Abolitionists, hypocrisy of, 34;
significance of attack on W. I., 135–36;
strength of in industrial centers, 154;
in Manchester, 155;
in Birmingham, 157–58;
in Sheffield, 159;
support of Cobden by, 161;
portraits of, 179–82;
and emancipation, 182–83;
on East India sugar, 183–88;
relations with East Indians, 183–88;
on universal abolition of slave trade, 189;
on reconquest of Saint Domingue, 189
Adams, John, 120–21
American mainland colonies, trade with Britain compared with W. I. trade, 53–55;
shipping and trade with, 58;
exports to W. I., 108;
attitude of mercantilists to, 109–11;
personal contacts with West Indians, 112;
economic relations with W. I., 108–22;
trade with foreign W. I., 115–20;
mercantilists on trade of with foreign W. I., 116–19;
William Wood on trade of with foreign W. I., 118–19;
effect of Molasses Act on, 119;
effect of Sugar Duties Act on, 119–20
Andrews, C. M., 56
Anglo-French rivalry, rival mercantilisms, 40;
Antigua, trade of compared with American mainland colonies, 54–55;
Apprenticeship, Birmingham on, 158;
Sheffield on, 159
Asiento, importance of, 33;
Attwood, Thomas, 158
Auckland, Earl of, 184–85
Australia, labor problem in, 5;
Bacon, Antony, 103–4
Baillie family, 62
Baptists, 43
Barbados, 7;
governor on weakness of Spain, 4;
Monmouth’s followers sent to, 13;
conditions of servants, 16–17;
cheapness of black labor in, 19;
decline of white population, 23;
increase of black population, 23;
ex-servants, 24;
Redlegs, 25;
sugar and increase of wealth, 25;
growth of Latifundia, 25;
on Christianity for slaves, 42;
trade of compared with American mainland colonies, 54–55;
on free trade in sugar, 56–57;
woolen imports, 67;
Codrington family in, 90;
Charles II on importance of, 108;
governor on trade with New England, 110;
soil exhaustion in, 112–13;
attitude to new settlements, 113;
compared with French islands, 113–14;
sugar production in, 151;
emancipation in, 191;
on policy of amelioration, 197–99;
attitude of planters to slaves, 201;
free people of color in, 201;
misconceptions of slaves in, 203–4;
slave revolts in, 204–6;
governor on slave revolt in British Guiana, 205;
governor on cruelty of suspense, 207–8
Barclay family, slave trading of, 43;
banking interests of, 101
Beckford, William, Fonthill Mansion, 87–88;
Birmingham, in age of industry, 60;
Blundell, Bryan, 47
Brazil, slave trade, 47, 140, 170–75, 192;
cotton exports, 71–72;
British exports to, 132;
restrictions on British trade with, 138;
sugar exports to Britain, 151;
sugar exports to Europe, 151;
importation of sugar of for refining, 155, 163, 167, 193–94;
Manchester on sugar of, 155;
Brazilian Association in Liverpool, 162;
Glasgow on sugar of, 163;
boycott of produce of, 170–71;
British trade with, 172;
abolitionists on importation of sugar of, 188–91
Bright, John, on W. I. monopoly, 156;
Bristol, trade in indentured servants, 10, 19;
kidnaping, 11;
Jeffreys’ visitation to, 14–15;
Clarkson’s investigations in, 35;
profits of slave trade in, 36;
Edmund Burke as representative of, 41;
protest against colonial duties on slave imports, 41;
enthusiasm over rejection of Wilberforce’s abolition bill, 42;
in age of trade, 60;
popularity of trade in, 60–61;
W. I. trade, 60–62;
customs duties in, 61;
wharfage dues in, 61;
triangular trade of, 61;
distilleries in, 79;
pacotille trade, 81;
brass industry in, 83;
banking in, 101;
on Reform Bill, 134
British Guiana, East Indian immigration to, 28;
Brougham, Lord, 181;
Buxton, Fowell, 49;
Canada, a secure and certain investment, 4;
Canning, George, attitude to West Indians, 95–96;
Capitalism, British, attack on W.I. system, 136;
Carlyle, Thomas, 195–96
Castlereagh, Lord, 189
Chatham, Earl of, on British slave trade, 40;
Child, Sir Josiah, on emigration, 16;
Church, the, and slavery, 42–44
Clarkson, Thomas, on size of slave ships, 35;
Cobden, Richard, on colonies, 142–43;
Codrington, Christopher, legacy to Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 42;
Coleridge, Samuel, 195
Company of Merchants trading to Africa, 32;
Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa, incorporation, 30–31;
Cromwell, Oliver, transportation of Irish prisoners, 13;
Cropper, James, controversy with Gladstone, 90;
arrangements on slavery, 186–87
Cuba, 7;
tobacco industry in compared with Virginia, 21;
American capital in, 26;
white labor in tobacco industry, 27;
Chinese labor, 29;
Haitian labor, 29;
British W. I. labor, 29;
slave trade, 47;
British restoration of, 114–15;
restrictions on British trade with, 138;
British sugar imports from, 151;
sugar exports to Europe, 152;
growth of sugar plantations, 151–52
Cunliffe, family, 47–48
Davenant, Charles, on monopoly in slave trade, 31;
Deficiency Laws, 24–25
Disraeli, Benjamin, on W. I. monopoly, 140;
Dominica, compared with Florida, 114–15;
sugar production in, 151
Dominican Republic, 26
Dumbell, Professor, 26
Dutch East Indies, 28
Dutch Guiana, 28
East India Company, compared with slave trading companies, 31;
East India Company (Dutch), 37
East India Sugar, Manchester on, 155;
Exeter, Bishop of, 43;
woolen industry of, 66
Fazackerly, Sir William, 70
Florida, 114–15
Fortescue, J. W., 147
Francis I, 4
Francklyn, Gilbert, 103
Free Trade, in slaves, 31–32;
Garbett, Samuel, 157
Gascoyne, General, 105
Gee, Joshua, 31
George III, opposition to abolition of, 39;
George IV, 128
Gibson, Milner, 156
Gladstone, John, of Corrie and Company, 89;
Gladstone, Robertson, 99
Gladstone, William Ewart, election campaign in Newark, 89–90;
Glasgow, in age of trade, 60;
Glassford, John, 102
Goulburn, Henry, 93–94
Gregson, William, 99–100
Grenada, compared with Canada, 114;
Guadeloupe, British occupation, 33;
Guinea (coin), 44
Hatuey, 8
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 9
Heywood family, slave trading of, 47;
Hibbert family, cotton manufacturers, 71;
Holland, rivalry with England, 40;
trade with British Colonies, 56
House of Lords, opposition to abolition, 48;
Howick, Lord, 166
Hutt, William, 173
Jamaica, 7;
English officialdom on, 17;
German settlers in Seaford, 22;
slave imports, 33;
trade of compared with American mainland colonies, 54–55;
Bristol’s trade with, 61–62;
on woolen industry and monopoly in slave trade, 67;
woolen imports of, 67;
compared with Leeward Islands, 77;
Beckford family in, 87–88;
Hibbert family in, 88;
Long family in, 89;
Gladstone plantations in, 90;
governor on increased sugar duties, 96;
effect of American Revolution in, 121–23;
decline of British exports to, 132;
Roebuck on, 144;
bankruptcies in, 149;
decline of sugar production in, 149–53;
on suppression of slave trade, 176;
on policy of amelioration, 108–99;
attitude of planters to slaves, 201;
Maroons in, 202;
misconceptions of slaves in, 203–4;
slave revolts in, 204–7;
violence of planters in, 207
Java, 150
Jeffreys, Judge, 14–16
Jenks, Leland, 131
Lansdowne, Lord, 166
Lascelles family, 93–94
Latin America, export of British capital to, 131–32;
Lauber, A. W., 8–9
Lecky, W. E. H., 13
Leeds, 130
Leeward Islands, 13;
Leyland, Thomas, mayor of Liverpool, 47;
Liverpool, slave trade, 32, 34;
profits of slave trade, 36;
profits of W. I. trade, 36–37;
losses of slave trade, 38;
protest against colonial duties on slave imports, 41;
slave traders, 47;
mayors engaged in slave trade, 47–48;
members of Parliament engaged in slave trade, 48;
on modification of Navigation Laws (1739), 57;
shipbuilders and slave trade, 58–59;
sailors in slave trade, 59;
roperies in, 59;
on regulation of slave trade, 59;
in age of trade, 60;
customs receipts in, 62–63;
growth of population in, 63;
Clarkson on rise of, 63;
capital in slave trade, 63;
opposition to abolition, 63;
on woolen industry and monopoly in slave trade, 67;
sugar refining in, 75;
distilleries in, 79;
heavy industry in, 83–84;
banking in, 98–101;
anti-slavery society of, 105;
railway between Manchester and, 105;
trade of with Latin America, 132;
indifference of to W. I., 132;
on East India Company’s monopoly, 138;
on free trade, 138;
slave trade, 161–62;
connection with slavery, 162;
cotton imports of, 162;
free trade sentiments in, 162–63;
Brazilian slave trade and, 172
Lloyd family (banking), 157
Lloyd’s (insurance), 104–5
London, kidnaping in, 11;
Long family, 89;
Louis XIV, 39
Luttrell, Temple, 49
Macaulay, T. B. (Lord), 193–94
Manchester, in age of industry, 60;
on woolen trade, 67;
triangular trade and, 68–73;
trade with Africa, 68;
relationship of cotton manufactures with slave traders, 70–71;
raw cotton imports of, 71–73;
sugar refining in, 75;
banking in, 98;
railway between Liverpool and, 105;
development of cotton industry, 127–29;
on monopoly, 133;
on trade by “moral obligation,” 134;
on free trade, 136;
opposition to W. I. monopoly, 154–57;
interest in slave trade, 155;
opposition to slave system, 155–56;
relations with Liverpool, 162;
on South American market, 171;
Manning, Cardinal, 43
Mansfield, Chief Justice, 45–46
Mantoux, Paul, 127
Marryat, Joseph, 94;
Massachusetts, 4–5
Mauritius, 49;
Mercantilism, favored emigration, 10;
opposed to emigration, 15–16;
on danger of colonial manufactures from introduction of white servants, 18;
proposal to manufacture dimity in Barbados and, 24;
on slave trade to foreign colonies, 33;
on East India trade, 37;
rival mercantilisms, 40;
effect of discovery of America on, 51;
on triangular trade, 55;
on W. I. colonies, 55;
on colonial system, 55–56;
struggle against laissez faire, 57;
on fisheries, 59;
ban on sugar refining in colonies, 75–76;
in France, 76;
stimulated Industrial Revolution, 98–105;
Adam Smith on, 107;
attitude of to Northern mainland colonies, 109–11;
a system, however bad, 110;
on mainland trade with foreign W. I., 116–19;
slavery and, 136;
Disraeli on, 140;
Navigation Laws and, 168
Merivale, Herman, on importance of labor for commercial production, 4;
on slavery, 5;
on expensiveness of slave labor, 7;
on superiority of slave labor on fresh soil, 7;
value of convict labor, 12;
on industriousness of whites in slave economy, 25;
on absenteeism, 86;
on free trade with U. S., 124;
on Australian wool, 131;
on colonies, 144;
on abolition, 150;
on slavery, 194
Metallurgical industries, triangular trade and, 81–84;
Middle Passage, 34–35
Miles family, representing Bristol in Parliament, 62;
Mittelberger, G., 13
Molasses, embittered relations between sugar planter and English landlord, 80;
Molesworth, 143
Monk, General, 40
Monopoly, in slave trade, 30–32;
in colonial system, 55–56;
British merchants on, in eighteenth century, 57;
struggle against free trade, 57;
woolen industry on monopoly in slave trade, 66–67;
Adam Smith on, 107;
Manchester on, 133;
in corn, 137–38;
in sugar, 137–39;
of East India Company, 137–38;
capitalists on West Indian, 154–68;
Manchester on, 154–57;
Liverpool on, 162–63;
sugar refiners on, 163–66
Montserrat, an Irish colony, 13;
Moravians, 43
Moss, James, banking interests, of, 101;
railway connections of, 105
Navigation Laws, and mercantilism, 56–57;
Nelson, Horatio, 44
Nevis, white servants, 24;
New England, slavery in, 9;
Newfoundland, 52;
W. I. market of, 59
New York, trade of compared with West Indian colonies and Africa, 54–55;
woolen imports, 67
New Zealand, 143
North, Lord, on American Revolution, 121;
on abolition, 126
North Carolina, 19–20
Pacotille, 81
Palmerston, Viscount, on protection, 139;
on suppression of slave trade, 174–75
Peel, Sir Robert, protectionist in sugar, 140;
Pennant, Richard, member of Parliament, 93;
Pennsylvania, indentured servants, 10;
Pinney family, in Nevis, 91;
on American Revolution, 121
Pitman, Frank, on value of W. I. plantations, 53;
Pitt, William, on incomes from W. I, 53;
Plantation, climatic theory of, 20–25;
Portugal, claimed ownership of Columbus’ discoveries, 3;
Postlethwayt, Malachi, on danger of manufacturing in colonies from white servants, 18;
Price, Grenfell, 21–22
Privy Council Committee of 1788, 70;
Protection, Palmerston on, 139;
Quakers, transportation of, 13;
Queen Elizabeth, 39
Queensland, 22–23
Queen Victoria, 136
Ragatz, L. J., 188
Ramsay, James, on British slave trade to foreign colonies, 34;
Rathbone, William, 58–59
Robinson, Bishop, 42
Roebuck, J., 144
Royal African Company, patronage of Royal Family, 16, 39, 48;
Rum, triangular trade and, 78–81;
Saba, 21
Saint Domingue, 7;
St. Kitts (St. Christopher), European immigrants in, 28;
decline of sugar production in, 151
St. Lucia, 151
St. Martin, 21
St. Thomas, 21
St. Vincent, Earl, 44
Sandars, Joseph, 105
Scotland, attempt to set up independent African company, 56;
Servants, indentured, successors of Indian slaves, 9;
reasons for, 10;
passion for independence of, 10;
traffic in, 10;
“newlanders,” 11;
transportation of Cromwell’s Irish prisoners, 13;
transportation of Cromwell’s Scottish prisoners, 13;
transportation of Quakers, 13;
transportation of Mommouth’s followers, 13;
transportation of Jacobites, 13;
conditions of journey, 13–14;
vested interest in system, 14;
Jeffreys’ treatment of kidnapers, 14–16;
status became progressively worse, 16–17;
English sensitiveness on, 17;
Defoe on, 18;
tended to democratic society, 18;
Postlethwayt on, 18;
compared with Negro slaves, 18–19;
the historical base for Negro slavery, 19;
climatic theory of plantation and, 20–23
Sharp, Granville, 45
Sheffield, in age of industry, 60;
Sheffield, Lord, 121
Shipping industry, stimulated by triangular trade, 57–58;
Slave compensation, to Bishop of Exeter, 43;
Slavery, necessary to prevent dispersion of labor, 5;
importance of as an economic institution, 5;
advantages and disadvantages of, 6;
expansion necessary, 7;
racism and, 7–29;
Indian slavery, 7–9;
inefficiency of Indian slave, 9;
climatic theory of, rejected, 20–23;
sugar, cotton, tobacco and, 23;
supported by Church, 42–44;
in England, 44–45;
Manchester on, 156;
in India, 184–86;
changed attitude towards, 194–96;
policy of amelioration, 107–201;
attitude of slaves to, 201–8
Slave trade, Negro, demanded by slavery, 30;
British foreign policy and, 30;
monopoly in, 30–32;
to foreign colonies in W. I., 33–34;
mortality of slaves, 34–35;
profits of, 35–37;
required discrimination, 37–38;
risks of, 38;
British Government’s attitude to, 40;
struggle for Asiento, 40;
British Government’s attitude to colonial duties on, 40–41, 46;
character of men engaged in, 46–48;
a great education, 47;
humanitarianism of men engaged in, 47–48;
protests against in eighteenth century, 48–49;
defence of in eighteenth century, 49–50;
William Wood on, 51;
Postlethwayt on, 51;
importance to W. I. of, 52;
merchant marine and, 58;
woolen industry and, 66–67;
Manchester’s interest in, 68–73;
rum in, 78–80;
development of banks and, 98–101;
effect of American Revolution on, 123–24;
Lord North on abolition of, 126;
Quaker petition against, 126;
West Indians demand renewal of, 141;
Pitt on, 146;
attempt at international abolition of, 146–47;
British abolition of, 149–50;
W. I. planters support abolition of, 149–50;
abolition movement in Manchester, 155;
abolition movement in Birmingham, 157–58;
Birmingham on, 158;
mortality of white sailors in, 166–67;
shipowners’ interest in, 167;
British attempts to secure abolition of by Spain and Portugal, 169;
British capital in, 171–72;
British policy of suppression of, 171–76;
British goods in, 172;
abolitionists on suppressing, 193–94;
Gaston-Martin on, 209
Smith, Adam, on prosperity of new colonies, 4;
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 42
South Africa, 143
Spain, Indian slavery in colonies, 8–9;
Steam engine, financed by capital from W. I. trade, 102;
Steen, Marguerite, 44
Sugar, Negro slavery and, 23;
dispossession of small farmer by, 23–25;
increase of black population and, 23–24;
increase of wealth in Barbados and, 25;
growth of latifundia in Barbados and, 25;
a capitalist undertaking, 25;
a lottery, 38;
importance of to England, 55;
W. I. Docks and imports of, 60;
refining industry in England, 73–78;
refining in plantations, 75–76;
iron industry and, 82–83;
brass industry and, 83–84;
increase of duties on, 96–97;
involved monoculture, 110–11;
world production, 145–53;
beet, 149–50;
in Mauritius, 151;
decline of production in British W. I., 149–53;
equalization of duties, 153;
refiners of, 163–66;
equalization of duties on, 164
Sugar planters, opposed to monopoly in slave trade, 31;
Sypher, Wylie, 49
Thomas, Sir Dalby, on value of labor in the W. I., 53;
on importance of sugar to England, 55
Thomson, James, 48–49
Thomson, Poulett, 167
Tobacco, comparison of in Cuba and Virginia, 21;
Tobago, 150
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 3
Touchet, Samuel, 70–71
Transportation, offences, 11–12;
conditions of journey, 13–14
Triangular trade, organization of, 51–52;
Trinidad, white servants, 24;
Tucker, Josiah, 49
United States, trade with W. I., 121–22;
Utrecht, Treaty of, 40–42
Walpole, Horace, 41
Warner family, 90
Wedgwood, Josiah, 179
Wellington, Duke of, attitude to West Indians, 95–96;
Wesley, John, 181
West India Association, 90;
of Liverpool, 100
West India Interest, clash with English agricultural interest, 80, 93, 97;
social position of in England, 91;
power of in eighteenth century, 92–97;
powerful friends of, 95–96;
opposition to increased sugar duties, 96–97;
banking connections of, 100–2;
insurance connections of, 105;
railway connections of, 105;
victory of with regard to peace treaty of 1763, 115;
on their monopoly, 140–42;
on East India sugar, 140;
on Brazilian sugar, 140;
on suppression of slave trade, 175–76
West Indies, white servants in, 11–14;
convict labor in, 12;
Irish servants in, 13;
profits of trade with, 36–37;
importance of Negroes to, 52;
value of plantations in, 53;
trade with Britain compared with mainland colonies trade, 53–55;
shipping and, 58;
imports of fish in, 59;
London docks and trade with, 60;
Bristol’s trade with, 61;
Glasgow’s trade with, 64;
exports of wool to, 67–68;
Manchester’s trade with, 68–70;
refining in, 75–76;
rum trade of, 78–81;
exports of brass to, 83–84;
legacy of plantation in, 92;
profits of trade with, invested in heavy industry, 102–4;
insurance companies and, 104–5;
imports from mainland colonies of, 108;
ecomonic relations with mainland colonies, 108–22;
mono-culture in, 110–11;
personal contacts with North Americans, 112;
Stamp Act in, 121;
effects of American Revolution in, 120–25;
United States trade with after American Revolution, 121–22;
decline of British trade with, 131–32;
Roebuck on, 144;
decline of sugar production in, 149–53;
capitalists on monopoly of, 154–68;
Cobbett on monopoly of, 155;
cotton manufacturers on monopoly of, 154–57;
Bright on protecting duty of, 156–57;
refiners of sugar on, 164–65;
attitude of planters towards slavery, 197–201;
free people of color in, 201;
attitude of slaves towards slavery, 201–8;
slave revolts in, 202–8
West Indies (French), British supply of slaves to, 33–34;
Westmoreland, Earl of, 48
Whitehaven, 103
Whitmore, Thomas, 187
Whitworth, Sir Charles, 53–55
Wilberforce, William, on George III’s opposition to abolition, 39;
attacked by William IV, 39;
Bristol’s enthusiasm over rejection of abolition bill of, 42;
attacked by Nelson, 44;
fear of House of Lords, 48;
attacked by Boswell, 49;
Pitt’s support of, 148;
on abolition, 150;
on abolition movement in Manchester, 155;
Cobbett on, 155;
representative of York, 159;
spokesman for woolen industry, 160;
on mortality of white sailors in slave trade, 166;
Canning to on Brazilian trade, 170–71;
imaginary interview with Coupland, 178;
letter of Ramsay to, 180;
character of, 181–82;
on emancipation, 182;
on Pownall amendent, 183;
letter of Liverpool to on abolition, 189;
son of, 192
Williamson, J. A., 10
Winthrop, Governor, 110
Wood, William, on slave trade, 51;
Wool, triangular trade and, 65–68;