, 73, 74–75, 101, 204, 334, 349, 350. See also specific government officials
1946 negotiations and, 135–36, 140, 141–42, 156, 158, 162
1952 agreement with Switzerland, 250–53
heirless assets issue and, 171, 189, 224–25, 230, 252, 253, 347
Jews in German zone ruled by, 184–85
Francfort, Pierre, 107
François-Poncet, André, 249
Frankel, William, 92
Frankfurter, David, 20
Frei, Rolf, 276
French National Bank. See Banque de France; National Bank, French
Frère, Maurice, 141
Frölicher, Hans, 23, 121–22, 201–202, 244, 245, 342
Funk, Walter, 46, 51, 52, 55, 144
Furgler, Kurt, 288–89
Garten, Walter, 118
Gasser, Hans, 280
Gerber, Waldo, 41
in Switzerland, 60, 63, 64, 66–67, 78, 79, 90–91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 107–18, 121–22, 130–33, 153, 170, 173–75, 181–83, 196, 199–200, 242, 336, 337, 343, 347–48, 349. See also Gold reserves of Nazi-occupied nations; Heirless assets; Safe-haven program
1946 negotiations in Washington, D.C., on, 132–56
affidavits of non-German ownership, 44, 65, 101, 103, 192, 194, 195, 243
census of, 77, 80, 93, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117–18, 130, 131
confiscation and sale of, 68, 94, 110, 117–19, 121, 133, 182–85, 233, 234. See also German assets, in Switzerland
Currie agreement, 76–84, 89, 90, 95, 102–4, 109, 114, 122
freezing of, 77–78, 80, 102–4, 202
“Melmer” gold, 336–37, 338, 348
West Germany and, 233–35, 246–49
in the United States, 250, 258
German Jews, 18, 22, 23, 97, 119–21, 123, 128, 129, 183, 204, 205, 217, 249. See also Heirless assets; Switzerland, Jewish refugees in
1946 Washington Accord and, 153–55
compensation and restitution of property of, 92–94, 338
in Germany after World War II, 184–85
insurance policies of, 228
repatriation proposed, 128–30
slave labor of, 335
stateless, 99, 119, 120–21, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 244–45
West Germany and, 257–58
Germans resident in Switzerland, 167, 168, 173
Germany. See also Nazi Germany; West Germany
Jews in, 184–85
reparations and restitution by, 60, 77, 94, 96–99, 105, 112, 126, 127–28
Swiss investments in, 35
U.S. economic offensive against, during World War II, 30
Gestapo, 18, 19, 38, 43, 46, 57, 59
Ginsberg, Harvey, 173
Gold, looted, 53, 54, 77, 79, 82–84, 90–91, 117, 132, 133, 139, 246–48, 310, 347–48, 349. See also Looted property
1946 negotiations in Washington and, 137–52
Gold dental fillings, 82, 91, 307, 335, 336, 337, 342
Goldmann, Nahum, 275
Gold reserves of Nazi-occupied nations, 51–58, 84, 347
Goldwasser, Izak, 237–38
Goodchild, Neal, 191, 200, 222, 230, 231–32, 234, 251–52
Göring, Hermann, 43, 70, 307, 319
Grandjean, Henri, 243
Great Britain, 22, 56, 57, 72–73, 74, 94–95, 202–203. See also Foreign Office, British; MI6; and specific officials and government agencies
1946 negotiations in Washington and, 136, 140
1952 agreement with Switzerland, 250–52
economy of, 105–6
heirless assets issue and, 92, 170–71, 191, 216–17, 225, 226, 230, 231, 252, 351
London Conference, 1997, 346–47, 348–49, 351, 352
Palestine and, 97–99
revelations of the 1990s and, 307–10, 334, 338–39, 348–49, 351
Guggenheim, Paul, 3–4, 5–8, 219, 259–62
Guisan, General Henri, 36
Gustloff, Wilhelm, 20
Häberlin, Heinz, 287–89
Halifax, Lord, 136
Häni, Hanspeter, 296–314
Harrison, Leland, 35, 90, 100, 104, 109
Hausfeld, Michael, 315
Heirless assets, 80, 81, 91–92, 120, 126–28, 132, 133, 188, 189–90, 205–16, 218–30, 251, 252, 341, 350–51. See also Compensation Office, Swiss; and specific topics
1946 negotiations and proposals for distributing, 152–155, 157–61, 162–73
1951 memorandum on nonexistence of, 253–54
1962 draft law and, 277–89
census of, 188, 189, 204, 207, 227, 228, 265–66, 297
and dormant Swiss bank accounts, 345
of Eastern European Jews, 287–89, 350
notification requirements, 272
Paris Agreement on (1945), 155, 158–159, 161, 171, 225, 229, 256, 258
Polish, 209, 210–16, 218–19, 221, 224–27, 229, 233, 262, 264, 289–90, 312, 313, 320
trustee proposed for, 262
Washington Accord (1946) and, 153–56, 187, 191, 196–98, 203, 211, 214, 217, 229, 245, 248–50, 307, 308
Hevesi, Eugene, 250
Heyd, Jorg, 201
Heydt, Baron Eduard von der, 63
Hildring, John, 158
Hirs, Alfred, 51, 53–57, 82–84, 134, 141–45, 150, 156, 247, 309–10, 342
Hitler, Adolf, 23, 43, 76, 86, 155, 307
Hoerhager, Anna, 283
Hoess, Rudolf, 342
Hofer, Andreas, 43
Holland, gold looted from, 52, 53, 139, 140, 247
Holocaust Fund, 1997, 347
Holtklott, Richard, 21
Homberger, Heinrich, 83, 168–70, 175, 177–178, 179, 181, 186, 193, 197, 202, 248, 249, 258
Hotz, Jean, 83
Huber, Harald, 268–71, 273, 277, 278
Hug, Peter, 313
Hungarian Jews, 161, 229, 230, 290–91
Hungary, 61–62, 229, 230, 236, 257, 288, 290–93, 312, 320
Insurance companies, 211, 228, 250, 251, 276–77
Inter-Allied Reparations Agency (IARA), 182
Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees, 155, 158, 161
Interim fund, creation of, 320–26
International Refugee Organization (IRO), 203, 231, 249, 250
Inverchapel, Lord, 191
Iselin, Felix, 39
Isenbergh, Max “Moose,” 205, 206–10, 213–25
Israel, 202, 224, 229, 231–33, 239–41, 252, 253, 258, 261, 263, 264, 267, 273–75, 281, 286, 350–51
Jaccard, Maurice, 239–40, 241–42, 250–51, 253
Jacobsohn, Betha, 285
James, Harold, 344
Jann, Adolf, 189, 193, 209, 212
Japan, 350
Jewelry of Jews, looted, 53, 54. See also Diamonds; Gold, looted; Wedding rings, looted
Jewish Agency, 125, 128, 161, 250
Jewish Agency for Israel, 324
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 159–61
Jewish refugees. See also specific nationalities (e.g., German Jews) and other topics
deportation from Switzerland, 25–28
in Palestine, 22, 97–99, 127, 129, 158–61, 187, 202
in Switzerland
during World War II, 21–28, 61, 62, 181, 263, 270
Jezler, Robert, 123
Johann Wehrli Bank (Zurich), 71–72
Joint Commission, 196
Jolles, Paul, 145
Kadigien, Friedrich, 82
Kaehlitz, Gerhard, 108
Kanjorski, Paul, 321
Kantonalbank chain, 175
Kappeler, Franz, 164–65, 180, 195, 211, 215
Kasper, Herman, 89
Keller, Paul, 220
Keller-Staub, Walter, 39
Kessler, Karl, 72
Kittridge, Benjamin, 172
Klaus, Sam, 29–35, 37, 39, 42–45, 50, 66, 85, 88, 89, 95, 111, 149, 197, 329
Kleiman, Miriam, 301
Kohli, Robert, 83, 84, 100, 103, 267
Korte, Willi, 301
Krayer, George, 294, 296–300, 302, 305, 311
Kristallnacht (1938), 23
Kronstein, L., 283
Kronthal, James, 173
Krupp, Alfred, 39
Kunin, Madeleine, 306
Kurzmeyer, Alfred, 342
Lacher, Hans, 281
Langer, William, 258
Latvian Jews, 345
Laval, Pierre, 70
Leach, James, 320
Legal obstacles for Jews, 118–20
Legg, Hugh, 196
Legge, B. R., 114
Liechtenstein, 69, 76, 140, 282
Lienhard, Peter, 16
Lifschitz, Boris, 76
Lindemann, Friede, 283–84
Linton, Joseph, 274
Loans by Switzerland, 162
to Nazi Germany, 40, 41, 47, 49, 50, 64, 70, 78, 100, 107, 199, 249
Lombard Bank, 38
London Conference, 1997, 346–47, 348–49, 351, 352
Long, Olivier, 188
Looted property, 70, 76, 77, 79–80, 90–91, 93, 94, 132, 133, 319, 334. See also Gold, looted; Heirless assets
jewelry of Jews, 53, 54. See also Diamonds; Gold, looted; Wedding rings, looted
Löwinger, Henry, 46
Ludwig, Carl, 270
Lüthy, Dr., 243
Luxembourg, 139
McClelland, Roswell, 62, 233–34, 252–53
McCombe, Francis, 136–38, 148–50, 153, 154
Mackillop, Douglas, 159–61
McNeil, Hector, 158–60
Mann, Anthony, 274–75
Mann, James, 88, 89, 90–91, 109, 113–18, 144, 175, 182, 192–94
Marshall, George, 187
Marshall Plan, 187
Maschinenbau Hilti, 41
Mathius, Richard, 120
Mayer, Laura, 43
Mehnert-Frey, Eric, 282
Meili, Christoph, 331, 332–33, 345
Meir, Golda, 285
“Melmer” gold, 336–37, 338, 348
Mendelsohn, Martin, 315
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Hugo, 244–45
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Otto, 201–2, 244–45
Mendès-France, Pierre, 82
Menzies, Sir Stewart, 85
Merkers Mine, 338
Merlinski, Anna, 239
Meron, Gershon, 232–33, 238–39
Meyer, Robert, 166
Meyer, Saly, 344
Milkowska, Hanna, 237
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 187
Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law, 112
Moos, Ludwig von, 274–75, 276–77, 287, 288
Morgenthau, Henry, 30, 31, 56, 58, 66, 70, 71, 80, 81, 96, 98, 142, 143
Munich Reinsurance Company, 110, 193
Musy, Jean-Marie, 70
National Archives (U.S.), 301, 306
National Bank, Belgian, 52
National Bank, French (Banque de France), 52
National Bank, Swiss. See Swiss National Bank
Nationality Law of 1941 (Germany), 122. See also Stateless Jews
Nazi Germany
loans from Switzerland to, 40, 41, 47, 49, 50, 64, 70, 78, 100, 107, 199, 249
Switzerland and, 35–41, 43, 45–83, 342. See also Switzerland, neutrality of
trade with Switzerland, 40–41, 46–50, 54, 56, 69, 74, 76–79, 108, 199
“Nazi Gold” (British report), 338–39
Neue Züricher Zeitung, 61
Nobs, Ernst, 156
Norton, Sir Clifford, 33, 41, 47–49, 108, 115, 116
NSC 199 (presidential policy report, 1951), 340–41
Nuremberg, trials in, 187
Nussbaumer, Albert, 116, 172, 194–95
Oetterli, Max, 216, 227, 236, 239–43, 250–51, 255–58, 264–67, 275–77
at 1952 meeting in Bern, 2–8
Office for the Property of Missing
Foreigners, 279. See also
Weber, Hans
Ortar-Zabludowsky, Mrs., 283
Ostrow, Walter, 45, 72, 89, 90, 193, 194
Ott, Max, 120, 121, 169, 173, 174, 179–80, 183, 187–88, 192, 193, 194, 197, 201, 202, 205, 217, 248, 249
Palestine, 22, 97–99, 127–129, 158–61, 187, 202, 203. See also Israel
Papen, Franz von, 43
Paris, 1946 conference on distribution of money to refugees, 157–61
Paris Agreement (1945), 155, 158–59, 161, 171, 225, 229, 256, 258
Parti du Travail, 131
Paterson, Avery, 252
Paul, Randolph, 134–38, 141, 145–55
Pauley, Ed, 96–97
Pechy, Thomas de, 86
Pérrier, Philippe, 101, 159, 161
Pétain, Marshal, 70, 74–75, 144
Peterson, Avery, 95
Petitpierre, Alexander, 194, 195
Petitpierre, Max, 75–76, 101–4, 115–16, 122, 131, 132, 146, 147, 150, 151, 156, 165, 172, 185, 187, 190, 195, 197, 201, 205, 235, 236, 243, 244, 247, 248, 251, 254, 266, 267, 273–75, 290
Polish agreement and, 210, 212–20, 224–30
Picard, Jacques, 295
Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 48–49, 75
Playfair, Eddie, 81, 94, 107, 127–29, 348
Pohl, Oswald, 337
Poland, 139, 164, 172, 266–67, 272
agreement with Switzerland (1949), 209–18, 220, 222–26, 232, 264
heirless assets and, 209, 210–16, 218–19, 221, 224–27, 229, 233, 262, 264, 289–90, 312, 313, 320
Swiss assets in, 212
Police, Swiss, 119–120
Portugal, 53, 55, 76, 139–40, 233, 247, 340
Potsdam declaration, 99
Proof of death and heirship required by Swiss banks, 6, 11–12, 163–65
Puhl, Emil, 51, 52, 55, 82–85, 103, 117, 141–44, 148, 337
Rabin, Yitzhak, 296
Rahm, Edgar de, 95
Rappard, William (Willi), 77, 79–81, 132–33, 140, 141, 144, 145, 147–48
Reagan, Daniel, 88–90, 115, 175
Reginek, Hans, 238
Reginek, Lydia, 238
Reichsbank, 8, 38, 39, 51–55, 82, 83, 91, 117, 138–42, 150, 244–45, 328, 336–38, 347
Reinhardt, Eberhard, 95, 134, 194, 273
Reiser, Max, 241
Reisser, Hans, 124
Reparations and restitution
by Germany, 60, 77, 94, 96–99, 105, 112, 126, 127–28
to Israel, 258
by Switzerland, 277, 340, 341, 343, 345
Resolution VI, 31, 77. See also Bretton Woods Resolution
Rham, Guy de, 165–66, 188, 189, 207
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 43
Rickman, Gregg, 299, 301, 302, 306, 307, 311, 319
Riegner, Gerhard, 19
Rifkind, Malcolm, 308
Rock, Eli, 252–53
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22, 30, 40, 65, 66, 70, 74, 96, 138
Rossy, Paul, 55
Rothmund, Heinrich, 20–25, 25, 62, 166, 206, 263, 270, 344
Royer, Bob, 302
Rubin, Seymour (Sy), 104–108, 111, 113, 120, 126–28, 135, 136, 141, 143, 147–49, 151–55, 183, 191, 192, 197–99, 204–6, 208–10, 214, 216–17, 220–21, 225–27, 230, 235, 237–38, 247, 250–52, 256, 273
Rügger, Paul, 150
Rumania, 52
Russia, 139. See also Soviet Union
Sachs, Paul, 245
Safehaven program, 31, 32, 35, 37, 58, 59, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 82, 85, 86, 88–91, 94–96, 130, 172–73, 175, 192–93
British view of, 59, 71, 82, 85, 86, 94, 95, 106, 115, 118
U.S. State Department’s view of, 71
Safe-deposit boxes, theft of, 260–61
Salmanovitz, Jacques, 223, 301–2
Salome (Titian), 309
Salton, Lewis, 13
Sanctions against Switzerland, 32, 49, 63, 65, 71, 79, 96, 99, 105, 108, 113–15, 130, 131, 135–37, 151, 152, 321, 332, 340, 341, 345
Sargent, Sir Orme, 150
SBC. See Swiss Bank Corporation
Schaefer, Alfred, 109–10
Schaffhausen, 1944 bombing of, 204
Schaffner, Hans, 146
Schimshohn, Diamant, 237
Schindler’s List (film), 331
Schmid, Werner, 236
Schmidt, Orvis, 64, 70–71, 80–81, 89, 95–96, 114, 116–17, 135
Schmidt-Branden, Paul, 45–46
Schmitz, Hermann, 39
Schneeberger, Ernst, 113
Schneider, Heinrich, 296, 298, 300
Schnitzer, Adolf, 124
Schnyder, Felix, 213–14, 218, 219
Schuman, Robert, 252
Schwab, Max, 102–4, 113, 116–19, 122–24, 128, 130–131, 133–34, 173–76, 195, 234, 236
Scrivener, Patrick, 253
Secrecy of Swiss bank accounts, 42–43, 81, 102–4, 109, 110, 117, 131, 208, 238, 297, 345
1962 law and, 277
Securities. See Shares and securities
Seifert, Karl, 256
Selborne, Lord, 86
Selous, Gerald, 115, 117–18, 130, 171, 181, 182, 185, 187
Senate Banking Committee hearings (U.S.), 10–13, 299–305, 311–12, 320–22, 331–32, 335–44
Senate Subcommittee on Immigration, 333
Senegal, 52
Shaftesley, John, 230
Shares and securities, 44, 53, 65, 70, 72, 86, 101, 192, 193, 195–96
Sharett, Moshe, 232
Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 37–38
Sief, Israel, 30
Silver, Warren, 143
Simon Wiesenthal Organization, 319
Singer, Israel, 295, 297–301, 305, 307, 327, 332, 345–46
Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS), 223, 302
Sonabend, Charles, 15–17, 25, 26, 27
Sonabend, Sabine, 17
Sonabend family, 15–20, 24, 26, 27
South America, 85
Soviet Union, 170, 172, 198, 334, 335, 350
Spain, 56, 85, 139, 140, 233, 340
Speich, Rudolph, 212, 213, 264
Spira, Julius, 239
SS (Schutzstaffel), 61–62, 66–67, 70, 82
Stampfli, Walter, 57
State Department, U.S., 32, 56, 59, 67–69, 71, 157. See also individual officials
heirless assets issue and, 163–64
Stateless Jews, 99, 119, 120–21, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 244–45
Steiger, Eduard von, 24, 25, 27–28, 61, 74, 87, 167, 168, 201, 205–10, 213–15, 218–20, 243, 257
Steinberg, Elan, 295, 298, 300, 302, 303, 306, 307, 309–11, 319, 320, 325
Steinhardt, Ernestine, 285–86
Streuli, Hans, 266
Stucki, Walter, 74–81, 85, 100, 103, 108–10, 112, 113, 122, 174–79, 181–89, 191, 192, 197–204, 248, 254, 257, 262, 263, 274
1946 negotiations and accord and, 132–38, 140–50, 152–56, 163, 164, 168, 169–70, 229
Polish agreement and, 213, 217
revelation concerning heirless
assets by, 271–72
Studer, Robert, 311, 325, 331, 332, 333
Sullivan and Cromwell (law firm), 146
Surrey, Walter, 143
Swann, Robert, 246
Swiss Association of Jewish Refugees, 122
Swiss Association of Life Insurance Companies, 253
Swiss Bank Corporation (SBC), 44, 46, 83, 192, 242, 281, 282, 285, 315, 347
Swiss Bankers Association (SBA), 11, 38, 63, 64–65, 69, 80, 101, 133, 165, 177, 189–90, 195, 207, 211, 227, 237–44, 251, 254, 261–64, 271–73, 276, 302. See also Swiss banks
1952 meeting in Bern and, 2, 5–7
1990s developments and, 302, 304–305, 311–13, 315, 322–23
Polish agreement and, 267
Swiss Banking Commission, 256
Swiss banks (Swiss bankers), 42–44, 188. See also Heirless assets; Swiss Bankers Association (SBA); specific banks, and other topics
British accounts in, 81–82
German-owned assets, 77, 80, 93, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117–18, 130, 131
heirless assets, 188, 189, 204, 207, 212, 227, 228
claims by Jews ignored or rejected by, 110–11
class action suits against, 315, 316, 322, 349
German loot in, 64. See also Gold reserves of Nazi-occupied nations; Switzerland, German assets in
German-owned accounts in, 43–44, 45–46, 78
interest payments on foreign accounts, 175–78
proof of death and heirship required by, 6, 11–12, 163–65
secrecy of accounts, 42–43, 81, 102–4, 109, 110, 117, 131, 208, 238, 297
1962 law and, 277
voluntary self-regulation by, 64–65
during World War II, 43–46
Swiss Compensation Office. See Compensation Office, Swiss
Swiss embassy in Washington, 14
Swiss Federation of Jewish Associations, 162, 190, 207
Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities (SIG), 62, 218, 289, 295
Swiss Foundation for Solidarity, 329
Swiss Jews, 20, 24, 162, 190, 223, 270, 342–43, 344
Swiss Labor Relief Agency, 60–61
Swiss National Bank, 50, 52–53, 55–57, 80, 84, 139–42, 146, 147, 149, 212, 290, 328, 337, 341, 342–43
Switzerland. See also specific officials, government agencies, and other topics
1934 banking secrets law, 18–19
1952 agreement with the Allies, 248–50
advance payment to Jews by, 180–81, 185, 186
American diplomats in, after World War II, 88–90
class action suits by Jews against, 315, 316, 322, 349
deportation of Jewish refugees from, 25–28
dishonesty by, 342–43, 347, 349–50
false prewar dates on coins, 338
German assets in. See German assets in Switzerland
incriminating government documents revealed, 342–43
during World War II, 21–28, 61, 62, 270
loans to Nazi Germany, 40, 41, 47, 49, 50, 64, 70, 78, 100, 107, 199, 249
Nazi Germany and, 35–41, 43, 45–83
neutrality of, 15, 33–34, 41, 45, 48–49, 57, 64, 76–79, 100–101, 113, 337, 341, 350
sanctions against, 32, 49, 63, 65, 71, 79, 96, 99, 105, 108, 113–15, 130, 131, 135–37, 151, 152, 321, 332, 340, 341, 345
secret SS account in, 341
trade with Nazi Germany, 40–41, 47–50, 54, 56, 69, 74, 76–79, 108, 199
and Washington Accord (1946), 336, 350
Taft, Robert A., 236
Theft
of heirless assets, 260–61, 269, 272
of safe-deposit boxes, 260–61
Thorns, Albert, 139
Thorp, Willard, 197–99, 220, 222
Thurnherr, Walther, 47–50
Tolkowsky, Samuel, 263
Trachsel, Otto, 255–56
Trade agreement
with Poland, 209–18, 220, 222–26
Trade between Switzerland and Nazi
Germany, 40–41, 46–50, 54, 56, 69, 74, 76–79, 108, 199
Trading with the Enemy Act, 258
Trading with the Enemy Act (U.S.), 163
Treasury Department, U.S., 32, 64, 65, 69
Troendle, Max, 210–12, 214, 216, 227, 229, 262
Troutbeck, Jack, 59, 60, 68, 94, 126–28
Truman, Harry S, 96–97, 131, 339–40
Tull, Thomas, 225
Turkey, 56
Umbricht, Victor, 234
Unclaimed deposits. See Heirless assets
Unclaimed luggage and crates, 180
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), 44, 45, 83, 109, 110, 193, 281–84, 315, 325, 331, 332, 343, 345, 348
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
United States. See also individual officials, government agencies, and specific topics
freeze of Swiss property in, 109
and gold distribution to European banks, 338
state legislatures pass sanctions on Swiss banks, 345
during World War II, 40
“U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II” (Eizenstat report), 335–41
Vaidie, Marcel, 63, 117, 142, 144, 146, 156
Van den Heuvel, Frederick “Fanny,” 36
Vansittart, Lord, 179
Vatican, 352
Villiers, Gerald, 106, 112, 117, 182–83, 197, 200
Villiger, Kaspar, 295, 297, 305
Vincent, John, 224
Volcker, Paul, 314, 318–19, 323, 328, 333, 345
Volksbank, 123
Volkswagen, 335
Von der Heydt, Baron Eduard, 63
Vyvyan, Michael, 95
Wahlen, Friedrich, 268–70, 272, 273, 275, 276
Waldheim, Kurt, 294–95
Waley, Sir David, 98, 99, 126, 129, 160
Warburg, Edward, 181
War Crimes Act (U.K.), 308
Washington, D.C., 1946 negotiations with Switzerland in, 132–56
Washington Accord (1946), 153–56, 187, 191, 196–98, 203, 211, 214, 217, 229, 245, 248–50, 307, 308, 336, 339–40, 350
Weber, Ernst, 52–57, 82, 83, 116, 156
Wechsler, Herbert, 92
Wedding rings, looted, 82, 91, 126, 203, 307, 337
Wegelin, Alfred, 4
Wehrli, Johann, 71–72
Weigl, Hanusch, 285–86
Weiss family (Hungary), 62
Weisshaus, Gizella, 316
West Germany, 203, 233–35, 245–49, 257
German assets in the United States and, 258
Westminster Bank, 44
White, Harry Dexter, 30, 71, 88, 90, 115, 203, 258
Wiesel, Elie, 11
Wilcke, Maria, 183
Wohlin, Lydia, 236
World Economic Forum, 327
World Jewish Congress (WJC), 11, 28, 164, 206, 230, 250, 275, 294–95, 300, 306–10, 319, 320, 323, 332, 345, 346. See also Bronfman, Edgar
World Jewish Restitution Organization, 296
Zehnder, Alfred, 147, 213, 224, 225, 227, 232, 239–41, 251, 264