Index

Abancay, Peru

Abril, Emilio

Abril, Roxana

Across South America (Bingham)

Adams, Alex

Adams, Aurita

Adams, Lucas

Adams, Magnus

Adventure

Age of Discovery

agriculture

Bingham on

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and climate theories

and the hacienda system

and land reforms

and Machu Picchu

and terrace structures

Aguas Calientes

Ales Hrdlicka

Almaro, Diego de

alpacas

altitude sickness

Alvistur, Tomás

Amazonas Explorer

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

The American Mercury

American Museum of Natural History

Amundsen, Roald

Andean spectacled bears

Andenes (terraces)

Angkor Wat

Angrand, Léonce

animal sacrifice

anthropology

Antis

Antisuyo

Antisuyo (Savoy)

Aobama River

Aobama Valley

apachetas

Apurimac River

apus

at Choquequirao

at Choquetacarpo Pass

and the Ice Maiden

and the Inca Trail

and location of Inca sites

at Machu Picchu

and Machu Picchu theories

most revered peaks

at Phuyupatamarca

and religious syncretism

at Vitcos

archaeoastronomy

archaeology

Arequipa

Arteaga, Melchior

and Bingham

and Giesecke

guiding to Machu Picchu

and Lost City of the Incas

Atahualpa

Ausangate

Ayacucho

Aymaras

Aztec Empire

Balboa, Vasco Núñez de

Bandelier, Adolph

Bell, Alexander Graham

Berns, Augusto

Besley, J. Campbell

Betanzos, Juan de

Billinghurst, Guillermo

Bingham, Alfred

Bingham, Alfreda

childbirth

correspondence to

family fortune

father’s death

marriage

Bingham, Clara

Bingham, Hiram

Bingham, Hiram

Bingham, Hiram

and academic life

at Aguas Caliente

ambition of

and Andean culture

on animal sacrifices

and antiquities dealing

and artifacts controversy

birth of

and book revisions

childhood

and Choquequirao

and climate of Peru

and coca

and Concevidayoc

Connecticut home

discoveries in Peru

dissertation topic

education

and Espiritu Pampa

expedition notes

family life of

first expedition in Peru

first trips to Machu Picchu

and food in Peru

health problems

and the Inca Trail

journey to Espiritu Pampa

Leivers on

and Machu Picchu

and Markham

marriage

and media coverage

and Mount Coropuna climb

and Mount Machu Picchu

and music of Peru

organizational skills

and the Pan-American Scientific Congress

and “Peruvian Time,”

and Phuyupatamarca

and politics

and Puquiura

religious beliefs

research on Inca sites

returns from expeditions

at Rosaspata

and Savoy

second expedition in Peru

and self-promotion

and Tincochaca

Venezuela Colombia expedition

and Vilcabamba

and Vitos

Bingham, Woodbridge

Boehm, Sydney

Bolivar, Simón

bones. See huaqueros (grave robbers); skeletal remains

Boorstein, Daniel

Boston Globe

Boston Post

Bothrops pit viper

Bowman, Isaiah

Buenos Aires

Burger, Richard

Burton, Richard

Cachora

Cajamarca

Calancha, Antonio de la

and Bingham’s research

and Machu Picchu

and mummies of Inca rulers

and Vilcabamba

and Vitcos

Campa Indians

Canari Indians

Capac Ñan

Capra, Frank

Carrasco (sergeant)

Catholicism

ceja de selva

celestial orientation of Inca sites. See also

solstice lines

astronomical observations

and Bingham’s theories

and Choquequirao

and the Inca Trail

and Intihuatana shrines

and Llactapata

and Machu Picchu

and Patallacta

and Sacred Center theory

and sundials

and Vitcos

Central African Republic

Cerro San Gabriel

chasquis

Chepstow-Lusty, Alex

chicha

Chichen Itza

Choquequirao

and Bingham’s expeditions

camp at

compared to Llactapata

hike to

and Inca roads

and Leivers’s preservation ethic

Machu Picchu compared to

and orientation of Inca sites

and proximity to rivers

and route planning

site described

and treasure hunting

viewed from Phuyupatamarca

Choquetacarpo Pass

Christian missionaries. See also Catholicism

Cieza de León, Pedro de

City of Z

climate of Peru

Bingham on

and cloud forest

garúa (cloud cover)

and mountain passes

and rain forests

climate of Peru (cont.)

variety of zones

and Vilcabamba site

and Vitcos

Cobos, Benjamin

Cobos, Flavio

Cobos, Florencia

Cobos, Juvenal

and altitude fitness

and anniversary of Bingham’s trip

and coca

at Concevidayoc

daily hiking routine

at Espiritu Pampa

first visit to Machu Picchu

and hike to Choquequirao

home of

and Inca Trail trip

and insect attack

at Kolpacasa Pass

and Leivers’s injury

and muleteer injury

and muleteer work

and “Peruvian time,”

popularity of

preparations for trip

at Quillabamba

on Savoy expedition

at the Sixpac Manco

and start of trip

at Valentin farm

and water supplies

at Yanama camp

Cobos, Rosa

coca

and altitude endurance

and Andean diet

Bingham on

cookies

expedition’s use of

and folk medicine

and Inca royalty

Cock of the Rock (tunki bird)

Colombia

Columbus, Christopher

Concevidayoc

Condore, Samuel

condors

conquistadors. See also specific individuals

and Bingham’s expedition route

brutality of

conquest of Inca empire

and Cusco

and guerilla warfare

and the khipu

and Lost City legends

and mit’a system

and siege of Cusco

and treasure hunting

and Vilcabamba

and Vitcos

Conway, Hugh

Cook, Frederick

Cook, James

Coolidge, Calvin

Cordillera Vilcabamba

Corona Borealis

Coronica Moralizada (Calancha)

Coropuna

Cortés, Hernán

Cousteau, Jacques

“Cradle of Gold,”

creation myths. See also Tampu Tocco

Crowley, Aleister

Cura Ocllo

Cusco

and artifacts controversy

and Bingham’s expeditions

and civil war

and earthquakes

and the Inca empire

and Inca roads

and Inca stonework

and Koricancha temple

and New Age spiritualism

preparations for trip

and Quechua language

and routes to Machu Picchu

and Spanish conquest

topography of

and tourism

and water quality

Dana, Richard Henry

Darien Colony

Darwin, Charles

Davis, Richard Harding

Dead Woman’s Pass

Death in the Andes (Vargas Llosa)

The Discoverers (Boorstein)

Doyle, Arthur Conan

Earhart, Amelia

earthquakes

Eastman, George

Eaton, George

ecology of Peru. See plants of Peru; wildlife of Peru

The Economist

Ecuador

Edgar (Gudiel)

drive to Santa Teresa

at Espiritu Pampa

at Inca Trail trip

at Llactapata

preparations for trip

at Santa Teresa

Efrain (Valles)

background

on condors

guiding style

and Machu Picchu

and Patallacta

and Phuyupatamarca

and porters

preparations for trip

El Dorado legend

El Sol

Encounter Overland

Enigmatic Window

Eromboni Pampa

Espiritu Pampa

and Bingham’s expeditions

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and Leivers’ preservation ethic

and Machu Picchu theories

and orientation of Inca sites

and proximity to rivers

and route planning

and Savoy’s theories

site described

and usnus

viewed from Phuyupatamarca

and Vilcabamba name

“The Explorer” (Kipling)

Exploring Cusco (Frost)

Farabee, William

Fawcett, Percy

Fejos, Paul

Fisk, Carlton

Fitch, Ezra

Foote, Harry

Forgotten Vilcabamba (Lee)

Frost, Peter

Fructoso

Fujimori, Alberto

Funerary Rock

Garcia, Alan

Geographic Journal

giardia

Giesecke, Albert

Gilbert Islands

gnomons

Greer, Paolo

author’s dinner with

background

on Bingham’s popularization of Machu Picchu

on celestial orientation of Inca sites

and preservation efforts

Grosvenor, Gilbert

and artifacts controversy

and Bingham’s trip reports

and lost city tales

and Machu Picchu articles

on scope of Bingham’s work

Guevara, Ernesto “Che,”

hacienda system

Hadley, Arthur Twining

Harper’s

harquebuses

Hartford Courant

Harvard University

Hay, Clarence

Heaney, Christopher

Hemming, John

Heroic Age of Exploration

Hilton, James

Hints to Travelers (Royal Geographical Society)

Hippie Trail

Hiram Bingham Highway

History of the Conquest of Peru (Prescott)

House of the Sun

Huadquiña hacienda

Huaina-Picchu

Huamani, Nati

Huancacalle

huaqueros (grave robbers)

Huascar

Huatanay River

Huayna Capac

Huayna Picchu

and Bingham’s expeditions

hike on

and Machu Picchu theories

view from

viewed from Sun Gate

Huayna Pucará

human remains. See huaqueros (grave robbers; skeletal remains)

hydroelectric plant at Machu Picchu

Ice Maiden

“In the Wonderland of Peru” (National Geographic)

Inca Land (Bingham)

Inca Tambo

Inca Trail

and Andes weather

author’s hike on

and barefoot hiking

and Bingham’s expeditions

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and Choquetacarpo Pass

and Concevidayoc

and Huayna Picchu

Justo on

and Machu Picchu

and Machu Picchu theories

marathon on

and modern development

and Mount Machu Picchu

and Ollantaytambo

regulations

and road to Vilcabamba

and routes to Machu Picchu

and the Sun Gate

and trip planning

and Vitcos

The Incas of Peru (Markham)

Inkarri myth

Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC)

and access to rare sites

and the Capac Ñan

and Choquequirao

and Espiritu Pampa

and grave robbing

and Huayna Picchu

and Machu Picchu

and Peabody collection

and Vitcos

Inti

Inti Pata

Inti Raymi festivities

Intihuatana ranch

Intihuatana shrines

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

damaged by film crew

and Llactapata

and Machu Picchu

Island of the Sun

The Islands of Titicaca and Kosti (Bandelier)

Javier (INC worker)

Jones, Indiana (character)

The Journal of an Expedition Across Venezuela and Colombia (Bingham)

Julián (Bolaños)

at Concevidayoc

daily hiking routine

described

at Espiritu Pampa

at Huancacalle

injury

and muleteer work

Kant, Immanuel

Karp-Toledo, Eliane

Kasdan, Lawrence

khipu

Kipling, Rudyard

Kolpacasa Pass

Koricancha

and adventure films

and Atahualpa’s ransom

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and Cusco

and Machu Picchu

Prescott on

and treasure hunting

la hora peruana (Peruvian Time)

Lake Parinacochas

Lake Titicaca

Landis, Deborah Nadoolman

The Languages of the Andes (Adelaar and Muysken)

Lee, Vincent

Leguia, Augusto

Leivers, John

on Bingham

childhood

and Choquequirao

and Choquetacarpo Pass

at the Cobos home

and coca

and Cusco

and ecology of Peru

and Espiritu Pampa

eye injury

fitness

on folk remedies

Leivers, John (cont.)

and food

on hacienda system

heart surgery

hike to Yanama

and Huancacalle

and Huayna Picchu

and the INC

on Inca engineering

on Inca roads

and Inca Trail trip

on Inca trails

and Kolpacasa Pass

and Machu Picchu

and Mandor Pampa

and New York City

and Phuyupatamarca

preparations for trip

on proximity of rivers to Inca sites

and Santa Teresa

and Sixpac Manco hostel

and survivalism

on usnu platforms

and Valentin farm

and Vitcos

work background

Library of Congress

Lima Geographical Society

Livingstone, David

Lizarraga, Agustin

Llactapata

and Andean place names

and Bingham’s expeditions

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

from Huayna Picchu

and routes to Machu Picchu

site described

viewed from Mount Machu Picchu

viewed from Phuyupatamarca

llamas

looting. See also huaqueros (grave robbers); treasure hunting

Lost City of the Incas

and archaeology

and Bingham’s career

and Bingham’s research

Bingham’s theory on

Machu Picchu as

and Spanish texts

Vilcabamba

Lost City of the Incas (Bingham)

on Choquequirao

and Peruvian tourism

revised version of

on Spanish conquest

on Tampu Tocco theory

on Urubamba Valley expedition

Lost Horizon (Hilton)

The Lost World (Doyle)

Lucas, George

Lumbreras, Luis

maca

Machiguenga Indians

Machu Picchu

and Andes weather

and archaeological artifacts

author’s dreams of

and Bingham’s expeditions

Bingham’s theories on

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and Choquequirao

Cusco as staging point for

Eastern Urban Section

and Hauyna Picchu

and Inca roads

and Inca stonework

and Leivers’s preservation ethic

Main Gate

and orientation of Inca sites

ownership disputes

proximity to river

routes to

and Sacred Center theory

site described

stonework of

and Tampu Tocco theories

Machu Picchu: A Citadel of the Incas (Bingham)

Machu Picchu: Exploring an Ancient Sacred Center (Reinhard)

“Machu Picchu Before Bingham” (Greer)

Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary

Machu Picchu Pueblo

Machu Picchu Sanctuary Lodge

Maclaine, Shirley

Magli, Giulio

Manco Inca Yupanqui

and adventure films

and Calancha’s writings

and Choquetacarpo Pass

and civil war in Cusco

and Concevidayoc

and Espiritu Pampa

and the Inca Trail

and Inti Raymi festivities

Markham on

and Ollantaytambo

and rebel army

and siege of Cusco

and Spanish asylum seekers

and Spanish conquest

and usnu platforms

and Vilcabamba

and Vitcos

Mandor Pampa

Markham, Clements

Marsh, Othniel Charles

Matapalos trees (strangler figs)

maté

Mateo (Gallegos)

at the Cobos home

at Concevidayoc

daily hiking routine

described

at Espiritu Pampa

at Huancacalle

and Inca Trail trip

and insect attack

Leivers on

and muleteer work

snoring

Mayas

Melville, Herman

Mexico

missionary work

mit’a

Mitchell, Alfred

Mitchell, Alfreda. See also Bingham, Alfreda

Mitchell, Annie Tiffany

Mogrovejo, Evaristo

Montesinos, Fernando de

Montezuma

Mother Earth. See Pachamama

Mount Aconcagua

Mount Coropuna

Mount Everest

Mount Huascaran

Mount Machu Picchu

Mount McKinley

Mount Padreyoc

Mount Veronica

mountain worship

mountaineering

muleteers

mummies

Murua, Martin de

Museo Inka

Museum of Natural History

music of Peru

mysticism and spirituality

and apus

and author’s family

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and the Inca Trail

and location of Inca sites

and mountain worship

offerings to Pachamama

and orientation of Inca sites

pantheism of Incas

and pilgrimage sites

and religious syncretism

and sun worship

and tourism

Narrative of the Incas (Betanzos)

National Aeronautics Administration

National Geographic

Bingham’s articles for

and Bingham’s expeditions

and Cole Porter song

photos of skeletal remains

National Geographic Society

National Museum (Peru)

New Age spiritualism. See also mysticism and spirituality

New York City

The New York Herald

The New York Sun

The New York Times

The New York Times Magazine

The New York Tribune

North Pole

Northwest Passage

Nuñez, J. J.

Nusta Ispanan

obligatorio

Observer

“Official Circular of the Second Yale Peruvian Expedition” (Bingham)

Ollantaytambo

architecture of

and Bingham’s expeditions

and the Inca Trail

Manco Inca’s departure from

and Pachacutec

and search for Machu Picchu

Orellana, Francisco de

Orgonez, Rodrigo

Outside

Pacaritambo

Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui

and the Antis

and Choquetacarpo Pass

and excavation sites

grandson of

and Inca road system

and Machu Picchu

and Peruvian climate

and tomb sites

Pachamama

and barefoot hiking

day of observance for

and Inca pantheism

offerings to

and Peruvian spirituality

and the Royal Tomb

and snake symbolism

paganism

Palcay

paleontology

Pampaconas River

Pan-American Scientific Congress

Panama

Pancorbo, Jose

pantheism of Incas

Parinacochas

Patallacta

Paul (INC worker)

Peabody Museum

Peary, Robert

peccaries

Peck, Annie S.

Perou et Bolivie (Wiener)

Peruvian Time (la hora peruana)

Peshawar, Pakistan

Phillips Academy

Phuyupatamarca

pictographs

pishtacos

Pizarro, Francisco

background of

and Bingham’s expedition route

and civil war in Cusco

conquest of the Inca empire

death

and Doña Angelina Yupanqui

and Huadquiña

and Manco Inca’s rebellion

and museum artifacts

and treasure hunting

and Vilcabamba

Pizarro, Gonzalo

plants of Peru. See also agriculture; coca

and altitude changes

Bingham’s description of

and cloud forests

and cutting trails

elephant ears

and high rain forest

and Inca ruins

liana vine

and the Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary

poisonous plants

strangler figs

and theories on Inca stonework

variety of rain forest plants

Plateriayoc

Plaza de Armas

polar explorers

Polo, Marco

Potosi

Prescott, William

Princeton University

Principal Temple

Progressive Era

Pumasillo Range

Punahou School

Puquiura

Quechua culture

Quechua language

Quillabamba

Quito

Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)

Raimondi, Antonio

Reinhard, Johan

religions of Peru. See also Catholicism; mysticism and spirituality

Republican Party

A Residence of Twenty-one Years

in the Sandwich Islands

(Bingham)

Rice, Hamilton

Richarte family

Romero, Carlos

Roosevelt, Theodore

Root, Elihu

Rosaspata

Royal Geographical Society

Royal Mausoleum

Royal Tomb

Saavedra

Sacred Center theory

Sacred Plaza

Sacred Valley

Sacred Virgins of the Sun

Sacsahuaman

Sailing Alone Around the World (Slocum)

Salazar, Lucy

Salcantay

San Andrés Hospital

San Francisco Chronicle

Santa Ana hacienda

Santa Maria

Santa Teresa

Santo Domingo monastery

Sapa Inca. See also specific rulers

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and Cusco

and the Inca empire

and Inca pantheism

rights as ruler

and sun worship

and Vitcos

Savoy, Gene

Saw Mill

Sayacmarca

Sayri Tupac

Scott, Robert Falcon

Scribner’s Magazine

Secret of the Incas (1954)

Semicircular Temple

Shakur, Afeni

Shakur, Tupac

Shining Path

Sixpac Manco hostel

skeletal remains

and Eaton

at Machu Picchu

at Patallacta

and trepanation

and Virgins of the Sun theory

Slocum, Joshua

smallpox

Smith, Hugh M.

Smith, Huntington “Coot,” Jr.

Smithsonian Institution

smuggling

snakes

solstice lines

and connection between Inca sites

and constellations

and the Enigmatic Window

and the Inca Trail trip

and Llactapata

and Machu Picchu

and Patallacta

and Sayacmarca

and spiritual tourism

and usnus

soroche (altitude sickness)

South American Explorer club

South American Explorer Magazine

South Pole expeditions

Southern Cross

Spanish-American War

Spanish conquest of Peru. See also conquistadores

Spielberg, Steven

spiritual significance of Inca sites. See mysticism and spirituality

Stanley, Henry

Sterling Memorial Library

stonework of Inca sites

Choquequirao

Cusco

and INC reconstruction work

Intihuatana shrines

Llactapata

Machu Picchu

strangler figs

strikes

Suchli, Justo

and anniversary of Bingham’s trip

on apus

and Choquequirao

daily hiking routine

and Espiritu Pampa

and Huancacalle

and Inca Trail trip

and Kolpacasa Pass

and Llactapata

and muleteer injury

and offerings to Pachamama

preparations for trip

and Puquiura

and Santa Teresa

and Sixpac Manco hostel

and start of trip

and superstition

and Valentin farm

and Yanama camp

Sumac, Yma

Sun Gate

Sun Temple

sun worship

sundials

Taft, William Howard

Tampu Tocco

and Bingham’s expeditions

and creation myth

and the Inca Trail

and Machu Picchu theories

Tawantinsuyu

Taylor, Frederick

Temple of the Condor

Temple of the Sun

Temple of the Three Windows

terraces

and agriculture

and Espiritu Pampa

and Llactapata

and Machu Picchu

and Ollantaytambo

and Patallacta

and Vitcos

Thompson, Hugh

Tiffany, Charles

Time

Tincochaca

Titu Cusi

Toledo, Alejandro

Torreon

and Bingham’s expeditions

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and Machu Picchu

and Patallacta

trains to Machu Picchu

treasure hunting. See also huaqueros (grave robbers); looting

and Berns

and Bingham’s second expedition

and Choquequirao

and Columbus

and the conquistadores

Efrain on

and Espiritu Pampa

and Indiana Jones character

and Lake Titicaca

and museum collections

and Vitcos

trepanation

tunki (bird)

Tupac Amaru

Tupac Amaru II,

Two Years Before the Mast (Dana)

ukuku masks

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Urton, Gary

Urubamba River

and the Berns land claim

and celestial orientation of Inca sites

and the Inca Trail

and Lost City theories

proximity to Machu Picchu

and routes to Machu Picchu

Urubamba Valley

usnu platforms

Valcárcel, Luis

Valley of the Kings

Vargas Llosa, Mario

Vega, Garcilaso

Venezuela

Verano, John

Vilcabamba River

Vilcabamba the New (town)

Vilcabamba the Old (archaeological site)

and Andean place names

and Bingham’s expeditions

and Calancha’s writings

and the Inca Trail

and the Inkarri myth

and Lost City theories

and Savoy’s expeditions

and Spanish refugees

ubiquity of name

Village Voice

Virgins of the Sun

Vista Alegre

Vitcos

and Bingham’s expeditions

and Calancha’s writings

hike to

and Inca road system

and the Inca Trail

and Leivers’ preservation ethic

and Lost City theories

Machu Picchu compared to

and Manco Inca

obscurity of

and orientation of Inca sites

and Pachacutec

proximity to river

religious significance of Inca sites

and route planning

site described

viewed from Phuyupatamarca

The Wall Street Journal

weather of Peru. See also climate of Peru

White, E. B.

White Rock (Yurak Rumi)

Wiener, Charles

wildlife of Peru

alpacas

and the Amazon jungle

Andean geese

Andean spectacled bears

and animal sacrifice

and cloud forests

condors

insects

llamas

peccaries

snakes

and tropical rainforest

tunki bird

Wilson, Woodrow

Wiñay, Wayna

Wright, Kenneth

Yale Corporation

Yale Corps

Yale Political Union

Yale University

and antiquities dealing

and artifacts controversy

Bingham’s hope for an appointment

Bingham’s student career at

and expedition sponsorship

and Indiana Jones franchise

and Machu Picchu theories

positions offered to Bingham

Rare Books and Manuscripts Room

and research on Machu Picchu

Yanacocha

Yanama River

Yanama (town)

Yankihausi

Yaruro people

Yupanqui, Angelina

Yurak Rumi (White Rock)

Zárate, Miguel