* This is the correct West Indian description. It is quite incorrect to call them, as is done in this country, “Hindus.” Not all East Indians are Hindus. There are many Moslems in the West Indies.
1. C. M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History (New Haven, 1934–1938), I, 12–14, 19–20.
2. N. M. Crouse, The French Struggle for the West Indies, 1665–1713 (New York, 1943), 7.
3. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Cannan edition, New York, 1937), 538. To this Smith added a political factor, “liberty to manage their own affairs in their own way”.
4. H. Merivale, Lectures on Colonization and Colonies (Oxford, 1928 edition), 262.
5. Ibid., 385. The description is Lord Sydenham’s, Governor-General of Canada.
6. Merivale, op. cit., 256.
7. Ibid.
8. R. B. Flanders, Plantation Slavery in Georgia (Chapel Hill, 1933), 15–16, 20.
9. Merivale, op. cit., 269.
10. M. James, Social Problems and Policy during the Puritan Revolution, 1640–1660 (London, 1930), 111.
11. Adam Smith, op. cit., 365.
12. J. Cairnes, The Slave Power (New York, 1862), 39.
13. G. Wakefield, A View of the Art of Colonization (London, 1849), 323.
14. Adam Smith, op. cit., 365–366.
15. Merivale, op. cit., 303. Italics Merivale’s.
16. M. B. Hammond, The Cotton Industry: An Essay in American Economic History (New York, 1897), 39.
17. Cairnes, op. cit., 44; Merivale, op. cit., 305–306. On soil exhaustion and the expansion of slavery in the United States see W. C. Bagley, Soil Exhaustion and the Civil War (Washington, D. C., 1942).
18. Merivale, op. cit., 307–308.
19. J. A. Saco, Historia de la Esclavitud de los Indios en el Nuevo Mundo (La Habana, 1932 edition), I, Introduction, p. xxxviii. The Introduction is written by Fernando Ortiz.
20. A. W. Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits of the United States (New York, 1913), 214–215.
21. J. C. Ballagh, A History of Slavery in Virginia (Baltimore, 1902), 51.
22. F. Ortiz, Contrapunteo Cubano del Tabaco y el Azúcar (La Habana, 1940), 353.
23. Ibid., 359.
24. Lauber, op. cit., 302.
25. C. M. Haar, “White Indentured Servants in Colonial New York,” Americana (July, 1040), 371.
26. Cambridge History of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1929), I, 69.
27. See Andrews, op. cit., I, 59; K. F. Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (New Haven, 1901), 18.
28. Cambridge History of the British Empire, I, 236.
29. C. M. Maclnnes, Bristol, a Gateway of Empire (Bristol, 1939), 158–159.
30. M. W. Jernegan, Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America, 1607–1783 (Chicago, 1931), 45.
31. H. E. Bolton and T. M. Marshall, The Colonization of North America, 1492–1783 (New York, 1936), 336.
32. J. W. Bready, England Before and After Wesley—The Evangelical Revival and Social Reform (London, 1938), 106.
33. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 98. July 16, 1662.
34. Geiser, op. cit., 18.
35. See G. Mittelberger, Journey to Pennsylvania in the year 1750 (Philadelphia, 1898), 16; E. I. McCormac, White Servitude in Maryland (Baltimore, 1904), 44, 49; “Diary of John Harrower, 1773–1776,” American Historical Review (Oct., 1900), 77.
36. E. Abbott, Historical Aspects of the Immigration Problem, Select Documents (Chicago, 1926), 12 n.
37. Bready, op. cit., 127.
38. L. F. Stock (ed.), Proceedings and Debates in the British Parliament respecting North America (Washington, D. C., 1924–1941), I, 353 n, 355; III, 437 n, 494.
39. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 221.
40. Ibid., V, 463. April, 1667(?)
41. Stock, op. cit., V, 229 n.
42. Jernegan, op. cit., 49.
43. J. D. Lang, Transportation and Colonization (London, 1837), 10.
44. Merivale, op. cit., 125.
45. J. D. Butler, “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,” American Historical Review (Oct., 1896), 25.
46. J. C. Jeaffreson (ed.), A Young Squire of the Seventeenth Century. From the Papers (A.D. 1676–1686) of Christopher Jeaffreson (London, 1878), I, 258. Jeaffreson to Poyntz, May 6, 1681.
47. For Cromwell’s own assurance for this, see Stock, op. cit., I, 211. Cromwell to Speaker Lenthall, Sept. 17, 1649.
48. V. T. Harlow, A History of Barbados, 1625–1685 (Oxford, 1926), 295.
49. J. A. Williamson, The Caribbee Islands Under the Proprietary Patents (Oxford, 1926), 95.
50. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, XIII, 65. Joseph Crispe to Col. Bayer, June 10, 1689, from St. Christopher: “Besides the French we have a still worse enemy in the Irish Catholics.” In Montserrat the Irish, three to every one of the English, threatened to turn over the island to the French (Ibid., 73. June 27, 1689). Governor Codrington from Antigua preferred to trust the defence of Montserrat to the few English and their slaves rather than rely on the “doubtful fidelity” of the Irish (Ibid., 112–113. July 31, 1689). He disarmed the Irish in Nevis and sent them to Jamaica (Ibid., 123. Aug. 15, 1689).
51. H. J. Ford, The Scotch-Irish in America (New York, 1941), 208.
52. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 495. Petition of Barbados, Sept. 5, 1667.
53. Stock, op. cit., I, 288 n, 321 n, 327.
54. Harlow, op. cit., 297–298.
55. Mittelberger, op. cit., 19.
56. Stock, op. cit., I, 249. March 25, 1659.
57. Geiser, op. cit., 57.
58. E. W. Andrews (ed.), Journal of a Lady of Quality; Being the Narrative of a Journey from Scotland to the West Indies, North Carolina and Portugal, in the years 1–114-1116 (New Haven, 1923), 33.
59. Jeaffreson, op. cit., II, 4.
60. J. A. Doyle, English Colonies in America—Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas (New York, 1889), 387.
61. Maclnnes, op. cit., 164–165; S. Seyer, Memoirs Historical and Topographical of Bristol and its Neighbourhood (Bristol, 1821–1823), II, 531; R. North, The Life of the Rt. Hon. Francis North, Baron Guildford (London, 1826), II, 24–27.
62. Seyer, op. cit., II, 532.
63. Cambridge History of the British Empire, I, 563–565.
64. Ballagh, op. cit., 42.
65. McCormac, op. cit., 75.
66. Ibid., 111.
67. C. A. Herrick, White Servitude in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1926), 3.
68. Stock, op. cit., I, 249.
69. Harlow, op. cit., 306.
70. Stock, op. cit., I, 250. March 25, 1659.
71. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, IX, 394. May 30, 1676.
72. Sir W. Besant, London in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1902), 557.
73. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 229. Report of Committee of Council for Foreign Plantations, Aug., 1664 (?).
74. G. S. Callender, Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 1765–1860 (New York, 1909), 48.
75. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, X, 574. July 13, 1680.
76. H. J. Laski, The Rise of European Liberalism (London, 1936), 199, 215, 221.
77. Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders (Abbey Classics edition, London, n.d.), 71.
78. T. J. Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia (Princeton, 1922), 61.
79. Herrick, op. cit., 278.
80. Ibid., 12.
81. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 220. Petition of Merchants, Planters and Masters of Ships trading to the Plantations, July 12, 1664.
82. Harlow, op. cit., 307.
83. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, IX, 445. Aug. 15, 1676.
84. U. B. Phillips, Life and Labor in the Old South (Boston, 1929), 25.
85. J. S. Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina (Baltimore, 1896), 77. On the docility of the Negro slave, see infra, pp. 201–208.
86. Flanders, op. cit., 14.
87. Cairnes, op. cit., 35 n.
88. Callender, op. cit., 764 n.
89. Cairnes, op. cit., 36.
90. Ortíz, op. cit., 6, 84.
91. A. G. Price, White Settlers in the Tropics (New York, 1939), 83.
92. Ibid., 83, 95.
93. Ibid., 92.
94. Ibid., 94.
95. E. T. Thompson, “The Climatic Theory of the Plantation,” Agricultural History (Jan., 1941), 60.
96. H. L. Wilkinson, The World’s Population Problems and a White Australia (London, 1930), 250.
97. Ibid., 251.
98. R. Guerra, Azúcar y Población en Las Antillas (La Habana, 1935), 20.
99. Williamson, op. cit., 157–158.
100. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, X, 503. Governor Atkins, March 26, 1680.
101. Ibid., VII, 141. Sir Peter Colleton to Governor Codrington, Dec. 14, 1670. A similar suggestion came from Jamaica in 1686. Permission was requested for the introduction of cotton manufacture, to provide employment for the poor whites. The reply of the British Customs authorities was that “the more such manufactures are encouraged in the Colonies the less they will be dependent on England.” F. Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1936), 101–103.
102. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, XIV, 446–447. Governor Russell, March 23, 1695.
103. C. S. S. Higham, The Development of the Leeward Islands tender the Restoration, 1660–1688 (Cambridge, 1921), 145.
104. Harlow, op. cit., 44.
105. Callender, op. cit., 762.
106. Merivale, op. cit., 62.
107. Harlow, op. cit., 293.
108. Ibid., 41.
109. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 529. “Some Observations on the Island of Barbadoes,” 1667.
110. Harlow, op. cit., 41.
111. Ibid., 43.
112. Merivale, op. cit., 81.
113. F. W. Pitman, The Settlement and Financing of British West India Plantations in the Eighteenth Century, in Essays in Colonial History by Students of C. M. Andrews (New Haven, 1931), 267.
114. Ibid., 267–269.
115. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, I, 79. Governor Sir Francis Wyatt and Council of Virginia, April 6, 1626.
116. Wertenbaker, op. cit., 59, 115, 122–123, 131, 151.
117. R. B. Vance, Human Factors in Cotton Culture: A Study in the Social Geography of the American South (Chapel Hill, 1929), 36.
118. J. A. Saco, Historia de la Esclavitud de la Raza Africana en el Nuevo Mundo y en especial en los Países America-Hispanos (La Habana, 1938), I, Introduction, p. xxviii. The Introduction is by Fernando Ortiz.
119. T. Blanco, “El Prejuicio Racial en Puerto Rico,” Estudios Afrocubanos, II (1938), 26.
120. Saco, Historia de la Esclavitud de la Raza Africana ... Introduction, p. xxx.
121. Immigration of Labourers into the West Indian Colonies and the Mauritius, Part II, Parliamentary Papers, Aug. 26, 1846, 60. Henry Light to Lord Stanley, Sept. 17, 1845: “As labourers they are invaluable, as citizens they are amongst the best, and rarely are brought before the courts of justice or the police.”
122. Papers Relative to the West Indies, 1841–1842, Jamaica-Barbados, 18. C. T. Metcalfe to Lord John Russell, Oct. 27, 1841.
123. Immigration of Labourers into the West Indian Colonies . .., 111. William Reynolds to C. A. Fitzroy, August 20, 1845.
124. These figures are taken from tables in I. Ferenczi, International Migrations (New York, 1929), I, 506–509, 516–518, 520, 534, 537.
125. The following table illustrates the use of Chinese labor on Cuban sugar plantations in 1857:
| Plantation | Negroes | Chinese |
| Flor de Cuba | 409 | 170 |
| San Martín | 452 | 125 |
| El Progreso | 550 | 40 |
| Armonía | 330 | 20 |
| Santa Rosa | 300 | 30 |
| San Rafael | 260 | 20 |
| Santa Susana | 632 | 200 |
The last plantation was truly cosmopolitan; the slave gang included 34 natives of Yucatan. These figures are taken from J. G. Cantero, Los Ingenios de la Isla de Cuba (La Habana, 1857). The book is not paged. There was some opposition to this Chinese labor, on the ground that it increased the heterogeneity of the population. “And what shall we lose thereby?” was the retort. Anales de la Real Junta de Fomento y Sociedad Económica de La Habana (La Habana, 1851), 187.
126. Ferenczi, op. cit., I, 527.
1. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 167. Renatus Enys to Secretary Bennet, Nov. 1, 1663.
2. C. Whitworth (ed.), The Political and Commercial Works of Charles Davenant (London, 1781), V, 146.
3. G. F. Zook, The Company of Royal Adventurers trading into Africa (Lancaster, 1919), 9, 16.
4. M. Postlethwayt, Great Britain’s Commercial Interest Explained and Improved (London, 1759), II, 148–149, 236; Postlethwayt, The African Trade, the Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in North America (London, 1745), 38–39; Postlethwayt, The National and Private Advantages of the African Trade Considered (London, 1746), 113, 122.
5. J. Gee, The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain Considered (Glasgow, 1750), 25–26.
6. Whitworth, op. cit., II, 37–40.
7. Ibid., V, 140–141. The whole essay, “Reflections upon the Constitution and Management of the African Trade,” will repay reading.
8. E. Donnan (ed.), Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America (Washington, D. C., 1930–1935), II, 129–130.
9. Ibid., I, 265. In 1681 these debts were estimated at £271,000. E. D. Collins, Studies in the Colonial Policy of England, 1672–1680 (Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1900), 185.
10. J. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Eighteenth Century (Bristol, 1893), 271.
11. Higham, op. cit., 158.
12. Latimer, op. cit., 272.
13. Anonymous, Some Matters of Fact relating to the present state of the African Trade (London, 1720), 3.
14. Pitman, The Development of the British West Indies, 1700–1763 (New Haven, 1917), 67.
15. Ibid., 69–70, 79.
16. Postlethwayt, Great Britain’s Commercial Interest . . ., II, 479–480. See also pp. 149–151, 154–155.
17. H. H. S. Aimes, A History of Slavery in Cuba, ifii to 1868 (New York, 1907), 33, 269.
18. W. E. H. Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1892–1920), II, 244.
19. Report of the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations, 1788. Part VI, Evidence of Messrs. Baillie, King, Camden and Hubbert. The following figures, taken from the same report (Part IV, No. 4 and No. 15, Supplement No. 6, and Papers received since the date of the report), give some indication of the extent of the re-export trade:
| Colony | Years | Imports | Re-Exports |
| Jamaica | 1784–1787 | 37,841 | 14,477 |
| St. Kitts | 1778–1788 | 2,784 | 1,769 |
| Dominica | 1784–1788 | 27,553 | 15,781 |
| Grenada | 1784–1792 | 44,712 | 31,210 |
According to Dundas, the total British West Indian importation for 1791 amounted to 74,000, the re-exports to 34,000. Cobbett’s Parliamentary History of England (referred to hereafter as Parl. Hist.), XXIX, 1206. April 23, 1792.
20. B. Edwards, The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies (London, 1801), I, 299.
21. J. Ramsay, A Manuscript entirely in his own hand mainly concerned with his activities towards the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1787 (Rhodes House Library, Oxford), f. 23 (v). “Memorial on the Supplying of the Navy with Seamen.”
22. W. Enfield, An Essay towards the history of Leverpool (London, 1774), 67.
23. Donnan, op. cit., II, 630. Liverpool’s progress is seen from the following table:
| Year | Liverpool | London | Bristol |
| 1720 | 21 | 60 | 39 |
| 1753 | 64 | 13 | 27 |
| 1771 | 107 | 58 | 23 |
Between 1756 and 1786 Bristol sent 588 ships to Africa, Liverpool 1,858; between 1795 and 1804 Liverpool sent 1,099 vessels to Africa, London 155, Bristol 29. (The figures for 1720 come from Some Matters of Fact..., 3; the others from Maclnnes, op. cit., 191.)
24. Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates (Referred to hereafter as Parl. Deb.), IX, 127. George Hibbert, March 16, 1807.
25. Correspondence between Robert Bostock, master mariner and merchant, and others, giving particulars of the slave trading of Liverpool ships in the West Indies, 1789–1792 (MS. Vol., Liverpool Public Library). Bostock to Capt. James Fryer, July 17, 1790.
26. Maclnnes, op. cit., 202.
27. T. Clarkson, History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament (London, 1839), 197.
28. Donnan, op. cit., I, 132. The Guinea Company to Francis Soane, Dec. 9, 1651.
29. Journals of Liverpool Slave Ships (“Bloom” and others); with correspondence and prices of slaves sold (MS. Vol., Liverpool Public Library). Bostock to Knowles, June 19, 1788.
30. E. Martin (ed.), Journal of a Slave Dealer. “A View of some Remarkable Axcedents in the Life of Nics. Owen on the Coast of Africa and America from the year 1746 to the year 1757” (London, 1930), 77–78, 97–98.
31. Latimer, op. cit., 144–145.
32. A. P. Wadsworth and J. de L. Mann, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire (Manchester, 1931), 228–229.
33. Donnan, op. cit., II, 625–627.
34. Ibid., II, 631.
35. Latimer, op. cit., 476; Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 225.
36. Quoted from Sir Thomas Mun in J. E. Gillespie, The Influence of Oversea Expansion on England to 1700 (New York, 1920), 165.
37. Donnan, op. cit., II, 627.
38. J. Wallace, A General and Descriptive History of the Ancient and Present State of the Tovm of Liverpool . . . together with a Circumstantial Account of the True Causes of its Extensive African Trade (Liverpool, 1795), 229–230. For instances of subdivision see also Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 224–225.
39. Edwards, op. cit., II, 72, 74, 87–89; J. Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies (London, 1735), 179. For an authoritative modern discussion, see M. J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (New York, 1941), 34–50.
40. Correspondence between Robert Bostock . . . Bostock to Fryer, Jan. 1790; Bostock to Flint, Nov. 11, 1790.
41. W. Sypher, Guinea’s Captive Kings, British Anti-Slavery Literature of the XVIIIth Century (Chapel Hill, 1942), 170. The slaves were inspected as carefully as cattle in the Smithfield market, the chief qualities emphasized being height, sound teeth, pliant limbs, and lack of venereal disease. Atkins, op. cit., 180.
42. E. F. Gay, “Letters from a Sugar Plantation in Nevis, 1723–1732,” Journal of Economic and Business History (Nov., 1928), 164.
43. Donnan, op. cit., II, 626.
44. Correspondence between Robert Bostock . . ., Bostock to Cleveland, Aug. 10, 1789.
45. T. Clarkson, Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade (London, 1788), 29.
46. W. Roscoe, A General View of the African Slave Trade demonstrating its Injustice and Impolicy (London, 1788), 23–24.
47. A. Mackenzie-Grieve, The Last Years of the English Slave Trade (London, 1941), 178.
48. F. Caravaca, Esclavos! El Hombre Negro: Instrumento del Progreso del Blanco (Barcelona, 1933), 50.
49. This was the Brandenburg Company, sometimes called, from its headquarters, the Emden Company. Incorporated in 1682, the company established two settlements on the African coast and unsuccessfully tried to obtain West Indian possessions. Donnan, op. cit., I, 103–104.
50. Zook, op. cit., 11–12, 19.
51. R. I. and S. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce (London, 1838), I, 343. George III had once whispered jestingly to the abolitionist at a levée: “How go on your black clients, Mr. Wilberforce?” In 1804 Wilberforce wrote to Muncaster that “it was truly humiliating to see, in the House of Lords, four of the Royal Family come down to vote against the poor, helpless, friendless slaves.” Ibid., III, 182. July 6, 1804.
52. Correspondence between Robert Bostock . . ., Bostock to Fryer, May 24, 1792. The Duke was the recipient of a service of plate as “the poor but honourable testimony of the gratitude of the people of Jamaica.” G. W. Bridges, The Annals of Jamaica (London, 1828), II, 263 n.
53. Parl. Hist., XXX, 659. April 11, 1793.
54. Andrews, op. cit., IV, 61.
55. C. M. Andrews, “Anglo-French Commercial Rivalry, 1700–1750,” American Historical Review (April, 1915), 546.
56. Donnan, op. cit., II, 45.
57. H. of C. Sess. Pap., Accounts and Papers, 1795–1796. A. & P. 42, Series No. 100, Document 848, 1–21.
58. Add. MSS. 12433 (British Museum), ff. 13, 19. Edward Law, May 14, 1792.
59. P. Cunningham (ed.), The Letters of Horace Walpole (London, 1891), II, 197. To Sir H. Mann, Feb. 25, 1750.
60. Parl. Hist., XVII, 507–508. May 5, 1772.
61. R. Terry, Some Old Papers relating to the Newport Slave Trade (Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society, July, 1927), 10.
62. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, X, 611. Evidence of Barbados planters before the Lords of Trade and Plantations, Oct. 8, 1680. For a vigorous dissent from the view that the slaves had no means of communication except in the language of their masters, see Herskovits, op. cit., 79–81.
63. Calendar of State Papers, XIV, 448. Governor Russell, March 23, 1695.
64. See infra, p. 108. The governor of Barbados opposed the building of churches on the ground that permission to the Negroes thus to assemble would turn their minds to plots and insurrections. C.O. 28 92 (Public Record Office), Nov. 4, 1823. The planters justified their attitude by the plea that the missionaries instilled dangerous notions into the heads of the slaves which were subversive of plantation discipline.
65. Lecky, op. cit., II, 249.
66. Sypher, op. cit., 14.
67. V. T. Harlow, Christopher Codrington (Oxford, 1928), 211, 215.
68. Sypher, op. cit., 65.
69. Latimer, op. cit., 100.
70. Ibid., 478.
71. S. H. Swinny, The Humanitarianism of the Eighteenth Century and its results, in F. S. Marvin (ed.), Western Races and the World (Oxford, 1922), 130–131.
72. L. Strachey, Eminent Victorians (Phoenix ed., London, 1929), 3.
73. Mackenzie-Grieve, op. cit., 162.
74. G. R. Wynne, The Church in Greater Britain (London, 1911), 120.
75. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The exact figure was £12,729.4.4 (pp. 19, 22).
76. Wynne, op. cit., 120; C. J. Abbey and J. H. Overton, The English Church in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1878), II, 107.
77. Abbey and Overton, op. cit., II, 106.
78. A. T. Gary, The Political and Economic Relations of English and American Quakers, 1750–1785 (Oxford University D. Phil. Thesis, 1935), 506. The copy examined was deposited in the Library of Friends’ House, London.
79. H. J. Cadbury, Colonial Quaker Antecedents to British Abolition of Slavery (Friends’ House, London, 1933), 1.
80. Gary, op. cit., 173–174.
81. See Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38227 (British Museum), f. 202, for an undated letter of Lord Hawkesbury, President of the Privy Council, to Lord Rodney, agreeing to use Rodney’s proxy. Hawkesbury promised to “make the best use of it in defending the island of Jamaica and the other West India islands which his Lordship so gloriously defended against a foreign enemy on the memorable 12th. April,” and he expressed his sorrow that only a severe fit of the gout prevented Rodney from “attending Parliament and affording his personal support to those who are in so much want of it.”
82. Parl. Deb., VIII, 669. Feb. 5, 1807.
83. F. J. Klingberg, The Anti-Slavery Movement in England (New Haven, 1926), 127.
84. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The exact figure is £6,207.7.6 (pp. 49, 62).
85. Bready, op. cit., 341.
86. Zook, op. cit., 18.
87. Swinny, op. cit., 140.
88. G. Williams, History of the Liverpool Privateers, with an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade (Liverpool, 1897), 473–474.
89. Latimer, op. cit., 147.
90. M. Steen, The Sun is My Undoing (New York, 1941), 50.
91. M. D. George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1925). 137–138.
92. H. T. Catterall, Judicial Cases concerning Negro Slavery (Washington, D. C, 1926–1927), 1, 9, 12.
93. Bready, op. cit., 104–105.
94. R. Coupland, The British Anti-Slavery Movement (London, 1933), 55–56.
95. Sypher, op. cit., 63.
96. Catterall, op. cit., I, 19–20; W. Massey, A History of England during the Reign of George the Third (London, 1865), III, 178–179.
97. Anonymous, Recollections of Old Liverpool, by a Nonagenarian (Liverpool, 1863), 10.
98. Ramsay, MS. Vol., f. 65. “An Address on the Proposed Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.”
99. G. Williams, op. cit., 586.
100. Hansard, Third Series, CIX, 1102. Hurt, March 10, 1850.
101. H. W. Preston, Rhode Island and the Sea (Providence, 1932), 70, 73. The author was Director of the State Bureau of Information.
102. Latimer, op. cit., 142.
103. J. W. D. Powell, Bristol Privateers and Ships of War (London, 1930), 167.
104. H. R. F. Bourne, English Merchants, Memoirs in Illustration of the Progress of British Commerce (London, 1866), II, 63; J. B. Botsford, English Society in the Eighteenth Century as Influenced from Oversea (New York, 1924), 122; Enfield, op. cit., 48–49. For Blundell’s slave trading, see Donnan, op. cit., II, 492.
105. For Cunliffe, see Bourne, op. cit., II, 57; Botsford, op. cit., 122; Enfield, op. cit., 43, 49; Donnan, op. cit., II, 492, 497.
106. Donnan, op. cit., II, 631; J. Hughes, Liverpool Banks and Bankers, 1760–1817 (Liverpool, 1906), 174.
107. L. H. Grindon, Manchester Banks and Bankers (Manchester, 1878), 55, 79–80, 187–188; Bourne, op. cit., II, 64, 78; Botsford, op. cit., 122; Donnan, op. cit., II, 492.
108. Donnan, op. cit., 1, 169–172.
109. Ibid., II, 468.
110. Latimer, op. cit., 476–477.
111. For examples, see Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 216 n; Hughes, op. cit., 100; 139, 172, 174, 176; Donnan, op. cit., II, 492 n.
112. L. B. Namier, “Antony Bacon, an Eighteenth Century Merchant,” Journal of Economic and Business History (Nov., 1929), 21.
113. Donnan, op. cit., II, 642–644, 656–657 n.
114. Parl. Deb., DC, 170. March 23, 1807.
115. Ibid., VII, 230. May 16, 1806.
116. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, III, 170. Wilberforce to John Newton, June, 1804.
117. CO. 137/91. Petition of Committee of Jamaica House of Assembly on the Sugar and Slave Trade, Dec. 5, 1792.
118. Sypher, op. cit., 157–158, 162–163, 186–188, 217–219.
119. Ibid., 59; Bready, op. cit., 341.
120. Parl. Hist., XIX, 305. May 23, 1777.
121. Bready, op. cit., 102.
122. Postlethwayt, Great Britain’s Commercial Interest..., II, 217–218; Savary des Bruslons, The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. With large additions and improvements by M. Postlethwayt (London, 1751), I, 25. It is not true to say, as Sypher does (op. cit., 84), that Postlethwayt “takes a dark view” of the slave trade.
123. W. Snelgrave, A New Account of Guinea and the Slave Trade (London, 1754), 160–161.
1. Adam Smith, op. cit., 415–416, 590–591.
2. W. Wood, A Survey of Trade (London, 1718), Part III, 193.
3. J. F. Rees, “The Phases of British Commercial Policy in the Eighteenth Century,” Economica (June, 1925), 143.
4. Gee, op. cit., 111.
5. Postlethwayt, The African Trade, the Great Pillar . .., 4, 6.
6. Cambridge History of the British Empire, I, 565.
7. whitworth, op. cit., II, 20.
8. J. Bennett, Two Letters and Several Calculations on the Sugar Colonies and Trade (London, 1738), 55.
9. Wood, op. cit., 156.
10. Sir D. Thomas, An Historical Account of the Rise and Growth of the West India Colonies, and of the Great Advantages they are to England, in respect to Trade (London, 1690). The essay is printed in the Harleian Miscellany, II, 347.
11. Pitman, The Settlement... of British West India Plantations ..., 271.
12. Report of the Committee of Privy Council, 1788, Part IV, No. 18, Appendix.
13. J. H. Rose, William Pitt and the Great War (London, 1911), 370.
14. Adam Smith, op. cit., 366.
15. Whitworth, op. cit., II, 18.
16. The following tables have been compiled from Sir C. Whitworth, State of the Trade of Great Britain in its imports and exports, progressively from the year 1697–1773 (London, 1776), Part II, pp. 1–2, 47–50, 53–72, 75–76, 78, 82–91. Trade figures are in pounds sterling.
In the general percentages given in the text for West Indian and mainland trade, I have included in the West Indies figures for 1714–1773 trade with minor places, such as St. Croix, Monte Christi, St. Eustatius, and also trade with islands conquered by Britain in war but later restored —e.g., Cuba, Guadeloupe, etc. Similarly figures for the mainland, 1714–1773, include Canada, Florida, etc. For the comparative importance of these different areas, see Chapter VI, pp. 114–115, and note 36.
In order to see these statistics in their proper perspective, general British trade figures must be included. They are as follows (Ibid., Part I, pp. 78–79.)
| Year | British Imports | British Exports | |||
| 1697 | 3482586 | 3525906 | |||
| 1773 | 11406841 | 14763252 | |||
| 1714–1773 | 492146670 | 730962105 |
| ||||||
| Colony | Year | British Imports from |
% of Total British Imports |
British Exports to |
% of Total British Exports |
% of Total British Trade |
| ||||||
| West Indies.. | 1697 | 326536 | 9.3 | 142795 | 4 | 7 |
| Mainland.... | 1697 | 279852 | 8 | 140129 | 3.9 | 6 |
| Africa....... | 1697 | 6615 | ... | 13435 | ... | ... |
| West Indies.. | 1773 | 2830853 | 24.8 | 1270846 | 8.6 | 15.5 |
| Mainland.... | 1773 | 1420471 | 12.5 | 2375797 | 16.1 | 14.5 |
| Africa....... | 1773 | 68424 | ... | 662112 | ... | .... |
| West Indies.. | 1714-1773 | 101264818 | 20.5 | 45389988 | 6.2 | 12. |
| Mainland.... | 1714-1773 | 55552675 | 11.3 | 69903613 | 9.6 | 10.2 |
| Africa....... | 1714-1773 | 2407447 | 0.5 | 15235829 | 2.1 | 1.4 |
| ||||||
Imports from and exports to the individual colonies are as follows:
| ||||||
| British Imports from |
British Exports to |
British Imports from |
British Exports to |
|||
| Colony | 1697 | 1773 | 1697 | 1773 | 1714–1773 | 1714–1773 |
| ||||||
| Antigua...... | 28209 | 112779 | 8029 | 93323 | 12785262 | 3821726 |
| Barbados..... | 196532 | 168682 | 77465 | 148817 | 14506497 | 7442652 |
| Jamaica...... | 70000 | 1286888 | 40726 | 683451 | 42259749 | 16844990 |
| Montserrat... | 14699 | 47911 | 3532 | 14947 | 3387237 | 537831 |
| Nevis.............. | 17096 | 39299 | 13043 | 9181 | 3636504 | 549564 |
| Carolina...... | 12374 | 456513 | 5289 | 344859 | 11410480 | 8423588 |
| New England. | 26282 | 124624 | 68468 | 527055 | 4134392 | 16934316 |
| New York.... | 10093 | 76246 | 4579 | 289214 | 1910796 | 11377696 |
| Pennsylvania | 3347 | 36652 | 2997 | 426448 | 1115112 | 9627409 |
| Virginia and Maryland... | 227756 | 589803 | 58796 | 328904 | 35158481 | 18391097 |
| Georgia...... | 85391 | 62932 | 622958* | 746093* | ||
| St. Kitts..... | 150512 | 62607 | 13305659 | 3181901 | ||
| Tobago....... | 20453 | 30049 | 49587† | 122093† | ||
| Grenada...... | 445041 | 102761 | 3620504‡ | 1179279‡ | ||
| St. Vincent... | 145619 | 38444 | 672991 | 235665 | ||
| Dominica..... | 248868 | 43679 | 1469704§ | 322294§ | ||
| Spanish West Indies...... | 35941 | 15114 | ||||
| Tortola....... | 48000 | 26927 | 863931|| | 220038|| | ||
| Anguilla...... | 29933 ¶ | 124111 ¶ | ||||
| West Indies in general.. | 220448** | 7193839** | ||||
| Hudson’s Bay. | 583817 | 211336 | ||||
| ||||||
*1732–1773
†1764–1773
‡1762–1773
§1763–1773
||1748–1773
¶ 1750–1770
**1714–1768
17. Bennett, op. cit., 50, 54.
18. Stock, op. cit., IV, 329. Sir John Barnard, March 28, 1737.
19. Postlethwayt, The African Trade, the Great Pillar . . ., 13–14.
20. E. D. Ellis, An Introduction to the History of Sugar as a Commodity (Philadelphia, 1905), 82.
21. Whitworth, Works of Davenant, II, 10.
22. H. See, Modern Capitalism, its Origin and Evolution (New York, 1928), 104.
23. L. A. Harper, The English Navigation Laws (New York, 1939), 242.
24. Andrews, The Colonial Period . . ., IV, 9.
25. Ibid., IV, 65, 71, 126, 154–155.
26. See the study by G. P. Insh, The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies (London, 1932).
27. Collins, op. cit., 143.
28. Ibid., 157. In 1697 the governor of Jamaica asked for a relaxation of the Navigation Laws for seven years to ensure recovery. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, XV, 386. Beeston to Blathwayt, Feb. 27, 1697.
29. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, IX, 474–475. Oct. 26, 1676.
30. Stock, op. cit., IV, 828. May 30, 1739.
31. Andrews, The Colonial Period . . ., II, 264.
32. Parl. Hist., XXIX, 343. Alderman Watson, April 18, 1791; Donnan, op. cit., II, 606.
33. Holt and Gregson Papers (Liverpool Public Library), X, 429. Letter entitled “Commerce,” in Gregson’s handwriting, undated.
34. G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System (New York, 1933), I, 17.
35. Ibid., I, 43 n.
36. Stock, op. cit., III, 355.
37. This proportion is obtained by taking the average of the 122,000 tons for the West Indies in the five years 1710–1714, and comparing it with the figure of 243,600 tons engaged in foreign trade in 1709, given in A. P. Usher, “The Growth of English Shipping, 1572–1922,” Quarterly Journal of Economics (May, 1928), 469.
38. Usher, op. cit., 469. In 1787, 998, 637 tons.
39. Pitman, Development of the British West Indies, 66.
40. R. Stewart-Browne, Liverpool Ships in the Eighteenth Century (Liverpool, 1932), 117, 119, 126–127, 130. For Baker and Dawson’s slave trading with the Spanish colonies, see Donnan, op. cit., II, 577 n; Aimes, op. cit., 36; Report of the Committee of Privy Council, 1788, Part VI.
41. Enfield, op. cit., 26, gives 5,967 seamen in 1771. Gregson says 3,000 were employed in the slave trade. Holt and Gregson Papers, X, 434. Un-dated letter to T. Brooke, M.P.
42. The shipping trades of London petitioned in 1708 in favor of the monopoly. Against the monopoly came two petitions from the ship-owners of Whitehaven in 1709 and 1710; three petitions from the shipwrights of London and its environs in 1708 and 1710; and a-petition from the shipwrights of several cities in 1709. Stock, op. cit., III, 204 n, 207 n, 225 n, 226, 249, 250 n, 251.
43. Holt and Gregson Papers, X, 375, 377.
44. Enfield, op. cit., 89.
45. Holt and Gregson Papers, X, 435. Gregson to Brooke.
46. Maclnnes, op. cit., 337.
47. Parl. Hist., XXIX, 343. Alderman Watson, April 18, 1791.
48. J. G. Broodbank, History of the Port of London (London, 1921), I, 76–82, 89–108; W. S. Lindsay, A History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce (London, 1874–1876), II, 415–420.
49. Latimer, op. cit., 6.
50. W. N. Reid and J. E. Hicks, Leading Events in the History of the Port of Bristol (Bristol, n.d.), 106; J. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Seventeenth Century (Bristol, 1900), 334; W. Barrett, The History and Antiquities of the City of Bristol (Bristol, 1780), 186; J. A. Fraser, Spain and the West Country (London, 1935), 254–255.
51. J. F. Nicholls and J. Taylor, Bristol Past and Present (Bristol, 1881–1882), III, 165.
52. Maclnnes, op. cit., 335.
53. Ibid., 202.
54. Ibid., 233.
55. Barrett, op. cit., 189.
56. Ibid. Incoming ships from the West Indies amounted to 16,209 out of a total of 48,125 tons; outgoing ships to the West Indies represented 16,913 out of a total of 46,729 tons.
57. Maclnnes, op. cit., 236, 367.
58. Ibid., 358, 370.
59. Ibid., 228, 230, 235, 363, 370.
60. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The exact figure was £62,335.0.5. The family owned 954 slaves outright, and was part owner of another 456 (pages 117, 120, 132, 168).
61. Maclnnes, op. cit., 371.
62. Enfield, op. cit., 11–12.
63. P. Mantoux, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1928), 108.
64. Enfield, op. cit., 67.
65. Fraser, op. cit., 254–255.
66. Enfield, op. cit., 69.
67. Mantoux, op. cit., 109.
68. Clarkson, Essay on the Impolicy . . ., 123–125.
69. J. Corry, The History of Lancashire (London, 1825), II, 690.
70. H. Smithers, Liverpool, Its Commerce, Statistics and Institutions (Liverpool, 1825), 105.
71. Mackenzie-Grieve, op. cit., 4.
72. G. Williams, op. cit., 594.
73. Holt and Gregson Papers, X, 367, 369, 371, 373.
74. J. A. Picton, Memorials of Liverpool (London, 1873), I, 256.
75. Maclnnes, op. cit., 191.
76. J. Touzeau, The Rise and Progress of Liverpool from 1551 to 1835 (Liverpool, 1010), II, 580, 745.
77. “Robin Hood,” “The Liverpool Slave Trade,” The Commercial World and Journal of Transport (Feb. 25, 1893), pp. 8–10; (March 4, 1893). p. 3.
78. G. Eyre-Todd, History of Glasgow (Glasgow, 1934), III, 295.
79. Donnan, op. cit., II, 567–568.
80. Stock, op. cit., II, 109.
81. Donnan, op. cit., I, 267.
82. Stock, op. cit., II, 179.
83. Donnan, op. cit., I, 413, 417–418; Stock, op. cit., II, 162 n, 186 n, III, 207 n, 302 n.
84. Donnan, op. cit., I, 379.
85. Ibid., I, 411, 418 n.
86. Stock, op. cit., II, 29 n, 89 n, 94, 186 n.
87. Ibid., II, 20; III, 90, 224 n, 298; IV, 293–297.
88. Ibid., IV, 161 n-162 n.
89. Ibid., III, 45.
90. J. James, History of the Worsted Manufacture in England from the Earliest Times (London, 1857), appendix, p. 7.
91. A. S. Turberville, Johnson’s England (Oxford, 1933), I, 231–232.
92. Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 147–166.
93. Holt and Gregson Papers, X, 422–423.
94. Report of the Committee of Privy Council, 1788, Part VI. Evidence of Mr. Taylor.
95. Holt and Gregson Papers, X, 423.
96. Donnan, op. cit., II, 337 n, 521–522 n.
97. Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 149, 156–157, 231, 233, 243–247, 447.
98. Ibid., 229 n, 231, 231 n.
99. Cambridge History of the British Empire, II, 224; Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 190.
100. The British import figures are given in J. Wheeler, Manchester, its Political, Social and Commercial History, Ancient and Modern (Manchester, 1842), 148, 170; the West Indian imports in L. J. Ragatz, Statistics for the Study of British Caribbean History, 1763–1833 (London, n.d.), 15, Table VI.
101. Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 169.
102. Fraser, op. cit., 241.
103. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Eighteenth Century, 302; Pitman, Development of the British West Indies, 340.
104. Nicholls and Taylor, op. cit., III, 34.
105. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Seventeenth Century, 280–281, 318–320.
106. The New Bristol Guide (Bristol, 1799), 70.
107. Donnan, op. cit., II, 602–604.
108. Reid and Hicks, op. cit., 66; Machines, op. cit., 371.
109. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Seventeenth Century, 44–45, 88.
110. Bourne, op. cit., II, 17–18; Botsford, op. cit., 120, 123.
111. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The exact sum was £17, 868.16.8 (pages 68–69, 167–168).
112. Eyre-Todd, op. cit., III, 39–40, 150–154.
113. Enfield, op. cit., 90; T. Kaye, The Stranger in Liverpool; or, an Historical and Descriptive View of the Town of Liverpool and its environs (Liverpool, 1829), 184. For the Branckers and the slave trade, see Donnan, op. cit., II, 655 n.
114. Stock, op. cit., 1, 385, 390.
115. Whitworth, Works of Davenant, II, 37.
116. C W. Cole, French Mercantilism, 1683–1700 (New York, 1943), 87–88. The prohibition is still in operation today. See J. E. Dalton, Sugar, A Case Study of Government Control (New York, 1937), 265–274.
117. Bennett, op. cit., Introduction, p. xxvii.
118. Anonymous, Some Considerations humbly offer’d upon the Bill now depending in the House of Lords, relating to the Trade between the Northern Colonies and the Sugar-Islands (London, 1732), 15.
119. F. Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1937), 178.
120. Parl. Hist., XIV, 1293–1294. Jan. 26, 1753; Anonymous, An Account of the Late Application to Parliament from the Sugar Refiners, Grocers, etc., of the Cities of London and Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and of the City of Bristol (London, 1753), 3–5, 43.
121. Stock, op. cit., V, 559. March 23, 1753.
122. H. of C. Sess. Pap., Reports, Miscellaneous, 1778–1782, Vol. 35, 1781. Report from the Committee to whom the Petition of the Sugar Refiners of London was referred. See especially the evidence of Frances Kemble.
123. Stock, op. cit., IV, 132 n; Ragatz, Statistics . . ., 17, Table XI.
124. Saugnier and Brisson, Voyages to the Coast of Africa (London, 1792), 285.
125. R. Muir, A History of Liverpool (London, 1907), 197.
126. Donnan, op. cit., II, 529 n.
127. Stock, op. cit., IV, 303, 306, 309.
128. Anonymous, Short Animadversions on the Difference now set up between Gin and Rum, and Our Mother Country and Colonies (London, 1769), 8–9.
129. Stock, op. cit., IV, 310.
130. Windham Papers (British Museum), Add. MSS. 37886, ff. 125–128. “Observations on the proposal of the West India Merchants to substitute sugar in the distilleries instead of barley.” Anonymous, probably 1807.
131. Hansard, Third Series, V, 82. July 20, 1831.
132. E. R. Johnson, et al., History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States (Washington, D. C, 1915), I, 118. The exports to Africa were 292,966 gallons out of total exports of 349, 281.
133. J. Corry and J. Evans, The History of Bristol, Civil and Ecclesiastical (Bristol, 1816), II, 307–308; Saugnier and Brisson, op. cit., 296–299.
134. Saugnier and Brisson, op. cit., 217.
135. Stock, op. cit., II, 264 n.
136. Donnan, op. cit., I, 234 n, 300 n.
137. Ibid., I, 256, 262; II, 445.
138. Ibid., I, 283.
139. Stock, op. cit., III, 207 n, 225 n, 250 n, 278 n (Birmingham); 204 n, 228 n (London).
140. Donnan, op. cit., II, 98.
141. W. H. B. Court, The Rise of the Midland Industries (Oxford, 1938), 145–146.
142. T. S. Ashton, Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution (Manchester, 1924), 195.
143. Stock, op. cit., IV, 434.
144. R. K. Dent, The Making of Birmingham: being a History of the Rise and Growth of the Midland Metropolis (Birmingham, 1894), 147.
145. H. Hamilton, The English Brass and Copper Industries to 1800 (London, 1926), 137–138, 149–151, 286–292.
146. E. Shiercliff, The Bristol and Hotwell Guide (Bristol, 1789), 16.
147. A. H. Dodd, The Industrial Revolution in North Wales (Cardiff, 1933), 156–157.
148. Donnan, op. cit., I, 237.
149. Stewart-Browne, op. cit., 52–53.
150. Donnan, op. cit., II, 610–611.
151. Ibid., II, 609.
152. H. Scrivenor, A Comprehensive History of the Iron Trade (London, 1841), 344–346, 347–355. The percentages have been computed from tables given.
1. Adam Smith, op. cit., 158.
2. R. Cumberland, The West Indian: A Comedy (London, 1775 edition), Act I, Scene III. A brief notice of the play is given in Sypher, op. cit., 239.
3. Stock, op. cit., V, 259. William Beckford, Feb. 8, 1747.
4. F. W. Pitman, “The West Indian Absentee Planter as a British Colonial Type” (Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association, 1927), 113.
5. Whitworth, Works of Davenant, II, 7.
6. Cumberland, op. cit., Act I, Scene V. Quoted also in Pitman, The West Indian Absentee Planter . . ., 124.
7. Pitman, The West Indian Absentee Planter .. ., 125.
8. Merivale, op. cit., 82–83.
9. L. J. Ragatz, Absentee Landlordism in the British Caribbean, l750–1833 (London, n.d), 8–20; Pitman, The West Indian Absentee Planter..., 117–121.
10. R. M. Howard (ed.), Records and Letters of the Family of the Longs of Longville, Jamaica, and Hampton Lodge, Surrey (London, 1925), I, 11–12; Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century, 26.
11. J. Britton, Graphical and Literary Illustrations of Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire, with Heraldical and Genealogical Notices of the Beckford Family (London, 1823), 25–26.
12. Ibid., 26–28, 35, 39.
13. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–38, Vol. 48. The exact amount was £15,160.2.9 (pp. 20–21, 64–65).
14. J. Murch, Memoir of Robert Hibbert, Esquire (Bath, 1874), 5–6, 15, 18–19, 97, 99, 104–105.
15. Broodbank, op. cit., I, 102–103; A. Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London (London, 1908–1913), II, 203.
16. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–38, Vol. 48. The precise figure was £31,-121.16.0 (pp. 20, 22, 46, 52, 67, 79).
17. See inside cover page of the first issue of the Hibbert Journal. The family mansion, in Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica, was erected by Thomas Hibbert who arrived in the island in 1734. Called at first “Hibbert’s House,” it served for some time as the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and was popularly known as Headquarters House. It later housed the Colonial Secretary’s office and the Legislative Council Chamber. See Papers relating to the Preservation of Historic Sites and Ancient Monuments and Buildings in the West Indian Colonies, Cd. 6428 (His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1912), 13.
18. Howard, op. cit., I, 67, 71.
19. Ibid., 1, 177.
20. C. De Thierry, “Distinguished West Indians in England,” United Empire (Oct., 1912), 831.
21. Anonymous, Fortunes made in Business (London, 1884), II, 117–119, 122–124, 130, 134; Bourne, op. cit., II, 303.
22. Correspondence between John Gladstone, MT. and James Cropper, on the present state of Slavery in the British West Indies and in the United States of America, and on the Importation of Sugar from the British Settlements in India (Liverpool, 1824).
23. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–38, Vol. 48. The exact sum was £85,606.0.2 (pp. 23, 58, 120–121).
24. Harlow, Christopher Codrington, 210, 242.
25. A. Warner, Sir Thomas Warner, Pioneer of the West Indies (London, 1933), 119–123, 126, 132.
26. Edwards, op. cit., I, Introduction, p. ix.
27. Maclnnes, op. cit., 308–310.
28. C. Wright and C. E. Fayle, A History of Lloyd’s, from the Founding of Lloyd’s Coffee House to the Present Day (London, 1928), 286.
29. Eyre-Todd, op. cit., III, 151–152.
30. L. J. Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean, 1763–1833 (New York, 1928), 51.
31. Parl. Hist., XXXIV, 1102. Duke of Clarence, July 5, 1799.
32. Ragatz, Fall -of the Planter Class . . ., 50.
33. Botsford, op. cit., 148; A. Ponsonby, English Diaries (London, 1923), 284.
34. Maclnnes, op. cit., 236.
35. Bready, op. cit., 157.
36. G. W. Dasent, Annals of an Eventful Life (London, 1870), I, 9–10.
37. Sypher, op. cit., 255.
38. L. B. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George 111 (London, 1929), I, 210.
39. L. M. Penson, The Colonial Agents of the British West Indies (London, 1924), 185–187.
40. A. S. Turberville, English Men and Manners in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1926), 134.
41. Lecky, op. cit., I, 251, quoting Bolingbroke.
42. Cumberland, op. cit., Act I, Scene V. Also quoted in Pitman, The West Indian Absentee Planter . . ., 124.
43. J. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Nineteenth Century (Bristol, 1887), 137–138.
44. Recollections of Old Liverpool, 76–82. Significant of the new trend, the West Indian’s rival, William Ewart, who was to play a prominent part in destroying West Indian slavery and monopoly, was supported among others by such names as Brancker and Earle, whose connections with slavery and the slave trade have already been noted. John Bolton received £15,391.17.11 for 289 slaves in British Guiana. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48 (page 131). In 1708 Bolton had six ships which sailed to Africa and transported 2,534 slaves. Donnan, op. cit., II, 642–644.
45. Penson, op. cit., 176.
46. Enfield, op. cit., 92.
47. C. De Thierry, “Colonials at Westminster,” United Empire, (Jan., 1912), 80.
48. Beaven, op. cit., II, 139.
49. Reid and Hicks, op. cit., 57.
50. Fortunes made in Business, II, 127, 129–131.
51. Hansard, Third Series, LXXVIII, 469. John Bright, March 7, 1845.
52. De Thierry, “Colonials at Westminster,” 80.
53. Hansard, Third Series, XVIII, 111. May 30, 1833.
54. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The compensation paid was £4,866.19.11 (page 19).
55. Ragatz, Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 53.
56. De Thierry, “Colonials at Westminister,” 80.
57. Hansard, Third Series, X, 1238. March 7, 1832.
58. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The sum paid was £12,281.5.10 (pages 24, 53).
59. C.O.137/100. Balcarres to Portland, Sept. 16, 1798.
60. Anonymous, A Report of the Proceedings of the Committee of Sugar Refiners for the purpose of effecting a reduction in the high prices of sugar, by lowering the bounty of refined sugar exported, and correcting the evils of the West India monopoly (London, 1792), 34.
61. Anonymous, A Merchant to his Friend on the Continent: Letters Concerning the Slave Trade (Liverpool, n.d.). To Lord Hawkesbury, “as a patron to the trade of this country in general, and a favorer of that, the subject of these letters.”
62. Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38223, ff. 170, 175. Sept. 8, and 12, 1788.
63. Ibid., Add. MSS. 38231, f. 59. Thomas Naylor, Mayor, to Hawkesbury, July 10, 1796; f. 60, Minutes of the Common Council, July 6, 1796; f. 64, Hawkesbury to Naylor, July 16, 1796.
64. Bourne, op. cit., II, 135 n. Macaulay described him as “a noisy, purse-proud, illiterate demagogue, whose Cockney English and scraps of mispronounced Latin were the jest of the newspapers.” Ibid. To Horace Walpole he was “a noisy vapouring fool.” The Letters of Horace Walpole, V, 248. Walpole to Earl of Stratford, July 9, 1770. Beckford’s Latin scholarship is illustrated by his famous “omnium meum mecum porto.” Beaven, op. cit., II, 211. This was only to be expected from a product of a society which talked only of planting and to which Dryden was nothing but a name. Steen, op. cit., 430, 433.
65. Guide to the Guildhall of the City of London (London, 1927), 58–59.
66. Beaven, op. cit., II, 139.
67. R. Pares, War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739–1763 (Oxford, 1936), 509.
68. E. J. Stapleton (ed.), Some Official Correspondence of George Canning (London, 1887), I, 134. To Liverpool, Jan. 9, 1824. “This most fearful question. . . . There are knots which can not be suddenly disentangled, and must not be cut. . . . Care should be taken not to confound . . . what is morally true with what is historically false. . . . We cannot legislate in this House as if we were legislating for a new world.” Hansard, New Series, IX, 275, 278, 282. May 15, 1823.
69. Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington (London, 1867–1880), V, 603. Memorandum for Sir George Murray, May 16, 1829.
70. Huskisson Papers (British Museum), Add. MSS. 38745, ff. 182–183. To Joseph Sandars, Jan. 22, 1824. See also Ibid., f. 81: “It appears to me not immaterial that the President of the Board of Trade and member for Liverpool should get out as soon as he can.” Huskisson to Canning on his membership in the Anti-Slavery Society, Nov. 2, 1823.
71. Ibid., Add. MSS. 38752, f. 26. Huskisson to Horton, Nov. 7, 1827. For Canning’s letter of resignation from the Board of Governors of the African Institution, see Ibid., Add. MSS. 38745, ff. 69–70. Oct. 26, 1823.
72. Ibid., Add. MSS. 38752, ff. 26–27.
73. W. Smart, Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1910–1917), II, 545.
74. The Right in the West India Merchants to a Double Monopoly of the Sugar-Market of Great Britain, and the Expedience of all Monopolies, examined (London, n.d.), 59–60.
75. Stock, op. cit., V, 261. Feb. 8, 1747.
76. Cundall, The Governors of Jamaica in the Seventeenth Century, 100.
77. Parl. Hist., XIII, 641. Feb. 13, 1744.
78. Ibid., 652, 655. Feb. 20, 1744.
79. Pares, op. cit., 508–509.
80. Penson, op. cit., 228.
1. Hughes, op. cit., 56–57, 217.
2. Ibid., 91–97, 101; Grindon, op. cit., 42, 54, 79–82, 185–189; Botsford, op. cit., 122; Bourne, op. cit., II, 78–79; Donnan, op. cit., II, 493, 656.
3. Hughes, op. cit., 170–174. In 1799 Leyland had four ships in the slave trade, which carried 1,641 slaves. Donnan, op. cit., II, 646–649.
4. Hughes, op. cit., 74–79, 84–85, 107–108, 111, 133, 138–141, 162, 165–166, 196–198, 220–221. For the Earles see Botsford, op. cit., 123; Bourne, op. cit., II, 64. In 1799 the Earles had three ships in the slave trade, which carried 969 slaves; Ingram, in 1798, three ships, with 1,005 slaves; Bold, in 1799, two ships, with 539 slaves. Donnan, op. cit., II, 642–649.
5. Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Eighteenth Century, 297–298, 392, 468, 507; Annals of Bristol in the Nineteenth Century, 113, 494; Bourne, op. cit., II, 18.
6. C. W. Barclay, A History of the Barclay Family (London, 1924–1934), III, 235, 242–243, 246–247, 249; Gary, op. cit., 194, 221, 455, 506; Bourne, op. cit., II, 134–135; Botsford, op. cit., 120–121, 295. Another prominent banking name in London associated with the slave trade was Baring. Gary, op. cit., 506.
7. Eyre-Todd, op. cit., III, 151, 218–220, 245, 372; J. Buchanan, Banking in Glasgow during the olden time (Glasgow, 1862), 5–6, 17, 23–26, 30–34.
8. J. Lord, Capital and Steam-Power, 1750–1850 (London, 1923), 113.
9. Ibid., 192.
10. Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38227, ff. 43, 50, 140, 141. Sept. 7 and 14, Nov. 15 and 17, 1791.
11. Namier, “Antony Bacon . . .,” 25–27, 32, 39, 41, 43; Ashton, op. cit., 52, 136, 241–242; J. H. Clapham, An Economic History of Modern Britain, The Early Railway Age, 1820–1850 (Cambridge, 1930), 187–188.
12. Beaven, op. cit., II, 131.
13. Ashton, op. cit., 157.
14. F. Martin, The History of Lloyd’s and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain (London, 1876), 62.
15. Wright and Fayle, op. cit., 10, 91, 151, 212, 218–219, 243, 293, 327. Other prominent names associated with Lloyd’s were Baring, and the abolitionists, Richard Thornton and Zachary Macaulay. Ibid., 196–197.
16. H. of C. Sess. Pap., 1837–8, Vol. 48. The exact figure was £15,095.4.4 (pp. 12, 165, 169).
17. Clapham, op. cit., 286.
18. Wright and Fayle, op. cit., 240–241.
19. Callender, op. cit., 78–79.
20. Dodd, op. cit., 37, 91, 125, 204–208, 219. See also C. R. Fay, Imperial Economy and its place in the formation of Economic Doctrine (Oxford, 1934), 32.
21. Huskisson Papers, Add. MSS. 38745, ff. 182–183. Huskisson to Sandars, Jan. 22, 1824, agreeing with his withdrawal. See also J. Francis, A History of the English Railway; its Social Relations and Revelations, 1820–1845 (London, 1851), I, 93.
22. See Hansard, VI, 919, where Gascoyne opposed the prohibition of the British slave trade to new colonies conquered during the Napoleonic wars as a violation of faith. April 25, 1806. For Gladstone, see Francis, op. cit., 1, 123; F. S. Williams, Our Iron Roads: their history, construction, and social influences (London, 1852), 323–324, 337. For Moss, see Francis, op. cit., 1, 123; Hughes, op. cit., 197–198.
23. V. Sommerfield, English Railways, their beginnings, development and personalities (London, 1937), 34–38; Latimer, Annals of Bristol in the Nineteenth Century, 111, 189–190. Three of the directors were connected with the West Indies, and subscribed £51,800 out of £217,500.
24. Lord, op. cit., 166.
25. Scrivenor, op. cit., 86–87. In 1740: 17,350 tons in 89 furnaces; in 1788: 68,300 tons in 85 furnaces.
26. Wheeler, op. cit., 148, 170. Imports: from 1,985,868 to 6,700,000 pounds; exports: from £23,253 to £355,060.
27. W. T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England (Cambridge, 1916), II, 514 n. From 19, 837 to 27, 246.
28. Butterworth, op. cit., 57; Wheeler, op. cit., 171. From 20,000 to 80,000.
29. Lord, op. cit., 143.
30. Mantoux, op. cit., 102–103.
31. Adam Smith, op. cit., 549, 555, 558–559, 567, 573, 576, 579. 581, 595, 625–626.
32. Ibid., 577.
1. Johnson, op. cit., I, 118–119. The proportions have been computed from the table of exports given.
2. Pitman, Development of the British West Indies, Preface, p. vii.
3. Calendar of’State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 382. Governor Willoughby, May 12, 1666; Ibid., V, 414. John Reid to Secretary Arlington, 1666(?)
4. Postlethwayt, Universal Dictionary . . ., II, 767.
5. Callender, op. cit., 96, quoting American Husbandry (1775).
6. Ibid., 96.
7. Cambridge History of the British Empire, I, 572.
8. Andrews, The Colonial Period . . ., I, 72.
9. Cambridge History of the British Empire, I, 564.
10. Andrews, The Colonial Period . . ., I, 497–499.
11. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, I, 429–430. Sept. 26, 1655. Governor Winthrop opposed emigration as “displeasing” to God. R. C Winthrop, Life and Letters of John Winthrop (Boston, 1864–1867), II, 248.
12. Whitworth, Works of Davenant, II, 9, 21, 22.
13. H. A. Innis, The Cod Fisheries, the History of an International Economy (New Haven, 1940), 78.
14. Stock, op. cit., V, 259. William Beckford, Feb. 8, 1747.
15. Callender, op. cit., 78.
16. P. W. Bid well and J. I. Falconer, History of Agriculture in the Northern United States, 1620–1820 (New York, 1041), 43.
17. Harlow, A History of Barbados ..., 272.
18. Ibid., 268.
19. Andrews, The Colonial Period ..., IV, 347.
20. Harlow, A History of Barbados..., 287.
21. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, VII, 4. John Style to Secretary Morrice, Jan. 14, 1669.
22. Ibid., X, 297. “Narrative and Disposition of Capt. Breedon concerning New England,” Oct. 17, 1678.
23. Stock, op. cit., II, 269. Jan. 27, 1698.
24. A. M. Whitson, “The Outlook of the Continental American Colonies on the British West Indies, 1760–1775,” Political Science Quarterly (March, 1930), 61–63.
25. Innis, op. cit., 134–135.
26. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 167. Renatus Enys to Secretary Bennet, Nov. 1, 1663: “The sworn enemies of the colony are the Dons of Barbadoes . . .; they use the utmost means to disparage the country.”
27. Ibid., XI, 431. Governor Lynch to Governor Stapleton of the Leeward Islands, May 16, 1683.
28. Parl. Hist., XVII, 482–485. April 20, 1772. The question is discussed in C. Wilson, Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1041), 182–183.
29. Pares, op. cit., 220.
30. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, V, 167. Governor Willoughby, Nov. 4, 1663.
31. Pitman, Development of the British West Indies, 70–71; Stock, op. cit., IV, 97.
32. Bennett, op. cit., 22–25.
33. Postlethwayt, Great Britain’s Commercial Interest . . ., I, 494; Postlethwayt, Universal Dictionary . . ., I, 869; An Account of the late application . . . from the Sugar Refiners, 4; Stock, op. cit., IV, 101.
34. Pares, op. cit., 180.
35. J. Almon, Anecdotes of the Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, and of the principal events of his time (London, 1797), III, 222, 225. The quotations came from a contemporary pamphlet, Letter from a Gentleman in Guadeloupe to his Friend in London (1760), which is reproduced by Almon.
36. Whitworth, State of the Trade of Great Britain . . ., Part II, pp. 85–86. The figures for Canada and Florida are as follows:
| British Imports from | British Exports to | |
| Canada | £448563 | £2383679 |
| Florida | £ 79993 | £ 375068 |
For Grenada and Dominica, see Chapter III, note 16, supra.
37. Pares, op. cit., 219.
38. Almon, op. cit., III, 225.
39. Pares, op. cit., 224.
40. Stock, op. cit., V, 461. March 7, 1750.
41. Whitson, op. cit., 73.
42. Stock, op. cit., V, 537 n.
43. Anonymous, The Importance of the Sugar Colonies to Great Britain Stated (London, 1731), 7.
44. Stock, op. cit., IV, 136. Thomas Winnington, Feb. 23, 1731.
45. Ibid., V, 462.
46. Postlethwayt, Universal Dictionary . . ., I, 871–872, II, 769; Postlethwayt, Great Britain’s Commercial Interest . . ., I, 482, 485, 489–490, 493.
47. Almon, op. cit., III, 16. Circular Letter to the Governors of North America, Aug. 23, 1760.
48. Stock, op. cit., V, 478. April 16, 1751.
49. Anonymous, A Letter to a Noble Peer, relating to the Bill in favour of the Sugar-Planters (London, 1733), 18.
50. Whitson, op. cit., 76.
51. A. M. Schlesinger, The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, 1763–1776 (New York, 1918), 42–43.
52. Some Considerations Humbly offered . . ., 11.
53. A Letter to a Noble Peer . . ., 20.
54. Whitson, op. cit., 70.
55. Stock, op. cit., V, 477. April 16, 1751.
56. Ibid., IV, 161 n, 162 n, 163 n.
57. Ibid., V, 482. April 19, 1751.
58. Donnan, op. cit., III, 203–205. Jan. 24, 1764.
59. W. S. McClellan, Smuggling in the American Colonies at the Outbreak of the Revolution (New York, 1912), 37.
60. Wood, op. cit., 136–141.
61. Stock, op. cit., IV, 143. Feb. 23, 1731.
62. Ibid., IV, 125. Jan. 28, 1731.
63. Ibid., IV, 185. Feb. 21, 1732.
64. Ibid., IV, 139. Feb. 23, 1731.
65. E. Donnan, “Eighteenth Century English Merchants, Micajah Perry,” Journal of Economic and Business History (Nov., 1931), 96. Perry to Cadwallader Colden of New York.
66. Pitman, Development of the British West Indies, 272.
67. C. W. Taussig, Rum, Romance and Rebellion (New York, 1928), 39.
68. Stock, op. cit., V, 477. April 16, 1751.
69. Callender, op. cit., 133.
70. Innis, op. cit., 212.
71. Arthur Young, Annals of Agriculture (London), IX, 1788, 95–96; X, 1788, 335–362. The whole essay, on “West Indian Agriculture,” should be read.
72. Whitson, op. cit., 77–78.
73. Maclnnes, op. cit., 295.
74. Edwards, op. cit., II, 515.
75. Whitson, op. cit., 86.
76. Ragatz, Fall of the Planter Class..., 174.
77. G. Chalmers, Opinions on Interesting Subjects of Public Law and Commercial Policy; arising from American Independence (London, 1784), 60.
78. Ragatz, Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 176.
79. C. P. Nettels, The Roots of American Civilization (New York, 1939). 655.
80. Petitions from the various islands that the ports should be opened were so numerous that Lord Hawkesbury was “apprehensive that every port in our West India islands will apply to be made a free port from a sense of the great advantages to be derived therefrom.” Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38228, f. 324. Feb. 1793. On Feb. 20, 1784, Governor Orde wrote from Dominica: “The people look with uncommon anxiety for the arrival of a free port act.” B.T.6/103 (Public Record Office).
81. W. H. Elkins, British Policy in its Relation to the Commerce and Navigation of the USA., 1794–1807 (Oxford University D. Phil. Thesis, c. 1935), 96. Dr. Vincent Harlow, who supervised the thesis, kindly permitted me to read it.
82. Innis, op. cit., 221, 251.
83. T. Pitkin, A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States (Hartford, 1817), 167.
84. Report of the Committee of Privy Council, 1788, Part V, Question 1. Evidence of Messrs. Fuller, Long and Chisholme of Jamaica.
85. Pitman, The Settlement . . . of British West India Plantations ..., 276.
86. Report of the Committee of Privy Council, 1788. See note 84 supra.
87. Pitman, The Settlement . . . of British West India Plantations . .., 280.
88. Parl. Hist., XXIX, 260. Wilberforce, April 18, 1791.
89. Klingberg, op. cit., 13–14, 103; H. Brougham, An Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers (Edinburgh, 1803), I, 522.
90. Chatham Papers (Public Record Office), G.D.8/349. West Indian Islands, Papers relating to Jamaica (1783–1804) and St. Domingo (1788–1800). Extracts from “Considerations on the State of St. Domingo,” by Hilliard d’Auberteuil, 303.
91. Report of the Committee of Privy Council, 1788, Part V. See note 84 supra.
92. Brougham, op. cit., I, 539–540.
93. In the Chatham Papers, G.D.8/102, there is this curious letter of Pitt’s, dated Nov. 25, 1783, probably to the Governor of the East India Company: “It has occurred to me to be a very material part of the Company’s case to show that the bill-holders are willing to allow the company all convenient time before they call for payment. I have in general understood that they are inclined to do so; but it would add a great weight if a public declaration could be obtained from them as a body to that effect. For that purpose it might be desirable to convene a public meeting of them; tho’ such a measure ought not undoubtedly to be proposed without a certainty of success, I could not forbear suggesting this to your consideration. I must beg the favour of you, however, not to mention the idea as from me, and to excuse the liberty I take in troubling you.”
94. R. Coupland, Wilberforce (Oxford, 1923), 93.
95. Sugar: Various MSS. (in the writer’s possession). Adamson to Ferguson, March 25, 1787.
96. East India Sugar, Papers respecting the Culture and Manufacture of Sugar in British India (London, 1822), Appendix I, p. 3.
97. Clarkson, Essay on the Impolicy ..., 34.
98. Pitkin, op. cit., 30, 200–201. Pitkin gives the figures for 1784–1790 in pounds, 1792–1801 in dollars. The proportions given in the text are based on the tables as given in Pitkin. It seemed a more satisfactory way to show the increase of the trade than to attempt the conversion of pounds into dollars.
99. Merivale, op. cit., 230.
100. Anonymous, The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Huskisson with a Biographical Memoir (London, 1831), II, 312. March 21, 1825.
1. Parl. Hist., XXIII, 1026–1027. June 17, 1783.
2. Mantoux, op. cit., 340.
3. Clapham, op. cit., Chap. V.
4. Lord, op. cit., 176.
5. Clapham, op. cit., 156.
6. Mantoux, op. cit., 257.
7. Clapham, op. cit., 184–185, 196.
8. Lord, op. cit., 174.
9. A. Redford, The Economic History of England, 1760–1860 (London, 1931), 22.
10. Mantoux, op. cit., 258.
11. N. S. Buck, The Development of the Organization of Anglo-American Trade, 1800–1850 (New Haven, 1925), 166.
12. Ibid., 164.
13. Wheeler, op. cit., 175.
14. Butterworth, op. cit., 112..
15. Buck, op. cit., 169.
16. Mantoux, op. cit., 368. The phrase is Arthur Young’s.
17. Ibid., 367–368.
18. Jackman, op. cit., II, 514 n. From 27, 246 to 163, 888.
19. Butterworth, op. cit., 37.
20. Mantoux, op. cit., 258.
21. C. H. Timperley, Annals of Manchester; Biographical, Ecclesiastical, and Commercial, from the earliest period to the close of the year 1839 (Manchester, 1839), 89.
22. Buck, op. cit., 36 n.
23. Scrivenor, op. cit., 87 (68, 300 tons in 1788); Clapham, op. cit., 149 (650,000–700,000 tons in 1830).
24. Scrivenor, op. cit., 87 (85 furnaces in 1788); Clapham, op. cit., 149 (250–300 furnaces in 1830).
25. Scrivenor, op. cit., 123–124, 293–294.
26. Clapham, op. cit., 240.
27. Cambridge History of the British Empire, II, 223. The whole essay, “The Industrial Revolution and the Colonies, 1783–1822,” by J. H. Clapham, should be read as an indispensable aid to an appreciation of the destruction of the West Indian monopoly.
28. Clapham, op. cit., 431; F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (London, 1936 edition), 13. The number of mines increased from 40 to 76.
29. Scrivenor, op. cit., 297.
30. Redford, op. cit., 41–42.
31. Clapham, op. cit., 152, 154; A. P. Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (New York, 1929), 332.
32. Clapham, op. cit., 189.
33. Scrivenor, op. cit., 421. The figures are as follows: 1815—exports, 79,596 tons; to B.W.I., 7,381; to U.S.A., 21,501; 1833—exports, 179,312 tons; to B.W.I., 5400; to U.S.A., 62,253.
34. Mantoux, op. cit., 276.
35. Clapham, op. cit., 144, 196; Buck, op. cit., 163.
36. Engels, op. cit., 9. From 75,000 to 490,000 pieces.
37. Clapham, op. cit., 243, 478.
38. James, op. cit., 286; Mantoux, op. cit., 106 n.; Clapham, op. cit., 249. The cotton export for 1830 was £31,810474. Buck, op. cit., 166.
39. Mantoux, op. cit., 369; Engels, op. cit., 9.
40. Merivale, op. cit., 120.
41. Cambridge History of the British Empire, II, 231.
42. Merivale, op. cit., 121.
43. Redford, op. cit., 45.
44. L. H. Jenks, The Migration of British Capital to 1875 (London, 1927), 64.
45. Hansard, New Series, XV, 385. Lord Redesdale, April 19, 1825.
46. Jenks, op. cit., 67.
47. Customs 8 (Public Record Office), Vols. 14 and 35. The figures are: 1821—£6422,304; 1832—£7,017,048.
48. Jenks, op. cit., 75–76.
49. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1923), II, 74. Canning to Granville, Dec. 17, 1824.
50. Customs 8, Vols. 14 and 35. In 1821—£2,114,329; in 1832—£5,298,596.
51. Ibid., In 1821—£3,239,894; in 1832—£9,452,822.
52. Jenks, op. cit., 47.
53. Customs 8, Vols. 14 and 35. In 1821—£43,113,855; in 1832—£65,025,278.
54. Ibid., In 1821—£19,082,693; in 1832—£29,908,964.
55. Ibid. In 1821—£3,639,746; in 1832—£6,377,507.
56. Ibid. To the B.W.I.: 1821—£4,704,610; 1832—£3,813,821. To Jamaica: 1821—£3,214,364; 1832—£2,022435.
57. W. L. Burn, Emancipation and Apprenticeship in the British West Indies (London, 1937), 52.
58. Hansard, Third Series, LXXVII, 1062. Milner Gibson, Feb. 24, 1845.
59. Merivale, op. cit., 203.
60. Burn, op. cit., 73. Burn denies that they were an inferno.
61. W. L. Mathieson, British Slavery and its Abolition, 1823–1838 (London, 1926), 222.
62. A. Prentice, History of the Anti-Corn Law League (London, 1853), I, 5.
63. E. Halévy, A History of the English People, 1830–1841 (London, 1927), 42–43, 47, 56–58.
64. F. M. Eden, Eight Letters on the Peace; and on the Commerce and Manufactures of Great Britain (London, 1802), 129.
65. Cambridge History of the British Empire, II, 239.
1. Merivale, op. cit., 238–239.
2. Ibid., 93.
3. Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38295, f. 102. An anonymous correspondent to Lord Bexley, July, 1823.
4. C.O. 137/166. Hibbert to Horton, April 2, 1827.
5. Hansard, New Series, XIV, 1164. Lord Dudley and Ward, March 7, 1826.
6. Ibid., Third Series, HI, 354. Mr. Robinson, March 11, 1831.
7. Bready, op. cit., 308.
8. The statement is Dr. Bowling’s. The date I have been unable to find.
9. Prentice, op. cit., I, 75.
10. The Right in the West India Merchants ..., 17, 18–19, 26–27, 50–51, 53, 74–75.
11. Hansard, New Series, VIII, 339. Petition of merchants, shipowners, etc., concerned in the trade to the East Indies, March 3, 1823.
12. Report of a Committee of the Liverpool East India Association, appointed to take into consideration the restrictions of the East India Trade (Liverpool, 1822), 21–22.
13. Z. Macaulay, East and West India Sugar; or a Refutation of the Claims of the West India Colonists to a Protecting Duty on East India Sugar (London, 1823), 37.
14. Debates at the General Court of Proprietors of East India Stock on the 19th and 21st March 1823 on the East India Sugar Trade (London, 1823), 12. Mr. Tucker.
15. Ibid., 40–41.
16. Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge, 1934), X, 771–772.
17. Hansard, New Series, I, 424–425, 429. May 16, 1820.
18. Ibid., XXII, 111, 118. March 23, 1812. The compliment to Pitt is in Cambridge Modern History, X, 771.
19. W. Naish, Reasons for using East India Sugar (London, 1828), 12.
20. Hansard, Third Series, LXXV, 438. Mr. Villiers, June 10, 1844.
21. Ibid., 444.
22. Merivale, op. cit., 225.
23. Ibid., 205.
24. J. B. Seely, A Few Hints to the West Indians on their Present Claims to Exclusive Favour and Protection at the Expense of the East India Interests (London, 1823), 89.
25. The Speeches of . . . Huskisson . . ., II, 198. May 22, 1823.
26. Ibid., 111, 146. May 15, 1827.
27. Hansard, Third Series, LVII, 920. Villiers, April 5, 1841.
28. Ibid., 162–163. Labouchere, March 12, 1841.
29. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1056. Milner Gibson, Feb. 24, 1845.
30. Ibid., Third Series, LVII, 920. Villiers, April 5, 1841.
31. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1078. Feb. 24, 1845.
32. P. Guedalla, Gladstone and Palmerston (London, 1928), 30.
33. Hansard, Third Series, CXI, 592. May 31, 1850.
34. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 123. Feb. 4, 1848.
35. Ibid., Third Series, CXXIV, 1036. March 3, 1853.
36. Pitman, The Settlement . . . of British West India Plantations . . ., 282–283.
37. Penson, op. cit., 208.
38. T. Fletcher, Letters in Vindication of the Rights of the British West India Colonies (Liverpool, 1822), 27; Anonymous, Memorandum on the Relative Importance of the West and East Indies to Great Britain (London, 1823), 30; C.O. 137/140. Report from a Committee of the Honourable House of Assembly, appointed to inquire into various matters relative to the state of commerce and agriculture of the island; the probable effects thereon of opening the trade to the East Indies; and the operation of the present maximum on the exportation of sugar. Jamaica, 1813.
39. C.O. 137/140. Report from a Committee of the Honourable House of Assembly ..., Jamaica, 1813.
40. K. Bell and W. P. Morrell, Select Documents on British Colonial Policy, 1830–1860 (Oxford, 1928), 414. Russell to Light, Feb. 15, 1840.
41. Merivale, op. cit., 84.
42. Hansard, Third Series, III, 537. Mr. Fitzgerald, March 18, 1831; Ibid., Third Series, XVIII, 111. Henry Goulburn, May 30, 1833.
43. Ibid., New Series, IV, 947. Marryat, Feb. 28, 1821.
44. Ibid., Third Series, C, 356. Bentinck, July 10, 1848.
45. Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 213. Stewart, June 3, 1844; Ibid., Third Series, XCIC, 1094. Miles, June 23, 1848.
46. Ibid., Third Series, LVI, 616. Viscount Sandon, Feb. 12, 1841.
47. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 1008. Miles, June 23, 1848; Ibid., 1466. Nugent, June 30, 1848. They argued that when the Africans, at the end of their contract, returned home, they would introduce civilization into Africa. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXVIII, 91. Hogg, July 27, 1846. On the request for convicts, see Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 1214. Mr. James, June 21, 1844.
48. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1269. Feb. 26, 1845.
49. Ibid., Third Series, CXI, 581. May 31, 1850.
50. Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 198. June 3, 1844.
51. Ibid., Third Series, CXV, 1440. April 10, 1851.
52. Ibid., 1443.
53. The Political Writings of Richard Cobden (London, 1878), 12, 14.
54. Ibid., 257. Cobden was prepared to let the United States seize Cuba. —Hansard, Third Series, CXXXII, 429–430. April 4, 1854.
55. Hansard, Third Series, CVI, 942, 951–952, 958. June 26, 1849; Ibid., Third Series, C, 825. July 25, 1848.
56. Ibid., Third Series, C, 831, 834, 849. July 25, 1848.
57. Ibid., New Series, XXII, 855. Feb. 23, 1830.
58. Ibid., Third Series, XI, 834. March 23, 1832.
59. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 875. June 19, 1848.
60. W. P. Morrell, British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell (Oxford, 1930), 286.
61. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., Introduction, pp. xiii, xxiv.
62. Merivale, op. cit., 78.
63. Hansard, XXXIV, 1192. Barham, June 19, 1816.
64. Addresses and Memorials to His Majesty from the House of Assembly at Jamaica, voted in the years 1821 to 1826, inclusive, and which have been presented to His Majesty by the Island Agent (London, 1828), 22.
65. Hansard, Third Series, XCIX, 872. Seymer, June 19, 1848.
66. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 75. Robinson, Feb. 3, 1848.
67. Ibid., Third Series, LXIII, 1218–1219. June 3, 1842.
68. Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 462. June 10, 1844.
69. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXVIII, 164. July 28, 1846.
70. E. L. Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815–1870 (Oxford, 1938), 351. Morrell, op. cit., 519, speaks of this as “the famous indiscretion” of Disraeli’s, though it is not clear just how it is indiscreet. The phrase “damnosa hereditas” is Taylor’s of the Colonial Office. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., Introduction, p. XXVI.
71. J. Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (London, 1912), I, 268.
72. Penson, op. cit., 209.
73. Chatham Papers, G.D. 8/352. West India Planters and Merchants, Resolutions, May 19, 1791.
74. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, XIII, 719. Petition of Jamaica Merchants, Oct. 11, 1692.
75. A. M. Arnould, De la Balance du Commerce et des Relations Commerciales Extérieures de la France, dans Toutes les Parties du Globe, particulièrement à la fin du Règne de Louis XIV, et au Moment de la Révolution (Paris, 1791), I, 263, 326–328.
76. Hansard, IX, 90–91. Hibbert, March 12, 1807.
77. Parl. Hist., XXIX, 1147. April 2, 1792.
78. Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 211.
79. See Chatham Papers, G.D. 8/102. Pitt to Eden, Dec. 7, 1787: “The more I reflect on it, the more anxious and impatient I am that the business should be brought as speedily as possible to a point.” Pitt refused to consider temporary suspension of the trade and to compromise “the principle of humanity and justice, on which the whole rests.” The Journal and Correspondence of William, Lord Auckland (London, 1861), I, 304. Pitt to Eden, Jan. 7, 1788. Pitt thought that one good result of the new constitution in France (1788) would be that “our chance of settling something about the slave trade” would be improved. The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Esq. preserved at Dropmore (Historical Manuscripts Commission, London, 1892–1927), I, 353. Pitt to Grenville, Aug. 29, 1788.
80. Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class . .., 213–214.
81. Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38409, ff. 151, 155. Written probably in 1789.
82. Ibid., ff. 147–148.
83. Ibid., Add. MSS. 38349, f. 393. Written probably after 1791.
84. Correspondence, Despatches and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh (London, 1848–1853), XI, 41. Liverpool to Castlereagh, Oct. 2, 1815. See too Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38578, f. 28. Liverpool to Castlereagh, Nov. 20, 1818. Coming from a West Indian slaveowner, the phrase is amusing.
85. See Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38224, f. 118. Lord Dorset, British Ambassador in Paris, wrote to Lord Hawkesbury on May 7, 1789, that the flattering references to British humanitarianism “seem’d only meant to compliment us and to keep us quiet and in good humour.” Sir James Harris, from Holland, wrote that the principles of humanity were not likely to make much impression on the Dutch merchants and that it would be difficult to obtain their acquiescence. The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue . . ., III, 442–443. Harris to Grenville, Jan. 4, 1788.
86. Gaston-Martin, La Doctrine Coloniale de la France en 1789 (Cahiers de la Révolution Française, No. 3, Bordeaux, 1935), 25, 39.
87. J. Ramsay, An Inquiry into the Effects of Putting a Stop to the African Slave Trade (London, 1784), 24.
88. Chatham Papers, G.D. 8/349. West Indian Islands, Papers relating to Jamaica and St. Domingo. The offer was made by De Cadusey, President of the Island Assembly, on Oct. 29, 1791. He stated that necessity justified a step which would normally be treason, for obvious reasons the offer could not be “official,” and begged Pitt in the name of policy as well as of humanity to accept “the expression of the general will.” The offer was not unexpected in England. On May 13, 1701, the British Ambassador in Paris reported that the French colonists were talking of “throwing themselves into the arms of England.” F.0.27/36. (Public Record Office). Gower to Grenville.
89. F.O. 27/40. De Curt to Hawkesbury, Dec. 18, 1792. De Curt begged to be considered in all respects as an Englishman, and later formally asked for protection “in the name of humanity and English loyalty.” Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38228, f. 197. Jan. 3, 1793.
90. Parl. Hist., XXXII, 752. Dundas, Feb. 18, 1796.
91. J. W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army (London, 1899–1930), IV, Part I, 325.
92. Ibid., 565.
93. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, I, 341.
94. Ibid., II, 147, 286; A. M. Wilberforce, The Private Papers of William Wilberforce (London, 1897), 31. Pitt to Wilberforce, May 31, 1802.
95. Klingberg, op. cit., 116, quoting Lecky.
96. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, II, 225. Stephen to Wilberforce, July, 1797.
97. Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38227, f. 5. Aug. 7, 1791. An anonymous writer from Jamaica to one Mr. Brickwood.
98. Chatham Papers, G.D. 8/334. Miscellaneous Papers relating to France, 1784–1795. James Chalmers to Pitt, Dec. 24, 1792.
99. Eden, op. cit., 18.
100. Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 308.
101. H. of C. Sess. Pap. Report on the Commercial State of the West India Colonies, 1807, 4–6; Hansard, IX, 98. Hibbert, March 12, 1807.
102. Hansard, VIII, 238–239. Dec. 30, 1806.
103. Ibid., 985. Hibbert, Feb. 23, 1807. The greater need of slaves in the newer colonies explains that peculiar migration from the old to the new colonies between 1807 and 1833 under the guise of “domestics” in attendance on their master. See Eric Williams, “The Intercolonial Slave Trade after its Abolition in 1807,” Journal of Negro History (April, 1942).
104. Hansard, II, 652. June 13, 1804. Lord Sheffield replied that this would be a breach of faith. Ibid., VII, 235. May 16, 1806.
105. Ibid., VIII, 658–659. Feb. 5, 1807.
106. Ibid., DC, 101. March 12, 1807.
107. Merivale, op. cit., 303, 313–317.
108. Ragatz, Statistics..., 20 (Table XVII).
109. Ibid., 20 (Tables XVII, XIX and XX). Antigua, 162, 573 and 115, 932 cwt.; Mauritius, 155, 247 and 524, 017 cwt.
110. Ibid., 20 (Tables XIX and XXI). From 4,000 to 111,000 cwt.
111. Customs 5 (Public Record Office), Vols. 16 and 22. Singapore’s increased from 5,000 to 33,000 cwt.; Philippines’ from 8,800 to 32,500; Java’s from 950 to 21,700.
112. J. de la Pezuela, Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico de la Isla de Cuba (Madrid, 1862), I, 59; Anuario Azucarero de Cuba (Habana, 1940), 59. From 14,500 to 620,000 tons.
113. Customs, 5, Vols. 6, 20 and 21. From Brazil 50,800 and 362,600 cwt.; from Cuba 35,500 and 210,800 cwt.
114. Pitman, The Settlement... of British West India Plantations . . ., 262.
115. Pezuela, op. cit., I, 59. Alava plantation, another “monster” comprised 4,933 acres, employed 600 slaves, and produced 3,570 tons of sugar. Ibid.
116. Hansard, Third Series, LXX, 212. Cobden, June 22, 1843.
117. Ibid., Third Series, LVII, 610. Ellenborough, March 26, 1841.
118. Ibid., Third Series, II, 790. Poulett Thomson, Feb. 21, 1831.
119. Statements, Calculations and Explanations submitted to the Board of Trade relative to the Commercial, Financial and Political State of the British West India Colonies, since the 19th of May, 1830. (H. of C. Sess. Pap., Accounts and Papers, 1830–1831, IX, No. 120), 58. Imports into Hamburg rose from 68,798 to 75441 boxes; into Prussia from 207,801 to 415,134. Russian imports of Cuban sugar rose from 616,542 to 935,395 poods (36 pounds), of Brazilian from 331, 584 to 415, 287 poods.
120. Hansard, Third Series, XVII, 1209, 1211–1212. May 14, 1833.
121. Burn, op. cit., 367 n.
122. C.O. 295/93, n.d. The Council’s petition was enclosed in Governor Grant’s despatch of Aug. 29, 1832.
1. H. Richard, Memoirs of Joseph Sturge (London, 1864), 84. Cropper to Sturge, Oct. 14, 1825.
2. Auckland Papers (British Museum), Add. MSS. 34427, ff. 401–402 (v). Wilberforce to Eden, Jan. 1788.
3. Coupland, Wilberforce, 422.
4. Bready, op. cit., 302, 341.
5. Prentice, op. cit., I, 3–4.
6. T. P. Martin, “Some International Aspects of the Anti-Slavery Movement, 1818–1823,” Journal of Economic and Business History (Nov., 1928), 146.
7. Hansard, Third Series, XVI, 290, March 6, 1833.
8. Wadsworth and Mann, op. cit., 288, 289.
9. Murch, op. cit., 76.
10. Report of the Speeches at the Great Dinner in the Theatre, Manchester, to celebrate the election of Mark Philips, Esq. and the Rt. Hon. C. P. Thomson (John Rylands Library), 2, 8.
11. Hansard, Third Series, XXXIII, 472. April 29, 1836.
12. Ibid., Third Series, XLVIII, 1029. June 28, 1839.
13. Ibid., Third Series, C, 54. Milner Gibson, July 3, 1848.
14. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1053. Gibson, Feb. 24, 1845.
15. Ibid., Third Series, LVI, 605. Hawes, Feb. 12, 1841.
16. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1053. Gibson, Feb. 24, 1845; Ibid., Third Series, C, 54. Gibson, July 3, 1848.
17. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1144. Feb. 24, 1845; Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 1428. June 30, 1848.
18. Ibid., Third Series, C, 324. Bentinck, July 10, 1848, quoting Bright. Bentinck emphasized the previous protection against Indian textiles.
19. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVIII, 930. March 14, 1845.
20. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVI, 37. June 27, 1844.
21. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 1420. June 30, 1848.
22. Ibid., 747. June 16, 1848.
23. Auckland Papers, Add. MSS. 34427, ff. 401–402 (v). Wilberforce to Eden, Jan., 1788.
24. J. A. Langford, A Century of Birmingham Life: or a Chronicle of Local Events (Birmingham, 1870), 1, 434.
25. Ashton, op. cit., 223.
26. Langford, op. cit., 1, 436, 440.
27. Ibid., 1, 437.
28. Dent, op. cit., 427.
29. Ibid.
30. N. B. Lewis, The Abolitionist Movement in Sheffield, 1823–1833 (Manchester, 1934), 4–5.
31. Eng. MS., 743 (John Rylands Library). Auxiliary Society for die relief of Negro Slaves, f. 12. Jan. 9, 1827; f. 15. July 10, 1827. The plea to their townsmen is on a small card, undated, in the same library, in Box V.
32. Lewis, op. cit., 6.
33. Hansard, Third Series, XIX, 1270. July 25, 1833.
34. Ibid., Third Series, XVI, 288. March 6, 1833; Ibid., Third Series, XVIII, 911. June 17, 1833.
35. Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 446–447. June 10, 1844.
36. Ibid., Third Series, LXIII, 1174. June 3, 1842.
37. Ibid., 1173.
38. Ibid., Third Series, LXX, 210. June 22, 1843.
39. J. Bright and J. T. Rogers (eds.), Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M. P. (London, 1878), 91–92.
40. J. E. Ritchie, The Life and Times of Viscount Palmerston (London, 1866–1867), II, 743–744.
41. Hansard, Third Series, LXXVII, 1128. Feb. 24, 1845.
42. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 751–752. June 16, 1848.
43. Mackenzie-Grieve, op. cit., 283.
44. Hansard, VI, 918. April 25, 1806.
45. Ibid., VII, 612. Lord Howick, June 10, 1806.
46. Ibid., VIII, 948. Lord Howick, Feb. 23, 1807.
47. Jackman, op. cit., II, 515 n.
48. Hansard, VIII, 961–962. Feb. 23, 1807.
49. Buck, op. cit., 31–32.
50. Hansard, New Series, XXIII, 180. March 11, 1830.
51. The Speeches of . . . Huskisson ..., I, 115. Feb. 1826.
52. Hansard, Third Series, XIX, 793. July 17, 1833.
53. Ibid., Third Series, XVIII, 909–910. June 17, 1833.
54. Ibid., Third Series, XVI, 285. March 6, 1833.
55. Ibid., Third Series, XVIII, 910. June 17, 1833.
56. Eyre-Todd, op. cit., III, 256, 263–264.
57. Donnan, op. cit., II, 537 n, 564 n-565 n.
58. Hansard, Third Series, XVI, 291. March 6, 1833. In 1846 another Oswald went further: “When we wore slave-grown cotton, when we drank slave-grown coffee, and smoked slave-grown tobacco, he could not for the life of him conceive on what principle they might not also use slave-grown sugar. . . . They must look for the amelioration of this evil to some other quarter than the Custom-House.” Hansard, Third Series, LXXXVIII, 122. July 28, 1846. It would be interesting to know whether this was a member of the same family.
59. Ragatz, Statistics ..., 9 (Table IV).
60. Report of the Proceedings of the Committee of Sugar Refiners, 3, 8, 15.
61. Ibid., 18 n.
62. Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38227, 217. Chairman to Hawkesbury, Jan. 23, 1792; ff. 219–222, Chairman to Pitt, Jan. 12, 1792.
63. Indian cotton exports were 7 million pounds in 1816, 31 million in 1817, 67 million in 1818 but only 4 million in 1822. Exports from the United States were 50 million in 1816, 59 million in 1822; from Brazil 20 million in 1816 and 24 million in 1822. Customs 5, Vols. 5, 6, 7, 11. But Indian cotton was “the worst in the English market; owing to the negligent cultivation and packing.” E. Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (London, 1835), 308. John Bright later used to tell a story of a Lancashire prayer meeting at which the following petition was offered up: “O Lord, we beseech Thee send us cotton;— but O Lord, not Shoorat.” The reference is to Surat cotton and probably has to do with the American Civil War. G. M. Trevelyan, The Life of John Bright (Boston, 1913), 318 n.
64. T. P. Martin, op. cit., 144. The phrase is M’ Queen’s.
65. Debates . . . on the East India Sugar Trade, 19.
66. Hansard, Third Series, VII, 764. John Wood, Sept. 28, 1831.
67. Ibid., Third Series, XIX, 1165–1167. William Clay, July 24, 1833.
68. Ibid., Third Series, VII, 764. Sept. 28, 1831.
69. Ibid., Third Series, VIII, 362. Oct. 7, 1831.
70. The Speeches of . . . Huskisson .. ., III, 454. May 25, 1829.
71. Hansard, Third Series, XVIII, 589. June 11, 1833.
72. Ibid., Third Series, XVII, 75. William Ewart, April 3, 1833; Ibid., Third Series, LVIII, 101. Ewart, May 10, 1841.
73. Ibid., Third Series, LVI, 608. B. Hawes, Feb. 12, 1841.
74. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXVIII, 517. Aug. 10, 1846.
75. Ramsay, MS. Vol., f. 64. “An Address on the proposed bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.”
76. Auckland Papers, Add. MSS. 34227, f. 123. Wilberforce to Eden, Nov. 23, 1787.
77. Parl. Hist., XXIX, 270. April 18, 1791.
78. Ibid., 322.
79. Hansard, VIII, 948–949. Feb. 23, 1807.
80. Proceedings of the Committee for Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1787–1819 (British Museum), Add. MSS. 21255, f. 100 (v). April 14, 1789.
81. J. Newton, Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade (Liverpool, 1788), 8.
82. Ramsay, MS. Vol., f. 64.
83. Hansard, VIII, 947–948. Lord Howick, Feb. 23, 1807.
84. Report of a Committee of the Liverpool East India Association . . ., 56.
85. The Speeches of . . . Huskisson . . ., III, 442. May 12, 1829.
86. Hansard, Third Series, VII, 755. Sept 28, 1831.
87. Ibid., Third Series, XVI, 881–882. March 20, 1833.
88. Ibid., 290. March 6, 1833.
89. Ibid., Third Series, XIX, 1169. July 24, 1833.
90. Lindsay, op. cit., III, 85–86.
91. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., Introduction, p. xli.
* Of Russia and Austria-Hungary.
1. Hansard, Third Series, XCIX, 1223. G. Thompson, June 26, 1848. Thompson was a prominent abolitionist speaker.
2. Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 170. Lord John Russell, June 3, 1844.
3. Despatches . . . of Wellington, I, 329. Canning to Wellington, Sept. 30, 1822.
4. Ibid., 1, 453. Wellington to Canning, Oct. 28, 1822.
5. Correspondence ...of Canning, I, 62. Memorandum for the Cabinet, Nov. 15, 1822.
6. Hansard, Third Series, XCVI, 1096. Hutt, Feb. 22, 1848.
7. Despatches . . . of Wellington, I, 329. Canning to Wellington, Sept. 30, 1822.
8. Correspondence ...of Canning, I, 62. Memorandum for the Cabinet, Nov. 15, 1822.
9. R. I. and S. Wilberforce, The Correspondence of William Wilberforce (London, 1840), II, 466. Oct. 24, 1822.
10. Despatches . . . of Wellington, I, 474–475. Oct. 31, 1822.
11. Hansard, XXX, 657–658. April 18, 1815; Ibid., XXXI, 174. May 5, 1815. For the Barings and Latin America, see Jenks, op. cit., 48.
12. Hansard, XXXI. See pages 557, 606, 850–851, 1064. June 1, 5, 16, and 30, 1815.
13. Ibid., New Series, XI, 1345. June 15, 1824.
14. Ibid., 1475–1477. June 23, 1824.
15. Ibid., New Series, XXV, 398. June 15, 1830.
16. Ibid., 405. General Gascoyne, June 15, 1830; Ibid., New Series, XX, 495. Gascoyne, Feb. 23, 1829.
17. Correspondence. ..of Castlereagh, X, 112. Castlereagh to Liverpool, Sept. 9, 1814.
18. Hansard, Third Series, LIX, 600. Brougham, Sept. 20, 1841.
19. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 1101–1102. Jackson, Feb. 22, 1848.
20. Ibid., Third Series, CII, 1084. Bishop of Oxford, Feb. 22, 1849.
21. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 1095. Quoted by Hutt, Feb. 22, 1848.
22. Ibid., Third Series, XCVIII, 1168. Palmerston, May 17, 1848; Ibid., 1198. Cardwell, May 18, 1848.
23. Ibid., Third Series, LXV, 938, 942, 945. Aug. 2, 1842.
24. Ibid., Third Series, LXXI, 941. Aug. 18, 1843.
25. A. K. Manchester, British Preeminence in Brazil, Its Rise and Decline (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1933), 315.
26. Hansard, Third Series, LXXVII, 1066. Ewart, Feb. 24, 1845; Ibid., LXX, 224. June 22, 1843.
27. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 1121. Hawes, June 23, 1848.
28. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 1100. Hutt, Feb. 22, 1848.
29. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXI, 1170. Hutt, June 24, 1845.
30. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 748. June 16, 1848.
31. Ibid., Third Series, CXIII, 40. July 19, 1850.
32. Ibid., Third Series, XCVII, 988. Urquhart, March 24, 1848.
33. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXI, 1169–1170. Hutt, June 24, 1845.
34. Ibid., Third Series, LXXV, 170. Russell, June 3, 1844.
35. Ibid., Third Series, CVII, 1036. Gibson, July 27, 1849.
36. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 1101. Hutt, Feb. 22, 1848.
37. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXI, 1158–1159. June 24, 1845.
38. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 1092, 1096. Hutt, Feb. 22, 1848.
39. Ibid., 1092.
40. Ibid., Third Series, XCVII, 986–987. Urquhart, March 24, 1848.
41. Ibid., Third Series, CI, 177. Urquhart, Aug. 16, 1848.
42. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXI, 1156, 1158. Hutt, June 24, 1845.
43. Ibid., Third Series, XCVII, 987. Urquhart, March 24, 1848.
44. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXI, 1165, 1170. Hutt, June 24, 1845.
45. Ibid., Third Series, CIX, 1109. Hutt, March 19, 1850.
46. Ibid., Third Series, CXIII, 61. Hutt, July 19, 1850.
47. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXI, 1158. Hutt, June 24, 1845.
48. W. L. Mathieson, Great Britain and the Slave Trade, 1839–186; (London, 1929), 90 n. The phrase is Carlyle’s.
49. Hansard, Third Series, LXXVI, 947, 963. Peel, July 16, 1844.
50. Ibid., Third Series, LXXX, 482. Peel, May 16, 1845.
51. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXII, 1058–1064. July 24, 1845.
52. Ibid., Third Series, XCVI, 1125. Feb. 22, 1848.
53. Ibid., Third Series, LVIII, 648, 653. May 18, 1841.
54. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXII, 550, 552. July 15, 1845.
55. Ibid., Third Series, XCVIII, 994–996. March 24, 1848.
56. Ibid., Third Series, L, 383. Aug. 19, 1839.
57. Ibid., Third Series, LVIII, 167, 169. May 10, 1841.
58. Ibid., Third Series, CIX, 1162. March 19, 1850.
59. The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue . .., IX, 14–19. Edmund Lyon to Grenville, Jan. 16, 1807.
60. Hansard, XXVIII, 349. Lord Holland, June 27, 1814.
61. Ibid., XXX, 657–658. April 18, 1815.
62. Statements, Calculations and Explanations submitted to the Board of Trade . . ., p. 84. Letter from Keith Douglas, Oct. 30, 1830.
63. C.O. 137/186. Memorial of Jamaica deputies, Nov. 29, 1832.
64. D. Turnbull, The Jamaica Movement, for promoting the enforcement of the Slave-Trade Treaties, and the Suppression of the Slave Trade (London, 1850), 65, 94–95, 99, 120, 201, 249, 267.
65. Times, Jan. 30, 1857.
66. Guedalla, op. cit., 64–66.
1. R. Coupland, The Empire m These Days (London, 1935), 264. Professor Coupland understands the history of the abolition movement as little as his hero. “How popular abolition is, just now,” wrote Wilberforce in 1807. “God can turn the hearts of men.” Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, III, 295. Feb. 11, 1807.
2. Hansard, VIII, 679–682. Feb. 6, 1807.
3. K. Farrer (ed.), The Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood (London, 1906), I, 215–216. June 17, 1793.
4. See Proceedings of the Committee for Abolition of the Slave Trade, Add. MSS., 21254, ff. 12–12 (v). Samuel Hoare to Clarkson, July 25, 1787: “I hope the zeal and animation with which thou hast taken up the cause will be accompanied with temper and moderation, which alone can insure its success.”
5. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, IV, 240–241. Written in 1811.
6. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., 376. Memorandum of Stephen, October, 1831.
7. CO. 295/93. Stephen to Howick, Aug. 25, 1832.
8. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., 420. Minute of Stephen, Sept. 15, 1841.
9. Ramsay, MS. Vol., f. 28. Dec. 27, 1787.
10. Klingberg, op. cit., 60–61. Ramsay’s evidence before the Privy Council in 1788 is well worth reading.
11. Sir G. Stephen, Anti-Slavery Recollections (London, 1854), 77; Richard, op. cit., 78. Stephen and Richard actually were discussing the African Institution and Anti-Slavery Society.
12. Stephen, op. cit., 79.
13. Coupland, Wilberforce, 417.
14. Hansard, New Series, XI, 1413. Wilberforce, June 15, 1824.
15. Coupland, Wilberforce, 406–408, 411–417. For his opposition to feminine anti-Slavery associations, see Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, V, 264–265. Wilberforce to Babington, Jan. 31, 1826. For his views on the First Reform Bill, see Wilberforce, Correspondence of Wilberforce, II, 265. Wilberforce to his son Samuel, March 4, 1831.
16. Proceedings of the Committee for Abolition of the Slave Trade, Add. MSS. 21255, f. 50 (v). Aug. 12, 1788; Add. MSS. 21256, ff. 40 (v), 96 (v). Jan. 31, 1792, March 29, 1797.
17. Hansard, IX, 143–144. March 17, 1807.
18. Parl. Hist., XXXIII, 1119. July 5, 1799.
19. Hansard, New Series, XIX, 1469. Quoted by Lord Seaford, June 23, 1828.
20. Ibid., New Series, IX, 265–266. May 15, 1823.
21. Richard, op. cit., 79.
22. Stephen, op. cit., 120–122.
23. Richard, op. cit., 101–102. March 28, 1833.
24. A. Cochin, L’Abolition de L’Esclavage (Paris, 1861), Introduction, pp. xiv-xv.
25. Proceedings of the Committee for Abolition of the Slave Trade, Add. MSS., 21256, f. 95. June 25, 1795.
26. W. Fox, Address to the People of Great Britain on the Propriety of Abstaining from West India Sugar and Rum (London, 1791), passim.
27. R. K. Nuermberger, The Free Produce Movement, A Quaker Protest against Slavery (Durham, N. C., 1943), 9–10.
28. (Anonymous), Remarkable Extracts and Observations on the Slave Trade with Some Considerations on the Consumption of West India Produce (Stockton, 1792), 9. Copy in Wilberforce Museum, Hull.
29. Naish, op. cit., 3.
30. Undated sheet, in Wilberforce Museum.
31. Anonymous, The Ladies’ Free Grown Cotton Movement (John Rylands Library). Undated.
32. Gurney to Scoble, Dec. 5, 1840. In Wilberforce Museum. There is a reference number, D.B. 883, given with some hesitation, as the heterogeneous papers were not well arranged.
33. “The Principles, Plans, and Objects of The Hibernian Negro’s Friend Society, contrasted with those of the previously existing Anti-Slavery Societies, being a circular, in the form of a letter to Thomas Pringle, Esq., Secretary of the London Anti-Slavery Society,” 3. Jan. 8, 1831 (John Rylands Library).
34. Hansard, Third Series, XX, 315, 323, 324. Aug. 5, 1833; Ibid., 446. Aug. 9, 1833.
35. Ibid., Third Series, XXXVIII, 1853. Hobhouse, July 10, 1837.
36. Ibid., Third Series, LVI, 218. O’Connell, Feb. 2, 1841.
37. Ibid., 619. Feb. 12, 1841.
38. Ibid., Third Series, LXV, 1075. Baring, Aug. 5, 1842.
39. Ibid., Third Series, LXX, 1294. July 21, 1843.
40. Ibid., Third Series, LXVIII, 753. April 10, 1843.
41. Eng. MS. 741. Clarkson to L. Townsend, Aug. 1825.
42. Clarkson Papers (British Museum), Add. MSS. 41267 A, ff. 178–179.
43. Debates . . . on the East India Sugar Trade, 35.
44. Hansard, Third Series, XXXVIII, 1853–1854. July 10, 1837.
45. Ibid., Third Series, LXX, 1294. July 21, 1843.
46. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., Introduction, p. xxx.
47. East India Company Subscription Journals to £800,000 additional stock, July 1786; East India Company Stock Ledgers, 1783–1791, 1791–1796. These records are kept in the Bank of England Record Office, Roehampton, London. Henry Thornton subscribed £500 and John Thornton £3,000 to the stock issued in 1786. At his death John left £2,000 to each of the others, which left Henry with £3,000, Robert with £4,000 and Samuel with £3,000.
48. Debates on the expendiency of cultivating sugar in the territories of the East India Company (East India House, 1793).
49. Debates . . . on the East India Sugar Trade, 5. Only Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 363, mentions this important fact.
50. Macaulay, op. cit., 29.
51. Debates . . . on the East India Sugar Trade, 36. Hume.
52. Correspondence between . . . Gladstone . . . and Cropper . . ., 15; F. A. Conybeare, Dingle Bank, the home of the Croppers (Cambridge, 1925), 7; Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 364.
53. J. Cropper, Letters to William Wilberforce, M.P., recommending the encouragement of the cultivation of sugar in our dominions in the East Indies, as the natural and certain means of effecting the total and general abolition of the Slave Trade (Liverpool, 1822), Introduction, p. vii.
54. Correspondence between . . . Gladstone . . . and Cropper . . ., 16. Cropper replied that this connection had ceased, to which Gladstone retorted: “It would be rather a curious coincidence were we to find that this cessation was coeval with his becoming a public writer against slavery: and in that case is it not rather remarkable that he should not have been induced to turn author until his slave cotton agency had ceased?” Ibid., 37.
55. Correspondence between . . . Gladstone . . . and Cropper . . . ., 55.
56. J. Cropper, “Slave Labour and Free Labour.” The substance of Mr. Cropper’s address on Wednesday November 22 (182$) at the respectable meeting at the King’s Head, Derby (Derby, 1825), 3. John Rylands Library.
57. J. Cropper, A Letter addressed to the Liverpool Society for promoting the abolition of Slavery, on the injurious effects of high prices of produce, and the beneficial effects of low prices, on the condition of slaves (Liverpool, 1823), 8–9.
58. Ibid., 22.
59. J. Cropper, Relief for West Indian distress, shewing the inefficiency of protecting duties on East India sugar, and pointing out other modes of certain relief (London, 1823), 9.
60. Ibid., 30.
61. Conybeare, op. cit., 25, 56–57.
62. The Liverpool Mercury and Lancashire General Advertiser, June 7, 1833.
63. Coupland, The British Anti-Slavery Movement, 124; Mathieson, British Slavery and Its Abolition, 125.
64. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, V, 180.
65. Hansard, New Series, DC, 467. May 22, 1823.
66. Ibid., New Series, VII, 698. May 17, 1822.
67. Coupland, The British Anti-Slavery Movement, 124.
68. Klingberg, op. cit., 203.
69. Burn, op. cit., 88.
70. Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class . . ., 436.
71. Hansard, New Series, IX, 349. Baring, May 15, 1823.
72. Klinberg, op. cit., 146.
73. Ibid., 147–148.
74. Wilberforce later admitted that “we have had the religious character of Alexander the Great represented to us . . . in too favourable colours.” To Lady Olivia Sparrow, May 31, 1814. In Wilberforce Museum, D.B. 25 (60). He wrote a strong letter to the Tsar on the subject. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, V, 136–137. Wilberforce to Macaulay, Nov. 20, 1822. Wilberforce regarded the Tsar’s importation of Brazilian produce after his promise to boycott it as “a breach of faith of which any private man who should be guilty would forfeit for ever the character of a man of honor.” Liverpool Papers, Add. MSS. 38578, ff. 31–32. Wilberforce to Liverpool, Sept. 4, 1822.
75. Correspondence . . . of Castlereagh, XII, 4–35. Memorandum of James Stephen, Sept. 8, 1818, “relative to Africa and colonial discussions that may have place in the Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle.”
76. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, IV, 133.
77. Hansard, XXVIII, 279, 284. June 27, 1814.
78. Ibid., 393. June 28, 1814.
79. Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce, IV, 209. Sept. 7, 1814.
80. Despatches . . . of Wellington, V, 15. Sept. 4, 1828.
81. Hansard, Third Series, XCVI, 37. Bentinck, Feb. 3, 1848.
82. Pamphlets in the John Rylands Library.
83. The Liverpool Mercury and Lancashire General Advertiser, July 23, 1832, reporting a meeting of the Liverpool West India Association.
84. Ibid., Aug. 24, 1832. Letter of “Another Elector” to “An Elector.”
85. Anonymous, The Tariff of Conscience. The Trade in Slave Produce considered and condemned (Newcastle Anti-Slavery Series, No. 11, n.d.). John Rylands Library.
86. Anonymous, Conscience versus Cotton; or, the Preference of Free Labour Produce (Newcastle Anti-Slavery Series, No. 10, n.d.). John Rylands Library.
87. Hansard, Third Series, XIX, 1177. July 24, 1833.
88. Ibid., Third Series, VI, 1353. Sept. 12, 1831.
89. Ibid., 1355. Hume.
90. Eng. MS. 415. Buxton to Mrs. Rawson, Oct. 6, 1833.
91. Hansard, Third Series, XCIX, 1022. June 22, 1848.
92. Eng. MS. 415. Buxton to Mrs. Rawson, Oct. 6, 1833.
93. Gurney to Scoble, Dec. 5, 1840. Wilberforce Museum, D.B. 883.
94. Hansard, Third Series, LXXXI, 1159. Quoted by Hutt, June 24, 1845.
95. Ibid., Third Series, CIX, 1098. Quoted by Hutt, March 19, 1850. In 1858, Wilberforce stated: “We had no right to put ourselves forward to the world as the suppressors of the slave trade unless we were prepared honestly and firmly to enforce those treaties for its suppression which our allies had made with us.” Ibid., Third Series, CL, 2200. June 17, 1858.
96. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 849. June 19, 1848. In 1850 Buxton called for the exclusion of slave-grown sugar, though not of slave-grown cotton and tobacco, arguing that “he saw no reason why he should not oppose an evil that he could successfully oppose, because there were other evils that it was impossible for him to oppose.” Ibid., Third Series, CXI, 533. May 31, 1850. In 1857, he moved an address to the Queen praying that all efforts be used to put down the Slave Trade. Ibid., Third Series, CXLVI, 1857. July 14, 1857. This change of opinion coincided with a change in the viewpoint of the capitalists. Hutt was chairman of a committee in 1849 which described the efforts to suppress the slave trade as impracticable and hopeless. Another committee in 1853, of which both Hutt and Bright were members, declared that “these efforts in the cause of humanity, continued through so many years, must be considered as honourable to the nation, and the results afforded a strong inducement to persevere until this .iniquitous trade shall be entirely abolished.” Mathieson, Great Britain and the Slave Trade, 133–134.
97. Hansard, Third Series, GXXXIX, 116. June 26, 1855.
98. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVI, 187. July 2, 1844.
99. Ibid., Third Series, CL, 2205. June 17, 1858.
100. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1290, 1292, 1300, 1302. Feb. 26, 1845.
101. Ibid., Third Series, LVIII, 193. May 11, 1841.
102. Ibid., Third Series, LXXVII, 1290. Feb. 26, 1845.
103. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXVIII, 4–5. July 27, 1846. This was a petition from Clarkson to the House of Lords presented by Brougham.
104. Mathieson, Great Britain and the Slave Trade, 34–35. The reference is to “head-money”—£4 a ton on every ship captured without slaves, £5 a head on slaves delivered alive, £2.10.0. on those who died after capture.
105. Hansard, Third Series, XCVI, 85. Feb. 4, 1848.
106. Ibid., Third Series, L, 131. Inglis, Aug. 8, 1839.
107. Ibid., Third Series, XCIX, 1324. Inglis, June 29, 1848.
108. Ibid., Third Series, LXXXVIII, 163. Quoted by Disraeli, July 28, 1846.
109. Merivale, op. cit., 303–304.
110. Hansard, Third Series, XCVI, 133. Feb. 4, 1848.
111. Morley, op. cit., 1, 78.
112. Sypher, op. cit., 217.
113. E. B. Dykes, The Negro in English Romantic Thought (Washington, D. G, 1942), 79–80.
114. Sypher, op. cit., 215–216; Dykes, op. cit., 70.
115. Lewis, op. cit., 15, 17.
116. Ibid., 13–14.
117. T. Caryle, “The Nigger Question,” in English and other Critical Essays (Everyman’s Edition, London, 1925). The whole essay, written in 1849, should be read.
118. Hansard, Third Series, XCVI, 1052. Feb. 22, 1848.
1. See C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins (London, 1938) for the slave revolution in Saint Domingue. H. Aptheker, Negro Slave Revolts in the United States (New York, 1943), should also be consulted. An admirable short summary, for the entire Western Hemisphere, is to be found in Herskovits, op. cit., 86–109.
1a. C. O. 28/95. House of Assembly, Barbados, Nov. 15, 1825.
2. C. O. 28/92. Report of a Debate in Council on a despatch from Lord Bathurst to Sir H. Warde, Sept. 3, 1823. Mr. Hamden, pp. 21–22. See also C. O. 295/59, where the governor of Trinidad argued that this concession to the female slaves would be considered an injustice by the men. Wood-ford to Bathurst, Aug. 6, 1823; C. O. 295/60. Mr. Burnley, one of the leading planters of Trinidad: “I confess the idea appears to me so monstrous and extraordinary that I hardly know how to approach the subject.”
3. C. O. 28/92. Report of a Debate in Council. . . . Mr. Hamden, p. 5.
4. C. O. 137/145. Shand to Bathurst, Nov. 26, 1817.
5. C. O. 137/148. Manchester to Bathurst, July 10, 1819.
6. C. O. 28/92. Report of a Debate in Council. . . . Mr. Hamden, p. 24.
7. C. O. 295/92. Edward Jackson to Governor Grant, Dec. 31, 1831.
8. C. O. 137/156. Manchester to Bathurst, Dec. 24, 1824.
9. C. O. 137/163. Manchester to Bathurst, Nov. 13, 1826.
10. C. O. 137/154. Manchester to Bathurst, Oct. 13, 1823.
11. C. O. 111/55. D’Urban to Bathurst, July 4, 1826.
12. C. O. 295/85. Oct. 29, 1830. The following is the number of manumissions, 1825–1830:
| Year | Number Manumitted | Manumissions Paid for | Field Slaves | Domestic Slaves |
| 1825 | 162 | 98 | 38 | 124 |
| 1826 | 167 | 108 | 46 | 121 |
| 1827 | 167 | 129 | 49 | 118 |
| 1828 | 128 | 84 | 33 | 95 |
| 1829 | 87 | 41 | 15 | 72 |
| 1830 | 32 | 22 | 6 | 26 |
| (to Oct. 29.) |
13. C. O. 295/72. Woodford to Bathurst, Aug. 8, 1826.
14. C. O. 295/73. Stephen to Horton, Oct. 5, 1826.
15. C. O. 295/67. Henry Gloster, Protector of Slaves, to Governor Woodford, July 7, 1825. Fitzgerald’s returns are as follows: Slave John Philip—“7 stripes on that part where if the foot be hostilely applied is considered in all civilized countries an act of the vilest indignity”; Slave Philip—“23 stripes on that part which my Lord Chesterfield strongly recommends to be the last to enter and the first to retire on all presentations at levies and to name which in the presence of ladies is considered a great breach in the laws of politeness”; Slave Simon Mind—“23 stripes on that particular part of the body corporate which is rarely guilty of a crime but which pays for transgressions committed by other members.”
16. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., p. 382.
17. C. O. 28/99. Carrington, Agent for Barbados, to Bathurst, March 2, 1826.
18. C. O. 28/93. Warde to Bathurst, Oct. 21, 1824.
19. C. O. 28/92. Report of a Debate in Council..., p. 33.
20. C. O. 137/165. Message of House of Assembly, Dec. 1827.
21. C. O. 137/143. Oct. 31, 1815.
22. Bell and Morrell, op. cit., 405. Protest of Assembly of Jamaica, June, 1838.
23. C. O. 137/183. Manchester to Goderich, Nov. 13, 1832.
24. Ibid. Manchester to Goderich, Dec. 16, 1832.
25. C. O. 137/186. Memorial of the Jamaica deputies to Britain, Nov. 29, 1832.
26. C. O. 137/183. Manchester to Goderich, secret and confidential, Dec. 16, 1832.
27. Hansard, XXXI, 781–782. Marryat, June 13, 1815.
28. C. O. 137/183. Manchester to Goderich, secret and confidential, Dec. 16, 1832.
29. C. O. 137/187. Z. Jones to Goderich, Feb. 22, 1832.
30. C. O. 137/187. Goderich to Manchester, secret, March 5, 1832.
31. The phrase is Canning’s.
32. C. O. 137/154. Manchester to Bathurst, Dec. 24, 1823.
33. C. O. 28/111. Smith to Stanley, July 13, 1833.
34. C. O. 295/92. Memorial for ourselves and in behalf of all our fellow subjects of African descent (enclosed in Governor Grant’s despatch to Goderich, March 26, 1832).
35. Ibid. Grant to Goderich, March 26, 1832.
36. Ibid. William Chines to Goderich, Jan. 27, 1832.
37. C. O. 28/111. Smith to Stanley, May 23, 1833.
38. C. O. 28/88. Combermere to Bathurst, Jan. 15, 1819.
39. C. O. 111/69. D’Urban to Murray, April 20, 1830. See also C. O. 295/87. Smith to Goderich from Trinidad, July 13, 1831: “The slaves have an unaccountable facility in obtaining partial, and generally distorted, information whenever a public document is about to be received which can in any way affect their condition or station.”
40. C. O. 295/92. Grant to Goderich, March 26, 1832.
41. Ibid. Gazette Extraordinary, March 25, 1832.
42. C. O. 295/93. Extract from a Trinidad paper, n.d.
43. C. O. 295/92. Grant to Howick, April 30, 1832.
44. C. O. 137/119. Coote to Castlereagh, June 27, 1807; C. O. 137/120. Edmund Lyon, Agent for Jamaica, to Castlereagh, July 17, 1807.
45. C. O. 137/142. Manchester to Bathurst, Jan. 26, 1816.
46. C. O. 137/143. Extract of a letter from Jamaica, May 11, 1816.
47. C. O. 295/39. John Spooner, of Barbados, to Governor Woodford, April 18, 1816.
48. C. O. 28/85. Col. Codd to Governor Leith, April 25, 1816; Ibid., Rear Admiral Harvey to J. W. Croker, April 30, 1816.
49. C. O. 295/60. A commandant of Trinidad to Governor Woodford, Aug. 30, 1823.
50. C. 0.137/145. Shand to Bathurst, Nov. 26, 1817.
51. C. O. 111/44. D’Urban to Bathurst, May 5, 1824.
52. C. O. 295/89. Grant to Howick, Dec. 10, 1831.
53. C. O. 137/183. Mulgrave to Howick, Aug. 6, 1832.
54. C. O. 28/111. Smith to Stanley, May 23, 1833.
55. C. O. 111/8. Nicholson to Castlereagh, June 6, 1808.
56. C. O. 137/156. Manchester to Bathurst, July 31, 1824.
57. C. O. 28/85. Leith to Bathurst, April 30, 1816.
58. Ibid. Codd to Leith, April 25, 1816.
59. Ibid. Leith to Bathurst, April 30, 1816.
60. C. O. 137/143. Alexander Aikman, Jr. to Bathurst, May 2, 1816.
61. C. O. 137/142. Manchester to Bathurst, May 4, 1816.
62. C. O. 111/39. Murray to Bathurst, Aug. 24, 1823.
63. Ibid. Murray to Bathurst, Sept. 27, 1823.
64. C. O. 28/92. Warde to Bathurst, Aug. 27, 1823.
65. C. O. 137/156. Manchester to Bathurst, July 31, 1824.
66. C. O. 111/44. D’Urban to Bathurst, May 5, 1824.
67. Ibid. D’Urban to Bathurst, May 5, 1824. (This was the second letter in one day.)
68. Ibid. D’Urban to Bathurst, May 15, 1824.
69. C. O. 28/107. Lyon to Goderich, March 28, 1831.
70. Ibid. Lyon to Goderich, April 2, 1831.
71. C. O. 137/181. Belmore to Goderich, Jan. 6, 1832.
72. C. O. 137/182. Belmore to Goderich, May 2, 1832.
73. C. O. 295/92. Grant to Howick, April 30, 1832.
74. C. O. 137/188. Mulgrave to Goderich, April 26, 1833.
75. Hansard, Third Series, XIII, 77. May 24, 1832.
76. C. O. 137/191. F. B. Zuicke to Governor Belmore, May 23, 1832.
77. C. O. 28/111. Smith to Goderich, May 7, 1833.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid. Smith to Stanley, May 23, 1833.
* Of this deplorable tendency Professor Coupland of Oxford University is a notable example.
1. Gaston-Martin, L’Ère des Négriers, 1714–1774 (Paris, 1931), 424.